Epinephelus akaara (Temminck & Schlegel 1842)

L'anfós de taques roges, mero de taques roges o nero de taques roges (Epinephelus akaara) és una espècie de peix de la família dels serrànids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.^[3]

Morfologia

Els mascles poden assolir els 53 cm de longitud total.^[4]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba al sud de la Xina, Taiwan, Mar de la Xina Meridional i sud del Japó.^[4]

Referències

Bibliografia

• Freegard A. (ed.), 1983. The Times Atlas of the Oceans. Times Books Limited, Londres.
• Heemstra, P.C. i Randall, J.E., 1993, Groupers of the World (Family Serranidae, Subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. FAO Species Catalogue Vol. 16., FAO Fish. Synop. Núm. 125, 125:I-viii, 1-382.
• Helfman, G., B. Collette i D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts (Estats Units), 1997.
• Masuda, H., Amaoka, K., Araga, C., Uyeno, T. i Yoshino, T., 1984. The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tòquio, el Japó.
• Moyle, P. i J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a edició, Upper Saddle River, Nova Jersey, Estats Units: Prentice-Hall (2000).
• Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a edició. Nova York, Estats Units: John Wiley and Sons. Any 1994.
• Randall, J.E., Ida, H., Kato, K., Pyle, R.L. i Earle, J.L., 1997. Annotated checklist of inshore fishes of the Ogasawara Islands. National Science Museum Monographs, Tòquio.
• Sadovy, Y. i Cornish, A.S., 2000. Reef Fishes of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong. 320 pp.
• Sadovy, Y., 2000. Regional survey for fry/fingerling supply and current practices for grouper mariculture: evaluating current status and long-term prospects for grouper mariculture in South East Asia. Final report to the Collaborative APEC grouper research and development network (FWG 01/99). Desembre de l'any 2000.
• Tseng W.Y. i Ho S.K., 1988. The biology and culture of Red grouper. Chien Cheng Publisher, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
• Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edició, Londres: Macdonald. Any 1985.

Enllaços externs

• ITIS (anglès)
• UNEP-WCMC Species Database (anglès)
• NCBI (anglès)
• World Register of Marine Species (anglès)
• BioLib (anglès)
• AQUATAB

Epinephelus akaara sī Serranidae-kho ê hî-á, sī chi̍t chéng chio̍h-pan.

Chham-khó chu-liāu

• "台灣魚類名錄". 台灣魚類資料庫. 中央研究院. 2011-02-11 khòaⁿ--ê.

The Hong Kong grouper (Epinephelus akaara) is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. It is found in eastern and southeastern Asian waters of the Western Pacific Ocean. Its natural habitats are shallow seas and coral reefs.

Description

The Hong Kong grouper has a body which has a standard length which is around 2.7-3.2 times the depth of its body. The dorsal profile of the head is convex between the eyes. The preopercle is rounded and serrated with the serrations at its angle enlarged.^[3] The dorsal fin contains 11 spines and 15-17 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 8 soft rays. The caudal fin is rounded and the pelvic fin does not extend as far as the anus.^[2] There are 61-64 scales in the lateral line. The head and body have a pale brownish grey background colour, with the flanks and back covered with small red, orange or gold spots. There are 6 indistinct diagonal dark bars which can normally be seen on at least towards the back. The first bar is on the nape, the third bar runs through a dark brown or black blotch on the body at base of rearmost 3 spines of the dorsal fin while the final bar is on the caudal peduncle. These dark bars reach the base of dorsal fin. The margin of the dorsal fin is yellow or orange with a line of dusky yellow or orange spots along middle of spiny part of that dorsal fin and another along base of the fin. These rows have one spot on each membrane. The soft part of the dorsal fin as well as the caudal and anal fins have indistinct red or orange spots at their bases and dusky membranes faintly marked with small white spots.^[3] The maximum published total length for this species is 58 centimetres (23 in), although they are more common at around 30 centimetres (12 in), and the maximum published weight is 2.5 kilograms (5.5 lb).^[2]

Distribution

The Hong Kong grouper is found in the Western Pacific Ocean. It is found in southern Japan where it occurs in the Tsugaru Strait, the strait between Honshu and Hokkaido south along both coasts. It is also found off Korea, China and Taiwan as far as the Gulf of Tonkin.^[1] It may be found off Vietnam but this needs to be confirmed as the lone reported specimen may be a misidentification of Epinephelus fasciatomaculosus. There are unsubstantiated records from India and the Philippines.^[2]

Habitat and biology

The Hong Kong grouper is found in coral and rocky reefs down to depths of at least 55 metres (180 ft) while juveniles prefer shallower waters than the adults.^[1] Around Japan he species is common in rocky areas. ^[3] Fishermen in Hong Kong report taking this species as spawning adults along the continental shelf in the East China Sea and South China Sea at depths of 27 to 55 metres (89 to 180 ft). Around the Byeonsan Peninsula of the Republic of Korea spawning has been observed in late July and early August. In this area hermaphrodites had a length of measured around 28 to 32 centimetres (11 to 13 in) while males were 40 centimetres (16 in). Spawning aggregations have not been confirmed in this species although there are anecdotal reports from Hong Kong of divers encountering groups of up to 50 fishes in close proximity on reefs in the summer, coinciding with the known spawning season.^[1]

As other fish, the Hong Kong grouper harbours parasites, including, among others, the diplectanid monogenean Pseudorhabdosynochus satyui and Pseudorhabdosynochus epinepheli, parasitic on the gills.^[4]

Taxonomy

The Hong Kong grouper was first formally described as Serranus akaara in 1842 by the Dutch zoologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck (1778-1858) and his student, the German ichthyologist Hermann Schlegel (1804-1884), with the type locality given as Nagasaki.^[5]

Utlisation

The Hong Kong grouper is regarded as a species of high commercial value in Hong Kong and Japan. It is usually caught by hand-line over rock strata and the species is often marketed live to increase the price paid.^[6] It has been bred in aquaculture but the survival of the hatched larvae is low.^[3] By the mid 1990s the wild population was exhausted as a viable fishery.^[1]

Conservation

The Hong Kong grouper has no effectively managed stocks. In China there are limits on the gear which can be used but in Hong Kong the fishing is largely unregulated, except a small no take zone where the species may actually be increasing. Hatchery reared larvae are released in Japanese waters but there are no known conservation measures in other parts of its range.^[1]

References

Epinephelus akaara es una especie de peces de la familia Serranidae en el orden de los Perciformes.

Morfología

Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 53 cm de longitud total.^[2]​

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentra al sur de la China, Taiwán, mar de la China Meridional y sur de Japón.

Referencias

Bibliografía

• Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
• Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos, 1997.
• Hoese, D.F. 1986. A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
• Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
• Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
• Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
• Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a. edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.

Epinephelus akaara Epinephelus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Serranidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

• FishBase.org

Ikus, gainera

• Epinephelus
• Serranidae

Epinephelus akaara is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van zaag- of zeebaarzen (Serranidae).^[2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1842 door Temminck & Schlegel.

De soort staat op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN als Bedreigd, beoordelingsjaar 2003. De omvang van de populatie is volgens de IUCN dalend.^[1]

Epinephelus akaara é uma espécie de peixe da família Serranidae.

Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: China, Japão, Coreia do Norte, Taiwan e possivelmente em Vietname.

Os seus habitats naturais são: mar costeiro e recifes de coral.

Referências

Cá mú chấm đỏ hoặc cá song đỏ (Danh pháp khoa học: Epinephelus akaara) là một loài cá thuộc họ Serranidae. Nó được tìm thấy ở Trung Quốc, Nhật Bản, Cộng hòa Dân chủ Nhân dân Triều Tiên, Đài Loan, và có thể Việt Nam. Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là vùng biển nông và các vùng đô thị. Đây là một loài cá có giá trị kinh tế.

Chú thích

Tham khảo

• Cornish, A. 2003. Epinephelus akaara. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 8 năm 2007.

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赤點石斑魚，俗名為石斑、紅斑，為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目鮨科的其中一個種。2006年獲選為世界自然基金會海洋十寶的其中一員。現時有赤點石斑魚養殖業。

分布

本魚分布於西太平洋區，包括中國南部和東海、日本南部（九州和本州）、韓國南部、台灣沿岸。越南的記錄有可能並不是赤點石斑魚，而是擬青石斑魚〔Epinephelus fasciatomaculosus〕，而菲律賓、印度與小笠原群島有可疑記錄。

深度

水深4至50公尺。

特徵

本魚體呈紅褐色，頭、背較深，腹部顏色較淡，頭部及體側密佈與瞳孔等大之橙紅色斑點；口大，上下頜前端具少數大犬齒，兩側齒細尖，背鰭最後數棘下方有一大型黑斑，其餘鰭無顯著之斑點。背鰭硬棘11枚，軟條15至17枚，臀鰭硬棘3枚，軟條8枚，胸鰭圓形，中央之鰭條長於上下方之鰭條，且長於腹鰭。體被細小櫛鱗，有孔側線鱗片數約50至53枚。前鰓蓋骨後緣一般具鋸齒，下緣光滑。鰓蓋骨後緣具3扁棘。體長可達50公分。

生態

幼魚期棲息在較淺之礁區水域，長大後在較深水域。常可在岩礁外圍見其蹤跡。一般不呈大群體活動。幼魚具高度洄游性。肉食性，以魚類、軟體動物、甲殼動物、蝦類等為食。

繁殖於夏季。

經濟利用

高經濟價值的食用魚，肉質鮮美，清蒸或煮薑絲清湯均宜。香港有活魚作海鮮銷售,是香港出售的石斑中最昂貴的。 由於魚身為中國文化中象徵吉祥的紅色，曾是中式喜宴中受歡迎的食用魚。

威脅

高經濟價值導致的過度捕魚令赤點石斑魚數量大減，除了捕捉赤點石斑魚令其數量直接大減外，過度捕魚令赤點石斑魚的食物減少。 一些魚苗被捉去進行養殖，在人工環境將野生魚苗養大出售，也令能長大至有繁殖能力的成魚數量減少。 各地的沿岸發展和污染也令赤點石斑賴以為生的生境受破壞。

保護

世界自然保護聯盟（IUCN）於2003年列為「瀕危」。 在香港，並沒有法律上的保護，但政府亦建立人工魚礁來增加赤點石斑魚產卵和棲息的地方,而作為禁捕區的鶴咀海岸保護區也提供保護，近年因數量下降而評估為「極危」。

参考文献

• 台灣魚類資料庫
• 世界自然基金會-海洋十寶
• Froese, Rainer & Daniel Pauly, eds. (2011). Epinephelus akaara in FishBase. 2011年12月版本
• IUCN Redlist

キジハタ（雉羽太、学名：Epinephelus akaara ）は、スズキ目・スズキ亜目・ハタ科・ハタ亜科に分類される魚。日本から中国沿岸の温暖な海域に分布する魚で、高級食材として扱われる。

特徴[編集]

最大全長で60cm近くなる個体もいるが、30cmほどのものが比較的多く見られる。ハタとしては小型から中型の部類である。雌性先熟の性転換をおこない、自然環境では全長約40cmでメスからオスに転換する。

体色はオレンジ色で、朱色の斑点が全身に見られる。また、背中の中央に黒っぽい大きな斑点が1つある。ノミノクチ E. trimaculatus とよく似ているが、ノミノクチは斑点が暗赤色であることから区別出来る。

目は緑色で、キジハタの語源となったキジ色をしている。

青森県以南から朝鮮半島南部、中国、台湾までの沿岸域に分布する。岩場に砂場が混じったような環境を好み、内湾の人工護岸周辺にも生息する。群れを作らず単独で生活し、昼は岩陰や洞窟の中にひそんでいるが、夜に泳ぎだして獲物を探す。小型の個体は甲殻類を主な餌とするが、成長に伴い魚中心となる。

繁殖期は初夏で、小さい卵を少しずつ産む。性転換サイズになるには10年前後かかると考えられる。

別名[編集]

主に関西、瀬戸内海でアコウ・アコ（赤魚、茂魚）、山陰でアカミズ（赤水）、長崎県・福岡県等でアカアラ（赤荒）、愛知県でアズキマス（小豆鱒）と呼ばれる。なお、関東地方でアコウ（赤魚）と呼ばれる魚はアコウダイという別の種である。

シーボルトが長崎で採集した標本より学名が付けられたが、その時の地方名「アカアラ」がそのまま種名 "akaara" となっている。

利用[編集]

高級魚として珍重される。旬は初夏で、日本では造り、煮付けとして食べることが多い。鍋料理にも適する。身はややピンク色をした白身で、刺身ではさっぱりとしているが、熱を通すと弾力とうまみが出てくる。 細かい鱗をきれいに落として皮を煮付けると美味である。 50cmを超える個体になると、骨が非常に硬くなる。

香港では「紅斑」（広東語 ホンパーン）と呼ばれ、ハタ類の中ではサラサハタに次いで珍重されており、主に蒸し魚として食べられる。

関連項目[編集]

• 魚の一覧