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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 10 years (wild)
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Diet ( İngilizce )

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Chaetodon lineolatus feeds mainly on coral polyps, algae, and worms.

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Morphology ( İngilizce )

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Dorsal spines (total): 12; Dorsal soft rays (total): 24 - 27; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 19 - 22
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Life Cycle ( İngilizce )

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Distinct pairing (Ref. 205). Monogamous mating is observed as both obligate and social (Ref. 52884).
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Diseases and Parasites ( İngilizce )

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Hurleytrematoides Infestation 7. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
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Diagnostic Description ( İngilizce )

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The dorsal caudal and anal fins are bright yellow. Body color is white with a black elliptical marking along the edge of the posterior portion of the back extending across the caudal peduncle to the base of the posterior anal fin rays. A series of thin vertical black lines run across the sides, and a prominent vertical black band runs across the eye (Ref. 4855). Snout length 2.0-2.7 in HL. Body depth 1.4-1.7 in SL (Ref. 90102).
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Trophic Strategy ( İngilizce )

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Occur inshore (Ref. 75154). Adult specimens are quite shy thus difficult to approach at close range.
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Biology ( İngilizce )

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Occur in lagoon and seaward reefs, usually in pairs in coral rich areas (Ref. 1602). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). Feed mainly on coral polyps and anemones, but also on small invertebrates and algae (Ref. 1602). Largest species in the genus (Ref. 9710). Oviparous (Ref. 205). Form pairs during breeding (Ref. 205).
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Importance ( İngilizce )

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fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: commercial; price category: unknown; price reliability:
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分布 ( İngilizce )

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分布於印度-太平洋區,西起紅海、東非洲,東至夏威夷、馬貴斯群島(Marquesan Is.)及杜夕島(Ducie I.),北至日本南部,南至羅得豪島(Lord Howe I.)及澳洲大堡礁。台灣各地岩礁及珊湖礁海域皆可見其蹤跡。
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利用 ( İngilizce )

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一般以潛水方式捕捉。為觀賞魚類,無食用經濟價值。是本科中最大型之魚種。
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描述 ( İngilizce )

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體高而呈橢圓形;頭部上方輪廓略呈弧形,鼻區處稍內凹。吻尖而突出,但不延長為管狀。前鼻孔具鼻瓣。前鰓蓋緣具細鋸齒;鰓蓋膜與峽部相連。兩頜齒細尖密列,上下頜齒各11-12列。體被大型鱗片,角形,體上半部呈斜上排列,下半部水平排列;側線向上陡昇至背鰭第XI-XII棘下方而下降至背鰭基底末緣下方。背鰭單一,硬棘XII,軟條24-27,成魚之軟條部末端延長如絲狀;臀鰭硬棘III,軟條20-22。體前部銀白至淡色,後部黃色;吻部暗色;體側具許多窄的暗色橫帶;眼帶寬於眼徑;成魚自背鰭硬棘部後端基部斜下至臀鰭軟條部後端基部具新月形黑斑帶,幼魚較短,僅於體上半部具有此斑,但尾柄上具眼點。背鰭及臀鰭軟條部黃色;尾鰭黃色而後端具黑緣;腹鰭及胸鰭淡色。
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棲地 ( İngilizce )

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棲息於潟湖及面海的珊瑚礁區。常被發現成對漫游於珊瑚礁區。雜食性,以小型無脊椎動物、珊瑚蟲、海葵及藻類碎片為食。
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Gestreepte vlindervis ( Afrikaans )

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Die Gestreepte vlindervis (Chaetodon lineolatus) is 'n vis wat voorkom in die Stille Oseaan, die Indiese Oseaan: meer spesifiek die Rooisee en aan die ooskus van Afrika suidwaarts tot by die noorde van KwaZulu-Natal. In Engels staan die vis bekend as die Lined butterflyfish.

Identifikasie

Die vis word tot 30cm lank en is die grootste van al die vlindervisse. Die vis se lyf is wit met nou, vertikale lyne aan die sys. Daar is breë swart streep op die rugkant wat 'n geel rant het en daar is 'n swart band wat deur die oë gaan. Die stert-, dorsale- en analevinne is geel. Die onvolwasse vissies lyk amper soos die volwasse visse; daar is egter nie 'n swart band op die rug nie en daar is 'n swart kol op die stertvin basis.

Die visse leef in aflandige koraalriwwe in water wat 2 tot 170m diep is. Hulle is territoriaal van aard en kom gewoonlik in pare voor. Tydens paartyd kan hulle in groepe voorkom.

Die vis vreet koraal poliepe, bodem ongewerweldes en alge. Die spesie is sku.

Sien ook

Eksterne skakel

Bron

  • The Reef Guide: Fishes, corals, nudibranchs & other invertebrates: East & South Coasts of Southern Africa. Dennis King & Valda Fraser. Struik Nature. 2014 ISBN 978-1-77584-018-3
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Gestreepte vlindervis: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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Die Gestreepte vlindervis (Chaetodon lineolatus) is 'n vis wat voorkom in die Stille Oseaan, die Indiese Oseaan: meer spesifiek die Rooisee en aan die ooskus van Afrika suidwaarts tot by die noorde van KwaZulu-Natal. In Engels staan die vis bekend as die Lined butterflyfish.

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Riesen-Falterfisch ( Almanca )

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Der Riesen-Falterfisch (Chaetodon lineolatus) ist die größte Art in der Familie der Falterfische. Er erreicht eine Länge von bis zu 30 Zentimetern und gehört somit zu den größten Arten in der Familie der Falterfische.

Der silbrige, hochrückige und seitlich abgeflachte Körper zeigt eine Reihe von schmalen schwarzen Längsstreifen sowie am Kopf einen breiten schwarzen Streifen, der über die Augen verläuft. Auffallend ist die schwarze Binde, die sich entlang des Rückens vom mittleren Bereich der Rückenflosse bis zur Schwanzwurzel erstreckt. Die hinteren Bereiche der Rücken- und der Afterflosse sind dagegen auffallend gelb gefärbt.

Der Riesen-Falterfisch lebt im Roten Meer sowie im tropischen Indopazifik von der Küste Ostafrikas bis Japan und Französisch-Polynesien. Sein bevorzugter Lebensraum sind Riffe mit starkem Korallenbewuchs, wo er bis zu einer Gewässertiefe bis über 100 Meter zu finden ist.

Der Gestreifte Falterfisch frisst überwiegend Korallenpolypen und kleine Seeanemonen. Aufgrund seiner speziellen Nahrungsanforderungen ist er für die Aquarienhaltung ungeeignet.

Literatur

  • Robert A. Patzner, Horst Moosleitner: Non-Perciformes (Nicht-Barschartige) sowie Falter- und Kaiserfische. Mergus, Melle 1999, ISBN 3-88244-116-X (Meerwasser-Atlas. Band 6).

Weblinks

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Riesen-Falterfisch: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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Der Riesen-Falterfisch (Chaetodon lineolatus) ist die größte Art in der Familie der Falterfische. Er erreicht eine Länge von bis zu 30 Zentimetern und gehört somit zu den größten Arten in der Familie der Falterfische.

Der silbrige, hochrückige und seitlich abgeflachte Körper zeigt eine Reihe von schmalen schwarzen Längsstreifen sowie am Kopf einen breiten schwarzen Streifen, der über die Augen verläuft. Auffallend ist die schwarze Binde, die sich entlang des Rückens vom mittleren Bereich der Rückenflosse bis zur Schwanzwurzel erstreckt. Die hinteren Bereiche der Rücken- und der Afterflosse sind dagegen auffallend gelb gefärbt.

Der Riesen-Falterfisch lebt im Roten Meer sowie im tropischen Indopazifik von der Küste Ostafrikas bis Japan und Französisch-Polynesien. Sein bevorzugter Lebensraum sind Riffe mit starkem Korallenbewuchs, wo er bis zu einer Gewässertiefe bis über 100 Meter zu finden ist.

Der Gestreifte Falterfisch frisst überwiegend Korallenpolypen und kleine Seeanemonen. Aufgrund seiner speziellen Nahrungsanforderungen ist er für die Aquarienhaltung ungeeignet.

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Lined butterflyfish ( İngilizce )

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The lined butterflyfish (Chaetodon lineolatus) is a species of marine ray-finned fish. a butterflyfish belonging to the family Chaetodontidae, one of the largest species in the genus Chaetodon.[3] It has a wide range from the Red Sea to South Africa and as far east as southern Japan and Hawaii.[2]

Taxonomy

It belongs to the large subgenus Rabdophorus which might warrant recognition as a distinct genus. In this group, it seems to be member of a lineage also containing species such as the spot-naped butterflyfish (C. oxycephalus), or the peculiar black-wedged butterflyfish (C. falcula) and Pacific double-saddle butterflyfish or "false falcula" (C. ulietensis). These four differ wildly in shape, but all have bluish vertical lines on a white body with yellow behind, and black on back and caudal peduncle in addition to the typical eyestripe of Chaetodon. The blue-cheeked butterflyfish (C. semilarvatus) seems to be a far more basal lineage of Rabdophorus relative to them, but it also has the tell-tale blue vertical lines.[4][5]

Description

Lined butterflyfish may grow up to 30 centimetres (12 in) long, which among Chaetodon is matched only by the saddle butterflyfish (C. ephippium), making them about as big as dinner plates. They are white in color, with thin black vertical bars which join a thick black band at the base of the tail and dorsal fin. The tail, dorsal, and anal fins are yellow.[3][6]

Distribution and habitat

Lined Butterflyfish in the Red Sea, Egypt

The species occurs along the east coast of Africa including the Red Sea and Mozambique Channel, throughout Northern Australia including the Coral Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria, and Timor Sea, and throughout West Indo-Pacific including the Java Sea, South China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Celebes Sea.[7]

This uncommon fish is found in pairs or swimming alone, or occasionally in spawning aggregations. It occurs between 2 and 50 m depth, in coral-rich areas of reefs and lagoons.[2]

Ecology

Coral polyps, small anemones, algae and invertebrates make up the lined butterflyfish's diet.[3][2] It is known to be territorial.[8] This territorialism is connected to their highly specific feeding habits that is located on certain areas.[9]

The species can reach an age of up to ten years.[2]

Development

Larvae of fish in the family Chaetodontidae have a random distribution pattern causing them to settle either in the same habitats as adult conspecifics; habitats with high coral cover; or habitats completely different from those used by adult conspecifics. Juveniles that are not in an adult habitat live in their current habitat until reaching maturity. Once they reached post-settlement growth of greater than 100 mm, they migrate to adult habitats if they are not already in that environment.[9]

Reproduction

Very little is known about the spawning of butterflyfish as a whole, however it is believed that they spawn near their feeding habitats during new moon.[10] The lined butterflyfish mates in lifelong monogamous relationships. However, the male chooses to either stay with its one mate or leave and find another mate. This appears to maximize their fecundity. Lined butterflyfish are social maters, meaning they spend time with their mate outside of just spawning often living together in the same habitat. The species however exhibits little to no parental care to their young.[11]

Predation

The species is preyed on by many larger marine predators including sharks, eels, and snappers; predation may be intensified by loss of habitats and feeding grounds.[12]

Ecosystem roles

Corals and members of the family Chaetodontidae were thought to have a commensal relationship. Coral provides the butterflyfish with food and shelter while coral gets little to nothing in return. However, upon further investigation it seems that C. lineolatus and other corallivore members of Chaetodontidae pose a bigger threat to coral than previously understood. Corallivores disturb the growth of coral species. This predation may have a long-term effect of on reef biodiversity. The loss of habitat affects reef fishes, including the Chaetodontidae, by making them more prone to predation from larger fishes.[13]

Conservation status

The species is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN due to its wide distribution and presence in protected areas.[1] Its biggest threat is the loss of habitat via coral reef degradation, due to the overdevelopment and over-use of coral reefs and their resources.[14]

References

  1. ^ a b Myers, R.F.; Pratchett, M. (2010). "Chaetodon lineolatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T165669A6086327. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T165669A6086327.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Chaetodon lineolatus" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. ^ a b c Lieske, E. & Myers, R.F. (2004). Coral reef guide – Red Sea. HarperCollins, London. ISBN 0-00-715986-2.
  4. ^ Fessler, Jennifer L.; Westneat, Mark W (2007). "Molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae): Taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (1): 50–68. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.018. PMID 17625921.
  5. ^ Hsu, Kui-Ching; Chen, Jeng-Ping & Shao, Kwang-Tsao (2007). "Molecular phylogeny of Chaetodon (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae) in the Indo-West Pacific: evolution in geminate species pairs and species groups" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement. 14: 77–86. Archived 2007-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Hoover, John P. (2008). The Ultimate Guide to Hawaiian Reef Fishes, Sea Turtles, Dolphins, Whales, and Seals. Mutual Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56647-887-8.
  7. ^ Registry-Migration.Gbif.Org (2019). "Chaetodon lineolatus Cuvier ex Quoy & Gaimard, 1831". GBIF Secretariat. doi:10.15468/39omei. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ Littlewood, D.T.J.; et al. (2004). "Molecular phylogenetics of Chaetodon and the Chaetodontidae (Teleostei: Perciformes) with reference to morphology". Zootaxa. 779: 1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.779.1.1.
  9. ^ a b Pratchett, M. S.; et al. (2008). "Habitat associations of juvenile versus adult butterflyfishes". Coral Reefs. 27 (3): 541–551. Bibcode:2008CorRe..27..541P. doi:10.1007/s00338-008-0357-8. hdl:1912/2505. S2CID 24211387.
  10. ^ Yabuta, S. (1997). "Spawning migrations in the monogamous butterflyfish, Chaetodon trifasciatus". Ichthyological Research. 44 (2–3): 177–182. doi:10.1007/BF02678695. S2CID 6034955.
  11. ^ Whiteman, E. A.; Côté, I. M. (2004). "Monogamy in Marine Fishes". Biological Reviews. 79 (2): 351–375. doi:10.1017/S1464793103006304. PMID 15191228. S2CID 22149575.
  12. ^ Pratchett, M. S.; et al. (2006). "Declines in the abundance of Chaetodon butterflyfishes following extensive coral depletion". Journal of Fish Biology. 69 (5): 1269–1280. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01161.x.
  13. ^ Cole, Andrew J.; et al. (2008). "Diversity and functional importance of coral-feeding fishes on tropical coral reefs". Fish and Fisheries. 9 (3): 286–307. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2008.00290.x.
  14. ^ Cesar, H.; Burke, L.; Pet-Soede, L. (2003). The economics of worldwide coral reef degradation (PDF) (Report). Cesar environmental economics consulting.

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Lined butterflyfish: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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The lined butterflyfish (Chaetodon lineolatus) is a species of marine ray-finned fish. a butterflyfish belonging to the family Chaetodontidae, one of the largest species in the genus Chaetodon. It has a wide range from the Red Sea to South Africa and as far east as southern Japan and Hawaii.

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Chaetodon lineolatus ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Chaetodon lineolatus (nombre común en español: pez mariposa de líneas) es una especie de pez del género Chaetodon.[2]

Descripción

Puede crecer hasta 30 cm de longitud. Es de color blanco, con antifaz negro y barras negras verticales delgadas que se unen a una banda negra ancha en la base de la cola y de la aleta dorsal. La cola y las aletas dorsal y la anal son de color amarillo.[2]

Distribución y hábitat

Se encuentra entre 2 y 50 m de profundidad, en zonas ricas en corales de arrecifes y lagunas, desde el mar Rojo y las costas de Sudáfrica, hasta el sureste de Japón y Hawái.[3]​ Permanece en parejas o solitario, o en ocasiones en grupos de desove.[1]

Alimentación

Los pólipos de coral, pequeñas anémonas, algas e invertebrados constituyen su dieta.[2][3]

Referencias

  1. a b Myers, R. & M. Pratchett (2010) Chaetodon lineolatus; IUCN (2013) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2013.1. Consultado el 22 de julio de 2013.
  2. a b c Lieske, E. & R.F. Myers (2004) Coral reef guide – Red Sea. HarperCollins, London. ISBN 0-00-715986-2
  3. a b Chaetodon lineolatus; FishBase.

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Chaetodon lineolatus: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Chaetodon lineolatus (nombre común en español: pez mariposa de líneas) es una especie de pez del género Chaetodon.​

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Chaetodon lineolatus ( Baskça )

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Chaetodon lineolatus Chaetodon generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Chaetodontidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Espezie hau Agulhasko itsaslasterran aurki daiteke.

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Chaetodon lineolatus FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Chaetodon lineolatus: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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Chaetodon lineolatus Chaetodon generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Chaetodontidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Chaetodon lineolatus ( Fransızca )

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Le Poisson-papillon à lignes (Chaetodon lineolatus) est une espèce de poissons appartenant à la famille des Chaetodontidae.

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Chaetodon lineolatus ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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Vissen

Chaetodon lineolatus is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van koraalvlinders (Chaetodontidae).[2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1831 door Cuvier.

De soort staat op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN als niet bedreigd, beoordelingsjaar 2009. De omvang van de populatie is volgens de IUCN stabiel.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b (en) Chaetodon lineolatus op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. (en) Chaetodon lineolatus. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 10 2011 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2011.
Geplaatst op:
22-10-2011
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Chaetodon lineolatus ( Vietnamca )

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Chaetodon lineolatus là một loài cá thuộc họ Cá bướm, là một trong các loài lớn nhất của chiChaetodon[1]. Chúng phân bố rộng rãi từ Biển Đỏ đến Nam Phi và về phía đông tận nam Nhật BảnHawaii.[2]. Loài cá này có thân dài đến 30 cm, chỉ có loài (C. ephippium) mới dài bằng. Màu sắc của loài cá này là trắng với các dải mỏng dọc màu đen với một dải đen dàu ở chân đuôi và vây lưng. Đuôi, lưng và vây hậu môn màu vàng. Loại cá này không phổ biến được tìm thấy bơi theo cặp hoặc bơi một mình, hoặc đôi khi trong tụ tập lại đẻ trứng. Nó hiện diện giữa độ sâu m 2 và 50, trong khu vực nhiều san hô của rạn san hôđầm phá. Chế độ ăn gồm polyp san hô, hải quỳ nhỏ, tảođộng vật không xương sống.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Lieske & Myers (2004)
  2. ^ FishBase [2008]

Tham khảo

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thêm hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Chaetodon lineolatus
  • Fessler, Jennifer L. & Westneat, Mark W. (2007): Molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae): Taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 45(1): 50–68. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.018 (HTML abstract)
  • FishBase [2008]: Chaetodon lineolatus. Truy cập 2008-SEP-01.
  • Hsu, Kui-Ching; Chen, Jeng-Ping & Shao, Kwang-Tsao (2007): Molecular phylogeny of Chaetodon (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae) in the Indo-West Pacific: evolution in geminate species pairs and species groups. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 14: 77-86. PDF fulltext
  • Lieske, E. & Myers, R.F. (2004): Coral reef guide – Red Sea. HarperCollins, London. ISBN 0-00-715986-2


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Chaetodon lineolatus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

Chaetodon lineolatus là một loài cá thuộc họ Cá bướm, là một trong các loài lớn nhất của chiChaetodon. Chúng phân bố rộng rãi từ Biển Đỏ đến Nam Phi và về phía đông tận nam Nhật BảnHawaii.. Loài cá này có thân dài đến 30 cm, chỉ có loài (C. ephippium) mới dài bằng. Màu sắc của loài cá này là trắng với các dải mỏng dọc màu đen với một dải đen dàu ở chân đuôi và vây lưng. Đuôi, lưng và vây hậu môn màu vàng. Loại cá này không phổ biến được tìm thấy bơi theo cặp hoặc bơi một mình, hoặc đôi khi trong tụ tập lại đẻ trứng. Nó hiện diện giữa độ sâu m 2 và 50, trong khu vực nhiều san hô của rạn san hôđầm phá. Chế độ ăn gồm polyp san hô, hải quỳ nhỏ, tảođộng vật không xương sống.

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紋身蝴蝶魚 ( Çince )

wikipedia 中文维基百科 tarafından sağlandı
二名法 Chaetodon lineolatus
Cuvier, 1831

紋身蝴蝶魚,又稱細紋蝴蝶魚,俗名黑影蝶、新月蝶,為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目蝴蝶魚科的其中一

分布

本魚分布於印度太平洋區,包括東非紅海波斯灣馬爾地夫葛摩模里西斯塞席爾群島斯里蘭卡馬來西亞泰國菲律賓印尼中國南海東海日本台灣越南新幾內亞所羅門群島澳洲馬里亞納群島馬紹爾群島密克羅尼西亞帛琉諾魯斐濟群島夏威夷群島法屬波里尼西亞復活節島加拉巴哥群島東加吉里巴斯吐瓦魯萬納杜薩摩亞群島厄瓜多墨西哥等海域。

深度

水深2至171公尺。

特徵

本魚體色以白色為主,吻部呈淡褐色、背鰭、臀鰭、尾鰭及身體的後上方為深黃色。具褐色眼帶,體側有許多褐色的細橫帶,自背鰭鰭棘部基部經尾柄至臀鰭鰭條部後1/2處的基底,有一狀如新月的黑斑。鰭硬棘12枚、軟條24至27枚;臀鰭硬棘3枚、軟條20至22枚。體長可達36公分。

生態

本魚棲息在礁湖和向海礁坡,常成對出現在珊瑚茂密處。屬肉食性,以底棲小動物和海葵等為食物。本乃本體型最大的一種。

經濟利用

為高價值的觀賞性魚類,不供食用。

参考文献

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紋身蝴蝶魚: Brief Summary ( Çince )

wikipedia 中文维基百科 tarafından sağlandı

紋身蝴蝶魚,又稱細紋蝴蝶魚,俗名黑影蝶、新月蝶,為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目蝴蝶魚科的其中一

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Description ( İngilizce )

World Register of Marine Species tarafından sağlandı
Occurs in lagoon and seaward reefs, usually in pairs in coral rich areas. Feeds mainly on coral polyps and anemones, but also feeds on small invertebrates and algae.

Referans

Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2023). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (02/2023).

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Katkıda bulunan
Edward Vanden Berghe [email]