Die Swartkoningvis (Caranx lugubris) is 'n vis wat voorkom aan die ooskus van Afrika van Mosambiek tot by Oos-Londen. In Engels staan die vis bekend as die Black kingfish.
Die vis se kop en vinne is grys tot swart en daar is 'n donker kol aan die boonste kant van die kieuedeksel (operkulum).
Die vis leef in helder water van 25–100 m diep aflandig.
Die Swartkoningvis (Caranx lugubris) is 'n vis wat voorkom aan die ooskus van Afrika van Mosambiek tot by Oos-Londen. In Engels staan die vis bekend as die Black kingfish.
Caranx lugubris és un peix teleosti de la família dels caràngids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.[2]
Pot arribar als 100 cm de llargària total i als 17,9 kg de pes.[3]
Es troba a les costes occidentals de l'Oceà Índic (des de Sud-àfrica fins a Reunió, Maurici i les Seychelles), al Pacífic occidental (des del sud del Japó fins a Nova Caledònia), a l'Atlàntic occidental (des de Bermuda i el nord del Golf de Mèxic fins al Brasil), a l'Atlàntic oriental (Açores, Arxipèlag de Madeira, Cap Verd i Golf de Guinea) i a les costes centrals del Pacífic oriental (des de Mèxic fins a Costa Rica).[3]
Caranx lugubris ist ein Meeresfisch aus der Familie der Stachelmakrelen. Ihre englische Bezeichnung lautet Black jack oder Black trevally.
Caranx lugubris ist oliv-bräunlich bis gräulich-schwarz auf der Oberseite des Körpers, darunter wird die Färbung heller und färbt sich gräulich-blau. Die Flossen sind Dunkel-grau bis schwarz. Sie besitzt einen fast ovalen, seitlich etwas zusammengedrückten Körper mit einem gewölbten Rücken. Ihr Kopf verläuft zwischen Schnauze und Stirn konkav, sein Kopf erscheint fast eckig. Der Maul ist im Vergleich anderer Arten dieser Gattung sehr groß. Caranx lugubris kann eine Länge von ca. 100 cm und ein Gewicht von ca. 18 kg erreichen, es wurde sogar von einem über 200 cm großen Fang berichtet.
Diese Art hat insgesamt 23 bis 30 Kiemenrechen und es sind 24 Wirbel vorhanden. Bei der geteilte Rückenflosse besteht die erste Hälfte aus 8 Hartstrahlen und die zweite aus einem Hartstrahl und 20 bis 22 Weichstrahlen, die Schwanzflosse ist tief gegabelt, der Schwanzstiel ist schlank. Der Oberkiefer enthält eine Reihe starker äußerer Zähne mit einem inneren Band kleinerer Zähne, während der Unterkiefer eine einzelne Reihe weit auseinanderliegender konischer Zähne enthält.
Über die Fortpflanzungsbiologie von Caranx lugubris liegen zurzeit keine gesicherten Informationen vor. Doch man geht davon aus, Weibchen erreichen ihre Geschlechtsreife mit einer Länge von ca. 35 cm, Männchen mit einer Länge von ca. 38-39 cm.
Caranx lugubris ist zirkumtropisch verbreitet: die Reichweite erstreckt sich um die äquatorialen Ozeane der Erde und die Art bewohnt damit die tropischen und subtropischen Regionen des Atlantiks, Pazifiks und Indischen Ozeans. Sie bevorzugt klare Küstengewässer, tiefe Riffe und man findet sie auch in Wassertiefen von 12 - 350 Metern.
Caranx lugubris lebt sowohl solitär als auch in Schulen von bis zu 30 Tieren. Es ist auch bekannt, dass diese Art Spinnerdelfinen folgt, um sich von ihren Exkrementen zu ernähren. Caranx lugubris ist ein nachtaktiver Raubfisch, der sich hauptsächlich von Fischen, und Krustentieren und Mollusken (Weichtieren) ernährt.
Caranx lugubris ist ein Meeresfisch aus der Familie der Stachelmakrelen. Ihre englische Bezeichnung lautet Black jack oder Black trevally.
Saqaloa (Caranx lugubris) — E dua na ika.
Caranx lugubris, the black jack, black trevally, black kingfish, coal fish or black ulua, is a species of large ocean fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species has a circumtropical distribution, found in oceanic, offshore waters of the tropical zones of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The species is particularly prevalent around offshore islands such as the Caribbean islands in the Atlantic, Hawaii and French Polynesia in the Pacific and the Seychelles and Maldives in the Indian Ocean. Black jack are rare in shallow waters, preferring deep reefs, ledges and seamounts in clear waters. The species is easily distinguished by its black to grey fins and jet black scutes, with the head having a steep profile near the snout. The largest recorded length is 1 m and weight of 17.9 kg. The black jack lives either individually or in small schools, and is known to school with other species. It is a predatory fish, taking a variety of fish, crustaceans and molluscs as prey. Sexual maturity is reached at 34.6 cm in females and 38.2 cm in males, with spawning taking place between February and September in the Caribbean. The early life history of the species is very poorly understood. Black jack are of high importance to many island fisheries, but are rarely encountered in most continental fisheries. The species has a reputation as a gamefish, and is variably considered a terrible or excellent food fish, although several cases of ciguatera poisoning have been attributed to the species. The species was initially named Caranx ascensionis by Georges Cuvier, however several issues with the use of this name have seen Felipe Poey's name Caranx lugubris become the valid scientific name.
The black jack is classified within the genus Caranx, one of a number of groups known as the jacks or trevallies. Caranx itself is part of the larger jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, which in turn is part of the order Carangiformes.[2]
The taxonomic history of the black jack is quite complex, with the species first referred to in error as Scomber adscensionis (Osbeck, 1771), which was also used to describe what is now known as Pseudocaranx dentex.[3] Georges Cuvier resurrected this name when he described the species as Caranx ascensionis in 1833. This was the first naming pertaining to the fish, and would normally have priority over any names assigned later. However, the species as it is currently known, was first scientifically described in 1860 by the Cuban zoologist Felipe Poey in his two volume work Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba,[4] or "Natural History of the Island of Cuba". He assigned the species to the jack genera Caranx, and gave the Latin specific epithet of lugubris, meaning "mournful", or "pertaining to mourning".[5] Although the description was based on a fish from Cuba, no holotype is known for the species.[6] Poey initially described his species as different from Cuvier's C. ascensionis, however he later placed both C. lugubris and another species he had named, C. frontalis, in synonymy with C. ascensionis.[3] In later work, Poey again listed these three names as synonyms, but treated C. lugubris as valid, noting that Cuvier's name had also been used for Pseudocaranx dentex.[3] Most later taxonomic revisions supported Poey's judgement, with the name C. ascensionis often considered a junior secondary homonym. William Smith-Vaniz and John Randall put forth a proposal to the ICZN in 1994 to formally instate C. lugubris as the species name,[3] which was accepted in 1996.[7]
The species common names all refer to the black hue displayed by the fish, with the name 'black jack' most commonly used. Other names include 'black trevally', 'black kingfish', 'coal fish' and 'black ulua' in Hawaii.[8]
The black jack has a circumtropical distribution, meaning their range extends around the Earth's equatorial oceans, thereby inhabiting the tropical and subtropical regions of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. In the Indian Ocean, they are found from Natal, South Africa[9] in the west to northern Australia in the east.[6] They are patchily distributed along the east African and Asian coastline in the Indian Ocean, being absent from both the Persian Gulf and Red Sea, as well as several countries bordering the ocean.[8] The species is widely known from many Indian Ocean islands including the Seychelles,[10] Réunion, Mauritius and Cargados Carajos[11] In the Pacific Ocean, the black jack is known from parts of the Indonesian-Australian archipelago north to Japan, and through many of the Pacific Islands such as Hawaii, New Caledonia and Tonga.[8] The species range in the eastern Pacific has been ranges from Mexico and the Revillagigedo Islands in the north to Costa Rica in the south.[12] In the western Atlantic Ocean, black jack have been found from North Carolina in the U.S.[13] south to Rio de Janeiro, with the species most common in the Caribbean and the northern Gulf of Mexico. In the eastern Atlantic, the species has been reported from the Azores, Madeira St. Paul's Rocks, Ascension Island, and the Gulf of Guinea.[8][14]
The black jack is a benthopelagic species rarely found in shallow inshore waters, preferring deep, clear offshore waters[15] of depths from 12 to 354 m.[16] The species is most common in insular oceanic habitats and around offshore islands, rarely found close to the continents.[17] The black jack inhabits deep reefs and reef drop offs,[17] also being common around oceanic seamounts.[18][19] It has been recorded from lagoons in the Solomon Islands.[20]
The black jack is a large fish, and is confidently known to grow to a length of 1 m[8] and a weight of 17.9 kg,[21] although is more common at lengths under 70 cm.[15] At least one source asserts a fish of 2.21 m has been reported,[22] which if true would make the black jack the second largest species of carangid behind the yellowtail amberjack (2.5 m).[8] The black jack has a similar overall body shape to the other members of Caranx, having an oblong, compressed form, with the dorsal profile more convex than the ventral profile.[23] This convexity is most pronounced at the head, which slopes steeply downwards, giving the head profile a very angular appearance. The profile between the snout and the nape is concave, with this indent centered near the nostrils.[24] The mouth is fairly large compared to other members of its genus and the maxilla extends to under the centre of the fish's eye.[25] The upper jaw contains a series of strong outer canines with an inner band of smaller teeth, while the lower jaw contains a single row of widely spaced conical teeth.[23] The dorsal fin of the black jack is in two sections; the first has 8 spines and the second 1 spine and 20 to 22 soft rays. The anal fin has 2 anteriorly detached spines and 16 to 19 soft rays. The lobes of both the dorsal and anal fins are elongated.[15] The pelvic fins contain 1 spine and 21 soft rays, while the pectoral fins are falcate and longer than the head.[24] The lateral line has a pronounced and moderately long anterior arch, with the curved section intersecting the straight section below the lobe of the second dorsal fin. The curved section of the lateral line contains around 50 scales[24] while the straight section 26 to 32 strong scutes. The caudal peduncle also has paired bilateral keels. The chest is completely covered in scales, which like the rest of the body are small and cycloid in nature. The species has 23 to 30 gill rakers in total and there are 24 vertebrae present.[23]
The body of the black jack is a uniform olive to brown, grey and even black colour along the back that lightens to a grey-blue near the underside of the fish. The black jack's fins are grey to black, and the scutes are black. The upper limit of the operculum often has a small dark spot present, usually smaller than the pupil.[15][25]
The black jack lives both in solitude and in schools of up to 30 individuals.[13] Like several other jacks, black jack are able to coordinate these aggregations over coral reefs based on the release of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) from the reef. DMSP is a naturally occurring chemical produced by marine algae and to a lesser extent corals and their symbiotic zooxanthellae.[26] In the Atlantic the species has also been video-recorded schooling with the almaco jack, Seriola rivoliana, and the greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili.[13] The diet of the species has been reported on two occasions; once from Easter Island in the south Pacific, where the diet consisted mainly of fish and crustaceans including stomatopods and isopods;[27] and from Brazil, where a variety of fish, crustaceans and molluscs were taken.[28] There is also some suggestion that in Brazil the species may be competing for food with the red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, with both having almost identical diets.[28] The black jack is also known to follow spinner dolphins to feed off their excrements.[29] The life history of the species has been determined in part from the waters of Jamaica. Here the Male:Female sex ratios have been reported as 1:0.55, indicating males are nearly twice as common than females.[30] The black jack reaches sexual maturity at 34.6 cm in females and 38.2 cm in males. The timing of spawning is poorly known, with occurrences recorded in February, April, May and July to September.[30] The reproductive behaviour and early life history of the species is entirely unknown. Analysis of black jack catches suggest the average length of the fish is 50 cm for males and 48 cm for females.[31]
The black jack is of moderate to high importance to commercial fisheries throughout its range, often being the most abundant large carangid in offshore island catches.[32][33] The species is taken by both various nets and traps as well as by hook and line. Black jack are usually marketed as fresh, whole fish, but they are also sold salted or dried.[12] The species rarity in most areas means it is not a major target for anglers, however some offshore locations such as the Bahamas the black jack is an important gamefish.[15] The species appeal as a food fish varies between location, with some regions considering it the best table fish available.[17] Despite this, numerous ciguatera poisoning cases have been attributed to the black jack, with laboratory tests confirming the presence of the toxin in the species flesh.[34] The IGFA all tackle world record for the species stands at 18.80 kg (41 lb 7 oz) caught off the Hurricane Bank, Mexico in 2013.[35]
Caranx lugubris, the black jack, black trevally, black kingfish, coal fish or black ulua, is a species of large ocean fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species has a circumtropical distribution, found in oceanic, offshore waters of the tropical zones of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The species is particularly prevalent around offshore islands such as the Caribbean islands in the Atlantic, Hawaii and French Polynesia in the Pacific and the Seychelles and Maldives in the Indian Ocean. Black jack are rare in shallow waters, preferring deep reefs, ledges and seamounts in clear waters. The species is easily distinguished by its black to grey fins and jet black scutes, with the head having a steep profile near the snout. The largest recorded length is 1 m and weight of 17.9 kg. The black jack lives either individually or in small schools, and is known to school with other species. It is a predatory fish, taking a variety of fish, crustaceans and molluscs as prey. Sexual maturity is reached at 34.6 cm in females and 38.2 cm in males, with spawning taking place between February and September in the Caribbean. The early life history of the species is very poorly understood. Black jack are of high importance to many island fisheries, but are rarely encountered in most continental fisheries. The species has a reputation as a gamefish, and is variably considered a terrible or excellent food fish, although several cases of ciguatera poisoning have been attributed to the species. The species was initially named Caranx ascensionis by Georges Cuvier, however several issues with the use of this name have seen Felipe Poey's name Caranx lugubris become the valid scientific name.
Caranx lugubris, comúnmente conocido como jurel negro o tiñosa,[1] es una especie de peces de la familia Carangidae en el orden de los Perciformes.
Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 100 cm de longitud total y los 17,9 kg de peso.[2]
Se encuentra en las costas occidentales del Océano Índico (desde Sudáfrica hasta Reunión, Mauricio y Seychelles), el Pacífico occidental (desde el sur del Japón hasta Nueva Caledonia), el Atlántico occidental (desde Bermuda y el norte del Golfo de México hasta el Brasil), el Atlántico oriental (Azores, Archipiélago de Madeira, Cabo Verde y Golfo de Guinea) y en las costas centrales del Pacífico oriental (desde México hasta Costa Rica ).
Caranx lugubris, comúnmente conocido como jurel negro o tiñosa, es una especie de peces de la familia Carangidae en el orden de los Perciformes.
Caranx lugubris Caranx generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Carangidae familian sailkatzen da.
Espezie hau Agulhasko itsaslasterran aurki daiteke.
Caranx lugubris Caranx generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Carangidae familian sailkatzen da.
Caranx lugubris, communément appelé Carangue noire[3], est un poisson de la famille des Carangidae.
Les carangues noires possèdent neuf épines dorsales, de 20 à 22 rayons mous dorsaux, trois épines anales et de 16 à 19 rayons mous anales. Le corps est gris olive foncé à presque noir sur le dos, avec un ombrage gris bleuté sur le ventre. Les scutelles sont noires. La nageoire pectorale est en forme de faux. Les nageoires sont noires.
La taille maximale connue est de 100 cm, et le poids maximal de 17,9 kg[4].
Les carangues noires peuplent l'ensemble des eaux tropicales des trois océans Pacifique, Indien et Atlantique, entre les latitudes 30°N et 30°S[4]. En Afrique, elles sont présentes du golfe d'Aden jusqu'à Madagascar. Dans le Pacifique, elles peuplent les eaux du sud du Japon à la Nouvelle-Calédonie On les retrouve au Sud jusqu'au Nord de l'Australie. Sur la côte Ouest des Amériques, elles peuplent les eaux du Mexique jusqu'aux côtes du Costa Rica. Dans l'Ouest de l'Atlantique, elles vivent dans les Bermudes et le nord du golfe du Mexique, jusqu'aux côtes du Brésil. Sur les côtes africaines de l'Atlantique, elle peuplent les eaux des Açores, Madère, l'île de l'Ascension, la presqu'île du Cap-Vert et le golfe de Guinée
Ces carangues vivent dans les eaux tropicales, usuellement entre 24 et 65 mètres de profondeur, mais avec des maxima entre 12 et 354 mètres de profondeur. Leurs œufs sont pélagiques. Elles préfèrent les eaux claires océaniques et ne sont que rarement présentes dans les eaux peu profondes. Elles sont occasionnellement observées longeant le tombant récifal côté océan. Elles forment parfois des bancs. Leur alimentation principale est constituée de poissons et elles se nourrissent préférentiellement la nuit. Elles semblent se regrouper en journée dans des cavités du récif extérieur et dans les passes.
Cette carangue, aux mœurs nocturnes et affectionnant les profondeurs, est essentiellement pêchée à la ligne de fond au cours de la nuit. Elle mord bien au vif, mais peut aussi être attrapée à la traîne. À la chasse sous-marine, la capture d'un individu tend à attirer les autres.
En Polynésie française, sa chair est très appréciée et a la réputation de ne pas durcir (maee) ni sécher (maro) à la cuisson. Dans le monde, elle ne fait l'objet que d'une pêche commerciale mineure, mais c'est l'une des prises potentielles de la pêche sportive. Elle peut être élevée en aquaculture dans des buts commerciaux. Elle est essentiellement commercialisée fraîche, mais aussi salée ou séchée.
Quelques cas d'empoisonnement à la ciguatera ont été répertoriés.
Caranx lugubris, communément appelé Carangue noire, est un poisson de la famille des Carangidae.
Caranx lugubris is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van horsmakrelen (Carangidae).[2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1860 door Poey.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Caranx lugubris, conhecido no Brasil como xaréu-preto ou ferreiro, é uma espécie de peixe bastante comum no Nordeste do Brasil. Mede cerca de 1 metro de comprimento e sua coloração vai de marrom-escuro a preto. Em geral, tem o primeiro espinho da nadadeira dorsal sob a pele.[1]
Costuma ser encontrado entre 24 e 65m de profundidade, podendo chegar até os 350 m. É um peixe de regiões tropicais e sub-tropicais que vive quase que exclusivamente em águas limpas, sobretudo na beira de recifes ou próximos a grandes depressões subaquáticas, ocasionalmente em cardumes. Trata-se de uma espécie circuntropical, podendo ser encontrado em todos os mares tropicais e subtropicais do mundo, especialmente nas águas territoriais do Brasil, México, Estados Unidos, África do Sul, Mar Vermelho, Indonésia, Polinésia Francesa, Austrália e Ilha de Páscoa.
O xaréu-preto adulto mede de 38 cm a 100 cm de comprimento - em média, cerca de 70 cm. É dotado de nove espinhos dorsais, 20 a 22 raios (espinhos macios) dorsais, três espinhos anais e 16 a 19 raios anais. O maior peso já registrado de um espécime foi de 17,9 Kg.
Caranx lugubris, conhecido no Brasil como xaréu-preto ou ferreiro, é uma espécie de peixe bastante comum no Nordeste do Brasil. Mede cerca de 1 metro de comprimento e sua coloração vai de marrom-escuro a preto. Em geral, tem o primeiro espinho da nadadeira dorsal sob a pele.
闊步鰺（学名：Caranx lugubris），又稱黑鰺、甘仔魚，為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目鰺科的其中一個種。
本魚廣泛分布於全球各大洋之熱帶及亞熱帶海域。
水深12至135公尺。
本魚幼魚體色較銀白，成魚體成灰黑色，頭部輪廓顯然凸出者是老成魚，幼魚則否。側腺直走部長度大於弧形部約1/3；胸鰭向後延長，可達臀鰭第十軟條上方。第一背鰭有硬棘8枚，第二背鰭有條20至21枚；臀鰭有硬棘2枚，軟條約17至19枚。體長可達75公分。
本魚為亞熱帶或熱帶海域的兇猛掠食性魚類，幼魚以魚類或甲殼類為食。成魚幾乎都以魚類為食。
食用魚，幼魚美味，成魚肉甚硬，只能做生魚片。
この項目では、魚の一種について説明しています。同名の踊りについては「かっぽれ」をご覧ください。 
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 条鰭綱 Actinopterygii 目 : スズキ目 Perciformes 亜目 : スズキ亜目 Percoidei 科 : アジ科 Carangidae 亜科 : アジ亜科 Caranginae 属 : ギンガメアジ属 Caranx 種 : カッポレ C. lugubris 学名 Caranx lugubris
カッポレ（活惚、学名 Caranx lugubris 、Black jack）は、スズキ目アジ科に分類される海水魚の一種。全世界の暖海域に生息する大型の黒っぽいアジで、食用にもなる。
イシカワギンガメアジ（石川銀紙鯵、石川銀河目鯵）という別名もある[1]。クロヒラアジ（黒平鯵）とした文献もあるが[2]、これは Carangoides ferdau (Forsskål, 1775) の標準和名に充てられており、混同の恐れがある[3]。他に日本での地方名としてヒラアジ、ポン等がある。
標準和名は釣り針に掛かった時の抵抗力が強く、暴れ回って釣り人を翻弄させるため、傍から見ると釣り人が「かっぽれ」を踊っているように見えることに由来する。一方、学名の種名"lugubris"は「陰鬱な」「不吉な」という意味がある[4]。英名は"Black jack"（黒いアジ）で、体色が黒っぽいことに由来する[5]。
成魚は全長1m・体重17.9kgの記録があるが、通常は全長70cmほどまでである。アジ科の中では大型種だがギンガメアジ属の中では中型である[5]。
体は長楕円形で体高が高く、側扁する。ギンガメアジ属としては額が高く前方に角張る。体色は緑褐色か黒褐色で、銀色光沢がやや鈍く、全体的に黒っぽい。側線は第二背鰭・臀鰭起部の間から直走し、この直走部の稜鱗は大きく、しかも黒いので目立つ。鰭は胸鰭・第二背鰭前端・臀鰭前端が鎌状に伸び、尾鰭も大きい。鰭の色は全体的に黒いが、第二背鰭前端部や臀鰭が白く縁取られる。胸に無鱗域はない[3]。
全世界の熱帯・亜熱帯海域に広く分布する。日本での分布域も三重県以南の暖流の影響が強い海域で、南西諸島や小笠原諸島で多く見られる[1][3]。
成魚はサンゴ礁・岩礁域の外洋に面した斜面に生息する。通常は水深25-65mの範囲に多いが、それより深い所にも生息し、水深354mから漁獲された記録もある。成魚は単独か小さな群れで生活し、主に夜に餌を探す。食性は肉食性で、主に小魚を捕食する[3][5]。
釣りや定置網等の沿岸漁業で漁獲される。熱帯地方では重要な食用魚の一つにもなっている[3]。他のアジ類と同様に刺身、煮付け、塩焼き等で食べられる。ただしシガテラ中毒の報告もあり、大型個体を食べると中毒する可能性がある[5]。
大型魚なので大物釣りの対象にもなる。釣り針に掛かると強い力で抵抗し岩礁域に逃げ込むため、岩との摩擦で釣り糸を切られてしまうことも多い[1]。
カッポレ（活惚、学名 Caranx lugubris 、Black jack）は、スズキ目アジ科に分類される海水魚の一種。全世界の暖海域に生息する大型の黒っぽいアジで、食用にもなる。
