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Gelbschwanzflunder ( Almanca )

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Die Gelbschwanzflunder (Limanda ferruginea, Syn.: Pleuronectes ferruginaeus) ist ein rechtsäugiger Plattfisch mit länglich-ovalem Körper. Sie ist etwa halb so breit wie lang. Sie kann bei einem Gewicht von 1,5 kg eine Länge von 64 cm erreichen. Ihre Augen stehen so eng zusammen, dass sich die runden Augenhöhlen fast berühren. Die Färbung der Haut ist oben bräunlich bis schiefrig-oliv mit unregelmäßigen größeren rostfarbigen Flecken (ferruginea). Die Schwanzflosse ist gelblich – ein markantes Merkmal dieser Art (daher der Name). Auf der Blindseite ist sie weiß bis auf den gelblichen Schwanzstiel.

Die Gelbschwanzflunder ist im Nordwest-Atlantik verbreitet, sie kommt von Süd-Labrador (Kanada) bis zur Chesapeake Bay (USA) vor.

Sie lebt überwiegend auf sandigen bis schlammigen Böden in Tiefen von 40 bis 85 Metern. Ihre Nahrung besteht hauptsächlich aus kleinen Wirbellosen, überwiegend Borstenwürmern, Krebstieren und gelegentlich kleinen Fischen wie Sandaalen und Lodden. Sie wird kommerziell befischt und vor allem in Nordamerika vermarktet. Versuche mit Zucht in Aquakultur werden durchgeführt. Sie besitzt eine hohe Reproduktivität, die Verdopplungszeit der Population beträgt 15 Monate.

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Gelbschwanzflunder: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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Die Gelbschwanzflunder (Limanda ferruginea, Syn.: Pleuronectes ferruginaeus) ist ein rechtsäugiger Plattfisch mit länglich-ovalem Körper. Sie ist etwa halb so breit wie lang. Sie kann bei einem Gewicht von 1,5 kg eine Länge von 64 cm erreichen. Ihre Augen stehen so eng zusammen, dass sich die runden Augenhöhlen fast berühren. Die Färbung der Haut ist oben bräunlich bis schiefrig-oliv mit unregelmäßigen größeren rostfarbigen Flecken (ferruginea). Die Schwanzflosse ist gelblich – ein markantes Merkmal dieser Art (daher der Name). Auf der Blindseite ist sie weiß bis auf den gelblichen Schwanzstiel.

Die Gelbschwanzflunder ist im Nordwest-Atlantik verbreitet, sie kommt von Süd-Labrador (Kanada) bis zur Chesapeake Bay (USA) vor.

Sie lebt überwiegend auf sandigen bis schlammigen Böden in Tiefen von 40 bis 85 Metern. Ihre Nahrung besteht hauptsächlich aus kleinen Wirbellosen, überwiegend Borstenwürmern, Krebstieren und gelegentlich kleinen Fischen wie Sandaalen und Lodden. Sie wird kommerziell befischt und vor allem in Nordamerika vermarktet. Versuche mit Zucht in Aquakultur werden durchgeführt. Sie besitzt eine hohe Reproduktivität, die Verdopplungszeit der Population beträgt 15 Monate.

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Даттуу камбала ( Kırgızça )

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Даттуу камбала.

Даттуу камбала (лат. Limanda ferruginae) – балыктардын бир түрү.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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Yellowtail flounder ( İngilizce )

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The yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea), also known as the rusty dab, is a species of flatfish in the family Pleuronectidae (righteye flounders). Reaching 56 cm (22 in) in length, it has reddish brown upperparts, pale underparts and yellow fins. Both its eyes are on the right (upper) side of its body. Found in the western North Atlantic, it has been fished commercially by North American fisheries for food. A victim of overfishing, the yellowtail flounder is categorized as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Taxonomy

The yellowtail flounder was originally described by German naturalist Carl Moritz Gottsche as Limanda vulgaris in the Archiv für Naturgeschichte in 1835.[2][3] It was later documented as Platessa ferruginea by David Humphreys Storer in 1839, who noted the similarity between it and Limanda limanda (then considered to be in the genus Pleuronectes). He gave the species the common name of "rusty dab".[4] Later, both P. limanda and P. ferruginea were reclassified into the genus Limanda.[2][5] Meanwhile, American zoologist Theodore Gill had placed it in the new genus Myzopsetta in 1861.[6]

According to 1996 research from the University of Ottawa, L. ferruginea shares several morphologies with Limanda aspera, but that the monophyly of the genus Limanda as a whole is unlikely.[7] A 2018 cladistic morphological and genetic analysis found that the genus Limanda is not monophyletic; L. ferruginea and its relatives the longhead dab (L. proboscidea) and speckled flounder (L. punctatissima) are in a different subfamily to the other members of the genus and should be (once again) placed in the genus Myzopsetta.[8]

Description

The yellowtail flounder is a wide flatfish with an ovoid body, about half as broad as it is long.[9] The name "yellowtail" comes from the distinctly yellowish color of its fins (including tail fin); the fish's upper side is reddish brown with irregular "rusty" spots, while the underside is white with a yellow caudal peduncle (area between body and tail). Being a right-eyed flounder (of the family Pleuronectidae), both its eyes are on the right side of the fish's body, though the eyes are symmetrical just after hatching.[10][11] It is thinner than other flatfish.[12]

The fish's head is approximately a quarter as long as the total body and is scaly. The eye's diameter is approximately one fifth the length of the head. The yellowtail flounder has a prominent lower jaw with broad lips, about as long as the eye. The scales are ciliated (having hair-like protrusions) and appear on the head as well. The teeth are small.[13] Its dorsal fin, comprising about 80 rays, begins over the eye and has longer rays near the middle. The anal fin has a similar outline, but is only composed of about 60 rays. Relative to other flounders in the Gulf of Maine, the yellowtail flounder has a narrower and more concave head, with a pointier snout.[9]

According to the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), yellowtail flounders can grow to a length of 56 centimetres (22 in), weighing up to 1 kilogram (2.2 lb).[10][11] Specimens up to 8.1 kg (18 lb) have been caught before.[14]

Distribution and habitat

The yellowtail flounder is found in the western North Atlantic Ocean, off the east coast of North America.[15][10] Specimens have been found as far north as Newfoundland and southern Labrador and as far south as Chesapeake Bay. It is common on the Scotian Shelf, on ocean banks such as the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and Georges Bank.[16]

Three fish stocks exist in US waters: in the Gulf of Maine area, on Georges Bank, and off southern New England and the Mid-Atlantic.[10] In Canada, yellowtail are concentrated in NAFO divisions 4X (Browns Bank, near Georges Bank, at ), 4W (Sable Island Bank, ), and 4V (Banquereau, ).[16][17]

The larvae of L. ferruginea remain near the surface for two months, but after maturing to a length of at least 14 mm (0.55 in), they dwell on sandy or muddy seafloors at a depth between 30 and 100 metres (98 and 328 ft).[10][12] As they live considerably deeper than other species of flounder, they are rarely seen along shores.[9]

Ecology

Yellowtail flounders have been reported to live up to seventeen years, but most die by age seven. They mature relatively early with females being able to reproduce by age three, spawning in the spring and summer. The eggs (measuring approximately 0.9 mm (0.035 in) in diameter) float to the surface and drift for approximately two months.[10][12] The early larval stages closely resemble that of the winter flounder, though the appearance of the fin rays differentiates them.[9]

They eat crustaceans (including amphipods, shrimps, mysids, and shellfish) as well as marine worms, and are preyed on by other fish such as spiny dogfish and skate.[10][12] Yellowtail flounders are able to camouflage, changing the pattern of their skin to mimic the seafloor.[14]

Fishing and conservation

Yellowtail flounders have been commonly fished in Massachusetts Bay and Cape Cod Bay since the 1800s, after beam and otter trawls were introduced to fisheries in the area. In 1908, a total of 1,400,000 kilograms (3,000,000 lb) of yellowtail and winter flounder was caught near Cape Cod, an estimated half of which was yellowtail.[9]

In the US, fishing of yellowtail flounder is governed by the NMFS.[10] More than 526,000 kilograms (1,160,000 lb) of yellowtail flounder was commercially caught in American waters in 2020 (the vast majority in Massachusetts), valued at over $1 million.[18] In federal waters, there is a minimum allowed size of 330 mm (13 in).[14]

Populations of fishable yellowtail flounder have declined from the 1980s into the late 1990s in Canada, especially in divisions 4V and 4W, after which the rate of fishery declined.[16] L. ferruginea is currently categorized as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1] According to the University of Maine, yellowtail flounder are being overfished, as well as several other species of flounder.[19] According to NMFS, the fishing rate is being reduced at Georges Bank and there are rebuilding plans to increase populations of all three stocks.[10]

Yellowtail flounders are fished between late fall and spring, usually with a trawl net or gillnet.[10][19] Hooks are ineffective as their mouths are small.[9]

As food

Yellowtail flounder is sweet and mild, while being a lean source of B vitamins, including niacin. The texture is delicate and flaky.[11][19][20]

References

  1. ^ a b Sobel, J. (1996). "Pleuronectes ferrugineus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T17710A7362225. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T17710A7362225.en. Downloaded on 25 March 2018.
  2. ^ a b "Limanda ferruginea (Storer, 1839)". WoRMS – World Register of Marine Species. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
  3. ^ Archiv für Naturgeschichte (in German). Nicolai. 1835. pp. 160–161.
  4. ^ Storer, David Humphreys; Peabody, William Bourn Oliver (1839). Reports on the Fishes, Reptiles and Birds of Massachusetts. Dutton and Wentworth, State Printers. pp. 142–143.
  5. ^ "Limanda limanda (Linnaeus, 1758)". WoRMS – World Register of Marine Species. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
  6. ^ Gill, Theodore N. (1861). "Catalogue of the fishes of the eastern coast of North America, from Greenland to Georgia". Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 13: 1–63 [51]. Archived from the original on 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  7. ^ Cooper, J. Andrew. (1996). Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification (PhD thesis). University of Ottawa. pp. 103–104. doi:10.20381/RUOR-16625. Archived from the original on 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
  8. ^ Vinnikov, Kirill A.; Thomson, Robert C.; Munroe, Thomas A. (2018). "Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 125: 147–162. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.014. PMID 29535031. S2CID 5009041.
  9. ^ a b c d e f O'Malley, Henry (1925). Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries: Volume 40, Part 1. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 495–500.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Yellowtail Flounder". NOAA Fisheries. 2021-08-30. Archived from the original on 2021-09-26. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
  11. ^ a b c "Yellowtail Flounder". ThisFish. Archived from the original on 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
  12. ^ a b c d "Yellowtail Flounder". Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Archived from the original on 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
  13. ^ Günther, Albert Carl Ludwig Gotthilf (1861). Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Wheldon & Wesley. p. 447.
  14. ^ a b c "Yellowtail Flounder". Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Archived from the original on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
  15. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2018). "Limanda ferruginea" in FishBase. February 2018 version.
  16. ^ a b c "Yellowtail Flounder". Fisheries and Oceans Canada. 2016-12-19. Archived from the original on 2021-10-23. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
  17. ^ "Place names – Query by name". Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on 2021-09-17. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
  18. ^ "Landings". NOAA Fisheries. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  19. ^ a b c "Maine Seafood Guide – Flounder". Maine Sea Grant. Archived from the original on 2021-09-27. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
  20. ^ "Yellowtail Flounder". FishWatch. Archived from the original on 2021-09-26. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
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Yellowtail flounder: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı

The yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea), also known as the rusty dab, is a species of flatfish in the family Pleuronectidae (righteye flounders). Reaching 56 cm (22 in) in length, it has reddish brown upperparts, pale underparts and yellow fins. Both its eyes are on the right (upper) side of its body. Found in the western North Atlantic, it has been fished commercially by North American fisheries for food. A victim of overfishing, the yellowtail flounder is categorized as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

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Limanda ferruginea ( Baskça )

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Limanda ferruginea Limanda generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Pleuronectidae familian sailkatzen da.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Limanda ferruginea FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Limanda ferruginea: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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Limanda ferruginea Limanda generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Pleuronectidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Limanda ferruginea ( Fransızca )

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Limanda ferruginea est une espèce de poissons appartenant à la famille des Pleuronectidae.

Noms communs

  • Limande Jaune
  • Limande à queue jaune
  • Plie canadienne

Distribution

Limanda ferruginea est une espèce présente sur la plate-forme continentale de la partie nord ouest de l'océan Atlantique. Sa répartition géographique s’étend du Sud du Labrador jusqu'au Nord de la cote Est américaine.

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Limanda ferruginea: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

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Limanda ferruginea est une espèce de poissons appartenant à la famille des Pleuronectidae.

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Limanda ferruginea ( Galiçyaca )

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Limanda ferruginea é un peixe teleósteo da orde dos pleuronectiformes, familia dos pleuronéctidos e subfamilia dos pleuronectinos,[1] unha das seis que integran o xénero Limanda,[2], que é coñecido en galego como limanda de cola amarela, adaptación do seu nome en inglés yellowtail flounder.[3]

É un peixe mariño, demersal, oceanódromo, de importancia comercial, que habita sobre fondos areosos pouco profundos nas plataforma continental da parte noroeste do océano Atlántico, desde o sur da península do Labrador (Canadá) até ao norte da costa leste dos Estados Unidos.

Taxonomía

Descrición

A especie foi descrita en 1839 polo naturalista estadounidense David Humphreys Storer, baixo o nome de Platessa ferruginea.[1]

Sinónimos

Ademais de polo nome actualmente válido, e polo orixinario que lle deu Storer, a especie coñécese tamén polos seguintes sinónimos:[1]

  • Limanda oceanica Bonaparte, 1846
  • Limanda vulgaris Gottsche, 1835
  • Pleuronectes ferruginaeus (Storer, 1839) (incorrecto gramaticalmente)
  • Pleuronectes ferruginea (Storer, 1839)
  • Pleuronectes ferrugineus (Storer, 1839)

Etimoloxía

O nome limanda, que Linneo empregou como nome específico (e que despois adoptou Gottsche para o xénero por el creado, e no que actualmente se sitúa esta especie) é un termo do latín científico tirado do francés limande "limanda", que á súa vez deriva do francés antigo lumande, e este do latín lima, "lima" (utensilio dos carpinteiros), ao que lle engadiu o sufixo -ande; estes peixes serían así denominado a causa da rugosidade da súa pel, no sentio de que era 'boa para limar'.[4][5]

O nome específico, ferruginea é deriva do adxectivo latíno ferrūgineus, -a, -um, "da cor do ferro", derivado do substantivo ferrūgo, -ĭnis, "ferrruxe", á súa vez derivado de ferrum, -i, "ferro".[6]

Características

A máxima lonxitude rexistrada da especie foi de 64 cm, e o seu peso máximo alcanzou 1,5 kg.[7]

Bioloxía

Hábitat e distribución

Limanda ferruginosa é un peixe mariño, demersal, oceanódromo, que habita sobre fondos areosos pouco profundos nas plataforma continental da parte noroeste do océano Atlántico, desde o sur da península do Labrador (Canadá) até ao norte da costa leste dos Estados Unidos, entre os 54° N a os 37° N, chegando polo sur á bahía de Chesapeake (entre Maryland e Virxinia),[8] a profundidades de 27 a 364 m,[9]

Os adultos habitan en fondos areoso e lamacentos,[7] e prefiren profundidades de 37 a 82 m, en augas a temperaturas de entre 3 e 5 °C.[10]

Nutrición

Aliméntase principalmente de vermes poliquetos e anfípodos, camaróns, isópodos e outros crustáceos e, ocasionalmente, de pequenos peixes bentónicos.[11]

Lonxevidade

A idade máxima rexistrada é de 12 anos.[12]

Pesca e usos

Limanda ferruginea é obxecto de pesca comercial na áreas de pesca 21(Atl´ñantico noroeste).[3] As súa capturas efectúanse sobre todo con artes de arrastre.

Comercialízase en fresco ou conxelada, consumíndose cocida ao vapor, frita, en microondas e asada ao forno.[13]

Estado de conservación

A Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza e dos Recursos Naturais (UICN) cualifica, desde 1996 o estado de conservación da especie comno VU vulnberábel).[14]

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 Limanda ferruginea (Storer, 1839) no WoRMS.
  2. Limanda Gottsche, 1835 no WoRMS.
  3. 3,0 3,1 Lahuerta Mouriño, Fernando e Francisco X. Vázquez Álvarez (2000): Vocabulario multilingüe de organismos acuáticos. Santiago de Compostela: Xunta de Galicia / Termigal. ISBN 84-453-2913-8, p. 82.
  4. Limande[Ligazón morta] en Le Trésor de la Langue Frrançaise informatisé (TLF).
  5. Webster's New International English Dictionary. Webster. 2012.
  6. ferruginoso no DRAE.
  7. 7,0 7,1 Robins, C. R. & G. C. Ray (1986): A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Boston, USA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  8. Limanda ferruginea (Storer, 1839) en FishBase.
  9. Scott, W. B. & M. G. Scott (1988).
  10. Bowering, W. R. & W. B. Brodie (1991): "Distribution of commercial flatfishes in the Newfoundland-Labrador region of the Canadian Northwest Atlantic and changes in certain biological parameters since exploitation". Neth. J. Sea Res 27 (3/4): 407-422.
  11. Scarratt, D. J. (1996): Atlantic Mariculture: Flounders. Halifax, Canada: Communications Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Scotia-Fundy Region.
  12. Pitt, T. K. (1974): "Age composition and growth of yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) from the Grand Bank". J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31: 1800-1802.
  13. Frimodt, C. (1995): Multilingual illustrated guide to the world's commercial coldwater fish. Fishing News Books, Osney Mead, Oxford, England.
  14. Sobel, J. (1996): Pleuronectes ferrugineus. na Lista vermella de especies ameazas da UICN. Version 2015.2. Consultada o 21 de xullo de 2015.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

  • Burton, Maurice & Robert Burton (1984): Encyclopedia of Fish. Saint Louis, EE.UU: BPC Publishing. ISBN 0-7064-0393-2.
  • Cooper, J. A. & F. Chapleau (1998): "Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification". Fish. Bull. 96 (4): 686-726.
  • Nelson, Joseph S. (2006): Fishes of the World. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
  • Scott, W. B. & M. G. Scott (1988): "Atlantic fishes of Canada". Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences nº 219.
  • van der Land, J.; Costello, M. J.; Zavodnik, D.; Santos, R. S.; Porteiro, F. M.; Bailly, N.; Eschmeyer, W. N. & Froese, R. (2001): "Pisces", en: Costello, M. J. et al. editores: European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Paris: Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. ISBN 2-85653-538-0.

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Limanda ferruginea: Brief Summary ( Galiçyaca )

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Limanda ferruginea é un peixe teleósteo da orde dos pleuronectiformes, familia dos pleuronéctidos e subfamilia dos pleuronectinos, unha das seis que integran o xénero Limanda,, que é coñecido en galego como limanda de cola amarela, adaptación do seu nome en inglés yellowtail flounder.

É un peixe mariño, demersal, oceanódromo, de importancia comercial, que habita sobre fondos areosos pouco profundos nas plataforma continental da parte noroeste do océano Atlántico, desde o sur da península do Labrador (Canadá) até ao norte da costa leste dos Estados Unidos.

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Gulsporður ( İzlandaca )

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Gulsporður (Fræðiheiti:Limanda ferruginea) er lítil flatfiskur af Flyðruætt. sem lifir á sandbotni meðfram landgrunni austurstrandar Bandaríkjanna og Kanada. Hann lifir á 35 til 90 metra dýpi og ferðast ekki mikið um. Gulsporður er einn af verðmætustu flatfiskum í Norður Ameríku. Þó var ekki byrjað að veiða hann til matar fyrr en eftir 1930 þegar að mikil eftirspurn varð eftir próteinríkri fæðu vegna seinni heimstyrjaldarinnar.

Útlit og vöxtur

Gulsporður er sporöskjulaga og flatur með lítinn tenntan munn. Algengast er að hann sé í kringum 30-40 cm langur og helmingur af lengd sinni í breidd. Hann er brúnleitur á efri hluta búksins en lýsist eftir því sem neðar fer, undirhliðin er hinsvegar alveg hvít nema svæðið milli líkamans og sporðsins er guleitt. Eitt af einkennum hans eru óreglulegir blettir sem líta út fyrir að vera ryðblettir. Gulsporður vex hraðar en flestir flatfiskar og lifir tiltölulega stutt. Meðalaldur er í kringum 7 ár, ekki er algengt að þeir verði eldri en 10 ára. Við 3 ára aldur eru flestir orðnir kynþroska.

Eftir 2 ára aldur vex hrygnan hraðar og verða því frábrugðnir hængnum. Hrygnan ber 350.000-4.570.00 egg og er því mun stærri en karlfiskurinn og lifir einnig lengur. Kvenfiskurinn gýtur eggjum við hafsbotninn allt frá mars til ágúst, allt fer það eftir hafsvæðum og hitastigi sjávar. Hitastigið þarf að vera 5-12°C. Eggin koma í hollum úr kvenfisknum og karlfiskurinn kemur svo og frjóvgar þau. Eggin eru kúlulaga og stærðin er frá 0,8 til 1 mm í þvermál. Þau eru litlaus en mjög sterk. Lirfurnar brjótast svo úr eggjunum og fljóta upp á yfirborðið þar sem þær vaxa og dafna í 2 mánuði.

Veiðar og afurðir

Veiðar á gulsporð eru annaðhvort með dagróðrarbátum eða skipum sem eru ekki lengur en viku á sjó. Veitt er með botnvörpu. Þegar búið er að koma fisknum um borð og hann geymdur í blöndu af ís og sjó. Rétt geymdur flatfiskur hefur geymsluþol upp á 7-18 daga, það fer eftir tegundum og veiðitíma. Þegar fiskurinn er kominn í land eru flökin allt frá því að vera brúnleit, bleik eða hvít. En eftir að búið er að matreiða fiskinn er það orðið alveg hvítt og beinlaust. Hann er seldur heill ferskur og frystur, í flökum og blokkum. Hann þykir vera mikil munaðarvara.

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Stærstu veiðiþjóðir á gulsporði frá árinu 1950

Þrír stofnar eru við strendur Bandaríkjanna og samkvæmt skýrslum sem gefnar voru út árið 2015 [1] Þá er gulsporður ofveiddur á öllum svæðum. Árið 2016 veiddu bandaríkjamenn 33 tonn sem metið er á 1.4 milljarð íslenskra króna.


Sjö þjóðir hafa veitt yfir 10 þúsund tonn af gulsporði frá árinu 1950. Þar eru 3 lönd sem hafa veitt um 96% af heildarafla. Bandaríkin veiddu mest frá 1950-1992 en þá tók Kanada við og veiða þeir mest enn þann dag í dag. Sovétríkin veiddu í kringum 125 þúsund tonn frá árunum 1964 til 1977. Aðrar þjóðir hafa veitt í mjög litlu magni. Bandaríkin og Kanada eru langstærstu veiðiþjóðirnar núna enda veiðist hann bara meðfram þessum 2 löndum.

Fæða

Gulsporður étur á daginn, byrjar nær sólarupprás og endar nálægt sólarlagi. Þar sem hann er með lítinn munn velur hann sér minni tegundir til að borða. Þar á meðal eru litlar rækjutegundir,ormar. Einnig borða þeir lítið magn af hryggleysingjum eins og litlum kröbbum. Annað slagið finnst einnig lítill fiskur í maga gulsporðar, það er þá aðallega loðna og litlir marhnútar.

Tilvísanir

  1. „Operational Assessment of 20 Northeast Groundfish Stocks, Updated Through 2014“.

Heimildir

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Gulsporður: Brief Summary ( İzlandaca )

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Gulsporður (Fræðiheiti:Limanda ferruginea) er lítil flatfiskur af Flyðruætt. sem lifir á sandbotni meðfram landgrunni austurstrandar Bandaríkjanna og Kanada. Hann lifir á 35 til 90 metra dýpi og ferðast ekki mikið um. Gulsporður er einn af verðmætustu flatfiskum í Norður Ameríku. Þó var ekki byrjað að veiða hann til matar fyrr en eftir 1930 þegar að mikil eftirspurn varð eftir próteinríkri fæðu vegna seinni heimstyrjaldarinnar.

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Zandschar ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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Vissen

De zandschar of geelstaartschar (Limanda ferruginea) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van schollen (Pleuronectidae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van platvissen (Pleuronectiformes). De vis kan maximaal 64 cm lang en 1500 gram zwaar worden. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd 12 jaar.

Leefomgeving

Limanda ferruginea is een zoutwatervis. De vis prefereert een gematigd klimaat en leeft hoofdzakelijk in de Atlantische Oceaan. De diepteverspreiding is 36 tot 82 m onder het wateroppervlak.

Relatie tot de mens

Limanda ferruginea is voor de visserij van aanzienlijk commercieel belang. In de hengelsport wordt er weinig op de vis gejaagd.

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • Froese, R., D. Pauly. en redactie. 2005. FishBase. Elektronische publicatie. www.fishbase.org, versie 06/2005.
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Zandschar: Brief Summary ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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De zandschar of geelstaartschar (Limanda ferruginea) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van schollen (Pleuronectidae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van platvissen (Pleuronectiformes). De vis kan maximaal 64 cm lang en 1500 gram zwaar worden. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd 12 jaar.

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Pleuronectes ferrugineus ( Portekizce )

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Pleuronectes ferrugineus é uma espécie de peixe da família Pleuronectidae.

Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Canadá e nos Estados Unidos da América.

Referências

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Pleuronectes ferrugineus: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

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Pleuronectes ferrugineus é uma espécie de peixe da família Pleuronectidae.

Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Canadá e nos Estados Unidos da América.

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Rumenorepa limanda ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Rumenorepa limanda (znanstveno ime Pleuronectes ferruginea ali Limanda ferruginea) vrsta rib iz družine bokoplavutaric. Razširjena je v vodah Kanade in ZDA.

Viri

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Rumenorepa limanda: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Rumenorepa limanda (znanstveno ime Pleuronectes ferruginea ali Limanda ferruginea) vrsta rib iz družine bokoplavutaric. Razširjena je v vodah Kanade in ZDA.

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Pleuronectes ferruginea ( Vietnamca )

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Pleuronectes ferruginea là một loài thuộc họ Pleuronectidae. Chúng thường được tìm thấy ở CanadaHoa Kỳ.

Chú thích

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Lớp Cá vây tia này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Pleuronectes ferruginea: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

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Pleuronectes ferruginea là một loài thuộc họ Pleuronectidae. Chúng thường được tìm thấy ở CanadaHoa Kỳ.

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Желтохвостая лиманда ( Rusça )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Группа: Рыбы
Группа: Костные рыбы
Подкласс: Новопёрые рыбы
Инфракласс: Костистые рыбы
Надотряд: Колючепёрые
Серия: Перкоморфы
Подотряд: Камбаловидные
Семейство: Камбаловые
Подсемейство: Pleuronectinae
Род: Лиманды
Вид: Желтохвостая лиманда
Международное научное название

Limanda ferruginea (Storer, 1839)

Синонимы

Pleuronectes ferrugineus (Storer, 1839)

Platessa ferruginea (Storer, 1839)
Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
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Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
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ITIS 172909NCBI 8258EOL 205418

Желтохвостая лиманда или желтохвостая камбала [1] (лат. Limanda ferruginea) — морская донная рыба семейства камбаловых (Pleuronectidae). Встречается вдоль Атлантического побережья Северной Америки.

Описание

Максимальная длина тела 64 см, а масса — 1,5 кг [2]. Максимальная продолжительность жизни 12 лет[3].

Тело высокое, уплощённое, овальной формы, покрыто ктеноидной чешуёй на глазной стороне и циклоидной — на слепой. Голова с прогибом над верхним глазом. Рот маленький с мелкими коническими зубами. Межглазничное пространство покрыто чешуёй. Глаза расположены на правой стороне тела. В длинном спинном плавнике 73—91 мягких лучей, в анальном плавнике 51—68 мягких лучей. Боковая линия образует изгиб над грудным плавником.

Глазная сторона окрашена в коричневый цвет с большими пятнами оранжевого цвета. Слепая сторона белая или светло-жёлтая; вдоль оснований спинного и анального плавников и на хвостовом стебле ярко-жёлтые полосы[1].

Ареал

Желтохвостая лиманда распространена в северной части Атлантического океана вдоль побережья Северной Америки от зал. Святого Лаврентия, полуострова Лабрадор, острова Ньюфаундлен на севере до Чесапикского залива на юге[4].

Биология

Морская донная рыба. Избегает эстуарии и устья рек. Обитает на глубинах от 10 до 360 м над песчаными и песчано-илистыми грунтами. Обычно встречается на глубинах 40—100 м при температуре 2—12 °С [4][3].

В состав рациона входят амфиподы, полихеты и, в меньшей степени, морские ежи и мизиды. У взрослых особей в питании преобладают ракообразные, а у молоди — полихеты[4].

Размножение и ранний онтогенез

Нерест порционный, продолжается с марта по август при температуре от 5 до 12°С. Плодовитость от 350 тысяч до 4,5 млн икринок. Икра пелагическая, сферической формы, диаметром 0,8—0,9 мм, с тонкой прозрачной оболочкой и узким перивителлиновым пространством. Желток гомогенный, жировой капли нет[1].

Продолжительность инкубации от 4,5 дней при температуре 14°C до 14,5 дней при 4°C [5]. Длина предличинок при вылуплении 2—3,5 мм, глаза не пигментированные. Вдоль тела между боковой линий и брюхом проходит ряд пятнышек. Личинки симметричные, ведут пелагический образ жизни. Перемещение левого глаза на правую сторону головы начинается при длине тела 5—10 мм, метаморфоз завершается при длине тела 11,6—16 мм после оседания личинок на дно[6].

Хозяйственное значение

Ценная промысловая рыба. В 1980-е годы мировые уловы достигали 45,1 тыс. т., в 1990-х годах снизились до 12,3—3,4 тыс. т вследствие перелова и истощения запасов[1]. Принятые меры по регулированию промысла привели к восстановлению запасов и в начале 2010-х ежегодные квоты на вылов желтохвостой камбалы составляли 17 тыс. тонн. Основной страной, ведущей промысел, является Канада. В 2010 году Морской Попечительский Совет признал канадский промысел желтохвостой камбалы экологически неистощительным и выдал компании Ocean Choice International соответствующий эко-сертификат на промысел желтохвостой камбалы на Большой Ньюфаундлендской банке[7].

Добывается донными тралами. Мясо желтохвостой камбалы отличается высокими вкусовыми качествами. Реализуется в виде филе в свежем или замороженном виде.

Примечания

  1. 1 2 3 4 Промысловые рыбы России. В двух томах / Под ред. О. Ф. Гриценко, А. Н. Котляра и Б. Н. Котенёва. — М.: изд-во ВНИРО, 2006. — Т. 2. — С. 943—944. — 624 с. — ISBN 5-85382-229-2.
  2. Желтохвостая лиманда (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  3. 1 2 W. R. Bowering, W. B. Brodie. Distribution of commercial flatfishes in the Newfoundland-Labrador region of the Canadian Northwest Atlantic and changes in certain biological parameters since exploitation // Netherlands Journal of Sea Research. — 1991. — Vol. 27, № 3–4. — P. 407–422.
  4. 1 2 3 Donna L. Johnson, Wallace W. Morse, Peter L. Berrien, and Joseph J. Vitaliano. Essential Fish Habitat Source Document: Yellowtail Flounder, Limanda ferruginea, Life History and Habitat Characteristics. — NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-140. — 1999. — 29 p.
  5. Евсеенко С. А., Невинский М. М. О развитии икринок и личинок желтохвостой лиманды Limanda ferraginea (Storer) и их дрейф в Северо-Западной Атлантике // Вопросы ихтиологии. — 1981. — Т. 21, № 5. — С. 867—877.
  6. Fahay, M. P. Guide to the early stages of marine fishes occurring in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Cape Hatteras to the southern Scotian Shelf // J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci.. — 1983. — Vol. 4. — P. 1—423. Архивировано 5 ноября 2014 года.
  7. Канадский промысел желтохвостой лиманды получил эко-сертификат [1] на сайте FISHNET
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Желтохвостая лиманда: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

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Желтохвостая лиманда или желтохвостая камбала (лат. Limanda ferruginea) — морская донная рыба семейства камбаловых (Pleuronectidae). Встречается вдоль Атлантического побережья Северной Америки.

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大西洋黃蓋鰈 ( Çince )

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二名法 Limanda ferruginea
Storer, 1839

大西洋黃蓋鰈輻鰭魚綱鰈形目鰈亞目鰈科的其中一,為温帶海水魚,被IUCN列為易危保育類動物,分布於西北大西洋拉不拉多半島美國乞沙比克灣海域,棲息深度27-364公尺,體長可達64公分,棲息在沙泥底質底層水域,主要捕食多毛類蠕蟲片腳類蝦子等,生活習性不明,可作為食用魚,適合清蒸、燒烤、油炸食用。

参考文献

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大西洋黃蓋鰈: Brief Summary ( Çince )

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大西洋黃蓋鰈為輻鰭魚綱鰈形目鰈亞目鰈科的其中一,為温帶海水魚,被IUCN列為易危保育類動物,分布於西北大西洋拉不拉多半島美國乞沙比克灣海域,棲息深度27-364公尺,體長可達64公分,棲息在沙泥底質底層水域,主要捕食多毛類蠕蟲片腳類蝦子等,生活習性不明,可作為食用魚,適合清蒸、燒烤、油炸食用。

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