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Calanus hyperboreus Krøyer 1838

Biology ( İngilizce )

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The largest, most abundant grazing copepod of the Arctic
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Comprehensive Description ( İngilizce )

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Body almost completely transparent, red color may be prominent on antennae, mouth parts, and parts of the urosome (the tail); Lipid sac prominent, and up to 40% of body volume; Urosome (tail) typical length (~ 20% of prosome); Antennae equal to or longer than total length; Mouth parts and antennae typcial of filter-feeder
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Life Cycle ( İngilizce )

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Females spawn in winter using lipid reserves from previous year; Clutch size dependent on size of female with maximums in excess of 300 eggs and typically 100-200 eggs, with over 1000 eggs per spawning season possible; Nauplii complete development over spring/summer; Late copepodites (CIII-CVI) overwinter at depth in 'diapause' (a form of hibernation), and may progress as little as one stage per season; Generation length estimated at 3-4 years; Life expectancy 3-5 years, with potential for females to spawn in sequential years
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Trophic Strategy ( İngilizce )

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Suspension "filter"-feeder on phytoplankton and protists; Large lipids deposits accumulated for over wintering stages; Thought to be one of the arctic's key grazers
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Habitat ( İngilizce )

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Endemic to arctic waters; Most abundant in central basins, commonly advected onto deeper shelves; Concentrated in surface waters during late spring to early fall, generally found below 500 m during winter
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Description ( İngilizce )

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Very clear and colorless, the gut walls and posterior part of the body may carry orange to dark red pigment. The lipid sac is usually red-orange. The borders between segments are pigmented with a deep red color.

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Distribution ( İngilizce )

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Arctic species. Most abundant in the Arctic Basin, less abundant in adjoining Arctic Seas (absent in the White Sea). Does not extend south of the Bering Strait in the Pacific and past the Lofoten Islands in the Atlantic.

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Ecology ( İngilizce )

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Oceanic cold-water species. Only juvenile stages rise to the surface layers.

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Life Cycle ( İngilizce )

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Full life cycle in the Arctic Basin may take 2-2.5 years to complete

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Morphology ( İngilizce )

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Female:
Cephalothorax oval shaped from dorsal view, the front end is smoothly curved from ventral view (at a smoother angle than in C. glacialis or C. finmarchicus). The cephalothorax is about 3 times longer than wide. The posterior corners of the last thoracic segment are elongate and end in sharp tips. The abdomen is about 4 times shorter than the cephalothorax. The genital segment is not widened and shorter than the following 2 segments. The seminal receptacles are elongate (not oval or ellipsoid as in other species) and bend to form an angle in their center. The outer edge of the 3rd endopodal segment of P1 carries 1 seta, the inner edge of the 2nd segment carries 2 setae. The inner edge of the coxopodite of P5 is serrated and straight.

Male:
The posterior corners of the last thoracic segment form less distinct points. P5 weakly asymmetrical – the left exopodite is somewhat longer than the right, the distal segment of this branch is somewhat curved inward and narrowed with a short apical spine. The endopodite of the left P5 reaches the middle of the distal segment of the exopodite of the same leg.

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Trophic Strategy ( İngilizce )

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Filter-feeders, feed on various components of the phytoplankton, primarily diatoms

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Calanus hyperboreus ( Çekçe )

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Calanus hyperboreus je klanonožec z řádu vznášivek. Žije v chladných arktických mořích v místech, kde oceán zamrzá, a to především v Grónském moři a dále také v okolí severního pólu, v Norském moři a některých hlubších fjordech.[1][2] Calanus hyperboreus je obecně zhruba čtyřikrát vzácnější než Calanus finmarchicus, na druhou stranu Calanus hyperboreus je výrazně početnější ve vodách arktických.[3] C. hyperboreus dosahuje výrazně větších rozměrů než Calanus finmarchicus, přibližně velikosti zrnka rýže.[4]

Představuje důležitou složku potravního řetězce, je totiž potravou pro některé ryby, mořské ptáky i některé velryby. Většinu roku tráví ve velkých hloubkách a klade zde vajíčka, z nichž se na začátku letní sezóny vylíhnou larvy, vyplavou do menších hloubek a začnou se živit bujícím fytoplanktonem.[4] Tento cyklus se někdy označuje jako vertikální migrace.[5]

Reference

  1. sealifebase.org - Calanus hyperboreus [online]. Dostupné online.
  2. Large-scale distribution and abundance of Calanus species in relation to environmental factors ; PowerPoint-presentasjon [online]. Dostupné online.
  3. ICES. Book 3 - The Barents Sea and the Norwegian Sea 2007. [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2007. , str. 5 až 8.
  4. a b Calanus hyperboreus life cycle... [online]. 2008. Dostupné online.
  5. Gilfillan, E. S.; Vandermeulen, J. H.; Hanson, S. Feeding, respiration and excretion of the copepod Calanus hyperboreus from Baffin Bay, including waters contaminated by oil seeps. Arctic,. June 1986, roč. 39,, čís. 2.
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Calanus hyperboreus: Brief Summary ( Çekçe )

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Calanus hyperboreus je klanonožec z řádu vznášivek. Žije v chladných arktických mořích v místech, kde oceán zamrzá, a to především v Grónském moři a dále také v okolí severního pólu, v Norském moři a některých hlubších fjordech. Calanus hyperboreus je obecně zhruba čtyřikrát vzácnější než Calanus finmarchicus, na druhou stranu Calanus hyperboreus je výrazně početnější ve vodách arktických. C. hyperboreus dosahuje výrazně větších rozměrů než Calanus finmarchicus, přibližně velikosti zrnka rýže.

Představuje důležitou složku potravního řetězce, je totiž potravou pro některé ryby, mořské ptáky i některé velryby. Většinu roku tráví ve velkých hloubkách a klade zde vajíčka, z nichž se na začátku letní sezóny vylíhnou larvy, vyplavou do menších hloubek a začnou se živit bujícím fytoplanktonem. Tento cyklus se někdy označuje jako vertikální migrace.

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Calanus hyperboreus ( İngilizce )

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Calanus hyperboreus is a copepod found in the Arctic and northern Atlantic. It occurs from the surface to depths of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft).

Description

The size of C. hyperboreus varies with its geography; individuals located in more temperate waters usually range from just over 4 to 5.5 millimetres (0.16 to 0.22 in) in more temperate waters, whereas those in colder areas usually range from 6 to 7 millimetres (0.24 to 0.28 in).[1] The length of its prosome can vary anywhere from 2.5 to 5.6 millimetres (0.098 to 0.220 in).[2] The antennae are longer or of equal length to the body. This copepod is very clear, and is generally colourless. The gut walls and posterior may be orange to dark red in colour, with a prominent lipid sac that is usually red-orange. The borders between segments have a deep red pigment.[3]

Distribution

Calanus hyperboreus is found in the Arctic, north of the Bering Strait in the Pacific and the Lofoten Islands in the Atlantic. It occurs as deep as 5,000 metres (16,000 ft).[3]

Ecology

Reproduction and life-cycle

This copepod spawns between October and March (winter), using lipid-reserves to fuel reproduction (making it a capital breeder[4]).[5] The male is most abundant during the breeding season, found between 500 and 1,000 metres (1,600 and 3,300 ft) in depth at this time.[6] The females lay clutches at depths between 200 and 500 metres (660 and 1,640 ft),[5] usually at intervals of 9 to 10 days, generally containing 51 to 150 eggs.[6]

Life spans from one to two years to four to six years have been suggested for C. hyperboreus based on food availability. After the plankton bloom, the eggs develop into stage II and III copepodites and feed actively near the surface from May to October (summer). They then overwinter, generally at depths from 800 to 1,500 metres (2,600 to 4,900 ft), as stage III copepodites, and grow to stage IV copepodites over the next summer. After overwintering again, they grow to stage V during the next summer, increasing their dry mass by a factor of seven, and expanding their lipid content to be more than 65% of their dry mass. The development into an adult occurs over another winter, after which C. hyperboreus breeds.[5] In some areas, such as the West Spitsbergen Current, stage V copepodites likely moult (below depths of 500 metres (1,600 ft) to males and females before their third-year of overwintering. During this winter, some mature females are found near the surface. This shows a life cycle of three years (in the case of the male, which is not found during the summer) and three to four years (for the female). In other areas, like the Greenland Sea Gyre, development into adults may occur in the second year of development, indicating a likely life cycle of two to three years.[7]

Compared to the congeneric C. finmarchicus, C. hyperboreus has a higher concentration of lipids as a percentage of dry mass. Additionally, its lipid stores have a higher concentration of wax esters than C. finmarchicus and C. glacialis.[8] C. hyperboreus also has longer chained fatty alcohols and (albeit to a lesser extent) fatty acids than the two other species. This is likely due to the higher concentration of energy per unit mass of longer chained fatty alcohols and acids. Finally, this species also has higher concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids than either C. finmarchicus or C. glacialis.[9]

Feeding

This species is a herbivore and a filter feeder, feeding on phytoplankton and protists, especially diatoms.[3]

References

  1. ^ Leinaas, Hans Petter; Jalal, Marwa; Gabrielsen, Tove M.; Hessen, Dag O. (2016). "Inter- and intraspecific variation in body- and genome size in calanoid copepods from temperate and arctic waters". Ecology and Evolution. 6 (16): 5585–5595. doi:10.1002/ece3.2302. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 4983576. PMID 27547339.
  2. ^ Parent, G. J.; Plourde, S.; Turgeon, J. (2011). "Overlapping size ranges of Calanus spp. off the Canadian Arctic and Atlantic Coasts: impact on species' abundances". Journal of Plankton Research. 33 (11): 1654–1665. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbr072. ISSN 0142-7873.
  3. ^ a b c "Calanus hyperboreus" at the Encyclopedia of Life
  4. ^ Sainmont, Julie; Andersen, Ken H.; Varpe, Øystein; Visser, André W. (2014). "Capital versus income breeding in a seasonal environment". The American Naturalist. 184 (4): 466–476. doi:10.1086/677926. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 25226182. S2CID 28848120.
  5. ^ a b c Falk-Petersen, Stig; Mayzaud, Patrick; Kattner, Gerhard; Sargent, John R. (2009). "Lipids and life strategy of Arctic Calanus". Marine Biology Research. 5 (1): 18–39. doi:10.1080/17451000802512267. ISSN 1745-1000.
  6. ^ a b Hirche, Hans-Jürgen; Niehoff, Barbara (1996). "Reproduction of the Arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus in the Greenland Sea-field and laboratory observations". Polar Biology. 16 (3): 209–219. doi:10.1007/BF02329209. ISSN 0722-4060. S2CID 29532519.
  7. ^ Hirche, H.-J. (1997). "Life cycle of the copepod Calanus hyperboreus in the Greenland Sea". Marine Biology. 128 (4): 607–618. doi:10.1007/s002270050127. ISSN 0025-3162. S2CID 83889638.
  8. ^ Scott, Catherine L.; Kwasniewski, S.; Falk-Petersen, Stig; Sargent, John R. (2000). "Lipids and life strategies of Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus in late autumn, Kongsfjorden, Svalbard". Polar Biology. 23 (7): 510–516. doi:10.1007/s003000000114. ISSN 0722-4060. S2CID 13183622.
  9. ^ Scott, CL; Kwasniewski, S; Falk-Petersen, S; Sargent, JR (2002). "Species differences, origins and functions of fatty alcohols and fatty acids in the wax esters and phospholipids of Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus from Arctic waters". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 235: 127–134. doi:10.3354/meps235127. ISSN 0171-8630.
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Calanus hyperboreus: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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Calanus hyperboreus is a copepod found in the Arctic and northern Atlantic. It occurs from the surface to depths of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft).

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Póláta ( İzlandaca )

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Póláta (fræðiheiti: Calanus hyperboreus) er svifdýr af ættbálki krabbaflóa og ætt Calanidae. Pólátan heldur sig, líkt og nafnið gefur til kynna, á norðurslóðum í kaldari sjó. Rauðátan (Calanus finmarchicus) sem er náskyld pólátunni finnst mun víðar enda algengasta svifdýrið. Pólátan finnst, líkt og flest svifdýr, ofarlega á miðsævinu eða á um 50-500m dýpi.


Stærð og útlit

Líkami Pólátunnar er nánast allur glær í gegn en fálmarar hennar, munnur og sporður eru rauð. Fálmarar eru jafnlangir eða lengri en líkaminn. Eggjastærð hennar er um 0.21 mm. Heildarlengd kvenkyns Pólátu er 6-8 mm og er karlinn oftast örlítið smærri. Póláta sem þrífst í heitari sjó er smærri en þær sem lifa í kaldari sjó. Það er enginn teljanlegur munur á útliti eða fjölda tanna á milli kynja. Í eðlilegum fullorðnum einstaklingi er munnurinn mjög sambærilegur munni Rauðátunnar (C. finmarchicus). Pólátan er stærst krabbaflóa sem finnast í norður-atlantshafi en sem dæmi eru Rauðátan um 4 mm að lengd og Ísátan (Calanus glacialis) um 3-5,5mm að lengd. Pólátan er einnig talsvert næringarríkari en Rauðátan. Pólátan inniheldur þannig 1-1,8 mg lípíð en sem dæmi inniheldur Rauðátan einungis 0,04-0,08 mg.

Fæða

Fæða pólátunnar er fjölbreytt, smæðarinnar vegna er þó frekar takmarkað hvað hún getur étið. Hennar helsta fæða eru svifþörungar og einfrömungar. Pólátan notar fálmara og munnlimi til að sía fæðu úr sjónum. Pólátan safnar fitubirgðum yfir sumarið sem vetrarforða, en fæðuframboð er lítið í köldum sjó að vetri.

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Svifþörungar





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Dreifing pólátunnar


Lífshættir og útbreiðsla

Lífslíkur pólátu eru 3-5 ár eftir fæðuframboði. Miklar árstíðarbundnar sveiflur eiga sér stað hjá pólátunni. Lífmassi sveiflast á milli árstíða en er mestur að sumri, þegar fæðuframboð er mikið. Útbreiðsla Pólátunnar nær allt frá norðuheimskautinu niður í Maine-flóa. Við Ísland finnst hún helst á úthafssvæðunum norður og norðaustur af landinu. Á veturna finnst hún mest neðan við 500m dýpi.

Hrygning

Kvendýrið hrygnir á veturna og notar til þess fitubirgðir frá fyrra ári. Stærðin á hverri hrygningu fer mikið eftir stærð pólátunnar en hún hrygnir oftast um 100-200 eggjum í einu og samtals yfir 1000 eggjum á hverju hrygningartímabili. Kvendýrið fer á grynningar og hrygnir á um 200-500m dýpi. Möguleiki er fyrir hana að hrygna nokkur ár í röð, sum sjávardýr geta einungis hrygnt einu sinni á lífsleiðinni.

Lítill lífmassi í rannsóknarleiðangri 90' og 91'

Magn og dreifing átu voru könnuð í tveimur sitthvorum sniðum í rannsóknarleiðangri árin 1990 og 1991, annars vegar nyrst í Íslandshafi (Grænlands- og Jan Mayen snið) og í Grænlandssundi. Átunni var safnað með Bongo-háfum með stórum möskvum á mikilli dýpt til að safna stærri dýrum en venjulega. Möskvastærðin í sýnatökunum var 500 µm og var háfunum slakað niður á 100 m dýpi. Niðurstöður voru á þá leið að fjöldi og magn átu var meiri á Grænlands og Jan Mayen sniðinu heldur en í Grænlandssunds-sniðinu. Krabbaflær voru langalgengustu dýrin sem komu úr sýnatökunum og af þeim var 70% þeirra Rauðáta, 10% Pseudocalanus spp, 10% Metridia longa og einungis 3% Póláta.

Heimildir

„Species Card of Copepod: Calanus hyperboreus. Sótt 10. september 2019.

„Calanus hyperboreus Krøyer, 1838“. Sótt 12. september 2019.

„Calanus hyperboreus“. Sótt 13. september 2019.

„Sjór, lífríki og fiskistofnar á olíuleitarsvæðinu við Jan Mayen“ (PDF). Sótt 13. september 2019.

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Póláta: Brief Summary ( İzlandaca )

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Póláta (fræðiheiti: Calanus hyperboreus) er svifdýr af ættbálki krabbaflóa og ætt Calanidae. Pólátan heldur sig, líkt og nafnið gefur til kynna, á norðurslóðum í kaldari sjó. Rauðátan (Calanus finmarchicus) sem er náskyld pólátunni finnst mun víðar enda algengasta svifdýrið. Pólátan finnst, líkt og flest svifdýr, ofarlega á miðsævinu eða á um 50-500m dýpi.


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Calanus hyperboreus ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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Calanus hyperboreus is een eenoogkreeftjessoort uit de familie van de Calanidae.[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1838 door Kroyer.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Walter, T. Chad; Boxshall, G. (2012). Calanus hyperboreus Kroyer, 1838. In: Walter, T.C., Boxshall, G. (2012). World Copepoda database. Geraadpleegd via: World Register of Marine Species op http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=104467
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Feitåte ( Norveççe )

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Feitåte er en art av hoppekreps, en del av klassen Maxillopoda. Den er et dyreplankton som utgjør viktig føde for fiskeyngel. Den finnes bl.a i Norskehavet og Barentshavet hvor den framtrer sammen med raudåte og ishavsåte.[1] Disse artene lever av alger og plankton som innleder en eksplosiv vekst i Nordområdene når isen smelter fra april, og lagrer da store mengder fett, inklusive Omega-3, i en fettsekk som etter hvert dominerer dyrets kroppsomfang. Artene er alle viktige for polartorsk og andre høyere dyr i havet.

Arten ble første gang beskrevet av Henrik Nikolai Krøyer i 1838.

Referanser

  1. ^ Jacob Karstensen, et al, «Effects of environmental conditions on the biomass of Calanus spp. in the Nordic Seas», Journal of Plankton Research, Volum 34, nr 11, 2012, side 951-966.

Eksterne lenker

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Feitåte: Brief Summary ( Norveççe )

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Feitåte er en art av hoppekreps, en del av klassen Maxillopoda. Den er et dyreplankton som utgjør viktig føde for fiskeyngel. Den finnes bl.a i Norskehavet og Barentshavet hvor den framtrer sammen med raudåte og ishavsåte. Disse artene lever av alger og plankton som innleder en eksplosiv vekst i Nordområdene når isen smelter fra april, og lagrer da store mengder fett, inklusive Omega-3, i en fettsekk som etter hvert dominerer dyrets kroppsomfang. Artene er alle viktige for polartorsk og andre høyere dyr i havet.

Arten ble første gang beskrevet av Henrik Nikolai Krøyer i 1838.

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Distribution ( İngilizce )

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Arctic to Gulf of Maine

Referans

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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Habitat ( İngilizce )

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upper mesopelagic, upper and Glacial regions of the Gulf and estuary

Referans

North-West Atlantic Ocean species (NWARMS)

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