Sclerophrys regularis (Reuss 1833) makaleleri

Description ( İngilizce )

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A typical large and compact toad with a warty skin. SVL of adult males 62–91 mm, females 70–130 mm. Large prominent kidney-shaped or parallel parotid glands, with a relatively smooth appearance because the warts are quite flat in this region. The large tympanum reaches 0.7 to, occasionally, 1.5 of the eye diameter. The tympanum shows a shallow circular depression. Therefore one might get the impression of a ring surrounding the ear. Males have a single subgular vocal sac, enlarged thenar tubercles and black nuptial pads on the outer faces of the first and second fingers, the latter are often less well-defined. The horny tips of the warts are apparently more pointed on males. However, these horny asperities are usually flat. The hind limbs have traces of webbing. The inner metatarsal tubercle reaches 0.5–1 of the length of the shortest toe. These toads have only few subdigital tubercles, which are less conspicuous in older specimens than in adult B. maculatus.According to Inger & Greenberg (1956), male B. regularis have most often a single, sometimes paired, lateral slit in the floor of the mouth that forms the connection to the median, subgular vocal sac. Nuptial pads of breeding B. regularis males consist of densely pigmented clusters of asperities on the first, second, and third fingers and on the median part of the inner palmar tubercle.Voucher specimens: SMNS 8947 1–3; SMF 78623; SMNS 8988, Ananda, Ivory Coast.Coloration: Dark olive brown basic dorsal color, often turning lighter towards the venter. The skin between the tiny warts on the flanks often appears almost black. This toad also contains numerous dark patches on the upper lip, on the eyelids, and on the dorsal parts of the extremities. On the back, these dark patches are often arranged more or less symmetrically. The body axis is often highlighted by a light vertebral stripe which appears rather distinct on young animals but usually fades when they mature, turning to the same color as the back. Often pale patches are present on the back, too. The venter is uniform white to beige, the throat of males is black. According to Tandy et al. (1985), some animals also show dark markings on their venter. Preserved animals usually do not show any change of color. However, specimens tend to fade as time goes by.Voice: A lengthy rattling sound, lasting 0.9 sec and composed of two elements which are repeated continuously. The initial element comprises numerous pulses (0.01 sec) separated by pauses (0.02 sec) and lasts about 0.4 sec. After a pause of 0.05 sec, the second element follows, lasting 0.5 sec. As the former, it is made up of pulses of 0.01 sec, but these are separated by longer pauses of 0.03 sec.According to Tandy et al. (1985), the calls vary considerably depending on temperature and the animals size. These authors give a frequency of 0.3 to 2.5 kHz. The dominant frequency of the advertisement call in Ethiopian B. regularis is 0.5–1.6 kHz (Tandy et al. 1982). The calls published by Amiet (1976a) are similar to those of the Comoé toads. The calls of Serengeti toads published by Wickler & Seibt (1974) and assigned to B. regularis by them, are supposed to be those of B. gutturalis (Van Den Elzen & Kreulen 1979). The call published by Schiøtz (1964c) is most probably that of B. maculatus.Noble (1924) reported that female toads were answering the male call "wook-wook" with a sound like "woop" followed by a quick "wop-wop". However, it is not sure if that observation was really on B. regularis, e.g. they describe the vocal sac of the male as reaching twice the size of the head, and being bluish in color.This account was taken from Rödel, M.-O. (2000), Herpetofauna of West Africa vol. I. Amphibians of the West African Savanna, with kind permission from Edition Chimaira (http://www.chimaira.de/) publishers, Frankfurt am Main.For references in the text, see here

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Distribution and Habitat ( İngilizce )

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This species is widespread in savanna regions south of the Sahara. According to Hulselmans (1970), typical B. regularis are found in a region stretching from Senegal through West Africa to Central Africa and through North Africa to Egypt. In particular, this toad has been recorded from the following countries: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, ?Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, ?Congo, R.D. Congo, Chad, Central African Republic, Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya, ?Tanzania, ?Malawi (Günther 1895, ?Boulenger 1906, ?Nieden 1908, 1910b, ?Barbour 1911, ?Chabanaud 1919b, Noble (1924), ?Scortecci 1929, ?Barbour & Loveridge 1930a, ?Parker 1930, 1936a, c, ?Loveridge 1929, 1933, 1936, 1955c, Witte 1934, 1941, ?Sanderson 1936, ?Andersson 1937, ?Mertens 1938a, 1940, 1955, Monard 1940, Laurent 1952e, 1964b, 1972c, ?Lamotte & Zuber-Vogeli 1954a, ?Winston 1955, Guibé & Lamotte 1958a, Taylor & Weyer 1958, ?Schmidt & Inger 1959, ?Schiøtz 1963, 1964a, b, 1966, 1967, 1969, Perret 1966, 1977a, Barbault 1967, 1974d, 1984, Lamotte 1967b, 1969, ?1971, 1998, Urban 1967, Keith 1968, Vuattoux 1968, Walker 1968, Amiet & Perret 1969, Euzet et al. 1969, Maeder 1969, ?Wake & Kluge 1969, Hulselmans 1970, 1978, Lescure 1971, Perret & Amiet 1971, Amiet 1973a, 1976a, ?Stevens 1974, Böhme 1975, 1978, 1994c, Miles et al. 1978, Joger 1981, 1982, 1990, Tandy & Keith 1982, Tandy et al. 1982, 1985, Frost 1985, Schätti 1986, Böhme & Schneider 1987, Hughes 1988, Gruschwitz et al. 1991a, ?Fischer & Hinkel 1992, Duellman 1993, ?Pickersgill 1994, Böhme et al. 1996, Rödel 1996, 1998b, Largen 1997a, 1998).This species is encountered all over the national park, but it seems to be connected more closely to savanna habitats than B. maculatus. B. regularis is generally considered to be a savanna species (e.g. Loveridge 1955a, Schiøtz 1967, Walker 1968, Frost 1985, Tandy et al. 1985, Böhme et al. 1996) which also colonizes the rainforest zone along clearings and roads (e.g. Amiet 1976a, Joger 1981, Hughes 1988, Böhme 1994c). It is a typical synanthropic animal (e.g. Perret 1977a, Joger 1981, Gruschwitz et al. 1991a). In the northernmost part of its range, this toad penetrates far into the Sahel region along the rivers (Joger 1981). It possibly even reaches various oases of the Sahara (Tandy et al. 1985). Having colonized a broad range of habitats including moist Guinea savanna, Sudan savanna, Sahelic savanna, dry forests, the edges of rainforests, human settlements, swamps and even montane grassland, this species must be regarded as highly adaptable (e.g. Schiøtz 1963, Perret 1966, Lamotte 1967b, Hulselmans 1970). Only true rain forest areas are virtually avoided (Amiet 1976a). In East and South Africa, the species is replaced by B. gutturalis, and in more arid parts of its northern range by B. xeros (Tandy et al. 1985). According to these authors, the occurrence of B. regularis seems to depend on a certain minimum of humidity.

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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( İngilizce )

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Spawn: Most probably, it is quite similar to that of B. maculatus, but we have not yet got egg strings from known individuals. At Lamto, females produced 10055 ± 2885 eggs (diameter: 1.3 mm, N = 11; Barbault 1984). According to Fischer & Hinkel (1992), the eggs are laid in a double string. However, the toad illustrated in this publication, shows parotids which are rather warty for a B. regularis. Spieler & Linsenmaier (1999a) give clutch sizes from 9000–13000 eggs.Tadpoles: Since I have not yet observed spawning B. regularis, and amplectant pairs kept in captivity never went to spawn, the tadpoles of this species have not been positively documented so far. All the toad tadpoles I have examined are more or less similar to each other. Viewed by means of a scanning electron microscope, the oral discs of toad tadpoles whose parents could not be identified showed a caudad double row of papillae. The keratodont formula corresponded to that of B. maculatus tadpoles. The borders of the horny beaks were serrated. Compared to the measurements of trueB. maculatus tadpoles, the width of a single tooth was 1/3 of its length, and therewith less slender than in B. maculatus with known parents. Furthermore, the teeth were more sharply pointed. The proximad extension of these tips was less considerable. These larvae might have been B. regularis tadpoles. Even if these features should prove to be characteristic of this species, they may be supposed to be rather useless for identification in the field as the tadpoles are quite tiny. Tadpoles of this species possibly do not aggregate when predators are present (compare B. maculatus).On 23.1.1999 I collected rather large Bufo-tadpoles beneath stones in the Comoé river. These tadpoles possessed the usual keratodont formula (1 / 1 + 1 // 3), and were brown in color, with a white spotted tail. The microhabitat was shallow and nonrunning water near the river bank. None of the tadpoles aggregated, despite the fact that a lot of predators were present (fish, dragonfly larvae, crayfish). In the same area I found other, aggregated Bufo tadpoles. In contrast these tadpoles were all black and much smaller. I therefore conclude that the larger ones might have been B. regularis. The largest tadpole measured about 23 mm (TL) and thus clearly exceeded the known size of B. maculatus tadpoles.Perret (1966) gives the keratodont formulae 1 / 1 + 1 // 3 or 1 / 1+1 // 1 + 1 / 2. The former has also been published by Lamotte & Zuber-Vogeli (1954a), Guibé & Lamotte (1958a) and Lamotte & Xavier (1981), respectively. The single row of papillae shows a conspicuous rostral and caudal gap. Immediately in front of the corners of the mouth, the papillae are arranged in two rows. The largest tadpole ever found measured 21 mm (TL), and the SVL of freshly metamorphosed animals was 9–11 mm. Considering the sizes of adult toads, the animals examined by these authors were almost certainly B. regularis. Winston (1955) gives a SVL of 5 mm for metamorphosed young (but compare below) whereas Chabanaud (1921) reports 9 mm.Single individuals are encountered on the riverside at the end of the dry season. Regarding the sporadic records of amplectant pairs observed at the river, these are likely to spawn at these sites, too. I never found spawning B. regularis at savanna ponds, but I would not exclude that those habitats are equally used for breeding purposes, all the more as adult toads found in the savanna are almost invariably B. regularis which are considerably less common in forest habitats than B. maculatus. Breeding occurred during the dry season (Joger 1981) in rivers (Böhme et al. 1996). Potential breeding sites also comprise almost any kind of water bodies, from shallow puddles to lakes and rivers, all of which may be either permanent or temporary (Tandy et al. 1985).The latter authors give two main breeding periods for West Africa: the former in the early rainy season, and the latter, which is generally less important, in the final phase of that season. Amiet (1976a) reports that B. maculatus chooses more exposed calling sites than B. regularis. We never observed this difference. B. regularis is mainly nocturnal throughout the year. By day adult individuals were only observed during heavy rainfall. Exceptions are young toads, which inhabit rather humid places close to Inselbergs, and forage for prey during the day.Sanderson (1936) describes bright yellow males which he observed during the breeding season (see B. maculatus). Perret (1966) made the same observation, but he writes that similar males were never found within B. maculatus. However, this observation at least does not apply to the Comoé National Park. Variations of the body length possibly correspond to the average amount of rainfall (Tandy et al. 1985), with smaller sizes connected with more arid conditions. At first sight, this phenomenon appears rather illogical regarding the unfavorable ratio between body volume and body surface, but the authors might be right in assuming that smaller animals will find a far broader range of appropriate refuges and therewith profit from their smaller size in the respective habitats.According to Lescure (1971), the prey of B. regularis often includes ants, beetles and bugs. Noble (1924) reports arthropods and predominantly ants and termites as prey. The more passive hunting toads apparently select their prey by means of its size and activity. Barbault (1974d) mainly found ants in dissected specimens. Inger & Marx (1961) report on a diet comprising ants, beetles, termites, spiders, orthopterans, butterflies and flies, with variations of the diet spectrum depending on the respective seasons and altitudes. If the weather happens to be rather wet, the proportion of termites increases considerably. According to Lamotte (1983), this species has specialized on ants.Most probably, the ecological studies presented by Chapman & Chapman (1958) are not based on B. regularis but on B. gutturalis. Winston (1955) provides some data concerning the development of B. regularis. However, these data, e.g. sizes of mature males, are likely to be based on two different species, including B. maculatus. The almost incredible period of development, that is said to last 122–143 days at a water temperature of 30 °C, almost certainly results from inappropriate keeping conditions. This author carried out his experiments in order to use these toads for pregnancy tests similar to those with Xenopus laevis.

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Pantherkröte ( Almanca )

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Die Pantherkröte (Sclerophrys regularis, Synonyme: Amietophrynus regularis, Bufo regularis) gehört innerhalb der Familie der Kröten (Bufonidae) zur Gattung Sclerophrys. Früher zählte sie lange Zeit zu den Echten Kröten (Bufo). Man spricht bei Sclerophrys regularis auch von einer Superspezies, die mehrere Arten und Unterarten umfasst. Es handelt sich um „die“ typische Kröte Afrikas. Ein weiterer deutschsprachiger Trivialname ist Afrikanische Kröte, wegen ihres Verbreitungsgebietes in fast ganz Afrika.

Beschreibung

Die Pantherkröte erreicht eine Größe von neun bis 13 Zentimetern, wobei Weibchen deutlich größer werden als die Männchen. Die Haut ist einheitlich hell- bis dunkelbraun gefärbt. Neben einigen dunklen Flecken sind auf dem Rücken eine Vielzahl von warzigen Auswüchsen zu sehen. Während der Paarungszeit geht die Färbung der Männchen deutlich ins Gelbliche über. Die Pupillen der Augen sind waagerecht geschlitzt. Die warzigen Auswüchse (vgl. Parotiden) auf dem Rücken produzieren bei Gefahr oder Erregung ein milchiges Sekret, das wie bei allen Kröten giftig ist.

Diese Krötenart ist dämmerungsaktiv und versteckt sich tagsüber in der Regel im Sand, unter Steinen oder ähnlichem. Neben der Größe unterscheiden sich die Geschlechter in der Farbe des Kehlbereiches, dieser ist beim Männchen deutlich dunkler. Die Tiere können in der Natur ein Alter von rund 7 Jahren erreichen.

Verbreitung

Pantherkröten sind in großen Teilen Afrikas mit Ausnahme des Nordwestens und des Südens verbreitet. Im Einzelnen werden folgende Staaten besiedelt: Algerien, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Kamerun, Zentralafrikanische Republik, Tschad, Republik Kongo, Demokratische Republik Kongo, Ägypten, Äquatorial-Guinea, Eritrea, Äthiopien, Gabun, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenia, Liberia, Libyen, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Ruanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tansania und Uganda. In Ägypten sind die Pantherkröten im Bereich des Nils sehr zahlreich, da die vielen Bewässerungsgräben gute Lebensbedingungen bieten.^[1]

Rufe

Rufe und Rufaktivität

Nach Untersuchungen in Ägypten bei Giza, in Fayoum und im Nildelta sind die Paarungsrufe einfach aufgebaut. Sie bestehen aus einer Folge von kurzen, gleichartigen Impulsen, die durch Intervalle voneinander abgesetzt sind. Die Rufe klingen daher wie ein Rattern. Bei 25 Grad Celsius Wassertemperatur bestehen die Rufe aus zirka 20 Impulsen und dauern zirka 550 Millisekunden. Die Schallenergie konzentriert sich auf den Bereich zwischen 600 und 2000 Hertz. Die Männchen geben die Paarungsrufe in langen Serien ab. Rufende Kröten wurden bei Wassertemperaturen von 18 bis 34 Grad beobachtet. Mit steigender Wassertemperatur nehmen die Dauer der Rufe, die Pausen zwischen Rufen, wie auch die Intervalle zwischen den Impulsen ab. Die Anzahl der Impulse pro Ruf vermindert sich nur geringfügig, die Dauer der Impulse ändert sich nicht.^[1]

Als weiterer Ruftyp wurde der Revierruf festgestellt.

Jahres- und Tagesgang der Rufaktivität

Die Ruf- und Fortpflanzungsaktivität erstreckt sich von Februar bis November, sie ist im Frühjahr besonders hoch und nimmt im Jahresverlauf allmählich ab. Die Körpergröße der rufenden Männchen variiert zwischen 50 und 80 Millimeter, die Körperlänge der fortpflanzungsfähigen Weibchen übertrifft die der Männchen um 15 bis 20 Millimeter.^[1]

Im Frühling beginnt das Rufen kurz vor Sonnenuntergang und dauert bis etwa 5 Uhr am nächsten Morgen. Die Männchen wählen Rufplätze hauptsächlich im flachen Uferbereich unter niedriger Vegetation, selten schwimmen rufende Männchen auf dem Wasser. Gewöhnlich bilden 15 bis 20 Männchen eine Rufgemeinschaft, bei der Phasen mit hoher Rufaktiviät mit Pausen abwechseln. Jede Rufgemeinschaft ruft in ihrem eigenen Rhythmus.^[1]

Ruf- und Paarungsverhalten

Sind die Männchen rufaktiv, verhalten sie sich gegenüber anderen Männchen territorial. Kommen anwandernde Männchen Platzhaltern zu nahe, äußern diese Revierrufe und springen die Eindringlinge an. Das Areal das die Kröten beanspruchen, umfasst zumeist zirka 50 Zentimeter nach der Seite und zirka ein Meter nach vorn. Wenn im Frühjahr die Anzahl der Männchen hoch ist, sind die Mindestabstände kleiner, im Spätsommer und Herbst, bei geringer Zahl rufender Kröten, vergrößern sie sich bis auf zirka zwei Meter.^[1]

Paarungsbereite Weibchen wandern am Abend zu den Gewässern, nachdem die Männchen ihre Rufplätze eingenommen haben. Die Weibchen scheinen gezielt Männchen auszuwählen und solche zu bevorzugen, deren Paarungsrufe sich durch niedrige Tonhöhe auszeichnen. Das sind die großen Männchen. Die gezielte Wahl ist besonders auffällig, wenn die Anzahl der rufenden Männchen gering ist.^[1]

Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung

Ein Weibchen legt rund 12.000 Eier in einem gallertigen Doppelstrang ins Wasser ab, die dabei vom Männchen durch äußere Besamung befruchtet werden. Bereits nach wenigen Tagen schlüpfen die Kaulquappen, die anfangs noch über äußere Kiemen verfügen und sich vorwiegend von organischem Material ernähren.

Nahrung

Pantherkröte

Adulte Pantherkröten fressen überwiegend Insekten und deren Larven sowie Spinnen; darüber hinaus gehören aber auch Jung-Mäuse zu ihrem Beutespektrum. Jungtiere ernähren sich von Ameisen und anderen „mundgerechten“ Kleintieren.

Literatur

Mamdouh Saad Ahmed Akef, Hans Schneider: Reproduction, calls and calling of the Leopard Toad in Egypt (Anura: Bufonidae). In: Zoologischer Anzeiger, Band 225, 1990, S. 123–132.
Mills Tandy, R. Keith: Bufo of Africa. In: W. F. Blair (Hrsg.): Evolution in the genus Bufo. Texas University Press, 1972, S. 119–170.

Einzelnachweise

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mamdouh Saad Ahmed Akef, Hans Schneider: Reproduction, calls and calling of the Leopard Toad in Egypt (Anura: Bufonidae). In: Zoologischer Anzeiger, Band 225, 1990, S. 123–132.

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Pantherkröte: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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Die Pantherkröte (Sclerophrys regularis, Synonyme: Amietophrynus regularis, Bufo regularis) gehört innerhalb der Familie der Kröten (Bufonidae) zur Gattung Sclerophrys. Früher zählte sie lange Zeit zu den Echten Kröten (Bufo). Man spricht bei Sclerophrys regularis auch von einer Superspezies, die mehrere Arten und Unterarten umfasst. Es handelt sich um „die“ typische Kröte Afrikas. Ein weiterer deutschsprachiger Trivialname ist Afrikanische Kröte, wegen ihres Verbreitungsgebietes in fast ganz Afrika.

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Panthermouk ( Lüksemburgca )

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D'Panthermouk (Bufo regularis) gehéiert zu der Famill vun de Mouken (Bufonidae) an doran zu der Gattung vun den Echten Mouken (Bufo). Si stellt "déi" typesch afrikanesch Mouk duer.

Beschreiwung

Déi weiblech Panthermouk ka bis zu 13 Zentimeter grouss ginn, déi männlech ass däitlech méi kleng. Hir Haut ass eenheetlech hell- bis donkelbrong. An der Paarungszäit geet d'Faarf vun de männlechen an dat Gielt iwwer. D'Pupille vun den Ae sinn horizontal. Déi waarzeleg Knubbelen um Réck produzéiere bei Opreegung a Gefor eng Flëssegkeet déi, wéi bei alle Mouke gëfteg ass.

Panthermouke sinn an der Schummerecht aktiv a se verstoppe sech dagsiwwer am Sand oder ënner Steng. Se kënne bis 7 Joer al ginn.

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Panthermouk: Brief Summary ( Lüksemburgca )

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D'Panthermouk (Bufo regularis) gehéiert zu der Famill vun de Mouken (Bufonidae) an doran zu der Gattung vun den Echten Mouken (Bufo). Si stellt "déi" typesch afrikanesch Mouk duer.

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Sclerophrys regularis ( İngilizce )

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Sclerophrys regularis, commonly known as the African common toad, square-marked toad, African toad, Egyptian toad, African bouncing toad (due to the bouncing motion) and Reuss's toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found widely in the Subsaharan Africa, with its range extending to the oases in Algeria and Libya as well as to northern Nilotic Egypt.^[2] Specifically, it is found in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Uganda.^[1]

Description

The African common toad is a large sturdy toad with a warty skin. Males grow to a snout-to-vent length of 62 to 91 mm (2.4 to 3.6 in) and females reach 70 to 130 mm (2.8 to 5.1 in). The paratoid glands are large and either parallel or kidney-shaped and the male has a single vocal sac under the chin. The dorsal surface is dark olive-brown with dark patches on the back, often arranged fairly symmetrically, and in younger animals, there is a paler band along the spine. There are smaller dark blotches on the upper lip and the eyelids, and the warts on the flanks are often separated by dark markings. The throats of males are black and the underparts of both sexes are white to beige. The call is a rattling sound made up of two pulses and lasting for about 0.9 second.^[3] When threatened, they would bounce to confuse (or escape) predators and would also move through water. They also have webbed hind feet to propel through water.

Habitat

The African common toad is an abundant species found in both moist and dry savanna, montane grassland, forest margins, and agricultural habitats. It is often found near rivers, where it also breeds. It is not a forest species but in the forest zone it can still be found in degraded habitats and towns (including gardens). In drier areas it is replaced by other species such as Amietophrynus garmani and Amietophrynus xeros.^[1]

Status

The African common toad is a common species across most of its wide range. It is an adaptable species and the population is stable so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has listed its conservation status as being of least concern.^[1] It has sometimes been exploited to the pet trade.

In captivity

African common toads are popular as pets. Keeping 2 or more will require a minimum of a 20-gallon terrarium.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2016). "Sclerophrys regularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T54747A107349840. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T54747A107349840.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Amietophrynus regularis (Reuss, 1833)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ Rödel, M. O. (2001-02-21). "Amietophrynus regularis". AmphibiaWeb. Retrieved 2014-09-26.

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Sclerophrys regularis: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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Sclerophrys regularis, commonly known as the African common toad, square-marked toad, African toad, Egyptian toad, African bouncing toad (due to the bouncing motion) and Reuss's toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found widely in the Subsaharan Africa, with its range extending to the oases in Algeria and Libya as well as to northern Nilotic Egypt. Specifically, it is found in Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Uganda.

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Sclerophrys regularis ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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El sapo común africano (Sclerophrys regularis) es una especie de anfibios anuros de la familia Bufonidae.

Distribución geográfica y hábitat

Habita en el norte de Angola, Benín, Burkina Faso, Camerún, Cabo Verde, República Centroafricana, Chad, República del Congo, República Democrática del Congo, Costa de Marfil, Egipto, Etiopía, Gabón, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Kenia, Liberia, Malí, Níger, Nigeria, Ruanda, Senegal, Sierra Leona, Sudán, Sudán del Sur, Uganda y, posiblemente en Burundi, Guinea Ecuatorial, Eritrea, Gambia, Mauritania, Tanzania, Togo y Yibuti. Se ha introducido en Cabo Verde. Posiblemente las poblaciones del paleártico de África (excepto las de Egipto) correspondan a Sclerophrys xeros.

Su hábitat natural incluye sabanas secas, zonas secas de arbustos tropicales o subtropicales, praderas temporalmente inundadas, ríos, lagos de agua dulce, jardines rurales, áreas urbanas y zonas previamente boscosas ahora muy degradadas.

Referencias

Frost, D.R. «Sclerophrys regularis ». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. (en inglés). Nueva York, EEUU: Museo Americano de Historia Natural. Consultado el 12 de febrero de 2016.

IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. 2014. Amietophrynus regularis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4. Acceso: 12 de febrero de 2016.

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Sclerophrys regularis: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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El sapo común africano (Sclerophrys regularis) es una especie de anfibios anuros de la familia Bufonidae.

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Amietophrynus regularis ( Baskça )

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Amietophrynus regularis Amietophrynus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

Bufonidae

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Amietophrynus regularis: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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Amietophrynus regularis Amietophrynus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Sclerophrys regularis ( Fransızca )

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Sclerophrys regularis est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae^[1].

Sommaire

1 Répartition
2 Description
3 Taxinomie
4 Publication originale
5 Liens externes
6 Notes et références

Répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre jusqu'à 2 500 m d'altitude^[1]^,^[2] :

en Mauritanie, au Sénégal, en Gambie, au Mali, en Guinée-Bissau, en Guinée, en Sierra Leone, au Liberia, en Côte d'Ivoire, au Burkina Faso, au Ghana, au Bénin, au Togo, au Nigeria, au Niger ;
au Cameroun, en Guinée équatoriale, au Gabon, en République du Congo, en République démocratique du Congo, en Angola, en République centrafricaine, au Tchad, au Soudan du Sud,
au Rwanda, en Ouganda, au Kenya, en Tanzanie, en Éthiopie, en Érythrée,
dans le Sud de l'Algérie, dans le Sud de la Libye, en Égypte et au Soudan.

Sa présence est incertaine au Burundi et à Djibouti.

Elle a été introduite au Cap-Vert.

Description

Sclerophrys regularis

Sclerophrys regularis

Sclerophrys regularis

Les mâles mesurent de 62 à 91 mm et les femelles de 70 à 130 mm^[2].

Taxinomie

Sclerophrys chudeaui (Chabanaud, 1919) pourrait être synonyme de cette espèce^[3].

Publication originale

Reuss, 1833 : Zoologische Miscellen, Reptilien Saurier Batrachier. Museum Senckenbergianum, vol. 1, p. 27–62.

Notes et références

↑ ^{a et b} Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
↑ ^{a et b} AmphibiaWeb. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
↑ UICN, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe

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Sclerophrys regularis: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

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Sclerophrys regularis est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae.

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Sclerophrys regularis ( Portekizce )

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Sclerophrys regularis, sapo de marca quadrada, sapo comum africano, sapo egípcio, sapo africano saltitante (devido ao movimento de salto) e sapo de Reuss, é uma espécie de sapo da família Bufonidae. É amplamente encontrada na África Subsaariana, com sua distribuição estendendo-se aos oásis da Argélia e da Líbia, bem como ao norte do Egito Nilótico.^[1] Especificamente, pode ser encontrado em Angola, Benim, Burkina Faso, Camarões, Cabo Verde, República Centro-Africana, Chade, República do Congo, República Democrática do Congo, Costa do Marfim, Egito, Etiópia, Gabão, Gana, Guiné, Guiné-Bissau, Quênia, Libéria, Mali, Níger, Nigéria, Ruanda, Senegal, Serra Leoa, Sudão e Uganda.^[2]

Índice

1 Descrição
2 Habitat
3 Estado
4 Em cativeiro
5 Referências

Descrição

O sapo comum africano é um sapo grande e robusto com uma pele verrucosa. Os machos crescem até um comprimento de focinho a cloaca de 62 a 91 milímetros (2,4 a 3,6 in) e as fêmeas chegam a 70 a 130 milímetros (2,8 a 5,1 in). As glândulas paratoides são grandes e paralelas ou em forma de rim e o macho tem uma única bolsa vocal sob o queixo. A superfície dorsal é marrom-oliva escura com manchas escuras no dorso, geralmente dispostas de forma bastante simétrica e, em animais mais jovens, há uma faixa mais clara ao longo da espinha. Existem manchas escuras menores no lábio superior e nas pálpebras, e as verrugas nos flancos costumam ser separadas por manchas escuras. As gargantas dos machos são pretas e as partes inferiores de ambos os sexos são brancas a bege. A chamada é um som estridente feito de dois pulsos e dura cerca de 0,9 segundo.^[3] Quando ameaçados, eles saltam para confundir (ou escapar) predadores e também se movem na água. Eles também têm patas traseiras palmadas para se propelirem na água.

Habitat

O sapo comum africano é uma espécie abundante encontrada em savanas úmidas e secas, pastagens montanhosas, margens de florestas e habitats agrícolas. É frequentemente encontrado perto de rios, onde também procria. Não é uma espécie florestal, mas na zona florestal ainda pode ser encontrada em habitats e cidades degradadas (incluindo jardins). Em áreas mais secas, é substituído por outras espécies, como Amietophrynus garmani e Amietophrynus xeros.^[2]

Estado

O sapo comum africano é uma espécie comum na maior parte de sua ampla distribuição. É uma espécie adaptável e a população é estável, então a União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza listou seu estado de conservação como sendo pouco preocupante.^[2] Às vezes, tem sido explorado para o comércio de animais de estimação.

Em cativeiro

Sapos comuns africanos são populares como animais de estimação. Manter dois ou mais exigirá um mínimo de um terrário de vinte galões.

Referências

↑ Frost, Darrel R. (2014). «Amietophrynus regularis (Reuss, 1833)». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Consultado em 5 de outubro de 2014
↑ ^a ^b ^c Mills Tandy; Mark-Oliver Rödel; Malcolm Largen; John Poynton; Stefan Lötters; Sherif Baha El Din; Helen Gerson (2004). "Amietophrynus regularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved 2014-09-26)
↑ Rödel, M. O. (21 de fevereiro de 2001). «Amietophrynus regularis». AmphibiaWeb. Consultado em 26 de setembro de 2014

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Sclerophrys regularis: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

wikipedia PT tarafından sağlandı

Sclerophrys regularis, sapo de marca quadrada, sapo comum africano, sapo egípcio, sapo africano saltitante (devido ao movimento de salto) e sapo de Reuss, é uma espécie de sapo da família Bufonidae. É amplamente encontrada na África Subsaariana, com sua distribuição estendendo-se aos oásis da Argélia e da Líbia, bem como ao norte do Egito Nilótico. Especificamente, pode ser encontrado em Angola, Benim, Burkina Faso, Camarões, Cabo Verde, República Centro-Africana, Chade, República do Congo, República Democrática do Congo, Costa do Marfim, Egito, Etiópia, Gabão, Gana, Guiné, Guiné-Bissau, Quênia, Libéria, Mali, Níger, Nigéria, Ruanda, Senegal, Serra Leoa, Sudão e Uganda.

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