Look Alikes
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İngilizce
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Invertebrates of the Salish Sea tarafından sağlandı
How to Distinguish from Similar Species: This is the only Arctonoe commensal scaleworm that has the broad dark band across the back. A. pulchra is usually orange and may have fewer elytra, which nearly meet dorsally. A. fragilis has frilly edges to the elytra.
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Comprehensive Description
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İngilizce
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Invertebrates of the Salish Sea tarafından sağlandı
Biology/Natural History: Usually lives symbiotically with Cryptochiton stelleri, Diodora aspera, or the seastar Dermasterias imbricata. Also may be found on Henricia leviuscula, Luidia foliata, Pteraster tesselatus, Solaster stimpsoni, Solaster dawsoni, Haliotis kamtschkana, and the terebellid worms Thelepus crispus and Neoamphitrite robusta. Polynoids such as Arctonoe are carnivores, but do not feed on the animals with which they are symbiotic. Frequently they nip of the heads of small tube-dwelling polychaetes as their host moves around. Individuals taken from their hosts will generally prefer their same host species over other species they are symbiotic with. They seem to locate their host by using chemoreceptors on their three prostomial antennae, with further recognition by contact with the peristomial palps. Small juvenile worms are found mainly in the summer. Generally only one worm inhabits a given host, suggesting that this species may fight over hosts as does A. pulchra. When Pisaster ochraceous attacks Diodora aspera in which this species is living, the worm moves around the pallial groove of the limpet to the side the seastar is attacking from, reaches out, and bites the tube feet or ambulacral area of the seastar. This frequently results in the seastar withdrawing from its attack. Members of Family Polynoidae, unlike most other errant polychaetes, have parapodia specialized for walking rather than as paddles. Their longitudinal muscles, which caused lateral undulations in other polychaetes, are poorly developed and they don't undulate much. As a result, although they can walk efficiently they are poor swimmers.
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Habitat
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İngilizce
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Invertebrates of the Salish Sea tarafından sağlandı
Symbiotic with many invertebrates, including sea stars, terebellid polychaetes, gastropods such as Diodora aspera, and Cryptochiton stelleri.
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Distribution
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İngilizce
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Invertebrates of the Salish Sea tarafından sağlandı
Geographical Range: Bering Strait south to Ecuador; Japan
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Habitat
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İngilizce
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Invertebrates of the Salish Sea tarafından sağlandı
Depth Range: Middle intertidal to 275 m
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Comprehensive Description
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İngilizce
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Invertebrates of the Salish Sea tarafından sağlandı
As with all Polynoids, this species is mostly benthic, few if any of the segments are longer than wide when contracted, the dorsal surface has clearly visible elytra, and all of the neurosetae are simple. Arctonoe vittata has at least 30 pairs of elytra which leave a broad gap down the dorsal side of the animal. Elytra are on segments 2, 4, 5, then every other segment to 23, 26, 29, then every other segment to the end of the body. The edges of the elytra are smooth. It has no prominent nuchal fold and the lateral prostomial antennae are inserted slightly ventral to the edge of the prostomium, may have few or sometimes no notosetae. Has two types of neurosetae: those above the acicula have blunt, bifid tips, while those below the acicula are thicker and have falcate, pointed tips. The species is usually ivory colored with several transverse stripes, especially a broad dark band across segments 7 and 8. Can be up to 10 cm long, but usually is shorter.
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Arctonoe vittata
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İngilizce
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wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı
Arctonoe vittata is a species of scaled polychaete worms commonly known as a "scale worm". This species often lives as a commensal of another marine animal.
Description
At least thirty pairs of elytra, scale-like modifications to the dorsal cirri, conceal the animal's body. These are on alternate segments and do not meet dorsally, leaving the central line of the body uncovered. A. vittata is a pale yellowish colour, with a few faint transverse bands, and a dark stripe located across segments 7 and 8. It can grow to a length of 8 to 10 cm (3 to 4 in) but is usually shorter.[2] It can be distinguished from the otherwise similar Arctonoe pulchra by the absence of a dark spot on each scale.[3]
Distribution
A. vittata is native to the eastern Pacific Ocean. Its range extends from the Bering Strait to Ecuador, and as far west as Japan. Its depth range is from the middle shore down to about 275 m (902 ft).[2]
Ecology
The species forms a commensal relationship with the gumboot chiton, living on its gills and pallial groove. It also lives in the ambulacral groove of Dermasterias imbricata, a starfish.[3] Another host is the keyhole limpet Diodora aspera where it lives in the gill groove. It can be very large in comparison with the size of this particular host. If the limpet is attacked by a starfish, such as Pisaster ochraceus, the scale worm defends its host by biting the tube feet of the starfish, usually succeeding in driving it away.[4]
Some other hosts have also been identified; these include the starfishes Henricia leviuscula, Luidia foliata, Pteraster tesselatus, Solaster stimpsoni and Solaster dawsoni and the abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana, as well as the terebellid worms Thelepus crispus and Neoamphitrite robusta. It seems to recognise its host species by some chemical cue in the water; if separated from its symbiont, it attempts to return to its original host or find its way to a new host of the same species. It is carnivorous, but does not feed on its symbiont, preferring to be transported to new feeding grounds and feed on the heads of polychaete tubeworms, or any suitable prey its host may encounter on its travels. It is an efficient walker but a poor swimmer.[2]
References
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^ a b Fauchald, Kristian (2008). "Arctonoe vittata (Grube, 1855)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
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^ a b c Cowles, Dave (2006). "Arctonoe vittata (Grube, 1855)". Retrieved 22 August 2017.
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^ a b Ricketts, Edward Flanders; Calvin, Jack; Hedgpeth, Joel Walker; Phillips, David W. (1985). Between Pacific Tides. Stanford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-8047-2068-7.
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^ Ricketts, Edward Flanders; Calvin, Jack; Hedgpeth, Joel Walker; Phillips, David W. (1985). Between Pacific Tides. Stanford University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-8047-2068-7.
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Arctonoe vittata: Brief Summary
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İngilizce
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wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı
Arctonoe vittata is a species of scaled polychaete worms commonly known as a "scale worm". This species often lives as a commensal of another marine animal.
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Arctonoe vittata
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Felemenkçe; Flemish
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wikipedia NL tarafından sağlandı
Arctonoe vittata is een borstelworm uit de familie Polynoidae. Het lichaam van de worm bestaat uit een kop, een cilindrisch, gesegmenteerd lichaam en een staartstukje. De kop bestaat uit een prostomium (gedeelte voor de mondopening) en een peristomium (gedeelte rond de mond) en draagt gepaarde aanhangsels (palpen, antennen en cirri).
Arctonoe vittata werd in 1855 voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Grube.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties Geplaatst op:
15-12-2011
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