Common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) in western Nebraska expel young chicks from orchard oriole nests and break unhatched eggs (Scharf and Kren 1996). Nest parasitism by bronzed cowbirds (Molothrus aeneus) and brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) is fairly common, with parasitism rates being recorded as high as 28% (Jaramillo and Burke 1999). In California, greater roadrunners (Geococcyx californianus) have been observed preying on orchard orioles (Binford 1971).
Known Predators:
Orchard orioles are the smallest of the North American orioles, averaging 15 to 18 cm in length, with males marginally larger than females. They have a short, squared-off tail and small, slender bill. The legs and feet are blue-gray and the eyes are dark brown for both sexes (Jaramillo and Burke 1999).
Breeding adult males are black on the head, neck, upper breast, nape, back, and scapulars. The rump, upper-tail coverts, and underparts from breast to under-tail coverts are rich chestnut. The wings are primarily black, except for chestnut epaulets and white wing bar and tips. The tail is black with narrow brownish-white tips (Jaramillo and Burke 1999).
Non-breeding adult males look much like breeding males, but olive or pale chestnut-tipped feathers may obscure the black coloration on the upperparts. The feathers on the rump and upper tail-coverts as well as the underparts from the breast to the undertail-coverts may have yellowish tips. Brownish white or gray tips on the tail may be more noticeable than on the breeding male (Jaramillo and Burke 1999).
Second year males are similar to adult females, but have a solid black bib and black between the eye and bill. The degree to which black adult plumage appears in this stage varies considerably between individuals, with some males of this age having more black feathering than others (Scharf and Kren 1996). Despite their lack of adult coloration, these males are sexually mature. Though they can breed, they are often unsuccessful in finding a mate because females generally select males with adult plumage (reviewed in Enstrom, 1993).
Hatch year males are similar to adult breeding females, but with more greenish, yellowish, or brownish upperparts and brighter yellow underparts (Scharf and Kren 1996). Flecked black feathering on the throat and between the eye and bill is possible (Jaramillo and Burke 1999).
Juvenile Orchard Orioles of both sexes are similar in appearance to adult females, but they are browner above and more yellow below (Scharf and Kren 1996). The wings are pale brown with dull white edges and two buff-white wing bars (Scharf and Kren 1996). The tail is yellowish olive green (Scharf and Kren 1996). The bill is tinged pink or orange at the base, fading with age to adult black and blue-gray (Jaramillo and Burke 1999).
Breeding adult females look much like non-breeding adult females, but have brighter underparts, a more mottled appearance on the upperparts, and a yellow sheen on the underside of the tail. Non-breeding adult females are brownish olive from forehead to uppertail-coverts on upperparts. This coloring is brighter on the forehead, more yellow on the rump and uppertail-coverts, and fades to olive on the flanks (Scharf and Kren 1996). The back is dark olive and the wings are dark gray with two white wing bars and white edging (Jaramillo and Burke 1999, Scharf and Kren 1996). The tail is olive above and yellowish underneath (Jaramillo and Burke 1999).
Second year and hatch year females are similar to adult non-breeding females. The second year females are browner on the underparts and more uniformly brown (less mottled) on the upperparts than adult females (Scharf and Kren 1996). The hatch year females are browner above and brighter yellow below than adults (Scharf and Kren 1996). The transition between these two plumage patterns is slight, and may not be noticeable in the field (Jaramillo and Burke 1999).
Range mass: 16 to 25 g.
Range length: 15 to 18 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful
The oldest orchard oriole recorded was recaptured in the wild at 9 years and 7 months old (Scharf and Kren 1996).
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 9 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 131 months.
Orchard orioles exhibit a preference for settling near a source of water, such as a lake or river, and may be found in narrow riparian zones, floodplains, or marshes (Jaramillo and Burke, 1999). They are rather adaptable to local ecosystems. In the summer nesting season, for instance, they are found in mesquite brushland in Texas, orchards in Pennsylvania, and phragmite marshes in Louisiana (Scharf and Kren 1996). During migrations, they often inhabit forest edges where flowering trees and fruits are available (Scharf and Kren 1996). While overwintering in their southern ranges, they are found in the same types of habitats: light woods in Colombia, plantations in Honduras, and tropical forests in Mexico (Scharf and Kren 1996). Overall they tend to avoid dense forest, preferring more open woods or edge habitats, and are not usually found in the dry inland scrub regions of Mexico (Scharf and Kren 1996).
Orchard orioles are not particularly sensitive to human activity, and are found in suburbs, parks, and agricultural lands throughout their geographic range (Scharf and Kren 1996).
Range elevation: 1300 (high) m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest
Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams
Wetlands: marsh
Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural ; riparian
Orchard orioles breed in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Their breeding range extends north to southeast Saskatchewan, through southwest Manitoba, southern Ontario, central New York and extreme southern Maine, along the entire east coast of United States through northern Florida, southwest from the Gulf coast of northern Florida through southern Texas (but absent from Rio Grande Valley), and into inland central Mexico to southern Guanajuato. The breeding range extends west to eastern Montana and Colorado, western Texas, and northwestern Oklahoma.
The winter range of orchard orioles includes both coasts of Mexico, through Central America, and northern South America. On the Pacific Coast they occur north to central Sinaloa and south to central Oaxaca, where they also occur inland. On the Gulf Coast they are found as far north as southern Tamaulipas and south to southern Veracruz, where they are also found inland. Orchard orioles are present on all of the Yucatan Peninsula and throughout Central America except the highlands of Guatemala and southern highlands of Nicaragua. They winter as far south as northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela.
Orchard orioles migrate over southern Florida in large numbers, and have (very rarely) been recorded wintering there as well as southern Louisiana.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )
During the breeding season (late April or early May to mid July), orchard orioles are mostly insectivorous, but also consume small, ripe fruits and berries, nectar, and small seeds (Thomas 1946, Dennis 1948, Bent 1965). Stomach content data from Maryland suggests that their diet consists of about 91% insects and 9% plant material during this season (Bent 1965).
During their fall migration to southern wintering ranges (arriving as early as the beginning of July in Mexico) their diet incorporates more ripe fruits and berries such as mulberries and chokecherries, as well as nectar from roadside flowering trees and hedges in Mexico (Howell and Webb 1995).
In winter ranges (early or mid July to January), they consume the nectar of tropical flowering trees and vines such as Erythrina fusca, fruits such as mistletoe Arceuthobium), and insects obtained from foliage (Scharf and Kren 1996).
During spring migration, an abundance of blooming plants makes nectar a significant food source along with insects (Scharf and Kren 1996). Orchard orioles passing through Florida consume blooming black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) nectar in large numbers (Bent 1965), and those in California have been observed frequently feeding at hummingbird feeders (Small 1994).
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods
Plant Foods: fruit; nectar; flowers
Primary Diet: omnivore
Orchard orioles are omnivorous, consuming insects and spiders, fruits, nuts, and nectar. They may help stabilize insect populations through predation in their communities. Fruits consumed by orchard orioles pass quickly through the bird’s digestive system. The seeds contained by the fruit remain undigested, spreading the seeds to other areas through its defecation.
Though they consume nectar, they are not always pollinators of the species they feed on (Scharf and Kren 1996). For some species, such as the flowering trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), the bird pierces the flower at the base to obtain the nectar, avoiding the stamens of the flower and not pollinating the plant (Bent 1965). For other species, such as Erythrina fusca, orchard orioles do serve as a main pollinator (Morton 1979).
Like many other bird species, orchard orioles are hosts for several types of parasites, including blood parasites and various mites (Scharf and Kren 1996). Nest parasitism by bronzed cowbirds (Molothrus aeneus) and brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) is fairly common, with parasitism rates being recorded as high as 28% (Jaramillo and Burke 1999).
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds; pollinates
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Orchard orioles prey upon the cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis), a major crop pest for cotton farmers (Oberholser 1974). They are also predators of many other important agricultural pest species, including caterpillars, plant lice, beetles, and worms, making them quite beneficial to farmers (Bent 1965).
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
Orchard orioles may cause some minor crop damage when nesting on plantations. They may consume small amounts of stamens from fruit trees, small cultivated berries and fruits (strawberries, raspberries, cherries), figs, and grapes (Bent 1965)
Negative Impacts: crop pest
Because of population declines since 1982, the American Birds Blue List considers orchard orioles a species of special concern (Scharf and Kren 1996). Overall, the eastern population is steady, but the central population has declined in recent years (Scharf and Kren 1996).
The main cause of population decline is thought to be loss or degradation of habitat. Destruction of riparian zones and other preferred areas might account for some of the population’s decline in the central range (Scharf and Kren, 1996). Pesticide spraying in orchards is another potential issue and has displaced birds in Texas and Pennsylvania (Oberholser, 1974; Scharf and Kren, 1996).
Orchard orioles are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, which prohibits hunting, trading, and disturbing the nests or eggs of orchard orioles (USFWS, 2002).
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Females and young orchard orioles communicate vocally through short monotonal whistles (Scharf and Kren 1996). These vocalizations are especially common during mid-July to mid-August, after adult males leave the nesting grounds and before the females and young begin their fall migration (Scharf and Kren 1996).
Adult (including second-year) males sing upon reaching the breeding grounds, most likely in order to attract a mate, but perhaps to a limited degree to establish foraging and nesting areas (Scharf and Kren 1996). This song, a high-pitched series of notes that may include harsh interjections and downward slurs, is similar to that of Baltimore orioles (Icterus galbula) (Scharf and Kren 1996). A soft chuck and chatter may also be used (Scharf and Kren 1996).
Alarm calls comprised of chucks and chatters are used by orchard orioles to warn others of potential danger (Scharf and Kren 1996). Orchard orioles respond to these warning calls from their own species as well as similar calls from other species, such as Baltimore orioles (Icterus galbula) or Bullock’s orioles (Icterus bullockii) (Clawson 1980, Scharf and Kren 1996). Orchard orioles also use visual signals to attract mates (see Reproduction).
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; ultraviolet; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Orchard orioles are considered a species complex consisting of two groups, orchard orioles (I.s. spurius) and Fuertes’s or ochre orioles (I.s. fuertesi). A third subspecies is also often considered, I. s. phillipsi. The classification of these groups is a subject of recent debate. There is uncertainty as to whether Fuertes’s orioles should remain classified as a subspecies of Icterus spurius, as they are now, or considered a separate species, as they were in the past (I. fuertesi) (Jaramillo and Burke, 1999). The plumage pattern of Fuertes’s orioles is basically identical to that of orchard orioles; females and young males of the two groups are virtually indistinguishable. However, unlike adult male orchard oriole chestnut coloring, adult male Fuertes oriole’s plumage is described as “ochre” or tan. There appears to be no color overlap between the groups (Tracy, Hofmann, Cronin, and Omland, unpublished data).
Recent research into the genetics of Fuertes’s and orchard orioles has suggested that they are genetically distinct enough to be considered two separate species. By analyzing similarities in the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome-b, Baker et al. (2003) developed a phylogenetic tree that shows how closely related different orchard and Fuertes’s oriole individuals are. The tree that resulted shows that nearly all Fuertes’s orioles tested were more closely related to each other than to any orchard orioles (Baker et al., 2003).
Several other factors may support the separation of orchard and Fuertes’s orioles into different species. Perhaps the most immediately obvious difference between the two groups is the difference in adult male coloration. Indeed, this may be a significant difference. Hofmann, McGraw, Cronin, and Omland (unpublished data) used spectral measurements (plumage reflectance) and biochemical analysis to determine which pigments are responsible for the bright colors of orchard and Fuertes’s orioles. The color difference is due to a difference in the relative concentration of melanin and carotenoid type pigments in the feathers of each species. The chestnut color of orchard orioles is predominantly produced by a melanin-based pigment, specifically phaeomelanins; carotenoids are present, but are masked by the melanin (Hofmann, McGraw, Cronin, and Omland, unpublished data). Adult male Fuerte’s orioles have a much lower concentration of phaeomelanins (although it is still a higher concentration than is found in females). In Fuertes’s orioles, phaeomelanins do not completely mask the carotenoid color as they do in orchard orioles; carotenoids and melanins both contribute (Hofmann, McGraw, Cronin, and Omland, unpublished data).
Other differences between orchard and Fuertes’s orioles are their geographic ranges and migratory habits. Orchard orioles migrate long distances from their breeding grounds in the United States and Canada to wintering ranges as far south as Colombia, while Fuertes’s orioles inhabit only a small range, breeding on the eastern coast of Mexico from southern Tamaulipas to southern Veracruz, and wintering on the Pacific coast of Mexico from Guerrero to Chiapas (Jaramillo and Burke 1999).
The genus Icterus contains 25 recognized species, many of which exhibit very similar plumage patterns despite being distantly related (Omland and Lanyon 2000). Orchard orioles are an excellent example of this phenomenon, called “convergence.” Orchard orioles have a distinct pattern that includes a black head, colored epaulets, and white wing bars. A nearly identical pattern is found in Baltimore orioles (I. galbula), which are distantly related to orchard orioles. Omland and Lanyon (2000) examined 44 specific feather patches to assess the similarity of patterns in different species of orioles (a process called scoring) and, upon comparing orchard and Baltimore orioles found that only four of the feather patches between the two species differed in pattern (2000). These instances of marked similarity between distantly related species occur repeatedly in Icterus.
Both second year and full adult males arrive in breeding ranges at the same time in mid May. Females arrive either with the males or, in the most northerly parts of their range, soon after (Jaramillo and Burke 1999). Both females and males use courtship displays to attract mates, including “bowing” (the head is lowered) “seesawing” (the head and tail are bobbed alternately), and “begging” (the wings are fluttered and a high trill is sung). The male also uses a flight display, during which he seesaws while flying (Scharf and Kren 1996).
Mating System: monogamous
After pair formation and copulation, females begin building a hanging cup-shaped nest (Scharf and Kren 1996). Orchard orioles generally prefer to build their nests in the fork of small branches in trees without a dense canopy, such as willows, elms, magnolia, and pecan (Scharf and Kren 1996). The nests are also commonly built in Spanish moss, and have more rarely been found in phragmites grasses (Dennis 1948). The nest takes the female about six days to complete and is woven from long strands of grass lined with animal hair, yarn, thin grass, feathers, or other available soft materials (though it may not be lined at all) (Scharf and Kren 1996).
About seven days after the female begins building the nest, she lays between two and seven eggs, depending on geographic area (Clawson 1980). The eggs are light blue, with irregular purple or brown markings mostly on the larger end of the egg (Jaramillo and Burke 1999).
The female incubates the eggs for 12-14 days, during which the male feeds her and may guard the nest (Johnsgard 1979, Foss 1994, Scharf and Kren 1996). Once the eggs hatch, the downy gray or buff-colored chicks are fed by both parents and fledge after 11-14 days in the nest (Scharf and Kren 1996).
The fledglings remain in densely covered habitat close to the nest until the family unit disbands after about a week (Sealy 1980). Adult females and fledglings of both sexes stay in the area and feed mainly on fruits in late July and early August when the males have begun their fall migration (Scharf and Kren 1996).
Orchard orioles are generally considered single-brooders, raising only one brood of offspring per season. When unseasonably harsh weather or other catastrophes destroy eggs early enough in the season, they may re-lay, raising one successful brood later in the breeding season (Scharf and Kren 1996). However, in 2004 three pairs of orchard orioles in Maryland were observed raising two successful broods in one season (Omland and Ligi, unpublished data). The second brood was laid as soon as a week to as late as a month after the young from the first brood had fledged (Omland and Ligi, unpublished data). Further research may help clarify the question of how prevalent this behavior is in orchard oriole populations.
Breeding interval: Orchard orioles typically breed once yearly.
Breeding season: Breeding occurs from May through August.
Range eggs per season: 2 to 7.
Average eggs per season: 4.
Range time to hatching: 12 to 14 days.
Range fledging age: 11 to 14 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Average eggs per season: 4.
Both male and female orchard orioles play a role in parental care. Females build the nest and incubate the eggs. During incubation, males feed the female and protect the nest. When the chicks hatch, the male and female share the responsibilities of feeding the young and carrying away feces (Scharf and Kren 1996). After the young have fledged, the male and female remain to forage with the fledglings for about a week, after which the male begins the fall migration (Sealy 1980). When males leave, females and young may stay behind and feed in large flocks (Jaramillo and Burke 1999).
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)
Smaller (6-7 inches) and darker than the Northern Oriole (Icterus galbula), the male Orchard Oriole is most easily identified by its black upper body, dark orange-brown underparts, and thin white wing bars. The female Orchard Oriole is mostly yellow-green overall with grayish wings with white wing bars. Immature Orchard Orioles resemble females, but young male birds have a solid black throat. The Orchard Oriole breeds widely across the eastern United States and southern Canada from Manitoba and New York south to central Florida and Texas. Smaller numbers breed in central Mexico and along the Mexican Gulf coast. In winter, Orchard Orioles migrate south to southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Orchard Orioles breed in open deciduous forest, usually near water. During the winter, this species inhabits similar kinds of habitat around humid tropical forests. Orchard Orioles primarily eat insects and other invertebrates, adding fruit to their diets when available, particularly in winter. In appropriate habitat, Orchard Orioles may be observed foraging for insects in the branches of trees, often in the tree canopy but sometimes quite close to the ground. This species occasionally visits oriole nectar feeders or hummingbird feeders. Orchard Orioles are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
Smaller (6-7 inches) and darker than the Northern Oriole (Icterus galbula), the male Orchard Oriole is most easily identified by its black upper body, dark orange-brown underparts, and thin white wing bars. The female Orchard Oriole is mostly yellow-green overall with grayish wings with white wing bars. Immature Orchard Orioles resemble females, but young male birds have a solid black throat. The Orchard Oriole breeds widely across the eastern United States and southern Canada from Manitoba and New York south to central Florida and Texas. Smaller numbers breed in central Mexico and along the Mexican Gulf coast. In winter, Orchard Orioles migrate south to southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Orchard Orioles breed in open deciduous forest, usually near water. During the winter, this species inhabits similar kinds of habitat around humid tropical forests. Orchard Orioles primarily eat insects and other invertebrates, adding fruit to their diets when available, particularly in winter. In appropriate habitat, Orchard Orioles may be observed foraging for insects in the branches of trees, often in the tree canopy but sometimes quite close to the ground. This species occasionally visits oriole nectar feeders or hummingbird feeders. Orchard Orioles are primarily active during the day, but, like many migratory songbirds, this species migrates at night.
Distribucion General: Se reproduce desde el sur de Canadá hasta la parte central de México. Invierna desde el noroeste y la parte central de México hasta el norte de Colombia y el noroeste de Venezuela.
Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.
'''Icterus spurius ye una especie d'ave de la familia de los mierlos.
Ye de pequeñu tamañu, de 16 cm de llargor y un pesu d'unos 16 g. Los adultos tienen rayes blanques nes nales. El machu adultu ye castañu nes partes inferiores y negru nes inferiores. La fema adulta ye verde oliva nes partes cimeres, y amarellentada nel pechu y el banduyu.
El so hábitat son árees semiabiertes con árboles caducifolios dende'l sudeste de Norteamérica hasta'l centru de Méxicu, de cutiu cerca de l'agua. El nial ye una bolsa firmemente texida xunida a una caña horizontal. Pueden añerar en pequeñes colonies.
Estos páxaros migren mientres l'iviernu en bandaes, dende Méxicu central, al traviés de Centroamérica, llegando a Colombia y al noroeste de Venezuela.
Forrajean n'árboles y parrotales. Tamién realicen vuelos curtios p'atrapar inseutos y libar flores. La so alimentación básase principalmente n'inseutos, bayes, néctar y flores.
El nome de spurius (falsu) deber a la identificación errónea del machu como Baltimore Oriole. Estos páxaros confundir dacuando coles papudes.
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO. '''Icterus spurius ye una especie d'ave de la familia de los mierlos.
Ye de pequeñu tamañu, de 16 cm de llargor y un pesu d'unos 16 g. Los adultos tienen rayes blanques nes nales. El machu adultu ye castañu nes partes inferiores y negru nes inferiores. La fema adulta ye verde oliva nes partes cimeres, y amarellentada nel pechu y el banduyu.
El so hábitat son árees semiabiertes con árboles caducifolios dende'l sudeste de Norteamérica hasta'l centru de Méxicu, de cutiu cerca de l'agua. El nial ye una bolsa firmemente texida xunida a una caña horizontal. Pueden añerar en pequeñes colonies.
Estos páxaros migren mientres l'iviernu en bandaes, dende Méxicu central, al traviés de Centroamérica, llegando a Colombia y al noroeste de Venezuela.
Forrajean n'árboles y parrotales. Tamién realicen vuelos curtios p'atrapar inseutos y libar flores. La so alimentación básase principalmente n'inseutos, bayes, néctar y flores.
El nome de spurius (falsu) deber a la identificación errónea del machu como Baltimore Oriole. Estos páxaros confundir dacuando coles papudes.
L'Oriol espuri[1] (Icterus spurius) és un ocell de la família dels ictèrids (Icteridae) que habita matolls, boscos horts i pobles. Cria des del sud de Canadà a Saskatchewan i sud de Manitoba, cap al sud, a l'ample de la meitat oriental dels Estats Units fins al centre de Mèxic. Passa l'hivern al sud de Mèxic, Amèrica Central i zona limítrofa d'Amèrica del Sud.
L'Oriol espuri (Icterus spurius) és un ocell de la família dels ictèrids (Icteridae) que habita matolls, boscos horts i pobles. Cria des del sud de Canadà a Saskatchewan i sud de Manitoba, cap al sud, a l'ample de la meitat oriental dels Estats Units fins al centre de Mèxic. Passa l'hivern al sud de Mèxic, Amèrica Central i zona limítrofa d'Amèrica del Sud.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Euryn perllan (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: eurynnod perllan) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Icterus spurious; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Orchard oriole. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn I. spurious, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America a Gogledd America.
Mae'r euryn perllan yn perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Casig Para Psarocolius bifasciatus Gregl y Gorllewin Quiscalus niger
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Euryn perllan (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: eurynnod perllan) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Icterus spurious; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Orchard oriole. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn I. spurious, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America a Gogledd America.
La Hortiktero, Icterus spurius, estas specio de birdo de la familio de Ikteredoj kaj de ties tipa genro nome Ikteroj kiu enhavas speciojn kiuj montras flavajn kaj nigrajn kolorojn, el kiuj tiu ĉi specio estas la ununura kiu anstataŭ flavajn aŭ oranĝecajn kolorojn montras tre brunajn al malhelruĝajn (brikruĝajn) eble nur kun la Martinika iktero. Ĝi krome estas la plej malgranda inter la specioj de ikteredoj. La subspecio de la marbordo de Karibio en Meksiko, nome I. s. fuertesi, estas foje konsiderata separata specio, nome Okra iktero.
Tiu specio estas 16 cm longa kaj pezas 20 g. La beko estas pintakra kaj nigra kun iom da blugriza ĉe la bazo de la suba makzelo (Howell kaj Webb 1995). Maskla plenkreskulo de la nomiga subspecio havas brunajn subajn partojn, ŝultromakulon kaj pugon, dum la resto de la plumaro (kapo, dorso, flugiloj kaj vosto) estas nigra. En la subspecio I. s. fuertesi, la bruna koloro estas anstataŭata de okra (Howell kaj Webb 1995). La kruroj estas nigrecaj.
Ina plenkreskulo kaj la junuloj de ambaŭ subspecioj havas olivecverdecajn suprajn partojn kaj flavecajn bruston kaj ventron. Ĉiuj plenkreskuloj havas pintakrajn bekojn kaj blankajn flugilstriojn. (Hortikteroj estas konsiderataj plenkreskuloj post sia dua jaro). Unujaraj maskloj estas flavecverdecaj kun nigra gorĝomakulo.
La reprodukta habitato estas duonmalfermaj areoj kun deciduaj arboj. I. s. spurius reproduktiĝas printempe tra orienta Nordameriko el la landlimo inter Usono kaj Kanado suden al centra Meksikio. Studo de 2009 trovis reproduktadon en dornarbaroj de Suda Baja California kaj marbordo de Sinaloa dum somera pluvsezono, kvankam tiu regiono estis antaŭe konsiderata nur migranta haltejo (Rohwer, Hobson, kaj Rohwer, 2009). I. s. fuertesi reproduktiĝas el suda Tamaulipas al Veracruz (Howell kaj Webb 1995). Tiuj birdoj emas vivi en umbraj arboj en parkoj ĉe lagoj kaj riveroj, arbarbordoj, arbarklarejoj, izolitaj arbaretoj, parkoj, homloĝataj areoj ktp. Ili evitas nerompitajn arbarojn.
La vintra teritorio de la nomiga subspecio etendas el la marbordaj malaltaj teroj de centra Sinaloa kaj suda Veracruz suden al norda Kolombio kaj nordokcidenta Venezuelo (Scharf kaj Kren 1996). La okra subspecio estis observata vintre en la deklivaro al Pacifiko de Meksikio (Howell kaj Webb 1995).
Nomiga Hortiktero startas el vintrejoj en marto kaj aprilo kaj alvenas al reproduktaj habitatoj el fina aprilo al fina majo. Kutime ili startas el reproduktaj teritorioj fine de julio kaj komence de aŭgusto kaj alvenas al la vintraj teritorioj meze de aŭgusto. Tiuj birdoj estas dumnoktaj migrantoj.
Dum la reprodukta sezono ili manĝas insektojn kaj araneojn. poste ŝanĝas la dieton kiu inkludas ankaŭ maturajn fruktojn, kiuj estas rapide digestataj. Vintre ties dieto konsistas el fruktoj, nektaro kaj insektoj.
Ili serĉas malalte tra arboj, arbustoj kaj herbejoj insektojn. Ili prenas nektaron sed sen kontribui al polenado ĉar pinĉas la bazon de floroj por akiri la nektaron.
Dumfluge la Hortikteroj ĝenerale flugas ĉegrunde kaj poste ekflugas al aŭ sub la arbopintoj.
Dum pariĝado la inoj memontriĝas per 3 unikaj metodoj. Unua konsistas el klino de kapo kaj dorso al masklo. Balancado, la dua konsistas el ripete alterni levon kaj mallevon de kapo kaj vosto. Tria estas postulado, kiu konsistas el rapida frapado de duonetendaj flugiloj, sekve de altatona fajfo.
La nesto estas tre firme teksita saketo ligita al forko en horizontala branĉo. Ties nestoj kutime estas kunigitaj.
La latina scienca nomo spurius (falsa) aludas al origina misidentigo de la masklo kiel ino de la Baltimora iktero. Tiuj birdoj estis foje misidentigitaj kiel Paruliedoj.
La Hortiktero, Icterus spurius, estas specio de birdo de la familio de Ikteredoj kaj de ties tipa genro nome Ikteroj kiu enhavas speciojn kiuj montras flavajn kaj nigrajn kolorojn, el kiuj tiu ĉi specio estas la ununura kiu anstataŭ flavajn aŭ oranĝecajn kolorojn montras tre brunajn al malhelruĝajn (brikruĝajn) eble nur kun la Martinika iktero. Ĝi krome estas la plej malgranda inter la specioj de ikteredoj. La subspecio de la marbordo de Karibio en Meksiko, nome I. s. fuertesi, estas foje konsiderata separata specio, nome Okra iktero.
Icterus spurius Icterus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Icteridae familian sailkatua dago.
De tuintroepiaal (Icterus spurius) is een zangvogel uit de familie Icteridae (troepialen).
Deze soort komt voor van zuidoostelijk Canada tot centraal Mexico en telt 2 ondersoorten:
De tuintroepiaal (Icterus spurius) is een zangvogel uit de familie Icteridae (troepialen).
Hagetrupial (Icterus spurius) er en fugl i trupialfamilien.
Det finnes 2 underarter av hagetrupial[2]:
Denne ornitologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den. 
Hagetrupial (Icterus spurius) er en fugl i trupialfamilien.
Trädgårdstrupial[2] (Icterus spurius) är en fågel i familjen trupialer inom ordningen tättingar.[3] IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.[1] Den förekommer från sydöstra Kanada till centrala slätten i Mexiko och flyttar vintertid söderut till Colombia och Venezuela.[4] Fuertestrupial (Icterus fuertesi) behandlas ofta som en underart till trädgårdstrupial.[4]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör trädgårdstrupial.
Wikispecies har information om Icterus spurius.
Trädgårdstrupial (Icterus spurius) är en fågel i familjen trupialer inom ordningen tättingar. IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig. Den förekommer från sydöstra Kanada till centrala slätten i Mexiko och flyttar vintertid söderut till Colombia och Venezuela. Fuertestrupial (Icterus fuertesi) behandlas ofta som en underart till trädgårdstrupial.
Icterus spurius là một loài chim trong họ Icteridae.[1]
Icterus spurius L., 1766
Охранный статус
Садовый трупиал (лат. Icterus spurius) — вид птиц семейства трупиаловых. Род Цветные трупиалы (лат. Icterus). Занесён в Красную книгу МСОП как вид, вызывающий наименьшие опасения (LC)[1].
Размер птицы составляет 16 см в длину. Вес — 20 грамм. Оперение головы и спины черное, нагрудника — чёрное с серо-голубым оттенком под клювом. Взрослый самец имеет ярко-каштановое оперение внизу, на плечах и крупе, остальное оперение черное. У самцов подвида Icterus spurius fuertesi (Howell and Webb 1995) вместо каштанового цвета охра. Взрослые самки и молодые птицы обоих подвидов имеют оливково-зеленое оперение в верхней части и желтоватое на груди и животе. Взрослые птицы имеют острый тёмный клюв и белые полосы на крыльях. Взрослыми садовые трупиалы становятся на втором году жизни. Однолетние самцы желто-зеленоватые с черным нагрудником.
Природным ареалом являются являются полуоткрытые районы с лиственными деревьями. Весной обитают от восточной части Северной Америки до центральной Мексики. Предпочитают жить в кронах деревьев в парках, вдоль озер и ручьев. Гнездо представляет собой плотно сформированную сумку, прикрепленную к развилке на горизонтальной ветке. Гнезда, как правило, устраивают близко друг к другу. Зимуют на территории от севера Мексике до северо-запада Венесуэлы.
Возвращаются в Северную Америку в марте — апреле. Гнездятся с конца апреля до конца мая. Улетают на юг в конце июля — начале августа и прибывают на места зимовья в середине августа. Мигрируют птицы в ночное время суток.
Весной, в период размножения, они едят насекомых. В остальное время питание садовых трупиалов включает также спелые плоды, которые быстро проходят через их пищеварительный тракт. Зимой рацион птиц состоит из фруктов, нектара, насекомых и семян.
Садовый трупиал (лат. Icterus spurius) — вид птиц семейства трупиаловых. Род Цветные трупиалы (лат. Icterus). Занесён в Красную книгу МСОП как вид, вызывающий наименьшие опасения (LC).
Размер птицы составляет 16 см в длину. Вес — 20 грамм. Оперение головы и спины черное, нагрудника — чёрное с серо-голубым оттенком под клювом. Взрослый самец имеет ярко-каштановое оперение внизу, на плечах и крупе, остальное оперение черное. У самцов подвида Icterus spurius fuertesi (Howell and Webb 1995) вместо каштанового цвета охра. Взрослые самки и молодые птицы обоих подвидов имеют оливково-зеленое оперение в верхней части и желтоватое на груди и животе. Взрослые птицы имеют острый тёмный клюв и белые полосы на крыльях. Взрослыми садовые трупиалы становятся на втором году жизни. Однолетние самцы желто-зеленоватые с черным нагрудником.
Природным ареалом являются являются полуоткрытые районы с лиственными деревьями. Весной обитают от восточной части Северной Америки до центральной Мексики. Предпочитают жить в кронах деревьев в парках, вдоль озер и ручьев. Гнездо представляет собой плотно сформированную сумку, прикрепленную к развилке на горизонтальной ветке. Гнезда, как правило, устраивают близко друг к другу. Зимуют на территории от севера Мексике до северо-запада Венесуэлы.
Возвращаются в Северную Америку в марте — апреле. Гнездятся с конца апреля до конца мая. Улетают на юг в конце июля — начале августа и прибывают на места зимовья в середине августа. Мигрируют птицы в ночное время суток.
Весной, в период размножения, они едят насекомых. В остальное время питание садовых трупиалов включает также спелые плоды, которые быстро проходят через их пищеварительный тракт. Зимой рацион птиц состоит из фруктов, нектара, насекомых и семян.
