Comprehensive Description
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İngilizce
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Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology tarafından sağlandı
Peltaster nidarosiensis (Storm)
Goniaster nidarosiensis Storm, 1881:90–91.
Pentagonaster vincenti Perrier, 1885c:34–35; 1885a:886; 1894:396–397, pl. 26: figs. 2a–2b.
Pentagonaster nidarosiensis.–Storm, 1888:61, 1901:12.
Goniaster acutus Lutken, 1890:359.
Non Goniaster acutus.–Heller, 1863:419, pl. 1: figs. 1–4.
Pentagonaster placenta [part] Ludwig, 1897:157.
Peltaster hebes Verrill, 1899:169–170, pl. 28: fig. 4.–Fisher, 1911a:162.–H. L. Clark, 1941:41–42.–A. H. Clark, 1954:375.
Hippasteria phrygiana [part] Ludwig, 1900:457–458.
Peltaster nidarosiensis.–Grieg, 1905:3–13, figs. 1–2, 4–5; 1927:131.–Fisher, 1911a:162.–Verrill, 1915:28, figs. 4, 4a.–Mortensen, 1924:20.–Tortonese and Clark, 1956:348, 350, 351, figs. 1A, 2A.–Halpern, 1970a:235–238, fig. 14.
The form of this species is pentagonal and the disc is very large and flat. Both primary and secondary abactinal plates are flat, irregularly round, and covered with moderately large, rounded or slightly angular, crowded granules. The arrangement of the primary plates is regular, except in the center of the disc. There are six papular pores around each primary plate over a large area of the disc; only small triangular interradial areas lack pores. The 18–20 massive superomarginal plates are about twice as wide as long. They are covered with granules similar to those of the abactinal plates. The inferomarginal plates correspond to the superomarginals except distally, where they become smaller and more numerous; they bear granules like those of the superomarginals. The large, rhombic, regularly arranged plates of the broad actinal intermediate areas are closely covered with granules larger than those of the marginals. Most of the actinal plates in the row adjoining the adambulacral plates bear a small bivalved pedicellaria; similar pedicellariae occur on some of the other actinals. The adambulacral plates bear, on a slightly curved furrow margin, 4–6 short, thick, compressed furrow spines with blunt tips; a first subambulacral row of three shorter, thicker, prismatic spines, and about three irregular rows of 3 or 4 smaller spines, becoming reduced to granules, occupy the actinal face of the adambulacral plates.
The moderate-sized mouth plates bear, on each half, 7–10 strongly compressed marginal spines similar to the adambulacral furrow spines, and five shorter, thicker spines behind them. The madreporite is moderate to large, flat, covered with deep gyri, and surrounded by a row of slightly enlarged granules. The oculars are small, triangular, and bare. Tiny excavate sugar-tongs pedicellariae occur on many of the abactinal plates, and small bivalved pedicellariae on the actinal surface as noted. The anus is surrounded by five large, triangular or teardrop-shaped plates and a group of enlarged flattened granules.
In the western Atlantic, this species occurs from Georgia to Cuba, and in the eastern Atlantic from Norway to the Bay of Biscay and the Canary Islands; the depth range is 95–1,107 meters. This specimen represents a range extension for the species, to Martinique Passage.
MATERIAL EXAMINED.–Oregon II Station 10827 (1) [R=75 mm, r=54 mm, Rr=1:1.2].
Peltaster placenta (Muller and Troschel)
Goniodiscus placenta Muller and Troschel, 1842:59.–Dujardin and Hupe, 1862:402.
Goniodiscus placentaeformis Heller, 1863:419–420, pl. 1: figs. 1–2; 1868:54.–Gaseo, 1876;40–41, fig. 11.
Goniodiscus acutus Heller, 1863:420–421, pl. 1: figs. 3–4; 1868: 54.
Goniaster placenta.–von Marenzeller, 1875:361.–Stossich, 1883:189.
Goniaster acutus.–von Marenzeller, 1875:362.–Stossich, 1883: 189.
Pentagonaster mirabilis Perrier, 1876a:40–41; 1878:21, 84:1894:390.–Ludwig, 1879:540.–Carus, 1885:88.–Sladen, 1889:265, 746.
Pentagonaster placenta.–Perrier, 1878:21, 84; 1894:390.–Ludwig, 1879:540; 1897:157–179, pl. 5: figs. 1, 2, 10, pl. 7: figs. 24–42.–Carus, 1885:87.–Colombo, 1888:68.–Sladen. 1889:265, 266, 748.–von Marenzeller, 1895:11, 23.–Koehler, 1895:454–455.–Grieg, 1905:4.–Mangold, 1909:134.–Lo Bianco, 1909:561.
Pentagonaster acutus.–Perrier, 1878:21, 84.–Carus, 1885:87.
Pentagonaster minor Koehler, 1895:451–453, fig. 1; 1896: pp. 61–62, pl. 2: figs. 5–7.
Pentagonaster planus Verrill, 1895:135–136.
Tosia placenta.–Verrill, 1899:161.
Peltaster planus.–Verrill, 1899:170–171, pl. 28: figs. 3, 3a.–H. L. Clark, 1941:42.–Gray, Downey, and Cerame-Vivas. 1968:151–152, [not fig. 26].
Ceramaster placenta.–Koehler, 1921a:42, fig. 31; 1924:174; 1929: 2 [unnumbered], 1 pl.–Mortensen, 1927:80. 81.–Tortonese, 1937:60; 1952:187, fig. 3.–Kolosvary, 1937:447. pl. 32: fig. 19.–Cuenot, 1948:238.–Wilson, 1955; fig. 3.–Forest, 1955: pl. 40.–Cherbonnier, 1956:10; 1958:15.–Vevers, 1956:485.–Buchsbaum and Milne, 1960; pl. 130.–Strenger, 1963:446, pl. 164.
Peltaster placenta.–John and Clark, 1954:149.–Halpern, 1970a:238–244, figs. 15–16.
Sphaerodiscus placenta.–Tortonese and Clark, 1956:347–352, figs. 1B, 2B.–Madsen, 1958:90–94, fig. 2–Tortonese, 1965:157–159, figs. 72–74.
In this species, the form is pentagonal and flat. The disc is large. The abactinal plates are arranged in regular rows from center to margin, and secondary plates are limited to the center of the disc and the papular areas. The abactinal plates are flat, irregularly polygonal, and covered with crowded, rounded granules; the peripheral granules are flattened, movable, and slightly larger than the other granules. Six papular pores surround each primary plate except in a narrow interradial area. The large square superomarginals, 12–20 in number, may be completely covered with coarse, crowded, hemispherical granules or may have a more or less extensive naked area in the center, bearing a few scattered granules. The inferomarginal plates correspond generally to the superomarginals and are similarly granulated; there are usually a few more of them.
The actinal intermediate areas are very large, covered with small, flat, polygonal plates in regular rows, which in turn are covered with closely crowded granules larger than those of the abactinal plates. The adambulacral plates bear a furrow series of 4–6 thick, compressed, blunt-tipped, subequal spines. The three prismatic spines of the first subambulacral row are thicker and shorter than the furrow spines, and there are three additional irregular rows of 3 or 4 progressively smaller granuliform spines. The mouth plates are of moderate size and bear two parallel rows of large, compressed, thick spines, 7–9 on the margin and five on the actinal face; the rest of the mouth plate is covered with granules. The madreporite is large, round, and not surrounded by specialized granules. The oculars are small, cordiform, and naked. Small excavate sugar-tongs pedicellariae, with rounded, spoon-shaped valves, are generally abundant on both surfaces; those on the actinal surface are larger than those on the abactinal surface.
In the western Atlantic, this species occurs from Martha’s Vineyard to Key West and throughout the Caribbean. It ranges from the Bay of Biscay and the Mediterranean to the Equator in the eastern Atlantic. Its depth range is from 10 to 695 meters.
MATERIAL EXAMINED.–Oregon II Station 10628 (2) [R=81 mm, r=59 mm, Rr=1:1.5]. Oregon Stations: 6699 (1) [R=75 mm, r=50 mm, Rr=1:1.5]; 6696 (1) [R=75 mm, r=50 mm, Rr=1:1.5]. This slightly abberrant specimen has been the source of confusion; placed variously at one time or another in four different genera in the Goniasteridae, it was only by a careful feature by feature (almost plate by plate) study that its true position was recognized. The arms are longer and more produced than is normal for a Peltaster. The flat tessellate abactinal plates are irregularly arranged, and secondary plates in the radial areas are numerous. The superomarginal plates are smaller than is usual in P. placenta, and they are slightly concave. They are also more numerous, and the inferomarginals correspond interbrachially, but are almost two to one on the arms. Pedicellariae are very abundant on abactinal, marginal, and actinal plates, and a few occurring on the adambulacrals near the mouth are very large. Many of the adambulacral spines, particularly those near the mouth, are very thick and their tips are grooved and pitted. Every actinal plate in the row adjacent to the adambulacrals bears a pedicellaria.
Plinthaster Verrill
Plinthaster Verrill [section B of Tosia], 1899:161. [Type, by original designation, Pentagonaster perrieri Sladen.]
Pyrenaster Verrill, 1899:166. [Type, by original designation, Pentagonaster dentatus Perrier.]
Only one species, Plinthaster dentatus (Perrier), is known from the Atlantic.
- bibliyografik atıf
- Downey, Maureen E. 1973. "Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-158. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.126
