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Zygnemophyceae

Schmuckalgen ( Almanca )

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Die Schmuckalgen (Zygnematophyceae) wurden traditionell zu den Grünalgen gestellt, gehören jedoch zur abgeleiteten Gruppe der Charophyta und stehen somit den höheren Pflanzen näher. Eine ältere Bezeichnung für die Gruppe lautet Conjugatae. Zu ihr gehören die beiden Ordnungen Zieralgen (Desmidiales) und Jochalgen (Zygnematales).

Merkmale

Gemeinsame morphologische Merkmale der beiden Ordnungen sind das jegliche Fehlen von begeißelten Stadien; die sexuelle Vermehrung erfolgt über Konjugation, die Verschmelzung unbegeißelter Gameten, die passiv oder aktiv durch Röhren oder Schleimhüllen zueinander gelangen.[1] Der gesamte Zellinhalt bestimmter Zellen (Gametocysten) wandelt sich dabei in einen unbegeißelten Gameten um. Alle Gameten sind gleichgestaltet. Die Verschmelzung zweier Gameten wird in diesem Fall als Konjugation bezeichnet. Die diploide Zygote ist eine dickwandige Dauerzygote. Vegetative Vermehrung erfolgt durch einfache Zellteilung.[2]

Die Vertreter Zygnematophyceae sind einzellige oder fädige Algen, die Fäden sind stets unverzweigt, einreihig und zerfallen leicht. Die Chloroplasten besitzen Pyrenoide und können sehr vielgestaltig sein. In speziellen Vakuolen finden sich spezifische Einschlüsse: Gerbstoffe bei Zygnematales, Gips bei einigen Desmidiales. Die Zellwand ist schleimig, geschichtet und glatt (Jochalgen) oder skulpturiert (Zieralgen)[2]

Vorkommen

Die Schmuckalgen sind Süßwasserbewohner.[2] Sie leben überwiegend am Gewässergrund (Benthos), seltener im freien Wasserkörper (Plankton). Ein kleiner Teil der Arten sind als Bodenbewohner Teil des Edaphons oder als Besiedler von Gletscheroberflächen Teil der Kryoflora.

Systematik

Neueste molekularbiologische Studien deuten darauf hin, dass die Zygnematophyceae die Schwestergruppe zu den Vorfahren der Landpflanzen sein könnten.[3] Traditionell wird diese Rolle den morphologisch komplexeren Armleuchteralgen zugeschrieben.

Die Schmuckalgen sind mit rund 4000 Arten die artenreichste Algengruppe innerhalb der Charophyta.[1] Die Schmuckalgen wie auch die Ordnung der Zieralgen sind monophyletisch, während die Jochalgen eine paraphyletische Gruppe bilden.[4]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b Louise A. Lewis, Richard M. McCourt: Green Algae and the origin of land plants: American Journal of Botany 91 (10), 2004, Seiten 1535–1556. Abstract und Volltext
  2. a b c W. Braune, A. Leman, H. Taubert: Pflanzenanatomisches Praktikum II. 3. Auflage, VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1990, S. 85–88, ISBN 3-334-00301-9
  3. Norman J. Wickett, Siavash Mirarab, Nam Nguyen, Tandy Warnow, Eric Carpenter, Naim Matasci, Saravanaraj Ayyampalayam, Michael S. Barker, J. Gordon Burleigh, Matthew A. Gitzendanner, Brad R. Ruhfel, Eric Wafula, Joshua P. Der, Sean W. Graham, Sarah Mathews, Michael Melkonian, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela S. Soltis, Nicholas W. Miles, Carl J. Rothfels, Lisa Pokorny, A. Jonathan Shaw, Lisa DeGironimo, Dennis W. Stevenson, Barbara Surek, Juan Carlos Villarreal, Béatrice Roure, Hervé Philippe, Claude W. dePamphilis, Tao Chen, Michael K. Deyholos, Regina S. Baucom, Toni M. Kutchan, Megan M. Augustin, Jun Wang, Yong Zhang, Zhijian Tian, Zhixiang Yan, Xiaolei Wu, Xiao Sun, Gane Ka-Shu Wong and James Leebens-Mack: Phylotranscriptomic analysis of the origin and early diversification of land plants. PNAS 2014 111 (45) E4859-E4868; published ahead of print October 29, 2014, doi:10.1073/pnas.1323926111
  4. Richard M. McCourt, Kenneth G. Karol, Jeremy Bell, Kathleen M. Helm-Bychowski, Anna Grajewska, Martin F. Wojciechowski, Robert W. Hoshaw: Phylogeny of the conjugating Green Algae (Zygnemophyceae) based on rbcL sequences. In: Journal of Phycology, Band 36 (4), 200, S. 747–758. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99106.x; Andrey A. Gontcharov, Birger Marin, Michael Melkonian: Molecular Phylogeny of Conjugating Green Algae (Zygnemophyceae, Streptophyta) Inferred from SSU rDNA Sequence Comparisons. In: Journal of Molecular Evolution, Band 56, 2002, S. 89–104. doi:10.1007/s00239-002-2383-4
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Schmuckalgen: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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Die Schmuckalgen (Zygnematophyceae) wurden traditionell zu den Grünalgen gestellt, gehören jedoch zur abgeleiteten Gruppe der Charophyta und stehen somit den höheren Pflanzen näher. Eine ältere Bezeichnung für die Gruppe lautet Conjugatae. Zu ihr gehören die beiden Ordnungen Zieralgen (Desmidiales) und Jochalgen (Zygnematales).

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Conjugatophyceae ( İnterlingua (Uluslararası Yardımcı Dil Derneği) )

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Zygnematophyceae es un classe de Charophyta.

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Zygnematophyceae ( İnterlingua (Uluslararası Yardımcı Dil Derneği) )

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Zygnematophyceae es un classe de Charophyta.

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Zygnematophyceae ( İngilizce )

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Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta,[2] consisting of more than 4000 described species.[3] The Zygnematophyceae are the sister clade of the land plants.[4][5][6]

Common members of the Zygnematophyceae include the filamentous algae Spirogyra and Mougeotia, as well as desmids, which are microscopic algae characterized by symmetrical and elaborately ornate cells.[7]

Morphology

The body plan of Zygnematophyceae is simple, and appear to have gone through a secondary loss of morphological complexity.[8] The most basal members are unicellular, but filamentous species have evolved at least five times,[9] and a few species form colonies.[7] Each cell contains a single nucleus.[7]

The chloroplasts of the Zygnematophyceae are large, typically axile but sometimes parietally located, and contain one or several pyrenoids. One or several chloroplasts may be present in a single cell. The shape of the chloroplast may be star-shaped (in Zygnema), ribbon-shaped (in Spirogyra), or elaborately lobed and dissected. In some taxa, particularly Mougeotia, the chloroplast is able to move in response to different light conditions.[7]

In the Zygnematophyceae, cell walls are composed of three layers: one outer layer consisting of mucus, a primary wall consisting of microfibrils, and an innermost layer of cellulosic microfibrils. Some species shed their primary wall and retain only the innermost layer. The cell wall may be variously decorated with striations, granules, or spines. In the Desmidiales, there are pores in the cell wall which allow the cell to extrude a layer of mucilage for protection.[7]

Several Zygnematophyceae contain genes involved in protection from desiccation that appear to have been derived by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria; the genes are found in plants, Zygnematophyceae, and bacteria, but no other organisms. The genes may have helped to enable plants to make the transition to life on land.[10][11]

Reproduction

The Zygnematophyceae are able to reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction takes place via fragmentation, cell division, akinete formation, or parthenospores.[7]

Sexual reproduction in the Zygnematophyceae takes place through a process called conjugation.[12] Unusually, the gametes lack flagella,[7] and they also lack centrioles which suggest that flagella were not secondarily lost. This lack of flagella sets the Zygnematophyceae apart from nearly all groups of algae, except for red algae and cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae, if they are classified as such).[1] The gametes are scarcely differentiated from vegetative cells.[7]

In conjugation, cells or filaments of opposite sex line up, and tubes form between corresponding cells. The male cells then become amoeboid and crawl across the female, or sometimes both cells crawl into the connecting tube. The cells then meet and fuse to form a zygote, which later undergoes meiosis to produce new cells or filaments. As in land plants, only the female passes its chloroplasts on to the offspring.

Taxonomy

The Zygnematophyceae is monophyletic. Traditionally, it has been known to contain two orders, the Zygnematales and Desmidiales.[7] However, the Zygnematales were found to be paraphyletic with respect to the Desmidiales, and so it was split up. As of 2023, five orders are recognized: the Spirogloeales, the Serritaeniales, the Zygnematales, the Spirogyrales, and the Desmidiales.[9]

Class Zygnematophyceae[13]

Phylogeny

A phylogeny of the families of Zygnematophyceae is presented below:[14][11]

Zygnematophyceae Spirogloeophycidae Spirogloeales

Spirogloeaceae

Zygnematophycidae Serritaeniales

Serritaeniaceae

Zygnematales

Zygnemataceae

Mesotaeniaceae

Spirogyrales

Spirogyraceae

Desmidiales

Gonatozygaceae

Closteriaceae

Peniaceae

Desmidiaceae

Habitat

Members of the Zygnematophyceae are common in nearly all freshwater habitats, particularly filamentous genera such as Spirogyra and Mougeotia. Some Spirogyra species can tolerate disturbed habitats. On the other hand, desmids (the Desmidiales) often prefer bogs, peatlands, and lakes.[15]

Fossil record

Vegetative cells of the Zygnematophyceae are fragile and usually not preserved, but the zygospores are resistant to decay and can become fossilized. The Zygnematophyceae have been recorded from at least the middle Devonian period, and before the Carboniferous period, all the major groups had diverged. Fossils of zygospores are indicators of warming spring conditions and shallow, stagnant mesotrophic habitats.[7]

References

  1. ^ a b Guiry, Michael D. (15 March 2013). "Taxonomy and nomenclature of the Conjugatophyceae (= Zygnematophyceae)". Algae. 28 (1): 1–29. doi:10.4490/algae.2013.28.1.001. hdl:10379/11755.
  2. ^ Gontcharov, A. A.; Marin, B; Melkonian, M (5 December 2003). "Are Combined Analyses Better Than Single Gene Phylogenies? A Case Study Using SSU rDNA and rbcL Sequence Comparisons in the Zygnematophyceae (Streptophyta)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (3): 612–624. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh052. PMID 14739253.
  3. ^ Pichrtová, Martina; Holzinger, Andreas; Kulichová, Jana; Ryšánek, David; Šoljaková, Tereza; Trumhová, Kateřina; Nemcova, Yvonne (8 October 2018). "Molecular and morphological diversity of Zygnema and Zygnemopsis (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) from Svalbard (High Arctic)". European Journal of Phycology. 53 (4): 492–508. doi:10.1080/09670262.2018.1476920. PMC 6235541. PMID 30487730.
  4. ^ Wickett, Norman J.; Mirarab, Siavash; Nguyen, Nam; Warnow, Tandy; Carpenter, Eric; Matasci, Naim; Ayyampalayam, Saravanaraj; Barker, Michael S.; Burleigh, J. Gordon; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Ruhfel, Brad R.; Wafula, Eric; Der, Joshua P.; Graham, Sean W.; Mathews, Sarah; Melkonian, Michael; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Miles, Nicholas W.; Rothfels, Carl J.; Pokorny, Lisa; Shaw, A. Jonathan; DeGironimo, Lisa; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Surek, Barbara; Villarreal, Juan Carlos; Roure, Béatrice; Philippe, Hervé; dePamphilis, Claude W.; Chen, Tao; Deyholos, Michael K.; Baucom, Regina S.; Kutchan, Toni M.; Augustin, Megan M.; Wang, Jun; Zhang, Yong; Tian, Zhijian; Yan, Zhixiang; Wu, Xiaolei; Sun, Xiao; Wong, Gane Ka-Shu; Leebens-Mack, James (11 November 2014). "Phylotranscriptomic analysis of the origin and early diversification of land plants". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (45): E4859–E4868. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111E4859W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323926111. PMC 4234587. PMID 25355905.
  5. ^ de Vries, Jan; Stanton, Amanda; Archibald, John M.; Gould, Sven B. (June 2016). "Streptophyte Terrestrialization in Light of Plastid Evolution". Trends in Plant Science. 21 (6): 467–476. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2016.01.021. PMID 26895731.
  6. ^ Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Wong, Gane K.-S.; Ruhfel, Brad R.; Soltis, Douglas E. (March 2018). "Plastid phylogenomic analysis of green plants: A billion years of evolutionary history". American Journal of Botany. 105 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1048. PMID 29603143.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hall, John D.; McCourt, Richard M. (2017). "Zygnematophyta". Handbook of the Protists. pp. 135–163. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_41. ISBN 978-3-319-28149-0.
  8. ^ Nishiyama, Tomoaki; Sakayama, Hidetoshi; de Vries, Jan; Buschmann, Henrik; Saint-Marcoux, Denis; Ullrich, Kristian K.; Haas, Fabian B.; Vanderstraeten, Lisa; Becker, Dirk; Lang, Daniel; Vosolsobě, Stanislav; Rombauts, Stephane; Wilhelmsson, Per K.I.; Janitza, Philipp; Kern, Ramona; Heyl, Alexander; Rümpler, Florian; Villalobos, Luz Irina A. Calderón; Clay, John M.; Skokan, Roman; Toyoda, Atsushi; Suzuki, Yutaka; Kagoshima, Hiroshi; Schijlen, Elio; Tajeshwar, Navindra; Catarino, Bruno; Hetherington, Alexander J.; Saltykova, Assia; Bonnot, Clemence; Breuninger, Holger; Symeonidi, Aikaterini; Radhakrishnan, Guru V.; Van Nieuwerburgh, Filip; Deforce, Dieter; Chang, Caren; Karol, Kenneth G.; Hedrich, Rainer; Ulvskov, Peter; Glöckner, Gernot; Delwiche, Charles F.; Petrášek, Jan; Van de Peer, Yves; Friml, Jiri; Beilby, Mary; Dolan, Liam; Kohara, Yuji; Sugano, Sumio; Fujiyama, Asao; Delaux, Pierre-Marc; Quint, Marcel; Theißen, Günter; Hagemann, Martin; Harholt, Jesper; Dunand, Christophe; Zachgo, Sabine; Langdale, Jane; Maumus, Florian; Van Der Straeten, Dominique; Gould, Sven B.; Rensing, Stefan A. (July 2018). "The Chara Genome: Secondary Complexity and Implications for Plant Terrestrialization". Cell. 174 (2): 448–464.e24. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.033. PMID 30007417. S2CID 206569169.
  9. ^ a b Hess, Sebastian; Williams, Shelby K.; Busch, Anna; Irisarri, Iker; Delwiche, Charles F.; Vries, Sophie de; Darienko, Tatyana; Roger, Andrew J.; Archibald, John M.; Buschmann, Henrik; Schwartzenberg, Klaus von; Vries, Jan de (2022-09-01). "A phylogenomically informed five-order system for the closest relatives of land plants". Current Biology. 32 (20): 4473–4482.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.022. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 9632326. PMID 36055238.
  10. ^ Zimmer, Carl (14 November 2019). "How Did Plants Conquer Land? These Humble Algae Hold Clues". The New York Times.
  11. ^ a b c Cheng, Shifeng; Xian, Wenfei; Fu, Yuan; Marin, Birger; Keller, Jean; Wu, Tian; Sun, Wenjing; Li, Xiuli; Xu, Yan; Zhang, Yu; Wittek, Sebastian; Reder, Tanja; Günther, Gerd; Gontcharov, Andrey; Wang, Sibo; Li, Linzhou; Liu, Xin; Wang, Jian; Yang, Huanming; Xu, Xun; Delaux, Pierre-Marc; Melkonian, Barbara; Wong, Gane Ka-Shu; Melkonian, Michael (2019). "Genomes of Subaerial Zygnematophyceae Provide Insights into Land Plant Evolution". Cell. 179 (5): 1057–1067.e14. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.019. PMID 31730849.
  12. ^ Kapraun, D. F. (30 November 2006). "Nuclear DNA Content Estimates in Green Algal Lineages: Chlorophyta and Streptophyta". Annals of Botany. 99 (4): 677–701. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl294. PMC 2802934. PMID 17272304.
  13. ^ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M. "Zygnematophyceae". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
  14. ^ Stancheva, Rosalina; Hall, John D.; Herburger, Klaus; Lewis, Louise A.; Mccourt, Richard M.; Sheath, Robert; Holzinger, Andreas (July 2014). "Phylogenetic position of Zygogonium ericetorum (Zygnematophyceae, Charophyta) from a high alpine habitat and ultrastructural characterization of unusual aplanospores". Journal of Phycology. 50 (5): 790–803. doi:10.1111/jpy.12229. PMC 4370237. PMID 25810560.
  15. ^ Hall, John D.; McCourt, Richard M. (2014). "Chapter 9. Conjugating Green Algae Including Desmids". In Wehr, John D.; Sheath, Robert G.; Kociolek, J. Patrick (eds.). Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification (2 ed.). Elsevier Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-385876-4.
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Zygnematophyceae: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. The Zygnematophyceae are the sister clade of the land plants.

Common members of the Zygnematophyceae include the filamentous algae Spirogyra and Mougeotia, as well as desmids, which are microscopic algae characterized by symmetrical and elaborately ornate cells.

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Zygnematophyceae ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Las algas conjugadas (taxón Zygnematophyceae o Conjugatophyceae) es una clase de algas verdes[1]​ unicelulares y multicelulares de agua dulce que se reproducen por conjugación (isogamia). A veces se consideró una división con el nombre Gamophyta.

Al igual que las algas Charales, están genéticamente próximas a las plantas terrestres. Contiene dos órdenes: Zygnematales (con filamentos ramificados) y Desmidiales (unicelulares).

Referencias

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Zygnematophyceae: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

wikipedia ES tarafından sağlandı

Las algas conjugadas (taxón Zygnematophyceae o Conjugatophyceae) es una clase de algas verdes​ unicelulares y multicelulares de agua dulce que se reproducen por conjugación (isogamia). A veces se consideró una división con el nombre Gamophyta.

Al igual que las algas Charales, están genéticamente próximas a las plantas terrestres. Contiene dos órdenes: Zygnematales (con filamentos ramificados) y Desmidiales (unicelulares).

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Ikkesvetikad ( Estonyaca )

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Ikkesvetikad (Zygnematophyceae) on klass rohevetikaid.

Sageli arvatakse nad mändvetiktaimede hõimkonda.

Siia arvatakse kaks seltsi: Zygnematales ja desmidieed (Desmidiales).

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Zygnematophyceae ( Fransızca )

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Les Zygnematophyceae ou Zygnématophycées (autrefois : Zygophyceae ou Zygophycées), appelées encore Conjugatophyceae (Conjugatophycées ou Conjuguées) sont une classe d'algues vertes de l'infra-règne des Streptophyta.

Elles se distinguent des autres algues vertes par deux caractères : d'une part l'absence de toute cellule nageuse flagellée, et d'autre part, la reproduction sexuée par conjugaison (d'où leur nom) d'isogamètes amiboïdes. Les cellules, toujours uninucléées, sont haploïdes (excepté le zygote). Elles peuvent être solitaires ou réunies en filaments non ramifiés.
Les Zygnematophyceae sont divisées en trois ordres regroupés dans deux sous-classes : l’ordre des Spirogloeales dans la sous-classe des Spirogloeophycidae, et les ordres des Zygnematales et des Desmidiales dans la sous-classe des Zygnematophycidae. Les Desmidiales se distinguent par leurs cellules partagées en deux parties symétriques (les hémisomates) par rapport au noyau, la membrane cellulosique comportant de ce fait une suture ou sillon.

Taxinomie

Position au sein du règne végétal

Classification phylogénétique

Liste des ordres et sous-classes

Selon AlgaeBase (24 avril 2020)[1] et NCBI (24 avril 2020)[3] :

Selon BioLib (24 avril 2020)[2], ITIS (24 avril 2020)[4] et World Register of Marine Species (24 avril 2020)[5] :

Notes et références

Références taxinomiques

Zygnematophyceae

Zygnemophyceae

Conjugatophyceae

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Zygnematophyceae: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

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Les Zygnematophyceae ou Zygnématophycées (autrefois : Zygophyceae ou Zygophycées), appelées encore Conjugatophyceae (Conjugatophycées ou Conjuguées) sont une classe d'algues vertes de l'infra-règne des Streptophyta.

Elles se distinguent des autres algues vertes par deux caractères : d'une part l'absence de toute cellule nageuse flagellée, et d'autre part, la reproduction sexuée par conjugaison (d'où leur nom) d'isogamètes amiboïdes. Les cellules, toujours uninucléées, sont haploïdes (excepté le zygote). Elles peuvent être solitaires ou réunies en filaments non ramifiés.
Les Zygnematophyceae sont divisées en trois ordres regroupés dans deux sous-classes : l’ordre des Spirogloeales dans la sous-classe des Spirogloeophycidae, et les ordres des Zygnematales et des Desmidiales dans la sous-classe des Zygnematophycidae. Les Desmidiales se distinguent par leurs cellules partagées en deux parties symétriques (les hémisomates) par rapport au noyau, la membrane cellulosique comportant de ce fait une suture ou sillon.

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Conjugatophyceae ( Hırvatça )

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Conjugatophyceae (Zygnematophyceae), razred parožina. Postoji blizu 4 000 priznatih vrsta. Podijeljen je na dva reda.[1]

Redovi

  1. Desmidiales C.E.Bessey
  2. Zygnematales C.E.Bessey

Izvori

  1. AlgaeBase pristupljeno 16. prosinca 2018
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Conjugatophyceae: Brief Summary ( Hırvatça )

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Conjugatophyceae (Zygnematophyceae), razred parožina. Postoji blizu 4 000 priznatih vrsta. Podijeljen je na dva reda.

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Jungadumblainiai ( Litvanca )

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Jungadumblainiai (Conjugatophyceae) - žaliadumblių (Chlorophyta) klasė. Jai priklauso dumbliai, kurie neformuoja gametų, o lytinio dauginimosi metu susilieja vegetatyvinių ląstelių protoplastai - vyksta konjugacija.

Nebaigta Šis straipsnis apie dumblius yra nebaigtas. Jūs galite prisidėti prie Vikipedijos papildydami šį straipsnį.
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Zygnematophyceae ( Portekizce )

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Zygnematophyceae é uma classe de algas verdes da divisão Charophyta.[1]

Contém as seguintes ordens: Zygnematales e Desmidiales.

Referências

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Zygnematophyceae: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

wikipedia PT tarafından sağlandı

Zygnematophyceae é uma classe de algas verdes da divisão Charophyta.

Contém as seguintes ordens: Zygnematales e Desmidiales.

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Spájavky ( Slovakça )

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Spájavky (lat. Zygnematophyceae, Conjugatophyceae, Conjugatae, resp. Zygnematales v širšom zmysle) alebo skôr neformálne spájavé riasy sú trieda či rad z taxónu Charophyta. Staršie sa zaraďovali pod zelené riasy.

Charakteristika

Trieda je charakteristická spájaním (=splývaním, konjugáciou), čo je zvláštny typ pohlavného rozmnožovania. Spájavky sú jednobunkové, kolóniové alebo vláknité nerozkonárené riasy. Bunky sú jednojadrové, bunková stena je celulózna, celistvá alebo dvojdielna, protoplast obsahuje 1 – 2 aj viac chloroplastov. Väčšinou sú sladkovodné.[1]

Systematika

(slovenské synonymá sú uvedené vždy podľa všetkých zdrojov súčasne)

Podľa Pyramída - encyklopedický časopis moderného človeka č. 167 (rok 1984):
trieda spájavky (Conjugatophyceae):

Podľa Gápera, 2001:
trieda spájavky

Podľa Taxonomicon:
rad Zygnematales (v širšom zmysle):

  • podrad Desmidiineae
    • čeľaď Desmidiaceae
      • rod Allorgeia L. Gauthier-Lièvre, 1958
      • rod Amscottia Groenblad, 1954
      • rod Bambusina Kützing ex Kützing, 1849, nom. cons.
      • rod kozmárium (Cosmarium Ralfs, 1848)
      • rod Cosmocladium Brébisson, 1856
      • rod dvojčatko (Desmidium C.A. Agardh ex Ralfs, 1848)
      • rod Docidium Brébisson ex Ralfs, 1848
      • rod Euastrum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs, 1848
      • rod Groenbladia E. Teiling, 1952
      • rod Hyalotheca Ehrenberg ex Ralfs, 1848
      • rod Ichthyocercus W. West & G.S. West, 1897
      • rod Ichthyodontum A.M. Scott & G.W. Prescott, 1956
      • rod Micrasterias C.A. Agardh ex J. Ralfs, 1848
      • rod Onychonema Wallich, 1860
      • rod Oocardium Naegeli, 1849
      • rod Phymatodocis Nordstedt, 1877
      • rod Pleurotaenium Naegeli, 1849
      • rod Prescottiella C.E.M. Bicudo, 1976
      • rod Sphaerozosma Corda ex Ralfs, 1848
      • rod Spinoclosterium C. Bernard, 1909
      • rod Spinocosmarium Prescott & Scott, 1942
      • rod Spondylosium Brébisson ex Kützing, 1849
      • rod Staurastrum Meyen ex J. Ralfs, 1848
      • rod Staurodesmus Teiling, 1948
      • rod Streptonema Wallich, 1860
      • rod Teilingia P. Bourrelly, 1964
      • rod Tetmemorus Ralfs, 1848
      • rod Triploceras J.W. Bailey, 1851
      • rod Xanthidium Ehrenberg ex Ralfs, 1848
    • čeľaď Peniaceae
      • rod kosákovka (Closterium J. Ralfs, 1848)
      • rod Genicularia H.A. de Bary, 1858
      • rod Gonatozygon H.A. de Bary, 1856
      • rod vretenovka (Penium Brébisson ex Ralfs, 1848)
  • podrad Zygnematineae
    • čeľaď Zygnemataceae
      • rod Debarya Wittrock, 1872
      • rod Hallasia Rosenvinge, 1924
      • rod mužócia (Mougeotia C.A. Agardh, 1824, nom. cons.)
      • rod Mougeotiopsis Palla, 1894
      • rod Pleurodiscus G. Lagerheim, 1895
      • rod Sirocladium Randhawa, 1941
      • rod Sirogonium Kützing, 1843, nom. cons.
      • rod závitnicovka/spirogyra (Spirogyra Link, in C.G.D. Nees, 1820, nom. cons.)
      • rod Temnogametum W. West & G.S. West, 1897
      • rod jarmovka(Zygnema C.A. Agardh, 1817, nom. cons.)
      • rod Zygnemopsis (H. Skuja) E.N. Transeau, 1934
      • rod Zygogonium Kützing, 1843, nom. cons.
    • čeľaď Mesotaeniaceae
      • rod Ancylonema Berggren, 1871
      • rod Cylindrocystis Meneghini, 1838
      • rod Mesotaenium C.W. von Nägeli, 1849
      • rod Netrium (Naegeli) Itzigsohn & Rothe, in Rabenhorst, 1856
      • rod Roya W. West & G.S. West, 1896
      • rod Spirotaenia L.A. de Brébisson ex J. Ralfs, 1848

Podľa AlgaeBase
trieda Zygnematophyceae/rad Zygnematales (v širšom zmysle)

  • čeľaď Closteriaceae
  • čeľaď Desmidiaceae
    • rod Actinotaenium (Nägeli) Teiling
    • rod Allorgeia Gauthier-Lièvre
    • rod Amscottia Groenblad
    • rod Aptogonum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs
    • rod Arthrodesmus Ehrenberg ex Ralfs
    • rod Bambusina Kützing ex Kützing
    • rod Bourellyodesmus Compère
    • rod Brachytheca A.A.Gontcharov & M.Watanabe
    • rod kozmárium (Cosmarium Corda ex Ralfs)
    • rod Cosmoastrum G.M.Palamar-Mordvintseva
    • rod Cosmocladium Brébisson
    • rod Croasdalea C.E.M.Bicudo & C.t. j.Mercante
    • rod Cruciangulum D.B.Williamson
    • rod dvojčatko (Desmidium C.Agardh ex Ralfs)
    • rod Didymocladon J.Ralfs
    • rod Docidium Brébisson ex Ralfs
    • rod Echinella Acharius
    • rod Euastrum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs
    • rod Groenbladia Teiling
    • rod Haplotaenium T.Bando
    • rod Heimansia Coesel
    • rod Holacanthum (P.M.Lundell) N.Wille
    • rod Holocystis Hassall ex Wallich
    • rod Hyalotheca Ehrenberg ex Ralfs
    • rod Ichthyocercus West et G.S.West
    • rod Ichthyodontum A.M.Scott et G.W.Prescott
    • rod Micrasterias C.Agardh ex Ralfs
    • rod Octacanthium (Hansgirg) P.Compère
    • rod Onychonema G.C.Wallich
    • rod Oocardium Nägeli
    • rod Pentasterias Ehrenberg
    • rod Phymatodocis Nordstedt
    • rod Pleurotaeniopsis (P.M.Lundell) G.Lagerheim
    • rod Pleurotaenium Nägeli
    • rod Prescottiella C.E.M.Bicudo
    • rod Sphaerozosma Corda ex Ralfs
    • rod Spinocosmarium G.W.Prescott & A.M.Scott
    • rod Spondylosium Brébisson ex Kützing
    • rod Staurastrum Meyen ex Ralfs
    • rod Staurodesmus Teiling
    • rod Streptonema Wallich
    • rod Teilingia Bourrelly
    • rod Tetmemorus Ralfs ex Ralfs
    • rod Tetrachastrum R.V.Dixon
    • rod Triplastrum Iyengar & Ramanathan
    • rod Triploceras J.W.Bailey
    • rod Xanthidium Ehrenberg ex Ralfs
  • čeľaď Mesotaniaceae
    • rod Ancylonema Berggren
    • rod Cylindrocystis Meneghini ex De Bary
    • rod Endospira Brébisson
    • rod Entospira Kuntze
    • rod Geniculus G.W.Prescott
    • rod Mesotaenium Nägeli
    • rod Netrium (Nägeli) Itzigsohn & Rothe
    • rod Planotaenium (Ohtani) Petlovany & Palamar-Mordvintseva
    • rod Polytaenia A.J.Brook
    • rod Roya West & G.S.West
    • rod Spirotaenia Brébisson
    • rod Tortitaenia A.J.Brook
  • čeľaď Peniaceae
    • rod Genicularia
    • rod Gonatozygon
    • rod Leptocystinema
    • rod vretenovka (Penium)
  • čeľaď Zygnemataceae
    • rod Debarya (Wittrock) Transeau
    • rod Ghosella Randhawa
    • rod Hallasia Rosenvinge
    • rod Jugalis Schrank
    • rod Lloydiella A.Ahmad & M.Goldstein
    • rod Lloydina A.Ahmad & M.Goldstein
    • rod Mesocarpus Hassall
    • rod mužócia (Mougeotia C.Agardh)
    • rod Mougeotiopsis Palla
    • rod Rhynchonema Kützing
    • rod Sirocladium Randhawa
    • rod Sirogonium Kützing
    • rod závitnicovka/spirogyra (Spirogyra Link)
    • rod Staurocarpus Hassall
    • rod Temnogametum West & G.S.West
    • rod Trigonum A.K.Mahato & P.Mahato
    • rod Tyndaridea Harvey in W.J.Hooker
    • rod jarmovka (Zygnema C.Agardh)
    • rod Zygnemopsis (Skuja) Transeau
    • rod Zygogonium Kützing

Referencie

  1. Pozri v časti Systematika
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Spájavky: Brief Summary ( Slovakça )

wikipedia SK tarafından sağlandı

Spájavky (lat. Zygnematophyceae, Conjugatophyceae, Conjugatae, resp. Zygnematales v širšom zmysle) alebo skôr neformálne spájavé riasy sú trieda či rad z taxónu Charophyta. Staršie sa zaraďovali pod zelené riasy.

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접합조강 ( Korece )

wikipedia 한국어 위키백과 tarafından sağlandı

접합조강(Conjugatophyceae 또는 Zygnematophyceae)은 윤조식물 강의 하나이다.[2] 2개의 목, 별해캄목데스미디움목을 포함하고 있다.

하위 분류

각주

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