Extant: 4 valid subspecies
Crematogaster peringueyi Emery, 1895i PDF: 27, figs. 16, 17 (w.q.m.) SOUTH AFRICA. Afrotropic. AntCat AntWiki HOLTaxonomic history
Combination in Crematogaster (Crematogaster): Wheeler, 1922: 842.Combination in Crematogaster (Acrocoelia): Emery, 1922c PDF: 148.Combination in Crematogaster (Crematogaster): Bolton, 1995b: 166.Combination in Crematogaster (Crematogaster): Blaimer, 2012c PDF: 55.- (Pl. 2, fig. 16 - 17). - [[ worker ]]. Atra, opaca, abdomine nitido, parce pubescens et disperse pilosa, capite breviore quam latiore, confertim punctulato-striato, antice fortius strialo, antennarum scapo marginem occipitis vix superante, thorace haud marginato, mesonoto cum cannula media, metanoto basi longitrorsum striolato, spinis mediocribus, acutis, subtilibus, parte declivi laevigata, pedunculi segmento 1 ° trapezoidea, antice latiore, lateribus subrectis, postice utrinque denticulo seu tuberculo acuta, 2 o nitido, medio longitrorsum impresso, religuo abdomine nitidulo, subtilissime punctulato el punctis dispersis pubem gerentibus. - Long. 3 1 / 2 - 4 1 / 2 mili.
[[ queen ]]. Operaria quoad colorem simillima, capite similiter opaco, distinctus striato, thorace supeme nitida, lateribus striatulo, metanoto obtuse bidentato, pedunculi segmento 1 ° latiore, lateribus redis, antice superficie oblique concava, postice sine tuberculis, 2 ° minus profunde sulcato. Alae hyalinae, costis dilute fuscis. - Long. 8 - 9 mill.
[[ male ]]. Ater, capite opaco thoraceque subnitida subtiliter striatis, abdomine nitida, punctis foveiformibus, pubem gerentibus sculpto, antennis 12 - articulatis, moniliformibus, mandibulis angustis, acute 3 - dentatis, pedunculi breviusculi articulo 1 ° antice oblique truncato, 2 ° aequaliter convexo. - Long. 4 mill. - Cape Town, [[ worker ]] [[ queen ]].
J'ai recu autrefois les trois sexes du meme Insecte de M. Peringuey, auquel je dedie l'espece.
Appartient au groupe difficile de C. scutellaris et especes voisines. L'ouvriere me parait distincte des autres par son aspect mat et sa couleur foncee, par la forme moins elargie en avant du 1 er segment du pedicule, par la petite dent ou tubercule pointu qui se trouve de chaque cote avant l'extremite posterieure de ce segment (voir les figures). Ces dents sont bien marquees chez d'autres especes dont le pedicule a une forme differente.
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Crematogaster peringueyi is a southern African arboreal species of ant. They are commonly known as the black cocktail ant or swartwipgatmier (Afrikaans) for their colour and habit of arching their abdomens when alarmed.
They make their nests in old Protea flowers,[1] dead, hollow branches, and under tree bark, also making nests constructed of well-chewed vegetable matter with the consistency of papier-mâché. The outer walls of these nests are blackened by the salivary secretions, and are thin, with the interior divided into irregular, connected cells, like a coarse sponge. These more or less spherical nests, ranging in diameter from 10–30 cm, are built in a fork or among the branches, some of the branches passing through the nest.[2] Workers are glossy black and 3–5 mm long, and the larger queen is about 8 mm long, both having heart-shaped abdomens.
Pheromone alarms are common among the social Hymenoptera. Some of these have been chemically identified, but the number is still small compared with the large number of species making use of them. The ketone octan-3-one is seen as the major component of the pheromone complex secreted from the heads of C. peringueyi.[3]
The sting or venom gland of other ant species has evolved in C. peringueyi into a gland secreting a smelly and irritant fluid, which, together with the ant's painful bite, is a strong deterrent to predation or attack.
Butterflies belonging to the family Lycaenidae, like the Common Opal (Chrysoritis thysbe), Dickson's Copper (Chrysoritis dicksoni) and other members of this genus, have a mutualistic relationship with various species of Crematogaster.[4][5] The Lycaenidae and Crematogaster spp. are strongly associated with the fynbos growing in the Natal Drakensberg, and on Table Mountain Sandstone in the western and southern Cape. C. peringueyi also occurs at Jagersfontein, De Aar, Willowmore, Clanwilliam, Garies, Springbok, and Laingsburg.[6]
Various honeydew-producing insects such as aphids, scale insects and mealybugs are diligently protected by the ants. Common Opal larvae also produce honeydew from a gland on the back, leading to their being constantly guarded from predators such as parasitic wasps. The larvae at first feed and rest among the young leaves of the foodplant, but with the 3rd instar move to the plant's base. Here the ants extend their protection and hospitality by constructing papery daytime shelters for the larvae which feed by night on plants such as Bietou, and species of Aspalathus, Osteospermum and Zygophyllum. The larvae use these same shelters for pupating, the pupae also producing honeydew to ensure ant protection.[7]
C. peringueyi – and other ants with a similar location and lifestyle, Linepithema humile and Formica perpilosa – are indirect pests of South African viticulture.[8]: 299 Addison & Samways 2000 and Mgocheki & Addison 2009 find that these ants interfere with the natural biological control of Planococcus ficus provided by various natural enemies.[8]: 299 The ants and the mealybug have a pre-existing mutualistic (honeydew) relationship and so provide them with a refuge.[8]: 299 In their next work Mgocheki & Addison 2010 find that managing the ants did indeed lead to increased parasitism on the mealybug and decreased crop injury.[8]: 299
The genus of Crematogaster, created by Peter Wilhelm Lund in 1831 (Lettre sur les habitudes de quelques fourmis du Brésil, adressée a M. Audouin. Annales des Sciences Naturelles 23: 113-138) is diverse, widespread and abundant, distributed over tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions throughout the world. Greek: 'kremastos' + 'gaster' = 'suspended stomach', which would make the literal generic spelling 'Cremastogaster', but Lund set it as 'Crematogaster', which is preserved by priority.[9]
The whistling thorn of East Africa is fiercely protected by at least three species of Crematogaster which occupy the swollen thorns and, in exchange for nectar from the tree, vigorously attack browsers.
Trail-laying amongst cocktail ants involves shuffling their hind legs without touching of the soil with their abdomens, as is common with other ant species. This results in a setting of footprints for other foragers to follow. The hind leg's tendon to the claw is swollen where it passes through the tibia into a spindle-shaped reservoir containing the pheromone, an oil-like, relatively nonvolatile substance.[10]
Carton nest
Clockwise from top left: Worker, queen, alarmed worker, nest, pupa, larva, eggs Crematogaster peringueyi is a southern African arboreal species of ant. They are commonly known as the black cocktail ant or swartwipgatmier (Afrikaans) for their colour and habit of arching their abdomens when alarmed.
Crematogaster peringueyi is een mierensoort uit de onderfamilie van de Myrmicinae.[1][2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1895 door Emery.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
