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Behaviour ( İngilizce )

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When threatened, these snakes inflate their bodies with air while hissing and puffing ferociously. In some regions, such as the rubber plantations in Liberia, they are responsible for a large proportion of snakebites (Spawls et al., 2002).

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Common Names ( İngilizce )

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Night adders

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Description ( İngilizce )

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Small, stout terrestrial vipers, never growing larger than 1 m in length. They are made distinct from other adders due to their round pupils and large scales on the top of their heads (most vipers have small scales).

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Diet ( İngilizce )

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Night adders feed exclusively on frogs and toads and are the only known group of vipers that can consume toads with no apparent ill effects (Ineich et al., 2006; Spawls et al., 2002).

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Distribution ( İngilizce )

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Subsaharan Africa (McDiarmid et al., 1999).

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Notes ( İngilizce )

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Type-species: Sepedon rhombeata Lichtenstein, 1823 [= Causus rhombeatus (Lichtenstein, 1823)], by monotypy

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Physiology ( İngilizce )

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Several species of night adder have very long venom glands, extending well down the neck; despite this, the venom is not regarded as particularly deadly (although large quantities may be injected) (Spawls et al., 2002).

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Reproduction ( İngilizce )

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Night adders are oviparous.

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Causus ( Bretonca )

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Causus a zo ur genad e rummatadur ar stlejviled, an hini nemetañ en iskerentiad Causinae. Ennañ ez eus spesadoù naered binimus hag a vev en Afrika issahara.

Spesadoù

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Causus: Brief Summary ( Bretonca )

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Causus a zo ur genad e rummatadur ar stlejviled, an hini nemetañ en iskerentiad Causinae. Ennañ ez eus spesadoù naered binimus hag a vev en Afrika issahara.

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Krötenvipern ( Almanca )

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Die Krötenvipern (Causus), auch Kröten- oder Nachtottern genannt, sind eine Gattung in der Unterfamilie der Echten Vipern (Viperinae). Die sechs Arten sind in der Verbreitung auf Afrika beschränkt, sie sind möglicherweise neben der asiatischen Fea-Viper (Azemiops feae) die ursprünglichsten lebenden Vertreter aller Vipern.

Systematik

Neuere molekulargenetische Untersuchungen[1][2] ordnen sie als Schwestergattung der aus Echis (Sandrasselottern) und Cerastes (Afrikanische Hornvipern) gebildeten Klade tief innerhalb der Echten Vipern (Viperinae) ein. In früheren Arbeiten wurden sie dagegen – wie auch die asiatische Fea-Viper (Azemiops feae) – als sehr ursprüngliche Vipern in eine separate Unterfamilie direkt in die Familie der Vipern (Viperidae) eingestellt. Diese Unterfamilie wurde mit Causinae bezeichnet.

Merkmale und Arten

Alle Arten sind nachtaktiv und fressen Froschlurche. Die Größe beträgt meist 60 cm, selten bis zu 100 cm. Insgesamt werden sechs Arten in die Gattung gestellt:[3]

Giftwirkung

Bei Störungen beißen Krötenottern meist wild um sich. Ihre sehr großen Giftdrüsen, die weit in die Halsregion reichen, produzieren große Giftmengen. Dieses Gift ist bei Menschen nicht sonderlich wirksam, Bisse haben meist nur lokale Schwellungen und Schmerzen an der Bissstelle zur Folge, menschliche Todesfälle sind extrem selten.

Literatur

  • David Mallow, David Ludwig, Göran Nilson: True Vipers. Natural History and Toxicology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company Malabar, Florida 2003, ISBN 0-89464-877-2, S. 19–34.

Einzelnachweise

  1. W. Wüster, L. Peppin, C. E. Pook, D. E. Walker: A nesting of vipers: phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Viperidae (Squamata: Serpentes). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Band 49, 2008, S. 445–459, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.08.019.
  2. The Reptile Database: Higher Taxa in Extant Reptiles – Ophidia (Serpentes) – Snakes.
  3. Causus In: The Reptile Database
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Krötenvipern: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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Die Krötenvipern (Causus), auch Kröten- oder Nachtottern genannt, sind eine Gattung in der Unterfamilie der Echten Vipern (Viperinae). Die sechs Arten sind in der Verbreitung auf Afrika beschränkt, sie sind möglicherweise neben der asiatischen Fea-Viper (Azemiops feae) die ursprünglichsten lebenden Vertreter aller Vipern.

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Maregîska şevê ( Kürtçe )

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Maregîska şevê (Causinae), binefamîleyek e marên jehrî ji famîleya margîskan e, ku bes li bineçola Afrîka yê dijî.[1]

Şayîs

Ev maregîska ne pir dirêj e ku bêtirî 1 m mezin nabe li piraniya cinsên wê.[2]

Cure

Belavbûna erdnîgarî

Maregîska şevê li bineçolên Afrîkayê tenê dijî ye.[1]

Reftar

Teviya ku navê wê ya gelemper, maregîska şevê ye, lê di demê rojê têne dîtin weke şevê. Çaxa ku maregîskên şevê dikeve tengayî, hisandin jê derdikeve ji bo xeterê dûr bike.

Xwarin

Maregîska şevê beqê axê û beqan di pir caran dixwe.

Çavkanî

  1. a b c d McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.

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Maregîska şevê: Brief Summary ( Kürtçe )

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Maregîska şevê (Causinae), binefamîleyek e marên jehrî ji famîleya margîskan e, ku bes li bineçola Afrîka yê dijî.

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Causus ( İngilizce )

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Causus is a genus of vipers found only in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a group considered to be among the most primitive members of the family Viperidae based on head scalation, oviparity, venom apparatus, and because they have round pupils.[2][3] However, this is contradicted by recent molecular studies.[4][5] Seven species are currently recognized.[6][7] They are commonly known as night adders.[2][3] Like all other vipers, they are venomous.

Description

These snakes are fairly stout, never growing to more than 1 m (3.3 ft) in total length.[3]

As opposed to most vipers, where the head is distinct from the neck and covered with small scales, in Causus the head is only slightly distinct from the neck and covered with 9 large, symmetrical head shields. Also, the eyes have round pupils instead of elliptical ones like other vipers. The rostral scale is broad, sometimes pointed or upturned. The nostril is located between two nasals and an internasal. The frontal and supraocular scales are long. A loreal scale is present, separating the nasal and preoculars. The suboculars are separated from the supralabials. The mandible has splenial and angular elements.[2]

The fangs are different, too. Unlike other vipers, no hinge action occurs where the prefrontal bone engages the frontal. However, since the maxillary bones rotate almost as far, the fangs can still be erected. The fangs themselves are relatively short. A fine line, or suture, is also present along the length of the fang, representing the vestigial edge where the groove lips meet (from incomplete fang canal closure).[2]

The body is cylindrical or slightly depressed and moderately slender. The dorsal scales are smooth or weakly keeled with apical pits. The ventral scales are rounded, and the anal plate is single. The tail is short, and the subcaudals can be either single or paired.[2]

Among the viperids, another unique characteristic of this genus is several species have venom glands that are not confined to the temporal area as with most vipers, but are exceptionally long and extend well down the neck.[3] These venom glands, located on either side of the spine, may be up to 10 cm in length, with long ducts connecting them to the fangs.[8]

Other internal differences also set the Causinae apart: they have unusually long kidneys, a well-developed tracheal lung with two tracheal arteries, and the liver overlaps the tip of the heart.[2]

Geographic range

A young night adder, photographed in Kei Mouth, South Africa

The Causinae are found in sub-Saharan Africa.[1]

Behavior

Despite their common name, this genus is active during the day, as well as at night. When disturbed, they will engage in a ferocious hissing and puffing threat display. They may lift the first part of their bodies off the ground in a coil and make a powerful swiping strike; juveniles have been known to come off the ground. Others specimens may raise the first part of their bodies off the ground, flattening their necks and moving forward, tongue extended, like a small cobra.[3] The rather frantic strikes are often combined with attempts to quickly glide away.[9]

Feeding

Their diet consists almost exclusively of toads and frogs.[3] Gluttony has been reported; when prey is abundant, they may eat until they are literally unable to swallow any more food.[9]

Reproduction

All Causus species lay eggs (oviparous), which among vipers is considered to be a more primitive trait, though not unique.[2] The average clutch consists of some two dozen eggs that require an incubation period of about four months. Hatchlings are 10–12.5 cm (4–5 in) in total length (body + tail).[9]

Venom

In spite of their enormously developed venom glands, night adders do not always use them to subdue their prey. The venom would act fast enough, but often they simply seize and swallow their prey, instead.[8]

Causus venom is weaker than that of puff adder. Envenomation normally causes only local pain and swelling.[2] Antivenin treatment should not be necessary. Nevertheless, South African polyvalent serum is known to be effective against the venom of at least two species.[10] However, envenomation can be very serious and in at least one case a bitten child had to have a fasciotomy. A number of small dogs have had limbs amputated or died due to bites from this snake. The danger from this snake should not be underestimated as a bite from a large individual on a small child could potentially be fatal.[11]

No recent deaths have been reported due to this species. Earlier reports of fatalities were based on anecdotal evidence; the species involved likely were not properly identified or the cases were grossly mismanaged.[10]

Species

Species[6][7] Taxon author[7] Common name Geographic range Causus bilineatus Boulenger, 1905 Two-striped night adder Africa in Angola, Zambia, and southern DR Congo Causus defilippii (Jan, 1863) Snouted night adder Southeast Africa Causus lichtensteinii (Jan, 1859) Lichtenstein's night adder Equatorial Africa from Zambia and Cameroon to the Ivory Coast Causus maculatus (Hallowell, 1842) West African night adder Most of sub-Saharan Africa north of the equator Causus rasmusseni Broadley, 2014 Angolan night adder Zambia and Angola Causus resimus (W. Peters, 1862) Green night adder Most of equatorial Africa Causus rhombeatusT (Lichtenstein, 1823) Common night adder Sub-Saharan Africa

T) Type species.

Taxonomy

A long-standing tendency among herpetologists was to make assumptions regarding the phylogenetic position of this group. McDiarmid et al.[1] suggested the consensus among the experts in 1999 was that Causus was basal to all viperids, so deserved a separate subfamily. However, two more recent molecular phylogenetic studies[4][5] have shown Causus is not only not basal to all viperids, but in fact appears to be nested within the viperines. Consequently, recognition of the subfamily Causinae is inappropriate.

References

  1. ^ a b c McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company. Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  4. ^ a b Nagy ZT, Vidal N, Vences M, Branch WR, Pauwels OSG, Wink M, Joger U. 2005. Molecular systematics of African Colubroidea (Squamata: Serpentes) In: Huber BA, Sinclair BJ, Lampe KH (Eds.). African Biodiversity: Molecules, Organisms, Ecosystems. Proc. 5th Intern. Symp. Trop. Biol. Museum Koenig, Bonn, pp. 221-228.
  5. ^ a b Wüster W, Peppin L, Pook CE, Walker DE. 2008. A nesting of vipers: phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Viperidae (Squamata: Serpentes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49: 445-459.
  6. ^ a b Causus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 20 June 2021.
  7. ^ a b c "Causus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 20 June 2021.
  8. ^ a b Stidworthy J. 1974. Snakes of the World. Grosset & Dunlap Inc. 160 pp. ISBN 0-448-11856-4.
  9. ^ a b c Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  10. ^ a b Spawls S, Howell K, Drewes R, Ashe J. 2004. A Field Guide To The Reptiles Of East Africa. A & C Black Publishers Ltd. London. 543 pp. ISBN 0-7136-6817-2.
  11. ^ "African Snakebite Institute _ About Johan Marais". africansnakebiteinstitute.com. Archived from the original on 2017-02-09. Retrieved 2017-01-15.
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Causus: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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Causus is a genus of vipers found only in sub-Saharan Africa. It is a group considered to be among the most primitive members of the family Viperidae based on head scalation, oviparity, venom apparatus, and because they have round pupils. However, this is contradicted by recent molecular studies. Seven species are currently recognized. They are commonly known as night adders. Like all other vipers, they are venomous.

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Causus ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Causus es un género de serpientes venenosas que pertenece a la familia de las víboras. Es el único género de la subfamilia monotípica Causinae. Se distribuye únicamente en África Subsahariana.[1]

Especies

Se distinguen las siguientes especies:[2]

Especies[2]​ Autor de taxón[2]​ Nombre común Distribución geográfica C. bilineatus Boulenger, 1905 inglés: Two-striped night adder Angola, Zambia, y el sur de la República Democrática del Congo. C. defilippii (Jan, 1863) inglés: Snouted night adder Sudeste de África. C. lichtensteinii (Jan, 1859) inglés: Lichtenstein's night adder África ecuatorial, de Zambia y Camerún a la Costa de Marfil. C. maculatus (Hallowell, 1842) inglés: West African night adder La mayor parte de África subsahariana al norte del ecuador. C. resimus (Peters, 1862) inglés: Green night adder La mayor parte de África ecuatorial. C. rhombeatusT (Lichtenstein, 1823) inglés: Common night adder África subsahariana.

T) Especie tipo.

Referencias

  1. a b c McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. a b c , Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «'Causus' (TSN 634411)» (en inglés).

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Causus: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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Causus es un género de serpientes venenosas que pertenece a la familia de las víboras. Es el único género de la subfamilia monotípica Causinae. Se distribuye únicamente en África Subsahariana.​

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Kärnrästik ( Estonyaca )

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Kärnrästik (Causus) on maoperekond.[1]

Klassifikatsioon

Kärnrästikute perekonda klassifitseeritakse roomajate andmebaasis järgmised maoliigid[2]:

Levila

Nad elavad valdavalt Aafrikas - sh Sambias[3].

Viited

  1. Loomade elu 5:312.
  2. Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann, Causus Roomajate andmebaasi veebiversioon (vaadatud 8.05.2015) (inglise keeles)
  3. Mark Carwardine, "The Nature of Zambia: A Guide to Conservation and Development", lk 12, IUCN 1988, Google'i raamatu veebiversioon (vaadatud 9.03.2014) (inglise keeles)

Välislingid

Selles artiklis on kasutatud prantsuskeelset artiklit fr:Causus seisuga 14.12.2013.

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Kärnrästik: Brief Summary ( Estonyaca )

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Kärnrästik (Causus) on maoperekond.

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Causus ( Baskça )

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Causus Viperidae familiako narrasti genero bat da. Afrikan bizi dira.

Espezieak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Causus: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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Causus Viperidae familiako narrasti genero bat da. Afrikan bizi dira.

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Causus ( Fransızca )

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Causus est un genre de serpents de la famille des Viperidae[1].

Répartition

Les six espèces de ce genre se rencontrent en Afrique[1].

Liste des espèces

Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (2 septembre 2014)[2] :

Publication originale

  • Wagler, 1830 : Natürliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification der Säugthiere und Vögel. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. J.G. Cotta, München, p. 1-354 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

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Causus: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

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Causus est un genre de serpents de la famille des Viperidae.

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Nattvipere ( Norveççe )

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Nattvipere er en slekt i hoggormfamilien som er utbredt i Afrika sør for Sahara.

De er tradisjonelt blitt regnet som søstergruppen til resten av hoggormfamilien, og er derfor blitt plassert alene i underfamilien Causinae. Molekylærgenetiske studier viser derimot at nattviperne hører til blant hoggormene i underfamilien Viperinae.[1]

Referanser

  1. ^ W. Wüster m.fl. (2008). «A nesting of vipers: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Viperidae (Squamata: Serpentes)». Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 49 (2): 445–459. ISSN 1055-7903. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.08.019.

Eksterne lenker

zoologistubbDenne zoologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Nattvipere: Brief Summary ( Norveççe )

wikipedia NO tarafından sağlandı

Nattvipere er en slekt i hoggormfamilien som er utbredt i Afrika sør for Sahara.

De er tradisjonelt blitt regnet som søstergruppen til resten av hoggormfamilien, og er derfor blitt plassert alene i underfamilien Causinae. Molekylærgenetiske studier viser derimot at nattviperne hører til blant hoggormene i underfamilien Viperinae.

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Causus ( Portekizce )

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Causus é um género de víboras venenosas encontradas apenas na África Subsariana.[1] Até há pouco tempo este grupo era considerado entre os membros mais primitivos da família Viperidae com base na escamação da cabeça, oviparidade, aparelho venenoso, e porque têm pupilas redondas.[2][3] Contudo, esta consideração é refutada por estudos moleculares recente.[4][5] Actualmente são reconhecidas sete espécies.[6] São vulgarmente conhecidas como víboras-nocturnas.[2][3]

Descrição

Trata-se de serpentes relativamente corpulentas, com comprimento total sempre inferior a 1 metro.[3]

Ao contrário da maioria das víboras, nas quais a cabeça é distinta do pescoço e coberta por pequenas escamas, no caso de Causus a cabeça é apenas ligeiramente distinta do pescoço e coberta por 9 grandes escudos simétricos. Adicionalmente, os olhos têm pupilas redondas em vez de elípticas como é o caso das restantes víboras. A escama rostral é ampla, por vezes pontiaguda ou revirada. A narina situa-se entre duas nasais e uma internasal. As escamas frontais e supraoculares são longas. Está presente uma escama loreal, separando as escamas nasais e pré-oculares. As suboculares encontram-se separadas das supralabiais. A mandíbula possui elementos espleniais e angulares.[2]

As presas são também diferentes. Ao contrário de outras víboras, não ocorre movimento de dobradiça onde os ossos pré-frontais articulam com o frontal. Contudo, uma vez que os ossos maxilares rodam quase tão longe, as presas podem ainda assim ser levantadas. As presas propriamente ditas são relativamente curtas. Está também presente ao longo da presa, uma linha delgada, ou sutura, devida ao fecho incompleto do canal da presa.[2]

O corpo é cilíndrico ou ligeiramente deprimido moderadamente esbelto. As escamas dorsais são suaves ou ligeiramente enquilhadas com fossas apicais. As escamas ventrais são arredondadas e a placa anal é única. A caudal é curta, e as subcaudais podem ser tanto únicas como ocorrer aos pares.[2]

Entre os viperídeos, outra característica única deste género é o facto de várias espécies possuírem glândulas de veneno que não estão confinadas à zona temporal como na maioria das víboras, sendo pelo contrário excepcionalmente longas, estendendo-se ao longo do pescoço.[3] Estas glândulas de veneno, situadas em ambos lados da coluna vertebral, podem ter até 10 cm de comprimento, estando ligadas às presas por meio de ductos bastante compridos.[7]

Outras diferenças internas distinguem o género Causus: possuem rins excepcionalmente compridos, um pulmão traqueal bem desenvolvido com duas artérias traqueais, e o fígado sobreposto à extremidade do coração.[2]

Distribuição geográfica

As espécies de Causus são encontradas na África Subsariana.[1]

Comportamento

Apesar do seu nome comum, este género está activo tanto durante o dia como durante a noite. Quando perturbadas, silvam e sopram ferozmente. Podem erguer a primeira parte dos seus corpos (incluindo a cabeça) em espiral e efectuar um poderoso ataque de varrimento; sabe-se que alguns juvenis podem inclusivamente abandonar o solo. Outros espécimes podem levantar a primeira parte dos seus corpos do solo, achatando o pescoço e movendo-se para diante exibindo a língua, como uma pequena cobra.[3] Estes ataques frenéticos são geralmente combinados com tentativas de fugir rapidamente deslizando.[8]

Alimentação

A sua dieta consiste quase exclusivamente de sapos e rãs.[3] Existem relatos de gula; quando as presas são abundantes, podem comer até serem literalmente incapazes de engolir mais comida.[8]

Reprodução

Todas as espécies de Causus põem ovos (ovíparas), o que entre as víboras é considerada uma característica mais primitiva, embora não seja única.[2] A postura média consiste de aproximadamente duas dúzias de ovos que necessitam um período de incubação de quatro meses aproximadamente. Os recém-nascidos têm comprimento total entre 10 e 12.5 cm.[8]

Veneno

Apesar das suas glândulas de veneno de grande tamanho, as víboras-nocturnas nem sempre as utilizam para dominar as suas presas. O veneno actuaria de froma suficientemente rápida, mas frequentemente simplesmente agarram e engolem as suas presas.[7]

O veneno de Causus é menos poderoso que o das víboras-sopradoras. O envenenamento em humanos normalmente causa apenas dor localizada e inchaço.[2] O tratamento com antiveneno não é geralmente necessário. Ainda assim, sabe-se que o soro polivalente sul-africano é eficaz contra o veneno de pelo menos duas espécies.[9] Contudo, o envenenamento pode ser muito sério e em pelo menos um caso uma criança que foi mordida teve que ser sujeita a uma fasciotomia. Conhecem-se vários casos de pequenos cães que morreram ou tiveram membros amputados devido a mordeduras desta serpente. O perigo destas serpentes não deve ser subestimado pois a mordedura de um indivíduo grande a uma criança pequena pode ser potencialmente fatal.[10]

Não se têm registos recentes de fatalidades causadas por estas espécies. Relatos anteriores de fatalidades baseavam-se em evidências circunstanciais; a espécie responsável provavelmente foi incorrectamente identificada ou os casos foram muito mal geridos.[9]

Espécies

Espécie[6] Autoridade[6] Nome vulgar Distribuição geográfica C. bilineatus Boulenger, 1905 Víbora-nocturna-bilineada África em Angola, Zâmbia, e sul da RD Congo C. defilippii (Jan, 1863) Sudeste da África C. lichtensteinii (Jan, 1859) Víbora-nocturna-de-lichtenstein África Equatorial desde a Zâmbia e Camarões até à Costa do Marfim C. maculatus (Hallowell, 1842) Víbora-nocturna-da-áfrica-ocidental Maior parte da África Subsariana a norte do equador C. rasmusseni (Broadley, 2014) Zâmbia C. resimus (W. Peters, 1862) Víbora-nocturna-verde Maior parte da África equatorial C. rhombeatusT (Lichtenstein, 1823) Víbora-nocturna-comum África Subsariana

T) Espécie-tipo.

Taxonomia

Uma tendência de há muito tempo entre os herpetólogos era a de fazer suposições sobre a posição filogenética deste grupo. McDiarmid et al.[1] sugeriam que o consenso entre os peritos em 1999 era de que o género Causus era basal para todos os viperídeos, pelo que se justificava uma subfamília separada. Contudo, dois estudos filogenéticos moleculares recentes[4][5] demonstraram que não só Causus não é basal para todos os viperídeos, mas também que parece estar entre os viperinos. Consequentemente, o reconhecimento da subfamília Causinae é incorrecto.

Ver também

Referências

  1. a b c d McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. a b c d e f g h Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company. Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  3. a b c d e f Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  4. a b Nagy ZT, Vidal N, Vences M, Branch WR, Pauwels OSG, Wink M, Joger U. 2005. Molecular systematics of African Colubroidea (Squamata: Serpentes) In: Huber BA, Sinclair BJ, Lampe KH (Eds.). African Biodiversity: Molecules, Organisms, Ecosystems. Proc. 5th Intern. Symp. Trop. Biol. Museum Koenig, Bonn, pp. 221-228.
  5. a b Wüster W, Peppin L, Pook CE, Walker DE. 2008. A nesting of vipers: phylogeny and historical biogeography of the Viperidae (Squamata: Serpentes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49: 445-459.
  6. a b c , «Causus» (em inglês). ITIS (www.itis.gov). Consultado em 14 abril de 2018
  7. a b Stidworthy J. 1974. Snakes of the World. Grosset & Dunlap Inc. 160 pp. ISBN 0-448-11856-4.
  8. a b c Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  9. a b Spawls S, Howell K, Drewes R, Ashe J. 2004. A Field Guide To The Reptiles Of East Africa. A & C Black Publishers Ltd. London. 543 pp. ISBN 0-7136-6817-2.
  10. «African Snakebite Institute _ About Johan Marais». africansnakebiteinstitute.com. Consultado em 15 de janeiro de 2017

Leitura adicional

  • Cope ED. 1860 (dated 1859). Catalogue of the Venomous Serpents in the Museum of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, with notes on the Families, Genera and Species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 11: 332-347.
  • Hallowell E. 1842. Description of a new Genus of Serpents from Western Africa. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 8: 336-338. (Genus Distichurus)
  • Peters W. 1862. Über die von dem so früh in Afrika verstorbenen Freiherrn von Barnim und Dr. Hartmann auf ihrer Reise durch Aegypten, Nubien und dem Sennâr gesammelten Amphibien. Monatsberichte der Preussischen Akademie Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1862: 271-279. ("Heterophis gen. nov.", pp. 276–277.)
  • Peters W. 1882. Über eine neue Gattung und Art der Vipernattern, Dinodipsas angulifera , aus Südamerica. Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1882 (40): 893-896. (Genus Dinodipsas, p. 893.)
  • Wagler J. 1830. Natürliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification der Säugthiere und Vögel. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. J.G. Cotta. Munich, Stuttgart, and Tübingen. vi + 354 pp. + 9 plates. (Genus Causus, pp. 172–173.)

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Causus: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

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Causus é um género de víboras venenosas encontradas apenas na África Subsariana. Até há pouco tempo este grupo era considerado entre os membros mais primitivos da família Viperidae com base na escamação da cabeça, oviparidade, aparelho venenoso, e porque têm pupilas redondas. Contudo, esta consideração é refutada por estudos moleculares recente. Actualmente são reconhecidas sete espécies. São vulgarmente conhecidas como víboras-nocturnas.

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Causus ( Romence; Moldovaca )

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Causus[1] este un gen de șerpi din familia Viperidae.[1]


Cladograma conform Catalogue of Life[1]:

Causus

Causus bilineatus



Causus defilippii



Causus lichtensteinii



Causus maculatus



Causus resimus



Causus rhombeatus



Referințe

  1. ^ a b c Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)


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夜蝰亞科 ( Çince )

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夜蝰亞科學名Causinae)是爬蟲綱有鱗目蛇亞目蝰蛇科下的一個單型亞科,科下主要包括分布於撒哈拉以南非洲地區的有毒蝰蛇。[1]夜蝰亞科是為了夜蝰屬Causus)而特別設立的一個亞科,而這些夜蝰是根據牠們於鱗片結構、卵生形態、毒素分泌等各方面的獨特性,並且有著圓形瞳孔,因而被獨立出來的一種原始蝰蛇。[2][3]目前夜蝰屬下共有六個種已被確認。[4]

特徵

夜蝰普遍長得強壯,但長度往往不超於一[3]夜蝰其中一個與一般蝰蛇不同的地方在於,普通的蝰蛇頭部在鱗片及顏色分布上,均與其頸部以後身體間有著明顯的分別。可是夜蝰的頭身對比卻遠遠沒有其它蝰蛇般顯著和強烈。另外,一般蝰蛇的瞳孔都是直線形的,可是夜蝰的瞳孔卻是圓形的。[2]夜蝰的牙齒與其它蝰蛇間亦有分別。很多蝰蛇的毒牙構造都屬於前溝牙結構,尖銳而修長,然而夜蝰的毒牙卻明顯較為短小。[2]

地理分布

夜蝰主要分布於撒哈拉以南非洲地帶。[1]

習性

雖然夜蝰的名字中有一「夜」字,但實際上夜蝰的活躍時段多數在白天。當受到外來騷擾時,牠們的反應異常強烈,並會向對手發出凶惡的嘶叫聲。牠們會把身體前段昂起,蓄勢待發,並瞬即展開強勁的咬擊。有些夜蝰更會展現出像眼鏡蛇般的攻防姿態。[3]牠們的攻擊很多時候是以逃脫為最終目的,因此牠們多會採取一擊脫離的戰術。[5]

飲食習慣

夜蝰主要進食蟾蜍青蛙[3] 而且牠們相當貪婪,只要食物足夠,牠們便會不斷進食,直至自己真的再吞不下任何東西方才停止。[5]

繁殖

所有夜蝰都是卵生的,這一點雖然與一般蝰蛇沒有太大分別,但牠們的繁殖方式依然保留著較其它蝰蛇更為原始的特性。[2]

毒性

雖然夜蝰的毒牙含有侵略性的毒素,但牠們平常都不會輕易運用毒素傷害獵物。儘管牠們的毒素可以容易地制服獵物,但夜蝰多數直接以身體捆縛獵物後,便開始進行吞食。[6]夜蝰的毒素實際上並不太強,而且輸毒方式只能透過空心毒牙的尖端進行滴漏,而非迅速強烈地向對手注射。其毒性亦僅能引起被咬者傷口上的痛楚及腫脹而已。[2]即使被夜蝰的毒擊咬到,也並不一定要進行抗毒治療。雖然如此,南非一帶仍有一種專門針對至少兩個種的夜蝰毒素的血清。[7]

品種[4] 學名及命名者[4] 異稱 地理分布 雙線夜蝰 Causus bilineatus,Boulenger,1905 主要分布於非洲安哥拉贊比亞等地區 德氏夜蝰 Causus defilippii,Jan,1863 巨吻夜蝰 非洲東南部 李氏夜蝰 Causus lichtensteinii,Jan,1859 非洲的熱帶地區,包括贊比亞至喀麥隆一帶 西非夜蝰 Causus maculatus,Hallowell,1842 大部分非洲熱帶草原地區 綠夜蝰 Causus resimus,Peters,1862 非洲熱帶地區 夜蝰T Causus rhombeatus,Lichtenstein,1823 非洲草原

備註

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 McDiarmid RW、Campbell JA、Touré T:《Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1》頁511,Herpetologists' League,1999年。ISBN 1-893777-00-6
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Mallow D、Ludwig D、Nilson G:《True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers》頁359,佛羅里達州:Krieger Publishing Company,2003年。ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Spawls S、Branch B:《The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books》頁192,杜拜:Oriental Press,1995年。ISBN 0-88359-029-8
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Causus. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2006 [14 August, 2006] (英语). 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Mehrtens JM:《Living Snakes of the World in Color》頁480,紐約:Sterling Publishers,1987年。ISBN 0-8069-6460-X
  6. ^ Stidworthy J:《Snakes of the World》頁166,Grosset & Dunlap Inc,1974年。ISBN 0-448-11856-4
  7. ^ Spawls S、Howell K、Drewes R、Ashe J:《A Field Guide To The Reptiles Of East Africa》頁543,倫敦:A & C Black Publishers Ltd.,2004年。ISBN 0-7136-6817-2

外部連結

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夜蝰亞科: Brief Summary ( Çince )

wikipedia 中文维基百科 tarafından sağlandı

夜蝰亞科(學名:Causinae)是爬蟲綱有鱗目蛇亞目蝰蛇科下的一個單型亞科,科下主要包括分布於撒哈拉以南非洲地區的有毒蝰蛇。夜蝰亞科是為了夜蝰屬(Causus)而特別設立的一個亞科,而這些夜蝰是根據牠們於鱗片結構、卵生形態、毒素分泌等各方面的獨特性,並且有著圓形瞳孔,因而被獨立出來的一種原始蝰蛇。目前夜蝰屬下共有六個種已被確認。

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