Bolitoglossa robusta (Cope 1894)

Diagnosis: Bolitoglossa robusta is a large, robust salamander species, one of the 2-3 largest neotropical salamanders, with adult standard length frequently exceeding 100 mm and maximum total length of 260 mm (Hanken et al. 2005; Savage 2002). It is distinct from other species of Bolitoglossa in having a light-colored ring around the base of the tail (Hanken et al. 2005).Description: The mean SL of adult males is 83.4 mm (range 44.6-113.9 mm); adult females 105.1 mm (range 64.9-133.5 mm). Mean SL/TL is 1.09 (range 0.9-1.5). The snout is rounded to subtruncate. Nostrils are small. asolabial protuberances are poorly developed or absent in females, and moderately developed in males. The mental gland of adult males is conspicuous, gray in color and wider than long. Eyes are fairly large, and protrude slightly beyond the jaw margins in dorsal view. Premaxillary teeth average 6.1 in number (range 4-8) in males and 8.5(5-12) in females; maxillary teeth 65.5(31-100) in males and 84.6(60-102) in females; vomerine teeth 28.9(18-40) in males and 33.9(25-41) in females. Males have slightly enlarged premaxillary teeth that protrude anteriorly through the upper lip. Some specimens have vomerine teeth in patches formed by extra tooth rows in the distal part of the preorbital process. The limb interval is 3.0 in males and 3.3 in females. Limbs are short. Hands and feet are webbed except for 1 to 1.5 distal-most phalanges of longest digits, and are moderately sized with broad, truncated digit tips. Subterminal pads are present on all digits. Fingers in decreasing order of length are 3>(2>4)>1, while toes are 3>4>2>5>1 (Hanken et al. 2005).In life, the salamander is black overall with a pale pigmented ring around the base of the tail. The tail ring is cream-colored, golden, rose, or red-orange and may be faint or more prominent. Elbows, knees and tail tip are brown. The venter is mottled with gray. The throat is black but may have white speckling. The mental gland is slightly pigmented. Postiliac gland is visible but pale. Dorsal surfaces of the femur and forelimb may have coppery pigment. Some individuals have white dorsal spotting, particularly individuals from Panamá; some individuals from Costa Rica may have a suffusion of white speckles on the lateral and dorsal sides Tail may have irregular bold whitish spots, particularly laterally and ventrally. Iris is dark gray to black. Juveniles have bright yellow to orange feet (Hanken et al. 2005; Savage 2002).In preservative, it is dark gray-black with a cream-yellow or gray-white ring around the base of the tail. Tiny white flecks near eyelids and jaws, and on gular region, and ventral surfaces of limbs and tail, and some indistinct flecks on the dorsolateral surfaces. Pair of inguinal spots may be present. Tail may have lighter patches on the sides (Hanken et al. 2005).First described by Cope (1894), and redescribed by Hanken et al. (2005). The specific name derives from the Latin word robustus, meaning strong and hard like an oak and referring to the large and stout body (Hanken et al. 2005).A Spanish-language species account can be found at the website of Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio) (http://darnis.inbio.ac.cr/FMPro?-DB=UBIpub.fp3&-lay=WebAll&-Format=/ubi/detail.html&-Op=bw&id=4340&-Find).

This species is is the most widely distributed species of large black Bolitoglossa, and occurs from northern Costa Rica (Volcán Cacao, Guanacaste Province) to western Panamá (near Fortuna Dam, Chiriquí Province). It inhabits tropical premontane and lower montane rainforest. It occurs from 650 to 2100 m asl, but most individuals are found between 1000 and 1600 m asl. B. robusta is commonly found under fallen logs, in leaf litter, or under moss. (Hanken et al. 2005).

Habitat loss is a threat, due to increased agriculture and wood extraction, but this species also occurs in a number of protected areas. In Costa Rica, it is found in the Montverde Biological Reserve, Volcán Irazu National Park, Volcán Poas National Park, Braulio Caurillo National Park, and Guanacaste National Park, as well as in La Amistad National Park. In Panama it occurs in Fortuna National Park and La Amistad National Park (Solís et al. 2008).

It has been seen walking on the ground at night and on bamboo 40 cm above ground. Bolitoglossa robusta may occur in sympatry with B. obscura in the northern parts of the Cordillera de Talamanca-Barú and B. anthracina in the southern parts of the Cordillera de Talamanca-Barú (Hanken et al. 2005). It breeds by direct development (Solís et al. 2008).

Posiblemente nocturna (Hanken, Wake and Savage, 2005).

Es considerada como una especie amenazada de extinción y está protegida y regulada por la Ley de Conservación de la Vida Silvestre No. 7317, además de la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente No. 7554 y el decreto No. 26435-MINAE.

Localidad del tipo: Faldas del Volcán Irazú, Cartago, Costa Rica.
Depositario del tipo: AMNH 5464
Recolector del tipo:

Terrestre, bajo troncos caídos, en la hojarasca y bajo el musgo. Viven en el Bosque Tropical Húmedo Premontano y Bosque Tropical Lluvioso Montano Bajo según zonas de vida de Holdridge (Hanken, Wake and Savage, 2005).

Distribucion en Costa Rica: En las faldas de las cordilleras de Costa Rica, desde el Volcán Cacao hasta el extremo sur de la Cordillera de Talamanca, aproximadamente entre los 650 a 2.100 m de altitud, pero mas frecuentemente entre 1.000 y 1.600 (Hanken, Wake and Savage, 2005).
Distribucion General: Se encuentran en la extensión de la Cordillera de Talamanca en Panamá (volcán Barú) hasta la represa Fortuna en Chirrichí (Hanken, Wake and Savage, 2005).

Posiblemente de insectos pequeños.

Salamandra de cuerpo grande (más de 100 mm) en adultos, robusto, negro con algunas áreas cafesuscas; con un anillo rojizo o de rosado a crema en la base de la cola (en algunos individuos el anillo es muy difuso); vientre negro moteado con gris; ojos moderados; cola muy larga; manos y pies moderados pero amplios, con membranas interdigitales extensas. Las manos y pies de los juveniles son de amarillos brillantes a anaranjados (Hanken, Wake and Savage, 2005).

The robust climbing salamander (Bolitoglossa robusta) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Bolitoglossa robusta es una especie de salamandras en la familia Plethodontidae. Habita en Costa Rica y el oeste de Panamá.​ Su hábitat natural son bosques húmedos tropicales o subtropicales a baja altitud y los montanos húmedos tropicales o subtropicales. Está amenazada de extinción debido a la destrucción de su hábitat.

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Bolitoglossa robusta Bolitoglossa generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

Bolitoglossa robusta est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae.

Bolitoglossa robusta is een salamander uit de familie longloze salamanders (Plethodontidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Edward Drinker Cope in 1894. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Oedipus robustus gebruikt.

Bolitoglossa robusta é uma espécie de anfíbio caudado pertencente à família Plethodontidae, sub-família Plethodontinae.

Bolitoglossa robusta là một loài kỳ giông trong họ Plethodontidae. Nó được tìm thấy ở Costa Rica và Panama. Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng ẩm ướt đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới và các khu rừng vùng núi ẩm nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới. Nó bị đe dọa do mất môi trường sống.