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Description ( İngilizce )

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Kaloula pulchra ranges in size from 54-70 mm SVL for males, and 57-75 mm SVL for females. The body is stocky, with a small head and short, rounded snout. This frog will inflate itself when threatened.The dorsum is dark brown, sometimes with irregular yellowish-brown spots. A narrow dark lateral stripe is present from the rear of the eye almost to the groin. This lateral stripe is separated from the mid-dorsal dark brown coloration by a thick yellow or orange stripe, which may itself be punctuated with several spots. The belly is mottled dirty yellowish brown. Males have a black throat.

Referans

  • Berry, P. (1965). ''The diet of some Singapore Anura (Amphibia).'' Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 144, 163-174.
  • Christy, M., Savidge, J., and Rodda, G. (2007). ''Multiple pathways for invasion of anurans on a Pacific island.'' Diversity and Distributions, 13(5), 598-607.
  • Diesmos, A.C., Diesmos, M.L., and Brown, R.M. (2006). ''Status and distribution of alien invasive frogs in the Philippines.'' Journal of Environmental Science and Management, Philippines, 9, 41-53.
  • Emerson, S. (1976). ''Burrowing in frogs.'' Journal of Morphology, 149(4), 437-458.
  • Evans, C. M., and Brodie, E. D. Jr. (1994). ''Adhesive strength of amphibian skin secretions.'' Journal of Herpetology, 28, 499-502.
  • Gill, B. J., Bejakovich, D., and Whitaker, A. H. (2001). ''Records of foreign reptiles and amphibians accidentally imported to New Zealand.'' New Zealand Zoology, 28, 351-359.
  • Kanamadi, R. D., Kadadevaru, G. G., and Schneider, H. (2002). ''Advertisement call and breeding period of the frog, Kaloula pulchra (Microhylidae).'' Herpetological Review, 33(1), 19-21.
  • Kuangyang, L., Zhigang, Y., Haitao, S., Baorong, G., van Dijk, P. P., Iskandar, D., Inger, R., Dutta, S., Sengupta, S., Sarker, S. U., and Asmat, G. S. M. (2004). Kaloula pulchra. In: IUCN 2009. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.1. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 06 July 2009.
  • Lazell, J., and Lu, W. (1996). ''Geographic distribution. Kaloula pulchra pulchra.'' Herpetological Review, 27(4), 209.
  • Tyler, M. J., and Chapman, T. F. (2007). ''An Asian species of frog (Kaloula pulchra, Microhylidae) intercepted at Perth International Airport, Australia.'' Applied Herpetology, 4, 86-87.

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Distribution and Habitat ( İngilizce )

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This species is found in Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Taiwan (introduced), Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore (introduced), Sri Lanka, Thailand, Viet Nam, Guam (introduced), and the Philippines (introduced) (Lazell and Lu 1996; Christy et al. 2007). It is found in wetland, riverbank, and forest edge habitats, as well as agricultural and residential areas, at elevations up to 750 m a.s.l. It breeds in seasonal rain pools or ponds (Kuangyang et al. 2004).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( İngilizce )

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This frog is adaptable and appears to be increasing in numbers (Kuangyang et al. 2004).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( İngilizce )

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Generally breed during rainy season; males are usually heard during and after rainfall. They otherwise hide under burrows or vegetation and are nocturnal (Emerson 1976). Calls can be given while males float on the water surface. Calling is usually in chorus; however, adjacent calling males may alternate their calls (Kanamadi et al. 2002). These frogs prey on ants (Berry 1965). K. pulchra can exude highly sticky secretions, which are most likely used to deter predators (Evans and Brodie 1994). These secretions are noxious (unpleasant tasting) but did not contain detectable levels of toxins when tested (Daly et al. 2004).
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Relation to Humans ( İngilizce )

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Kaloula pulchra is collected for local consumption as well as the international pet trade. It has been accidentally introduced to several countries (e.g., Guam), presumably via maritime or air-transport vessels and the pet trade. One specimen was discovered at the Perth airport in 2005 (Tyler and Chapman 2007), and one found in cargo at a New Zealand wharf (Gill et al. 2001), but there are no records showing the species has become established in either Australia or New Zealand. It often takes advantage of urban environments where it can be quite abundant (Kuangyang et al. 2004).
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 11 years (captivity)
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Kaloula pulchra ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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Kaloula pulchra és una espècie de granota que viu en una àmplia zona del sud-est asiàtic, des de l'est de l'Índia al sud de la Xina i a Indonèsia, i ha estat introduïda a les Filipines. A la seva àrea se la troba sovint saltant als jardins i fins i tot a dins de les cases, mentre caça insectes.[1]

Té el dors marró fosc amb una llarga banda rosa a cada costat, que va de l'ull fins a l'engonal, tot i que aquesta coloració presenta variacions, de manera que algunes arriben a ser gairebé totes de color gerd amb només una franja marró al dors i taques marrons a les potes.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Kaloula pulchra Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. 1,0 1,1 Cochran, Doris M. Los anfibios. Barcelona: Seix Barral, 1961, pags. 183-184.
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Kaloula pulchra: Brief Summary ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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Kaloula pulchra és una espècie de granota que viu en una àmplia zona del sud-est asiàtic, des de l'est de l'Índia al sud de la Xina i a Indonèsia, i ha estat introduïda a les Filipines. A la seva àrea se la troba sovint saltant als jardins i fins i tot a dins de les cases, mentre caça insectes.

Té el dors marró fosc amb una llarga banda rosa a cada costat, que va de l'ull fins a l'engonal, tot i que aquesta coloració presenta variacions, de manera que algunes arriben a ser gairebé totes de color gerd amb només una franja marró al dors i taques marrons a les potes.

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Indischer Ochsenfrosch ( Almanca )

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Der Indische Ochsenfrosch (Kaloula pulchra), auch bekannt unter den Namen Reisfrosch, Blasenfrosch oder Gemalter Ochsenfrosch, in Kambodscha als Hing bezeichnet, ist eine Froschart der echten Engmaulfrösche, die im Nordosten Indiens und in Südostasien vorkommt. In seinem Verbreitungsgebiet ist der Frosch auf Waldböden, Reisfeldern und auch in Häusern anzutreffen.

Merkmale

 src=
Ein Indischer Ochsenfrosch im Porträt

Indische Ochsenfrösche sind rundlich geformt mit ebenholzbraunem Rücken und cremefarbenem Bauch. Charakteristisch sind die Streifen an den Seiten, die von kupferbraun bis lachsfarben erscheinen können. Die Männchen besitzen eine dunklere Halszeichnung als die Weibchen. Im Schnitt wird der Frosch etwa 7–8 cm lang, dabei sind Weibchen generell größer. Als Lebenserwartung werden etwa zehn Jahre angesehen.[1]

Verbreitung

In Ostindien kommt die Art in den Bundesstaaten Bihar und Jharkhand vor, in Nordostindien in den Bundesstaaten Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram und Manipur. Das Verbreitungsgebiet setzt sich im Osten über Bangladesh nach Myanmar fort, wo die Art in den sieben Regionen Irawadi, Bago, Mandalay, Magwe, Sagaing, Tanintharyi und Yangon sowie in den Staaten Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Rakhaing, Shan und Mon vorkommt. In Südchina ist sie im Süden Yunnans, in Guangxi und in Guangdong sowie auf der Insel Hainan nachgewiesen, ebenso im Südwesten Taiwans. In Südostasien lebt die Art in Kambodscha und Vietnam bis Singapur, in Indonesien auf den Inseln Sumatra, Borneo und Sulawesi.

Als Neozoon hat sich der Indische Ochsenfrosch in Guam,[2] und Singapur, sowie auf den indonesischen Inseln Sumatra, Borneo und Sulawesi durchgesetzt. Eingeführt wurde er auch auf den Philippinen auf den Inseln Luzon, Boracay, Cebu, Marinduque, Mindanao und Palawan.[3] Einzelne Exemplare wurden auch aus Australien und Neuseeland gemeldet.[4][5][6] Seine adaptive Lebensweise macht es dem Frosch möglich, sich auch an das Leben in Siedlungsgebieten anzupassen.

Verhalten

Die Frösche verstecken sich tagsüber unter Laubwerk und kommen in der Nacht heraus um zu fressen.

Bei Bedrohung blasen sie sich, ähnlich wie andere Engmaulfrösche, zu Einschüchterungszwecken auf und sondern dabei eine giftige, klebrige Substanz zur Abwehr ab. Unter trockenen Bedingungen graben sie sich in den Boden ein und verharren dort bis zum nächsten Regen.[7]

Ernährungsweise

 src=
Jungtier, fotografiert in Angkor Wat

Indische Ochsenfrösche zeigen einen ausgeprägten Appetit, sind jedoch eher träge. Neben Fliegen, Grillen, Motten, Grashüpfern und Regenwürmern ernähren sie sich bevorzugt auch von Ameisen – in einer Nacht werden durchaus mehrere hundert Tiere konsumiert. Dies geschieht oftmals, während der Frosch an einer Ameisenstraße sitzt und eine nach der anderen verspeist.

Fortpflanzung

Rufe mehrerer Indischer Ochsenfrösche

In Indien beginnen die Frösche nach den ersten schweren Regenfällen des Monsuns zwischen April und Mai mit ihren Paarungsrufen. Die Männchen rufen, während sie auf Wasserpfützen schwimmen. Rufe mit 28–56 Impulsen pro Sekunde und einer Frequenz im Bereich von 50–1760 Hz wurden in Indien registriert. In Thailand hingegen liegt die Ruffrequenz bei etwa 250 Hz und 18–21 Impulsen pro Sekunde.[8]

Beim Paarungsvorgang heftet sich das Männchen mithilfe eines klebrigen Sekretes, welches aus den Bauchdrüsen des Tieres abgesondert wird, am Rücken des Weibchens fest. Daraufhin legt das Weibchen etwa 1000 Eier als Laich ins Wasser ab. Nach 24 Stunden schlüpfen die Larven, welche etwa 4 cm lang werden.[9] Die Kaulquappen durchleben ihre Metamorphose innerhalb von 2 Wochen.[10]

Als Haustier

Indische Ochsenfrösche sind im Tierhandel beliebt. Dabei muss beachtet werden, dass sie auf chlorhaltiges Wasser empfindlich reagieren. Sie können in Aquarien mit Substraten aus Torfmischungen oder Blumenerde mit Torfmoos gehalten werden. Eine hohe Feuchtigkeit und Temperaturen von 27–29 °C sind nötig.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Snider, A.T. & J.K. Bowler. (1992). Longevity of Reptiles and Amphibians in North American Collections. Second edition. Herpetological Circular No. 21.
  2. Christy, M.: Multiple pathways for invasion of anurans on a Pacific island. In: Diversity & Distributions. Band 13, Nr. 5, 2007, S. 598–607, doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00378.x.
  3. Darrel R. Frost: Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. American Museum of Natural History, New York 1998–2022, abgerufen am 29. April 2022.
  4. Tyler MJ: An Asian species of frog (Kaloula pulchra, Microhylidae) intercepted at Perth International Airport, Australia. In: Applied Herpetology. Band 4, 2007, S. 86–87, doi:10.1163/157075407779766697.
  5. Gill, B.J.: Records of foreign reptiles and amphibians accidentally imported to New Zealand. In: New Zealand Zool. Band 28, Nr. 3, 2001, S. 351–359., doi:10.1080/03014223.2001.9518274.
  6. Inger, R.F.: The systematics and zoogeography of the amphibia of Borneo. In: Fieldiana Zoology. Band 52, 1966, S. 1–402, doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3147.
  7. Sharon B. Emerson: Burrowing in frogs. In: Journal of Morphology. Band 149, Nr. 4, 1976, S. 437–458, doi:10.1002/jmor.1051490402.
  8. Kanamadi RD: Advertisement Call and Breeding Period of the Frog, Kaloula pulchra (Microhylidae). In: Herpetological Review. Band 33, Nr. 1, 2002, S. 19–21 (nfsci.org [PDF]). Advertisement Call and Breeding Period of the Frog, Kaloula pulchra (Microhylidae) (Memento des Originals vom 27. Juli 2011 im Internet Archive)  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.nfsci.org
  9. Kreuters Karnivoren: Indischer Ochsenfrosch
  10. Richard D. Bartlett: Frogs, Toads, and Treefrogs: Everything About Selection, Care, Nutrition, Breeding, and Behavior. Hrsg.: Barron's Educational Series. 1996, ISBN 0-8120-9156-6, S. 98.
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wikipedia DE

Indischer Ochsenfrosch: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

wikipedia DE tarafından sağlandı

Der Indische Ochsenfrosch (Kaloula pulchra), auch bekannt unter den Namen Reisfrosch, Blasenfrosch oder Gemalter Ochsenfrosch, in Kambodscha als Hing bezeichnet, ist eine Froschart der echten Engmaulfrösche, die im Nordosten Indiens und in Südostasien vorkommt. In seinem Verbreitungsgebiet ist der Frosch auf Waldböden, Reisfeldern und auch in Häusern anzutreffen.

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wikipedia DE

Banded bullfrog ( İngilizce )

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The banded bullfrog (Kaloula pulchra) is a species of frog in the narrow-mouthed frog family Microhylidae. Native to Southeast Asia, it is also known as the Asian painted frog, digging frog, Malaysian bullfrog, common Asian frog, and painted balloon frog. In the pet trade, it is sometimes called the chubby frog. Adults measure 5.4 to 7.5 cm (2.1 to 3.0 in) and have a dark brown back with stripes that vary from copper-brown to salmon pink.

The banded bullfrog lives at low altitudes and is found in both urban and rural settings, as well as in forest habitats. They bury themselves underground during dry periods and emerge after heavy rainfall to emit calls and breed. They feed primarily on ants and termites; predators of adults and tadpoles include snakes, dragonfly larvae, and snails. When threatened, they inflate their lungs and secrete a noxious white substance. The species is prevalent in the pet trade and is a potential invasive species being introduced in Taiwan, the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Borneo, and Sulawesi.

Taxonomy and etymology

The banded bullfrog was first described in 1831 by the British zoologist John Edward Gray, as Kaloula pulchra (pulchra meaning "beautiful" in Latin).[2] Cantor (1847) described the species under the name Hylaedactylus bivittatus,[3] which was synonymized with K. pulchra by Günther (1858).[4] The subspecies K. p. hainana was described by Gressitt (1938) as having a shorter snout and hind legs compared to the nominate subspecies, K. p. pulchra.[5] A former subspecies in Sri Lanka, originally named K. p. taprobanica by Parker (1934), has since been reclassified as a separate species, Uperodon taprobanicus.[6] Bourret (1942) described a subspecies K. p. macrocephala that is now considered by several authors to be a distinct species, K. macrocephala.[7][8][9]

According to Darrel Frost's Amphibian Species of the World, common names for Kaloula pulchra include the Malaysian narrowmouth toad, Asian painted frog, digging frog, painted bullfrog, Malaysian bullfrog, painted burrowing frog, common Asian bullfrog, painted balloon frog, and painted microhylid frog.[10] It is also known as the chubby frog in the pet trade.[11]

Description

The banded bullfrog is medium-sized with a stocky, triangular body and a short snout.[12][13] Males grow to a snout–vent length (SVL) of 5.4 to 7.0 cm (2.1 to 2.8 in) and females are slightly larger, reaching an SVL of 5.7 to 7.5 cm (2.2 to 3.0 in). Other than the slight difference in length, there is very limited sexual dimorphism.[14] They have a body weight of 80–120 g (2.8–4.2 oz).[15] The back is dark brown with stripes that vary from copper-brown to salmon pink, and the abdomen is cream-colored.[12][16]

Tadpoles are about 0.5 cm (0.20 in) long after hatching and reach an SVL of about 1.1 cm (0.43 in) at the end of metamorphosis. They have an oval body that is brown or black with a pale belly, a round snout, and a moderately long, tapered tail with yellow speckles and tall fins. The eyes are relatively small and the side of the head, with black or dark gray irises and a golden ring around the pupil. They do not possess any tail filament.[17] During metamorphosis, their eyes increase in size and bulge and they develop slender limbs and digits with rounded tips.[18] The tadpoles metamorphose beginning at two weeks.[19]

Distribution and habitat

Juvenile banded bullfrog in a drop of water on a sacred lotus leaf, in Laos

The species is native to Southeast Asia.[20] It is common over a range from northeastern India,[21] and Nepal,[22] to southern India and Sri Lanka[22] to southern China[21][22] (especially Hainan) and Myanmar,[22] and south to the islands of maritime Southeast Asia.[21][23][22] Its wide distribution, compared to the related species Kaloula assamensis, has been attributed to its burrowing ability.[24]

The banded bullfrog has been found at elevations between sea level and 750 m (2,460 ft) above sea level.[1] It can occur in both urban and rural settings, and in forest habitats.[25]

As an invasive species

The banded bullfrog is a potential invasive species. It has been introduced through both the pet trade and maritime transport, and has become established in Taiwan, the Philippines,[26] Guam,[27] Singapore, Borneo, and Sulawesi.[22][28] Some specimens have been observed in Australia and New Zealand.[28][29][30] Its introduction into the Philippines was likely accidental, via contamination of plant nursery materials or stowaways on ships and boats.[20]

Several species, likely introduced through the pet trade, were observed in Florida in 2006 and 2008; however, as of 2011, the population is under control and there is no evidence of reproduction.[31] The frog was observed at an airport in Perth, Australia, and at a cargo port in New Zealand, but no established invasive population has been found in either country as of 2019.[32]

Behaviour and ecology

Banded bullfrogs are capable swimmers.

Breeding is stimulated by heavy monsoon rains, after which the frogs relocate from underground to rain pools or ponds.[23][33] They are more commonly found on wetter nights, and while they are not reproductively active during dry periods, their gonads remain ripe so that they can mate soon after rainfall.[33] In India, the male frogs call after the monsoon season begins in April or May. The pulses of the calls recorded in India were 28–56 per second with a frequency range of 50–1760 Hz. In Thailand the dominant frequency was 250 Hz (duration 560–600 ms long) and 18–21 pulses per call.[34]

Their form is suited for walking and burrowing rather than jumping.[35] They are able to survive dry conditions by burying themselves in the ground and waiting for rain; the burrowing also helps them avoid predators. When burrowing they dig their way down hindlimb first and use their forelimbs to push themselves several inches under the soil, where they can remain for the duration of the dry season.[18][24] Banded bullfrogs hide under leaf litter during the daylight hours and eat in the evening. They have been found in trees and have been observed hunting termites in them.[36]

Diet, predators, and parasites

In the wild, the banded bullfrog primarily eats ants and termites.[36] It also feeds on other small invertebrates including flies, crickets, moths, grasshoppers, and earthworms.[37] Its relatively small head and mouth mostly limit its diet to small and slow-moving prey.[37][38] The feeding cycle from opening of the mouth to closing is about 150 milliseconds and is relatively symmetrical, meaning that the bullfrog spends an equal amount of time extending its tongue and bringing the prey into the mouth.[39] Banded bullfrogs kept as pets can be fed insects such as crickets, mealworms, insect larvae, and beetles.[11]

Snakes such as the kukri snake are predators of adult banded bullfrogs.[25] For eggs and tadpoles, predators include dragonfly larvae and snails such as the golden apple snail.[40][41] Banded bullfrogs display deimatic behaviour when threatened, greatly inflating their bodies in an attempt to distract or startle predators.[13] By inflating its body and bending its head down, the bullfrog can appear larger than its actual size.[24] It also secretes a noxious white substance through its skin that is distasteful, though non-toxic, to predators.[42][43] The secretion contains a trypsin inhibitor and can induce hemolysis (rupturing of red blood cells).[15][42]

Parasites include parasitic worms that have been found in the frog's intestinal mesentery and leeches that attach to the frog's back.[12][44]

Pet trade

An inflated banded bullfrog

Commonly sold in pet stores, banded bullfrogs thrive in terrariums with substrate choices consisting of peat–soil mixes or moss mixtures.[11][45] In contrast to the ant and termite diets of wild bullfrogs, captive bullfrogs typically feed on slightly larger insects such as crickets or mealworms.[11]

A survey of internet pet trade listings between 2015 and 2018 in Europe and the United States found that there were three to four times as many offers as requests for the banded bullfrog, with no evidence of captive breeding.[46] In the Philippines, traders collect the frogs locally. Low interest in the Philippine pet trade has been attributed to the bullfrog's muted colours and burrowing behavior.[47] Máximo and colleagues hypothesize that the species has been illegally sold in South America for decades, based on identifications in Argentina during the 1980s and in Brazil in 2020.[48]

Conservation status

The International Union for Conservation of Nature listed the species as least concern due to its extensive distribution, tolerance of a wide range of environments, and predicted large population.[1] In many regions, the banded bullfrog is captured for consumption, but this does not appear to have a substantial impact on its population.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Kuangyang L, Zhigang Y, Haitao S, et al. (2016) [errata version of 2004 assessment]. "Kaloula pulchra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T57855A86163405. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T57855A11694615.en.
  2. ^ Gray JE (1831). "Description of two new genera of Frogs discovered by John Reeves, Esq. in China". The zoological miscellany: to be continued occasionally. London: Treuttel, Wurtz and Co., G.B. Sowerby, W. Wood. p. 38. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.113722. OCLC 2319292.
  3. ^ Cantor T (1847). Catalogue of reptiles inhabiting the Malayan peninsula and islands. Calcutta: J. Thomas. pp. 143–145. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5057.
  4. ^ Günther A (1858). Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the collection of the British Museum. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 123. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.8326. OCLC 1098151.
  5. ^ Gressitt JL (1938). "A new burrowing frog and a new lizard from Hainan Island". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. Biological Society of Washington. 51: 127–130 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  6. ^ Garg S, Senevirathne G, Wijayathilaka N, et al. (2018). "An integrative taxonomic review of the South Asian microhylid genus Uperodon". Zootaxa. 4384 (1): 1–88. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4384.1.1. PMID 29689915.
  7. ^ Bourret R (1942). Les batraciens de l'Indochine. Hanoi: L'Institut océanographique de l'Indochine. pp. 490–491. OCLC 715507054.
  8. ^ Pauwels OS, Chérot F (2006). "Translation of the original description of Kaloula aureata Nutphand, 1989 (Anura: Microhylidae), with lectotype designation". Hamadryad. 30 (1–2): 172–175. ISSN 0972-205X.
  9. ^ Mo Y, Zhang W, Zhou S, et al. (2013). "A new species of Kaloula (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from southern Guangxi, China". Zootaxa. 3710 (2): 165–178. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3710.2.3. PMID 26106681.
  10. ^ Frost D. "Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831". Amphibian Species of the World. American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
  11. ^ a b c d Willis AT (2014). "Asian Painted Bullfrog Care". Reptiles. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  12. ^ a b c Nakano T, Sung YH (2014). "A New Host Record for Tritetrabdella taiwana (Hirudinida: Arhynchobdellida: Haemadipsidae) from the Asian Painted Frog Kaloula pulchra (Anura: Microhylidae) in Hong Kong, China, with a Taxonomic Note on T. taiwana". Comparative Parasitology. 81 (1): 125–129. doi:10.1654/4667.1.
  13. ^ a b Shahrudin S (2021). "Defensive behavior of Banded Bullfrogs, Kaloula pulchra Gray 1831 (Anura: Microhylidae) from Kedah, peninsular Malaysia". Reptiles & Amphibians. 28 (1): 139–141. doi:10.17161/randa.v28i1.15371. S2CID 237993916.
  14. ^ Ruiz-Fernández MJ, Jiménez S, Fernández-Valle E, et al. (2020). "Sex Determination in Two Species of Anuran Amphibians by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound Techniques". Animals. 10 (11): 2142. doi:10.3390/ani10112142. PMC 7698606. PMID 33217993.
  15. ^ a b Wei S, Chi T, Meng A, et al. (2013). "Characteristics of hemolytic activity induced by skin secretions of the frog Kaloula pulchra hainana". Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases. 19 (9): 9. doi:10.1186/1678-9199-19-9. PMC 3710140. PMID 24499077.
  16. ^ Bhattacharjee PP, Laskar D, Majumder J, et al. (2011). "Sighting of Asian Painted Frog (Kaloula pulchra) from West Bhubanban (near Agartala city), West Tripura district, Tripura". NeBIO. 2 (1): 18–19.
  17. ^ Bowles P. "Asian Banded Bullfrog". The Online Field Guide. Archived from the original on 21 January 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  18. ^ a b Vassilieva AB (2021). "Larval morphology of three syntopic species of Kaloula Gray (Anura: Microhylidae) from Vietnam". Zootaxa. 4952 (1): 71–86. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4952.1.4. PMID 33903379. S2CID 233411516.
  19. ^ Bartlett RD, Bartlett PP (1996). Frogs, toads, and treefrogs: everything about selection, care, nutrition, breeding, and behavior. Hauppage, NY: Barron's Educational Series. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-8120-9156-4. OCLC 859029562.
  20. ^ a b Pili AN, Sy EY, Diesmos ML, et al. (2019). "Island Hopping in a Biodiversity Hotspot Archipelago: Reconstructed Invasion History and Updated Status and Distribution of Alien Frogs in the Philippines". Pacific Science. 73 (3): 321–343. doi:10.2984/73.3.2. S2CID 198980047.
  21. ^ a b c Christy MT, Clark CS, Gee DE, et al. (2007). "Recent Records of Alien Anurans on the Pacific Island of Guam". Pacific Science. 61 (4): 469–483. doi:10.2984/1534-6188(2007)61[469:RROAAO]2.0.CO;2. hdl:10125/22630. S2CID 64769647.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Lever, Christopher (2003). Naturalized reptiles and amphibians of the world. Oxford, New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 318. ISBN 978-0-19-850771-0. OCLC 52055624.
  23. ^ a b Yeung HY (2021). "Heterospecific Amplexus Between a Male Paddy Frog, Fejervarya multistriata (Hallowell 1861) (Anura: Dicroglossidae), and a Male Banded Bullfrog, Kaloula pulchra Gray 1831 (Anura: Microhylidae), from Hong Kong". Reptiles & Amphibians. 28 (2): 350–351. doi:10.17161/randa.v28i2.15471. S2CID 237846195.
  24. ^ a b c Soud R, Mazumdar K, Gupta A, et al. (2012). "Defensive and burrowing behaviour of Kaloula assamensis Das et al., 2004 and Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 (Microhylidae)" (PDF). Frog Leg. 18: 48–50.
  25. ^ a b Bringsøe H, Suthanthangjai M, Suthanthangjai W, et al. (2021). "Gruesome twosome kukri rippers: Oligodon formosanus (Günther, 1872) and O. fasciolatus (Günther, 1864) eat Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831 either by eviscerating or swallowing whole". Herpetozoa. 34: 49–55. doi:10.3897/herpetozoa.34.e62688. S2CID 233264132.
  26. ^ Brown RM, Oliveros CH, Siler CD, Fernandez JB, Welton LJ, Buenavente PA, Diesmos ML, Diesmos AC (2012). "Amphibians and Reptiles of Luzon Island (Philippines), VII: Herpetofauna of Ilocos Norte Province, Northern Cordillera Mountain Range". Check List. 8 (3): 469–490. doi:10.15560/8.3.469. S2CID 18375419.
  27. ^ Christy MT, Savidge JA, Rodda GH (2007). "Multiple pathways for invasion of anurans on a Pacific island". Diversity and Distributions. 13 (5): 598–607. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00378.x. S2CID 85628306.
  28. ^ a b Tyler M, Chapman T (2007). "An Asian species of frog (Kaloula pulchra, Microhylidae) intercepted at Perth International Airport, Australia". Applied Herpetology. 4 (1): 86–87. doi:10.1163/157075407779766697.
  29. ^ Gill BJ, Bejakovtch D, Whitaker AH (2001). "Records of foreign reptiles and amphibians accidentally imported to New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 28 (3): 351–359. doi:10.1080/03014223.2001.9518274. S2CID 85031652.
  30. ^ Inger RF (1966). The systematics and zoogeography of the amphibia of Borneo. Fieldiana: Zoology vol. 52. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3147.
  31. ^ Krysko KL, Burgess JP, Rochford MR, et al. (2011). "Verified non-indigenous amphibians and reptiles in Florida from 1863 through 2010: Outlining the invasion process and identifying invasion pathways and stages". Zootaxa. 3028 (1): 22–23. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3028.1.1.
  32. ^ Fuller P, Howell RS (2019). "Kaloula pulchra Gray, 1831". Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
  33. ^ a b Berry PY (1964). "The Breeding Patterns of Seven Species of Singapore Anura". Journal of Animal Ecology. 33 (2): 227–243. doi:10.2307/2629. JSTOR 2629.
  34. ^ Kanamadi RD, Kadadevaru GG, Schneider H (2002). "Advertisement Call and Breeding Period of the Frog, Kaloula pulchra (Microhylidae)" (PDF). Herpetological Review. 33 (1): 19–21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2012.
  35. ^ Emerson SB (1976). "Burrowing in frogs". Journal of Morphology. 149 (4): 437–458. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051490402. PMID 30257534. S2CID 52845429.
  36. ^ a b Major T, Knierim T, Barnes C, et al. (2017). "Observations of Arboreality in a Burrowing Frog, the Banded Bullfrog, Kaloula pulchra (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae)". Current Herpetology. 36 (2): 148–152. doi:10.5358/hsj.36.148. S2CID 89688886.
  37. ^ a b Jabon KJ, Gamalo LE, Responte M, et al. (2019). "Density and diet of invasive alien anuran species in a disturbed landscape: A case in the University of the Philippines Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines". Biodiversitas. 20 (9): 2554–2560. doi:10.13057/biodiv/d200917. S2CID 210965629.
  38. ^ Berry PY (1965). "The diet of some Singapore Anura (Amphibia)". Journal of Zoology. 144 (2): 163–167. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1965.tb05171.x.
  39. ^ Emerson SB (1985). "Skull Shape in Frogs: Correlations with Diet". Herpetologica. 41 (2): 177–188. JSTOR 3892256.
  40. ^ Karraker NE, Dudgeon D (2014). "Invasive apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata) are predators of amphibians in South China". Biological Invasions. 16 (9): 1785–1789. doi:10.1007/s10530-014-0640-2. S2CID 14701893.
  41. ^ Karraker NE (2011). "Are toad tadpoles unpalatable: evidence from the behaviour of a predatory dragonfly in South China". Amphibia-Reptilia. 32 (3): 413–418. doi:10.1163/017353711X571892.
  42. ^ a b Zhang Y, Wang M, Wei S (2010). "Isolation and characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from the skin secretions of Kaloula pulchra hainana". Toxicon. 56 (4): 502–507. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.05.006. PMID 20580731.
  43. ^ Evans CM, Brodie DE (1994). "Adhesive Strength of Amphibian Skin Secretions". Journal of Herpetology. 28 (4): 499–502. doi:10.2307/1564965. JSTOR 1564965.
  44. ^ Amin OM, Wongsawad C, Marayong T, Saehoong P, Suwattanacoupt S, Sey O (1998). "Sphaerechinorhynchus macropisthospinus sp. n. (Acanthocephala: Plagiorhynchidae) from Lizards, Frogs, and Fish in Thailand". Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington. 65 (2): 174–178.
  45. ^ Zimmermann E (1986). Breeding Terrarium Animals: Amphibians and Reptiles Care—Behavior—Reproduction. Translated by Friese UE. Neptune City, NJ: TFH Publications. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-86622-182-5.
  46. ^ Choquette RE, Angulo A, Bishop PJ, et al. (2020). "The Internet-Based Southeast Asia Amphibian Pet Trade" (PDF). Traffic Bulletin. Traffic. 32 (2): 68–76.
  47. ^ Sy EY (2014). "Checklist of Exotic Species in the Philippine Pet Trade, I. Amphibians" (PDF). Journal of Nature Studies. 13 (1): 48–57.
  48. ^ Máximo IM, Brandão RA, Ruggeri J, et al. (2021). "Amphibian Illegal Pet Trade and a Possible New Case of an Invasive Exotic Species in Brazil" (PDF). Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 16 (2): 303–312.

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Banded bullfrog: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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The banded bullfrog (Kaloula pulchra) is a species of frog in the narrow-mouthed frog family Microhylidae. Native to Southeast Asia, it is also known as the Asian painted frog, digging frog, Malaysian bullfrog, common Asian frog, and painted balloon frog. In the pet trade, it is sometimes called the chubby frog. Adults measure 5.4 to 7.5 cm (2.1 to 3.0 in) and have a dark brown back with stripes that vary from copper-brown to salmon pink.

The banded bullfrog lives at low altitudes and is found in both urban and rural settings, as well as in forest habitats. They bury themselves underground during dry periods and emerge after heavy rainfall to emit calls and breed. They feed primarily on ants and termites; predators of adults and tadpoles include snakes, dragonfly larvae, and snails. When threatened, they inflate their lungs and secrete a noxious white substance. The species is prevalent in the pet trade and is a potential invasive species being introduced in Taiwan, the Philippines, Guam, Singapore, Borneo, and Sulawesi.

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Kaloula pulchra ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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 src=
Kaloula pulchra

Kaloula pulchra es una especie de anfibios de la familia Microhylidae.

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentra al sureste de Asia.

Referencias

  • Gray, 1831 : Description of two new genera of Frogs discovered by John Reeves, Esq. in China. The Zoological Miscellany, p.|1-80 (texto integral).

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Kaloula pulchra: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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 src= Kaloula pulchra

Kaloula pulchra es una especie de anfibios de la familia Microhylidae.

Acerca de este sonido Grupo de varios ejemplares de Kaloula pulchra
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Kaloula macrocephala ( Baskça )

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Kaloula macrocephala Kaloula generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Microhylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Kaloula macrocephala: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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Kaloula macrocephala Kaloula generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Microhylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Kaloula pulchra ( Baskça )

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Kaloula pulchra Kaloula generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Microhylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Kaloula pulchra: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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Kaloula pulchra Kaloula generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Microhylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Puhvelisammakko ( Fince )

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Puhvelisammakko (Kaloula pulchra) on Kaakkois-Aasiassa yleisenä elävä kaivajasammakkolaji. Se kasvaa 5-7,5 cm pitkäksi. Sammakon pyöreä vartalo on väriltään ruskea vaaleanruskein tai -punaisin raidoin. Tuntiessaan itsensä uhatuksi puhvelisammakko pullistaa vartalonsa näyttääkseen mahdollisimman suurelta. Koiraan vatsarauhaset erittävät ainetta, jolla se kiinnittyy naaraan selkään parittelussa. Naaras laskee munat veteen sadekaudella. Puhvelisammakko ei kaihda ihmisasutusta vaan viihtyy mainiosti niin viljelyksillä kuin kaupunkiympäristössäkin ollen aktiivisimmillaan yöaikaan. [2]

Lähteet

  1. Lue Kuangyang, Yuan Zhigang, Shi Haitao, Geng Baorong, Peter Paul van Dijk, Djoko Iskandar, Robert Inger, Sushil Dutta, Saibal Sengupta, Sohrab Uddin Sarker & Ghazi S.M. Asmat: Kaloula pulchra IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2009. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 5.8.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. O'Shea M. & Halliday T., Matelijat ja sammakkoeläimet, readme.fi & Dorling Kindersley 2009, 256 s.

Aiheesta muualla

Tämä eläimiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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Puhvelisammakko: Brief Summary ( Fince )

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Puhvelisammakko (Kaloula pulchra) on Kaakkois-Aasiassa yleisenä elävä kaivajasammakkolaji. Se kasvaa 5-7,5 cm pitkäksi. Sammakon pyöreä vartalo on väriltään ruskea vaaleanruskein tai -punaisin raidoin. Tuntiessaan itsensä uhatuksi puhvelisammakko pullistaa vartalonsa näyttääkseen mahdollisimman suurelta. Koiraan vatsarauhaset erittävät ainetta, jolla se kiinnittyy naaraan selkään parittelussa. Naaras laskee munat veteen sadekaudella. Puhvelisammakko ei kaihda ihmisasutusta vaan viihtyy mainiosti niin viljelyksillä kuin kaupunkiympäristössäkin ollen aktiivisimmillaan yöaikaan.

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Kaloula macrocephala ( Fransızca )

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Kaloula pulchra (nom vernaculaire : Grenouille peinte de Malaisie[1]) est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Microhylidae[2].

Répartition

Cette espèce est présente sur un vaste territoire centré sur le Sud-Est asiatique[2]. Elle se rencontre :

Elle a été également introduite aux Philippines.

Habitat

La grenouille peinte de Malaisie vit près des habitations.

Description

 src=
À Don Det (Laos), une jeune Kaloula pulchra dans une goutte d'eau sur une feuille de lotus sacré, dont la surface est superhydrophobe.

Kaloula pulchra a le dos brun foncé avec de chaque côté, une large bande de couleur ocre partant de l'œil jusqu'à l'aine. Le ventre est tacheté de « brun jaunâtre sale ». Les mâles ont la gorge noire.

Sa taille varie de 54 à 70 mm pour les mâles et de 57 à 75 mm pour les femelles. Le corps est trapu, avec une petite tête et un museau court et arrondi.

Cette grenouille se gonfle quand elle est menacée. Elle peut exsuder des sécrétions blanches très collantes pour dissuader les prédateurs. Ces sécrétions ont un goût désagréable, mais ne contiennent pas de niveau détectable de toxines.

Elle a été introduite accidentellement dans plusieurs pays (entre autres Guam), probablement par l'intermédiaire du transport maritime ou aérien et par le commerce d'animaux. Un spécimen a été découvert à l'aéroport de Perth en 2005 (Tyler et Chapman 2007), et un autre a été trouvé dans le fret, sur un quai en Nouvelle-Zélande.

Publications originales

  • (en) Boulenger, 1887 : An account of the reptiles and batrachians obtained in Tenasserim by M. L. Fea of the Genoa Civic Museum. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, sér. 2, vol. 5, p. 474-486 (texte intégral).
  • Bourret, 1942 : Les Batraciens de l'Indochine. Hanoï, Institut Océanographique de l'Indochine.
  • (en) Cantor, 1847 : Catalogue of reptiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and Islands collected or observed by Theodore Cantor. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol. 16, no 2, p. 1026-1078 (texte intégral).
  • (en) Gray, 1831 : Description of two new genera of Frogs discovered by John Reeves, Esq. in China. The Zoological Miscellany, vol. 1, p. 38 (texte intégral).
  • (en-US) Gressitt, 1938 : A new burrowing frog and a new lizard from Hainan Island. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, vol. 51, p. 127-130 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. Collectif (trad. Michel Beauvais, Marcel Guedj, Salem Issad), Histoire naturelle [« The Natural History Book »], Flammarion, mars 2016, 650 p. (ISBN 978-2-0813-7859-9), Grenouille peinte de Malaisie page 362
  2. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe

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Kaloula macrocephala: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

wikipedia FR tarafından sağlandı

Kaloula pulchra (nom vernaculaire : Grenouille peinte de Malaisie) est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Microhylidae.

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Indische stierkikker ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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Herpetologie

De Indische stierkikker[2] (Kaloula pulchra) is een kikker uit de familie smalbekkikkers (Microhylidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door John Edward Gray in 1831. Later werd de wetenschappelijke naam Callula pulchra gebruikt.[3]

Uiterlijke kenmerken

Mannetjes van de Indische stierkikker bereiken een lichaamslengte van 5,4 tot 7 centimeter, de vrouwtjes worden groter en zijn 5,7 tot 7,5 cm lang.

De kikker valt op door de sterk driehoekige kop met een kleine bek maar een bijna kogelrond lichaam. De lichaamskleur is licht- tot donkerbruin, met aan de bovenzijde van de flanken twee brede, duidelijk lichtere tot gele of rode, donkeromzoomde lengtestrepen. Deze eindigen net voor de achterpoten en vloeien op de kop samen in een streep boven de ogen. De buik is lichter dan de rugzijde. De keel van de mannetjes is zwart, bij vrouwtjes ontbreekt deze kleur.

Verspreiding en habitat

De Indische stierkikker komt voor in delen van Zuidoost-Azië en leeft in de landen Bangladesh, Cambodja, China, Hongkong, India, Indonesië, Laos, Maleisië, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Thailand en Vietnam.[4] De kikker blijft bij water in de buurt, maar kan periodes van droogte overleven door zich in te graven en een soort van vochtige 'cocon' te maken van de huidafscheiding. Na een grote regenbui ontwaken de kikkers en komen dan massaal tevoorschijn.

De kikker komt in een groot deel van zijn verspreidingsgebied nog algemeen voor.

Levenswijze

Overdag schuilt de kikker in de strooisellaag van bossen door zich half in te graven. Hier valt hij niet op tussen de bladeren vanwege de bruine en gele kleuren. 's Nachts wordt de kikker actief en jaagt op kleine ongewervelden, voornamelijk insecten en de larven. De soort staat bekend als een grote eter, maar vanwege de relatief smalle bek hebben kleinere prooidieren de voorkeur. Ondanks het plompe uiterlijk klimt de kikker ook in vegetatie.

Bij bedreiging blaast de kikker zich op met lucht tot een soort bal, waardoor het lichaam voor sommige vijanden te groot wordt om door te slikken. Ook worden irriterende stoffen afgescheiden door de huid, die erg plakkerig zijn.

Referenties
  1. (en) Indische stierkikker op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Grzimek, Bernhard, Het leven der dieren deel V: Vissen (II) en amfibieën, Kindler Verlag AG, 1971, Pagina 495. ISBN 90 274 8625 5.
  3. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Kaloula pulchra.[dode link]
  4. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Kaloula pulchra.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Kaloula pulchra - Website[dode link] Geconsulteerd 21 februari 2017
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Kaloula pulchra - Website
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Indische stierkikker: Brief Summary ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

wikipedia NL tarafından sağlandı

De Indische stierkikker (Kaloula pulchra) is een kikker uit de familie smalbekkikkers (Microhylidae). De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door John Edward Gray in 1831. Later werd de wetenschappelijke naam Callula pulchra gebruikt.

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Termitówka południowoazjatycka ( Lehçe )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Termitówka południowoazjatycka[3], żaba indyjska, termitówka indyjska (Kaloula pulchra) – gatunek płaza bezogonowego z rodziny wąskopyskowatych.

Występowanie: Chiny, Indie, Indochiny i Archipelag Malajski[4].

Cechy charakterystyczne: płaski tułów i głowa połączona z nim. Te cechy upodabniają ją do dużego, płaskiego (ale bez przesady) kamienia,ma krótkie ,ale mocno umięśnione kończyny,dodatkowo na tylnych kończynach ma dwa duże wyrostki,których używa do kopania .Przestraszone termitówki nadymają się tak,że stają się dwukrotnie większe. Zwana jest czasami żabą wół, ponieważ rechotanie samców w czasie okresu godowego przypomina ryczenie wołu.Termitówki potrafią również syczeć.

Aktywność: jak większość płazów jest zwierzęciem nocnym ,dzień spędza zagrzebana w podłożu.

Ubarwienie: brązowe z dwoma żółtymi paskami.

Rozmiary: długość - 7 cm(samice czasami nawet do 10 cm), szerokość - 8 cm

Środowisko: butwiejące pnie drzew i pniaczki.

Pokarm: W naturze termitówki żywią się przede wszystkim mrówkami i termitami,w hodowli karmione są głównie świerszczami i karaczanami.

Przypisy

  1. Kaloula pulchra, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Kaloula pulchra. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Zwierzęta: encyklopedia ilustrowana. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2005. ISBN 83-01-14344-4.
  4. Darrel Frost and The American Museum of Natural History: Kaloula pulchra (ang.). Amphibian Species of the World 5.3, an Online Reference. [dostęp 3 kwietnia 2010].

Linki zewnętrzne

Żaba indyjska we wrocławskim zoo Opis hodowli termitówki

p d e
Rodziny płazów bezogonowych
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Termitówka południowoazjatycka: Brief Summary ( Lehçe )

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Termitówka południowoazjatycka, żaba indyjska, termitówka indyjska (Kaloula pulchra) – gatunek płaza bezogonowego z rodziny wąskopyskowatych.

Występowanie: Chiny, Indie, Indochiny i Archipelag Malajski.

Cechy charakterystyczne: płaski tułów i głowa połączona z nim. Te cechy upodabniają ją do dużego, płaskiego (ale bez przesady) kamienia,ma krótkie ,ale mocno umięśnione kończyny,dodatkowo na tylnych kończynach ma dwa duże wyrostki,których używa do kopania .Przestraszone termitówki nadymają się tak,że stają się dwukrotnie większe. Zwana jest czasami żabą wół, ponieważ rechotanie samców w czasie okresu godowego przypomina ryczenie wołu.Termitówki potrafią również syczeć.

Aktywność: jak większość płazów jest zwierzęciem nocnym ,dzień spędza zagrzebana w podłożu.

Ubarwienie: brązowe z dwoma żółtymi paskami.

Rozmiary: długość - 7 cm(samice czasami nawet do 10 cm), szerokość - 8 cm

Środowisko: butwiejące pnie drzew i pniaczki.

Pokarm: W naturze termitówki żywią się przede wszystkim mrówkami i termitami,w hodowli karmione są głównie świerszczami i karaczanami.

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Kaloula pulchra ( Portekizce )

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Kaloula pulchra é uma espécie de anfíbio anuro da família Microhylidae.[2][3] É considerada pouco preocupante pela Lista Vermelha da UICN.[1] Está presente em Bangladesh, Camboja, China, Hong Kong, Índia, Indonésia, Laos, Malásia, Myanmar, Nepal, Filipinas, Singapura, Tailândia, Vietnã e Macau.[3] Foi introduzida em Filipinas e Taiwan.[3]

A espécie pratica o comensalismo com humanos, ocupando áreas urbanas rapidamente. Possuí rápida adaptação, presumindo que inicialmente a espécie habitava bordas de florestas e margens de rios. A espécie também é encontrada em florestas secas. É uma espécie fossorial. Se reproduz em pequenas poças e frequentemente em poças de chuvas sazonais. Pode fazer tocas em árvores arbustivas.[4]

Em alguns lugares é usada para alimentação.[4]

Referências

  1. a b (2015). Kaloula pulchra (em inglês). IUCN 2016. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2016 . Página visitada em 26 de Abril de 2016..
  2. Kaloula pulchra Amphibian Species of the World, versão 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Página acedida em 26 de Abril de 2016
  3. a b c Kaloula pulchra. AmphibiaWeb. Página acedida em 26 de Abril de 2016
  4. a b «Kaloula pulchra» (em inglês). IUCN Red List. Consultado em 30 de outubro de 2016
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Kaloula pulchra: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

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Kaloula pulchra é uma espécie de anfíbio anuro da família Microhylidae. É considerada pouco preocupante pela Lista Vermelha da UICN. Está presente em Bangladesh, Camboja, China, Hong Kong, Índia, Indonésia, Laos, Malásia, Myanmar, Nepal, Filipinas, Singapura, Tailândia, Vietnã e Macau. Foi introduzida em Filipinas e Taiwan.

A espécie pratica o comensalismo com humanos, ocupando áreas urbanas rapidamente. Possuí rápida adaptação, presumindo que inicialmente a espécie habitava bordas de florestas e margens de rios. A espécie também é encontrada em florestas secas. É uma espécie fossorial. Se reproduz em pequenas poças e frequentemente em poças de chuvas sazonais. Pode fazer tocas em árvores arbustivas.

Em alguns lugares é usada para alimentação.

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Kaloulagroda ( İsveççe )

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Kaloulagroda, Kaloula pulchra, är en groda från Sydöstasien som tillhör släktet Kaloula och familjen trångmynta grodor.

Utseende

Kaloulagrodan är en kraftig rundad groda med ett kort, trubbigt huvud och en kroppslängd mellan 5,5 och 7 cm (honorna kan bli upptill 7,5 cm långa).[4] Ovansidan är småvårtig och mörkbrun, vanligtvis med oregelbundna, gulbruna fläckar. Längs sidorna går en tjock, gul till brandgul strimma, ibland försedd med mörkare prickar, omgiven av smala, mörka streck. Benen är fläckiga i grått och mörkbrunt, och undersidan har en grynig struktur med spräcklig, blekt gulbrun färgteckning. Hanens strupe är svart och har en grövre struktur än övriga undersidan. Framfötterna har förstorade fingerdynor likt lövgrodor.[5]

Utbredning

Arten finns från södra Kina och Burma, via Thailand, Laos, Kambodia, Vietnam och söderut till Malaysias fastland, Indonesien och Singapore. Den finns även fläckvis i Indien.[2]

Vanor

Man antar att den ursprungligen var en art som levde i gränsområdena mellan våtmarker och skog.[2]. Den har emellertid numera anpassat sig fullkomligt till människan, och uppträder endast sällsynt någon annanstans än i närheten av mänsklig bebyggelse.[6] Den uppträder gärna i människopåverkade miljöer som på våtängar, i vattensamlingar längs vägar och i städernas dagvattenkloaker. Den är inaktiv under dagen och gömmer sig då i hålor i marken, under vissna löv eller i springor och öppningar i byggnader och murar.[7]

Arten livnär sig framför allt på myror. Den kan blåsa upp sig när den blir hotad. Som ett försvar mot fiender kan den även avge en illasmakande, klibbig substans.[4]

Parningen sker under regntiden[4] i vanligtvis temporära vattensamlingar där hanarna samlas och ropar på honorna med ett kraftigt, råmande läte.[7]

Status

Kaloulagrodan är klassificerad som livskraftig ("LC") av IUCN, och populationen är stabil (enligt vissa källor ökar den[4]). Den jagas i många områden som föda, och förekommer även i den internationella handeln med sällskapsdjur, men detta tycks inte påverka populationen negativt. På många ställen betraktas den snarast som ett skadedjur.[2]

Referenser

  1. ^ ”Statens jordbruksverks allmänna råd (1999:2)...” (PDF). Statens jordbruksverks författningssamling. 20 oktober 1999. http://www.jordbruksverket.se/download/18.26424bf71212ecc74b08000952/allmannarad_1999-002.PDF. Läst 15 december 2009.
  2. ^ [a b c d] Kaloula pulchra IUCN (2004). Auktorer: Lue Kuangyang et al. (engelska) Läst 2009-12-30
  3. ^ trångmynta grodor Nationalencyklopedin, Webbupplagan (betalversionen)
  4. ^ [a b c d] Pierre Fidenci (2009-06-29; uppdaterad 2009-07-06). Kaloula pulchra (på engelska). AmphibiaWeb, University of California. http://www.amphibiaweb.org/cgi-bin/amphib_query?query_src=aw_search_index&table=amphib&special=one_record&where-genus=Kaloula&where-species=pulchra. Läst 30 december 2009.
  5. ^ ”Amphibians and Reptiles of Malaysia - Kaloula pulchra (på engelska). Amphibia.my. http://www.amphibia.my/page.php?pageid=s_foundk&s_id=35&search1=Kaloula%20pulchra&species=Kaloula%20pulchra&submit=Search!#. Läst 30 december 2009.
  6. ^ Mattison, Chris (1992) (på engelska). Frogs and toads of the world. Blandford. sid. 136, 180. ISBN 0-7137-2355-6
  7. ^ [a b] Nick Baker (2009). ”Banded Bullfrog” (på engelska). EcologyAsia. http://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/amphibians/banded_bullfrog.htm. Läst 30 december 2009.
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Kaloulagroda: Brief Summary ( İsveççe )

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Kaloulagroda, Kaloula pulchra, är en groda från Sydöstasien som tillhör släktet Kaloula och familjen trångmynta grodor.

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Калоула прикрашена ( Ukraynaca )

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Опис

Загальна довжина сягає 7,5 см. Голова невелика. Зіниця вертикальна, барабанна перетинка прихована. Тулуб округлий, звужений біля голови, далі до ззаду — розширюється. Кінцівки вкорочені зі слабко розвиненими плавальними перетинками, кінчики пальців розширені. Пересувається маленькими квапливими стрибками, за допомогою добре розвиненого п'яткового бугра, що легко заривається у землю. Тіло шоколадно-коричневого забарвлення. Від очей до паху тягнуться вохристо-жовтуваті смуги.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє вологі місця (80—90%) по берегах водойм. Вдень ховається під опалим листям. Активна вночі. Живиться дрібними комахами, здебільшого мурашками, яких збирає довгим хробакоподібним язиком. При небезпеці значно роздуває свій тулуб.

Парування починається з квітня. Самиця відкладає яйця у стоячі водойми. Метаморфоз пуголовок триває 2 тижні.

Розповсюдження

Поширена у південній Індії, Бангладеші, Південно-Східній Азії (М'янма, Індокитай, Малайзія, Індонезія), південному Китаї, на о.Тайвань.

Джерела

  • Richard D. Bartlett, Patricia P. Bartlett (1996). Frogs, Toads, and Treefrogs: Everything About Selection, Care, Nutrition, Breeding, and Behavior. Barron's Educational Series. p. 98.
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Ễnh ương ( Vietnamca )

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Ễnh ương (Kaloula pulchra) là một loài ếch trong họ Microhylidae. Con đực có cổ họng đậm hơn so với con cái. Ễnh ương phát triển đến 7–8 cm với con cái nói chung là lớn hơn so với con đực. Nó có thể sống lâu đến 10 năm.[2]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JuhSFGj-lI
Ễnh ương

Vật nuôi

Ễnh ương thường được bán trong các cửa hàng vật nuôi phương Tây. Chúng nhạy cảm với clo trong nước. Chúng cần độ ẩm cao và thích nhiệt độ 80–85 °F (27–29 °C).

Tham khảo

  1. ^ Kuangyang et al. (2004). Kaloula pulchra. Sách đỏ 2006. IUCN 2006. Truy cập ngày 12 tháng 5 năm 2006.
  2. ^ Snider, A.T. & J.K. Bowler. 1992. Longevity of Reptiles and Amphibians in North American Collections. Second edition. Herpetological Circular No. 21.

Liên kết ngoài


Đặc điểm

Ễnh ương là một loài động vật lành tính nhưng bên trong nội tạng chứa chất độc, vì thế khi chế biến món ăn cần phải chế biến đúng cách..

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Họ Nhái bầu này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Ễnh ương: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

Ễnh ương (Kaloula pulchra) là một loài ếch trong họ Microhylidae. Con đực có cổ họng đậm hơn so với con cái. Ễnh ương phát triển đến 7–8 cm với con cái nói chung là lớn hơn so với con đực. Nó có thể sống lâu đến 10 năm.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5JuhSFGj-lI Ễnh ương
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Украшенная бычья лягушка ( Rusça )

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Звуки, издаваемые лягушкой

Украшенная бычья лягушка[1], или индийская бычья лягушка[1] (лат. Kaloula pulchra) — вид земноводных из семейства Узкороты.

Общая длина достигает 7,5 см. Голова небольшая. Зрачок вертикальный, барабанная перепонка скрыта. Туловище округлое, сужено у головы, далее к концу расширяется. Конечности укорочены со слабо развитыми плавательными перепонками, кончики пальцев расширены. Передвигается маленькими торопливыми прыжками, с помощью хорошо развитого пяточного бугра легко зарывается в землю. Тело шоколадно-коричневой окраски. От глаз до паха тянутся охристо-жёлтые полосы.

Любит влажные места (80—90 %) по берегам водоёмов. Днём прячется под опавшими листьями. Активна ночью. Питается мелкими насекомыми, в основном муравьями, которых собирает длинным червеобразным языком. При опасности значительно раздувает своё туловище.

Спаривание начинается с апреля. Самка откладывает яйца в стоячие водоёмы. Метаморфоз головастиков продолжается 2 недели[2].

Продолжительность жизни до 10 лет[3].

Вид распространён в южной Индии, Бангладеш, Юго-Восточной Азии (Мьянма, Индокитай, Малайзия, Индонезия), южном Китае, на острове Тайвань.

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 97. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
  2. Richard D. Bartlett, Patricia P. Bartlett. Frogs, Toads, and Treefrogs: Everything About Selection, Care, Nutrition, Breeding, and Behavior. — Barron's Educational Series, 1996. — P. 98. — ISBN 0-8120-9156-6.
  3. Snider, A.T. & J.K. Bowler. 1992. Longevity of Reptiles and Amphibians in North American Collections. Second edition. Herpetological Circular No. 21.
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Украшенная бычья лягушка: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

wikipedia русскую Википедию tarafından sağlandı
Звуки, издаваемые лягушкой

Украшенная бычья лягушка, или индийская бычья лягушка (лат. Kaloula pulchra) — вид земноводных из семейства Узкороты.

Общая длина достигает 7,5 см. Голова небольшая. Зрачок вертикальный, барабанная перепонка скрыта. Туловище округлое, сужено у головы, далее к концу расширяется. Конечности укорочены со слабо развитыми плавательными перепонками, кончики пальцев расширены. Передвигается маленькими торопливыми прыжками, с помощью хорошо развитого пяточного бугра легко зарывается в землю. Тело шоколадно-коричневой окраски. От глаз до паха тянутся охристо-жёлтые полосы.

Любит влажные места (80—90 %) по берегам водоёмов. Днём прячется под опавшими листьями. Активна ночью. Питается мелкими насекомыми, в основном муравьями, которых собирает длинным червеобразным языком. При опасности значительно раздувает своё туловище.

Спаривание начинается с апреля. Самка откладывает яйца в стоячие водоёмы. Метаморфоз головастиков продолжается 2 недели.

Продолжительность жизни до 10 лет.

Вид распространён в южной Индии, Бангладеш, Юго-Восточной Азии (Мьянма, Индокитай, Малайзия, Индонезия), южном Китае, на острове Тайвань.

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花狭口蛙 ( Çince )

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二名法 Kaloula pulchra
(Gray, 1831)[1]

花狭口蛙学名Kaloula pulchra)又名亞洲錦蛙,为姬蛙科狭口蛙属两栖动物。分布範圍從緬甸泰國老撾柬埔寨越南,南部向马来半岛印尼蘇門答臘婆羅洲(坤甸), 蘇拉威西島 (錫江帕盧弗洛勒斯島)和刁曼島布吉島蘭卡威新加坡印度東北部(西孟加拉邦西部和阿薩姆)和孟加拉國。 在中国大陆,分布于福建广东广西海南云南等地。该物种的模式产地在中国。[1]本種亦被引進至台灣。背部有黄色纹路,体长7-8厘米,寿命可达10年。[2]

 src=
幼蛙
 src=
[[:File:Banded Bull Frog Call.ogg|]]
Calling sound of several banded bullfrogs

播放此文件有问题?请参见媒體幫助

亚种

  • 花狭口蛙指名亚种学名Kaloula pulchra pulchra),Gray于1831年命名。在中国大陆,分布于福建广东广西云南等地,多生活于树洞。该物种的模式产地在中国。[3]
  • 花狭口蛙海南亚种学名Kaloula pulchra hainana),Gressitt于1938年命名。在中国大陆,分布于广东海南等地。该物种的模式产地在海南。[4]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 花狭口蛙. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
  2. ^ Snider, A.T. & J.K. Bowler. 1992. Longevity of Reptiles and Amphibians in North American Collections. Second edition. Herpetological Circular No. 21.
  3. ^ 中国科学院动物研究所. 花狭口蛙指名亚种. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
  4. ^ 中国科学院动物研究所. 花狭口蛙海南亚种. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
 src= 维基物种中的分类信息:花狭口蛙
 title=
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维基百科作者和编辑

アジアジムグリガエル ( Japonca )

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この記事には参考文献外部リンクの一覧が含まれていますが、脚注によって参照されておらず、情報源が不明瞭です。脚注を導入して、記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。2016年12月
アジアジムグリガエル アジアジムグリガエル
アジアジムグリガエル Kaloula pulchra
保全状況評価 LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 両生綱 Amphibia : 無尾目 Anura 亜目 : Neobatrachia : ヒメアマガエル科 Microhylidae 亜科 : Microhylinae : ジムグリガエル属 Kaloula : アジアジムグリガエル
K. pulchra 学名 Kaloula pulchra
Gray, 1831 和名 アジアジムグリガエル 英名 Chubby frog

アジアジムグリガエル(亜細亜地潜蛙、Kaloula pulchra)は、ヒメアマガエル科ジムグリガエル属に分類されるカエル

分布[編集]

インドカンボジアスリランカ中華人民共和国南部、ネパールバングラデシュベトナムマレーシアミャンマーラオスに自然分布。インドネシアスラウェシ島ボルネオ島)、シンガポール、マレーシア(ボルネオ島)へ移入。

形態[編集]

体長5.5-7.5cm。オスよりもメスの方が大型になり、オスは最大でも体長6cmほど。体色は暗褐色で、吻端から体側面にかけて明褐色の筋模様が入る。この色彩によって林床では体の輪郭が不明瞭になり、保護色になると考えられている。

前肢の指の先端は三角形状に広がる。

生態[編集]

平地の森林や水辺に生息する。地表棲だが、樹上で見られることもある。夜行性で、昼間は落ち葉や石の下などで休む。外敵に襲われると、四肢を突っ張って体を膨らませて自分を大きく見せ、相手を威嚇する。

食性は動物食で、昆虫類(主にアリ)などを食べる。

繁殖形態は卵生。雨季にできた水溜まりに集まり、オスは水面に浮かびながらメイティングコールを行う。

人間との関係[編集]

環境に対する順応性が高く、市街地やゴミ捨て場などにも生息し、生息地では生息数が最も多いカエルの1つとされる。

ペットとして飼育されることもあり、日本にも輸入されている。属内では最も流通量が多い。野生個体のみが流通する。テラリウムで飼育される。ケージにはヤシガラ土や腐葉土などの保湿力があり、潜りやすい床材を厚めに敷く。その際に床材の表面がやや乾燥して底の方が湿っている状態にし、地中に潜ることで生体が適した湿度を選択できるようにする。床材に挿し水をしたり、夜間や消灯時に霧吹きで水分を与える。頭部および口が小型のため、体に対して小型の餌(コオロギなど)を与える。

2016年10月1日より特定外来生物による生態系等に係る被害の防止に関する法律に基づき、特定外来生物に指定され、飼育は禁止されている。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、アジアジムグリガエルに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにアジアジムグリガエルに関する情報があります。

参考文献[編集]

  • 千石正一監修 長坂拓也編 『爬虫類・両生類800種図鑑 第3版』、ピーシーズ、2002年、276頁。
  • 『小学館の図鑑NEO 両生・はちゅう類』、小学館2004年、54頁。
  • 海老沼剛 『爬虫・両生類ビジュアルガイド カエル1 ユーラシア大陸、アフリカ大陸とマダガスカル、オーストラリアと周辺の島々のカエル』、誠文堂新光社、2004年、100頁。
  • 海老沼剛 「The World of FROGS ジムグリガエル属、コガタジムグリガエル属、オオバガエル属&トマトガエル属」『クリーパー』第30号、クリーパー社、2005年、70、93頁。
  • 海老沼剛 『かえる大百科』、マリン企画、2008年、42頁。

外部リンク[編集]

執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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アジアジムグリガエル: Brief Summary ( Japonca )

wikipedia 日本語 tarafından sağlandı

アジアジムグリガエル(亜細亜地潜蛙、Kaloula pulchra)は、ヒメアマガエル科ジムグリガエル属に分類されるカエル

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아시아맹꽁이 ( Korece )

wikipedia 한국어 위키백과 tarafından sağlandı

아시아맹꽁이(Kaloula pulchra)는 맹꽁이속에 속하는 양서류의 일종이다. 필리핀동남아시아에서 발견된다. 습성은 맹꽁이와 비슷하다. 애완동물로도 키우며, '츄비 프로그'(Chubby Frog)로도 불린다.

사진

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아시아맹꽁이: Brief Summary ( Korece )

wikipedia 한국어 위키백과 tarafından sağlandı

아시아맹꽁이(Kaloula pulchra)는 맹꽁이속에 속하는 양서류의 일종이다. 필리핀동남아시아에서 발견된다. 습성은 맹꽁이와 비슷하다. 애완동물로도 키우며, '츄비 프로그'(Chubby Frog)로도 불린다.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자