Osteocephalus buckleyi (Boulenger 1882)

Males 42-50 mm, females 63-69 mm. The dorsal coloration consists of a dark green background with brown spots. Tubercles distributed over the dorsal surface give the skin a granular appearance. A fringe of skin extends along the outer edge of the feet. The inner thigh and inguinal region are violet blue. The iris is golden.

Occurs throughout the Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke in Brazil, and is frequently found in shrubs and trees near the large streams Acará, Bolivia, Ipiranga and Tinga.

The species is arboreal and nocturnal, and occurs on the edges of streams in “terra-firme” forest. At night, individuals can be found on branches or trunks of trees over or near streams. During the day, they are found on roots, rocks or fallen trunks near water. Males call near waterfalls or where obstacles, such as fallen branches, produce noise in streams. Reproduction occurs mainly in the dry season between June and December. The females deposit about 900-1000 eggs in embayments at the edges of streams. Tadpoles live in streams and are unpalatable to fish. Tadpoles are blue black on the back, and have transparent bellies and fins.

Buckley's slender-legged treefrog, Osteocephalus buckleyi, is a medium sized, nocturnal, hylid tree frog that lives in primary and secondary rainforest of the Amazon basin of South America.This species is reported from Amapá, Brazil, through the Guianas and Venezuela, to Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, and found up to 1200 m (4000 ft) in altitude in some places. Using molecular markers, Ron et al. 2010 found support for the hypothesis that O. buckleyi represented a species complex containing at least 9 species, as opposed to being one large, wide-spread, morphologically variable species as previously proposed (Trueb and Duellman 1971 cited in Ron et al. 2010).These findings also reveal other potential undescribed species in this group which may impact understanding of diversity crucial to conservation actions.

Female O. buckleyi, somewhat larger than males, reach up to about 7 cm (2.75 inches) snout vent length.They have a dull green, rough, dorsal surface, with large brown spots, a hidden inner-thigh colored blue and their iris is gold.Reproductive mostly in the dry season, males call from shore near noisy stream waters roiled by waterfalls, fallen limbs or other obstructions.The females lay batches of about 1600 eggs on the edge of permanent streams, and the dark blue-black tadpoles develop in lotic water of the stream (Lima et al. 2007; Jungfer et al. 2000).This is one of just two species (the other being Atelopus pulcher) out of 130 examined from the lowland Amazonia that is an obligate stream breeder (Hoedl 1990).

Osteocephalus buckleyi és una espècie de granota que es troba a Bolívia, Brasil, Colòmbia, Equador, Guaiana Francesa, Guyana, Perú, Surinam i Veneçuela.

Es troba amenaçada d'extinció per la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural.

Osteocephalus buckleyi, also known as Buckley's slender-legged treefrog, is a species of frog in the family Hylidae. It is found along the periphery of the Amazon Basin in Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, northeastern Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana, and also in the Orinoco Delta in Venezuela. It is probably a species complex. Some sources treat Osteocephalus vilmae from Ecuador and Peru as a valid species.

La rana de casco de Buckley (Osteocephalus buckleyi) es una especie de anfibios de la familia Hylidae. Habita en Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guayana Francesa, Guayana, Perú, Surinam y Venezuela. Sus hábitats naturales incluyen bosques tropicales o subtropicales secos y a baja altitud, ríos y marismas de agua dulce. Está amenazada por la destrucción de su hábitat natural.

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Osteocephalus buckleyi Osteocephalus generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Hylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Osteocephalus buckleyi est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Hylidae.

Osteocephalus buckleyi é uma espécie de anfíbio da família Hylidae. Pode ser encontrada na Bolívia, Brasil, Peru, Equador, Colômbia, Venezuela, Guiana, Suriname e Guiana Francesa.

Osteocephalus buckleyi là một loài ếch trong họ Nhái bén. Nó được tìm thấy ở Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyane thuộc Pháp, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, và Venezuela. Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng ẩm ướt đất thấp nhiệt đới hoặc cận nhiệt đới, sông, và đầm nước ngọt. Loài này đang bị đe dọa do mất môi trường sống.

Adult male, 51.85 mm SVL, head length 18.9, head width 19.0, eye diameter 6.8, tympanum diameter 4.9, femur length 28.0, tibia length 28.7, foot length 22.1. Head narrower than body, nearly as wide as long; snout truncate in lateral and dorsal views; distance from nostril to eye longer than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis distinct and straight; loreal region concave; internarial area depressed; nostrils moderately protuberant, directed laterally; interorbital area flat, lateral margins of frontoparietals distinct through skin; eye large, strongly protuberant; tympanic membrane clearly evident, slightly wider than high, about two thirds of eye length, separated from eye by ca. 85% of its diameter; tympanic annulus distinct except dorsally where it is covered by supratympanic fold; posterior end of supratympanic fold reaches mid arm insertion. Arm slender, axillary membrane present, reaching one third of arm length; three small low tubercles present along ventrolateral edge of forearm; relative length of fingers I

Osteocephalus vilmae is know from seven localities in the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Amazon basin (northern Loreto region), four at Río Corrientes (Jibarito, Nuevo Corrientes, Pampa Hermosa, and Shiviyacu), two near Rio Pastaza in the border Ecuador-Peru (Andoas and Capahuari Norte) and one at Provincia de Orellana, Pompeya-Iro road (Fig. 2). The elevations of these localities are between 150 to 270 m above sea level. Maximum airline distance between localities is 158 km. The Peruvian localities are dominated by Terra Firme forest. Specimens collected in Capahuari Norte were found in a stream surrounded by a mixture of primary and secondary forest. In Jibarito, Pampa Hermosa, and Shiviyacu the frogs were found in primary forest in a swamp close to a stream. All specimens were next to the streams, perching on tree branches 100 to 200 cm above the ground. Osteocephalus vilmae occurssympatrically with Osteocephalus buckleyi at km 80 Pompeya-Iro road. At the Peruvian localities it co-occurs with Osteocephalus mutabor and Osteocephalus planiceps. Descriptive statistics for morphometric measurements of species of the Osteocephalus buckleyi complex. Mean ± SD is given with range below. Bold figures are averages for individuals of all populations. Abbreviations are: SVL = snout-vent length; FOOT = foot length; HL = head length; HW = head width; ED = eye diameter; TD = tympanum diameter; TL = tibia length; FL = femur length. All measurements are in mm. SVL FOOT HL HW ED TD TL FL Osteocephalus cabreraiMales (n = 7) 42.54 ± 2.51(39.66–45.72) 17.46 ± 0.92(16.15–18.57) 15.33 ±0.73(14.33–16.29) 14.86 ± 0.73(14.11–15.66) 4.11 ± 0.38(3.54–4.56) 3.4 ± 0.34(3–3.9) 23.62 ± 1.04(22.37–25.14) 21.93 ± 1.11(20.09–22.9) Osteocephalus cannatellaiMales (n = 33) 46.84 ± 4.31(38.46–57.21) 19.68 ± 2.05(15.96–24.30) 16.27 ± 1.48(13.86–19.10) 15.12 ± 1.94(11.39–19.80) 5.14 ± 1.65(4.24–6.40) 3.22 ± 0.48(2.16–4.21) 25.83 ± 2.47(20.68–31.45) 23.40 ± 2.52(18.87–29.0) Females (n = 3) 66.55 ±5.44(62.64–72.77) 28.31 ± 2.69(26.12–31.32) 21.68 ± 1.25(20.76–23.11) 18.36 ± 1.59(17.3–20.2) 5.86 ± 0.43(5.42–6.28) 3.85 ± 0.16(3.7–4.02) 37.15 ± 3.25(34.17–40.62) 34.64 ±2.19(32.89–37.11) BobonazaMales (n = 2) 44.79 ± 2.72(42.86–46.72) 18.55 ± 0.80(17.98–19.12) 15.34 ± 1.39(14.36–16.33) 12.85 ± 0.45(12.53–13.17) 4.94 ± 0.12(4.85–5.03) 2.91 ± 0.18(2.78–3.04) 4.82 ± 1.64(23.66–25.98) 21.34 ± 0.69(20.85–21.83) PomonaMales (n = 3) 49.65 ± 5.54(43.67–54.61) 21.06 ± 2.69(18.5–23.88) 17.66 ± 1.72(15.27–18.31) 14.29 ± 1.41(12.66–15.23) 5.02 ± 0.68(4.44–5.78) 3.21 ± 0.36(2.83–3.56) 26.08 ± 2.98(23.52–29.36) 24.21 ±2.86(21.52–27.22) YawiMales (n = 5) 41.86 ± 2.91(38.46–45.46) 17.11 ± 0.78(15.96–18.1) 14.65 ± 0.95(13.86–16.24) 12.53 ± 0.98(11.39–13.67) 4.61 ± 0.42(4.24–5.34) 2.92 ± 0.47(2.16–3.48) 22.41 ± 1.21(20.68–23.77) 20.22 ± 1.05(18.87–21.69) Female (n = 1) 64.25 27.5 20.76 17.58 5.42 3.7 36.66 32.89 ZanjarajunoMales (n = 2) 50.07 ± 0.96(49.39–50.75) 21.46 ± 1.34(20.51–22.41) 17.73 ± 0.07(17.68–17.79) 14.15 ± 0.16(14.03–14.27) 5.07 ± 0.09(5.01–5.14) 3.24 ± 0.16(3.13–3.36) 28.17 ± 2.24(26.59–29.76) 24.75 ± 1.36(23.79–25.75) Female (n = 1) 72.77 31.32 23.11 20.2 6.28 4.02 40.62 37.11 Osteocephalus buckleyiMales (n = 14) 41.34 ± 2.41(38.01–45.25) 16.42 ± 1.07(14.51–18.34) 14.46 ± 0.74(13.05–15.82) 12.49 ± 1.26(10.84–15.35) 4.26 ± 0.30(3.76–4.84) 3.51 ± 0.19(3.20–3.88) 22.05 ± 1.21(20.07–24.24) 20.14 ± 1.20(17.76–22.37) Females (n = 2) 45.68 ± 7.44(40.42–50.95) 18.06 ± 1.52(16.99–19.14) 16.08 ± 2(14.67–17.5) 13.47 ± 1.49(12.42–14.53) 4.69 ± 0.53(4.32–5.07) 3.66 ± 0.2(3.52–3.81) 25.14 ± 3.63(22.57–27.71) 23.49 ± 2.8(21.51–25.47) Osteocephalus germaniMales (n = 2 ) 41.26–41.45 17.97–18.17 12.79–12.99 14.23–14.82 4.51–5.23 3.79–3.99 23.10–23.50 22.30–22.70 Females (n = 2) 49.16–50.76 21.00–22.10 13.67–15.00 17.23–17.67 5.10–5.35 3.80–4.17 26.80–27.70 25.00–27.00 Osteocephalus vilmaeMales (n = 6) 50.74 ± 3.17(48.23–55.77) 21.06 ± 1.16(19.61–22.11) 16.78 ± 1.32(14.90–18.09) 18.03 ± 1.13(16.46–19.22) 6.092 ± 0.62(5.27–6.80) 4.43 ± 0.29(4.10–4.90) 27.90 ± 0.64(27.00–28.70) 25.93 ± 1.50(24.20–28.00) Descriptive statistics for call parameters of Osteocephalus buckleyi and Osteocephalus cannatellai sp. n. Mean ± SD is given with range below. The calls ofboth species have an obligatory first component consistent of a rattle-like note. Osteocephalus cannatellai has a facultative second component consistent of one to three quack notes. Sample sizes are number of males. Temporal characters are shown in seconds; spectral characters in Hertz. Osteocephalus cannatellai Osteocephalus buckleyi Combined(n = 5) Río Piraña(n = 1) Río Pucayacu(n = 4) Jatun Sacha(n = 2) Duration of first component note 0.425 ± 0.053(0.356–0.489) 0.356 0.442 ± 0.042(0.389–0.489) 0.059 ± 0.004(0.056–0.063) Call Rate 0.3066 ± 0.113(0.208–0.454) 0.454 0.269 ± 0.090(0.208–0.402) 1.524 ± 0.151(1.417–1.631) First component interval 4.114 ± 1.722(2.142–6.004) 2.142 4.607 ± 1.528(2.568–6.004) 0.725 ± 0.140(0.625–0.824) Dominant Frequency 1049.54 ± 247.18(771.6–1412.6) 771.616 1119.02 ± 221.99(765.68–1472.26) 745.66 ± 0.87(745.04–746.28) Number of pulses 12.213 ± 1.585(9.8–14.2) 12 12.266 ± 1.825(9.8–14.2) 3.328 ± 0.181(3.2–3.457) Pulse rate 28.932 ± 4.095(23.847–34.016) 33.661 27.749 ± 3.610(22.004–33.495) 55.833 ± 1.565(41.772–69.893) Duration of second component 0.307 ± 0.106(0.216–0.488) 0.216 0.329 ± 0.108(0.25–0.488) NA Duration of second component note 0.032 ± 0.004(0.027–0.037) 0.027 0.033 ± 0.004(0.027–0.037) NA Number of second component notes 0.866 ± 0.339(0.445–1.287) 1 0.832 ± 0.381(0.225–1.439) NA Quack rate 0.140 ± 0.026(0.108–0.177) 0.108 0.148 ± 0.022(0.125–0.177) NA