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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 15.9 years (captivity) Observations: One captive specimen was at least 15.9 years of age when it died (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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Behavior ( İngilizce )

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Captive Pallas cats spray and cheek rub like many Felids, but this behavior is unconfirmed in wild populations. These behaviors likely provide temporal information between individuals and may reduce the probability of hostile encounters.

Communication Channels: chemical

Other Communication Modes: scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Caithness, N. 2013. "Felis manul" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Felis_manul.html
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Nicole Caithness, University of Manitoba
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Jane Waterman, University of Manitoba
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Leila Siciliano, Michigan State University

Conservation Status ( İngilizce )

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Pallas cats (Felis manul, syn. Felis manul) are listed as “Near Threatened” by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Their population is decreasing across their range, the population in the western part of their range around the Caspian Sea is likely extirpated. They are widespread but uncommon across the Tibetan Plateau and are rare and uncommon in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia’s Krasnoyarsk region and Turkmenistan. The Russian regions of Tyva and Chita hold the largest populations in Russia, while Mongolia appears to be the species ‘stronghold’, as they are widely distributed, but still declining across most of the country.

The major threats facing this species include declining prey bases, habitat degradation from economic expansion and direct threats posed by humans and their dogs. There have been long-term and effective vermin control programs for pikas and marmots, implemented on a large scale across central Asia. This poses a direct threat to the survival of Pallas cats. Not only do pikas represent their primary food source, but marmots' dens are an essential habitat requirement and are used extensively by Pallas cats, especially throughout the cold winter months. A decrease in either of these prey or den building species will likely have a serious impact on the populations of Pallas cats in the wild. Furthermore, habitat degradation from agriculture and mining exploration is occurring on a wide scale in Mongolia and Russia, which may lead to a further reduction in suitable rocky habitat for these cats and contribute to further fragmentation of their suitable habitat. Finally, although their furs are of relatively little economic value, even in Mongolia, Pallas cats are still occasionally shot by nomadic hunters or, more often, trapped accidentally in leg traps set for marmots, foxes and wolves.

The lack of knowledge of the ecology, reproductive strategies and population dynamics of this species makes long-term conservation efforts extremely difficult. While Pallas cats are known to occur within protected areas and wildlife and nature reserves in Mongolia, China and Russia, it is estimated that the steppe-grassland biome is the least protected of all major biomes in the world, when this is coupled with their large home ranges and patchy distributions, the effectiveness of these reserves in preserving a viable population, remains to be seen.

CITES: appendix ii

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Caithness, N. 2013. "Felis manul" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Felis_manul.html
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Nicole Caithness, University of Manitoba
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Jane Waterman, University of Manitoba
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Leila Siciliano, Michigan State University

Benefits ( İngilizce )

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There are negligible negative effects to humans caused by Pallas cats.

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Caithness, N. 2013. "Felis manul" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Felis_manul.html
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Nicole Caithness, University of Manitoba
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Jane Waterman, University of Manitoba
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Leila Siciliano, Michigan State University

Benefits ( İngilizce )

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Pallas cats have little economic importance to humans. Their furs are not valuable in today’s market, and international trade in their pelts has largely ceased since the 1980’s. Mongolia still permits hunting for ‘household purposes’; however, the permitting system is ineffective and furs are likely still illegally exported to China. Their fat and organs are still used as medicines in nomadic Mongolia and Russia and domestic dogs from nomad camps in Mongolia hunt them. Pallas cats have a negligible effect on agriculture, public health and wildlife management. It is possible that Pallas cats may provide a pest-control benefit for agriculture through their hunting of pikas and small rodents, which are the target of wide-spread and common pest control programs throughout central Asia.

Positive Impacts: body parts are source of valuable material; controls pest population

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Caithness, N. 2013. "Felis manul" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Felis_manul.html
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Nicole Caithness, University of Manitoba
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Jane Waterman, University of Manitoba
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Leila Siciliano, Michigan State University

Associations ( İngilizce )

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There has been very little research in regards to the role Pallas cats play in steppe ecosystems. Pallas cats are ‘mesocarnivores,’ which suggests that they are mid-trophic level carnivores whose diet is comprised mostly of meat, but also some invertebrate material. They are successful predators of pikas and small rodents, and are in turn predated upon by larger carnivores, such as red foxes and wolves. They depend quite strongly on abandoned marmots' dens for shelter in the winter. Pallas cats may undergo interspecific competition with the following species: red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), Corsac foxes (Vulpes corsac) Eurasian badgers (Meles meles), steppe polecats (Mustela eversmanii), mountain weasels (Mustela altaica) and a number of raptor birds.

Pallas cats are highly susceptible to the obligate intracellular coccidian, Toxoplasma gondii, in captivity worldwide. Domestic cats, and other members of Family Felidae are likely the definitive hosts, it is transmitted placentally and through lactation, from mother to kittens. In Pallas cats, no treatments are completely effective at clearing the body of the tissue cysts caused by T. gondii and once it is contracted, it is most often fatal. This is likely the limiting factor of successful propagation of this species in captivity, as there is a high newborn mortality in kittens (~60%) within four months of birth. The cause of this extreme susceptibility to this condition in Pallas cats is unknown. The maternal immune response in seropositive pregnant Pallas cats is not protective for the kittens, as it is in domestic cats and other cat species. In a study of 15 wild and 9 captive Pallas cats, 87% of the wild individuals were negative for T. gondii, while 100% of the captive individuals were positive for the parasite. This lack of T. gondii in wild Pallas cats suggests that they have minimal exposure to this parasite in their natural habitat and only become infected after being brought into captivity. Furthermore, T. gondii oocysts have poor survivorship at high altitudes and extreme temperatures, which likely makes the hot summers and bitterly cold winters typical of Pallas cats' habitat, a difficult environment for the parasite to propagate and spread. Should the population of Pallas cats in the wild decrease to a point where extinction is imminent, it is unlikely that current captive reproductive individuals could be re-introduced, due to the severe mortality associated with T. gondii, unless a successful treatment is developed.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Toxoplasma gondii
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Caithness, N. 2013. "Felis manul" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Felis_manul.html
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Nicole Caithness, University of Manitoba
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Jane Waterman, University of Manitoba
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Leila Siciliano, Michigan State University

Trophic Strategy ( İngilizce )

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The majority (85.5%) of Pallas cats' diet is comprised of small rodents and pikas (Ochotona dauurica). Pikas are an especially important component of their diet in the summer months. Pallas cats are dietary specialists who depend on pikas for the majority of their energy requirements, as they are two to three times larger than other available prey species. Specializing in capturing pikas reduces their foraging costs, per unit of energy gain. In addition, pikas are relatively slow moving compared to rodents and use distinct trails to move between burrows, making them much easier to locate and capture. In the winter months, there is a distinct diversification of Pallas cats' prey base, to a more generalized foraging strategy, likely due to decreasing availability of all prey. In a study of 146 scat samples, the most frequent small mammal remains were Daurian pikas (Ochotona dauurica), Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) and mountain voles (Alticola stoliczkanus), but there were also small amounts of passerines, carrion and insects present. There are also sexual differences in dietary diversity, with females narrowing their dietary niche to a greater degree than males in summer and generalizing their dietary niche to a greater degree than males in winter.

Animal Foods: mammals; carrion ; insects

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates)

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Caithness, N. 2013. "Felis manul" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Felis_manul.html
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Nicole Caithness, University of Manitoba
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Jane Waterman, University of Manitoba
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Leila Siciliano, Michigan State University

Distribution ( İngilizce )

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Pallas cats (Felis manul, Pallas 1776; syn. Felis manul, reclassified by Johnson et al. 2006) are wild monotypic felines of the genus Felis, which are from the leopard cat lineage, endemic to central Asia. They are most abundant in Mongolia and the Tibetan Plateau; however, they have a broad but patchy distribution across central Asia and are considered rare and uncommon from the Caspian Sea through southern Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Ladakh, western and central China and southern Russia and Siberia.

Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native )

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Caithness, N. 2013. "Felis manul" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Felis_manul.html
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Nicole Caithness, University of Manitoba
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Jane Waterman, University of Manitoba
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Leila Siciliano, Michigan State University

Habitat ( İngilizce )

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Pallas cats are found in temperate grassland biomes and in the mountain steppe and semi-arid desert habitats characteristic of central Asia. These areas are comprised of open flatlands, hills, upland steppe, rocky outcrops and ravine habitat. Sightings of Pallas cats have been reported up to 1,500 meters above sea level in Russia, and up to 1,700 meters above sea level in Mongolia. The habitat of Pallas cats in Russia is dominated by vegetation composed of Artemesia, Festuca, Stipa, and a variety of small shrubs. These areas are characterized by temperate continental climates with temperatures ranging from 38 degrees Celsius to -43 degrees Celsius. These areas often have small amounts of precipitation (generally less than 200 mm), most of which falls as rain in the summer. Pallas cats are poorly adapted to moving through deep snow, so their habitat is restricted to areas with less than 10 cm of snow cover during the winter.

Pallas cats are habitat specialists, confining their activity largely to, or near rocky and ravine areas, as a predator avoidance strategy. Pallas cats use marmots' (Marmota sibirica) burrows and rock crevices as dens on a daily basis, such den sites are essential habitat for this species. Dens are chosen significantly more in rocky or ravine habitats. There are three main den types used by Pallas cats on an annual basis including summer dens that are either abandoned marmots' burrows or rock dens; maternal dens, which are usually rock dens with many entrances for predator avoidance or escape; and winter dens, which are usually marmots' burrows and provide increased thermoregulatory and heat retention benefits over rock dens. Pallas cats show fidelity to a particular den for consecutive days and often return to the same den after spending time in other parts of their home range.

Habitat Regions: temperate

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; mountains

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Caithness, N. 2013. "Felis manul" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Felis_manul.html
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Nicole Caithness, University of Manitoba
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Jane Waterman, University of Manitoba
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Leila Siciliano, Michigan State University

Life Expectancy ( İngilizce )

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Adult Pallas cats have an average lifespan of 27.1 months in the wild, with mortality heavily biased towards winter.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
27.1 months.

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Caithness, N. 2013. "Felis manul" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Felis_manul.html
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Nicole Caithness, University of Manitoba
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Jane Waterman, University of Manitoba
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Leila Siciliano, Michigan State University

Morphology ( İngilizce )

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Pallas cats are small felines, about the size of domestic cats but appear heavier due to their long, fluffy fur coats. Their body length ranges 50 to 62 cm, with tail lengths of 23 to 31 cm and they usually weigh between 2.5 and 5.0 kg. They show no significant sexual dimorphism; however, males may be slightly heavier. They have a small spherical head, a thick build, short stocky legs and a thick furry tail that does not thin or become pointed at the end. They have a short, protruding muzzle and a large forehead with bulging, large eyes, set low and directed forward, which gives the impression of a ‘flat face’. This is intensified by the shape of their broad ears and the large bunches of elongated hairs occurring on their cheeks and under their ears.

Pallas cats have very long, fluffy, silky fur that is characterized by white-tipped guard hairs that project prominently over a darker pelage, although there can be considerable inter-individual and sub-species variation of coloration. Their coat is generally a complex combination of light grey, with pale yellow to ocherous or pale yellow to reddish patches on their flanks and a dirty white posterior abdomen and groin. There are often six or seven narrow black transverse strips dorsally, extending onto the sides, which may vary in length but are always located posterior to the shoulders. Their tail is uniformly grey above and below, with a very small black tip and seven narrow black fields surrounding. Their legs are generally grey, with short brown hairs between the digits that do not cover the pads or form tufts. The darkest coloration occurs on their neck and chest, especially between their forelimbs and transitioning into a dirty white throat and abdomen. Their head is mostly a pure, light grey with scattered black spots. Their eyes, upper and lower lips and their nasal region are surrounded by white patches. There are two narrow black strips under their eyes on their cheeks, one of which terminates at their ear and the other extends around to the back of their neck. The back of their ears are grey, with a pale yellow tinge and black fringe at the tip with tufts of white hairs in front and on the inner surface of their ear pinna. White vibrissae are present on their cheeks and over their eyes.

Their skull is rounded and relatively broad laterally, with a very short rostral region and large orbits that are set vertically and directed forward. Their palate is short and broad. Tympanic bullae are set closely together and are not large, but have a swollen and highly developed antero-outer chamber, with a distinct suture between the ectotympanic and endotympanic chambers. Their angular process is short and thin. Their cheek teeth form an acute angle and are in a plane together with a line joining their molars. Their second premolars are invariably absent in the upper row, with short massive upper carnassials that lack an antero-inner cusp. There are no sex-related structural differences in the skull of Pallas cats, aside from the females being somewhat smaller.

Range mass: 2.5 to 5.0 g.

Range length: 500 to 620 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

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Caithness, N. 2013. "Felis manul" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Felis_manul.html
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Nicole Caithness, University of Manitoba
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Jane Waterman, University of Manitoba
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Leila Siciliano, Michigan State University

Associations ( İngilizce )

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Pallas cats face the possibility of predation from a variety of terrestrial and aerial predators, such as red foxes, wolves, domestic dogs and large birds of prey. Humans are also known to hunt Pallas cats, especially in Mongolia where body parts are said to have a medicinal value and furs may be used in subsistence living or nomadic trading.

Given the threats of predation faced by Pallas cats, they spend most of their time in 'safe' habitats, such as rocky hills or ravines, while avoiding open areas like steppe and grasslands. Pallas cats rely primarily on their preferred rocky habitat to avoid detection by predators and escape if pursued. Threatened Pallas cats will run into a ‘bolt hole’, such as a rock crevice or den, slink down low and freeze next to rocks or vegetation, or run into the cover of nearby rocks or ravines. Furthermore, they move slowly compared to other sympatric and predatory carnivores and rely on crypsis and camouflage with their background, this is accomplished with their complex coat pattern and color. Pallas cats may be poor runners; therefore running is an unlikely means of escape from large terrestrial or aerial predators.

Known Predators:

  • red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
  • Corsac foxes (Vulpes corsac)
  • wolves (Canis lupus)
  • large birds of prey (Aves)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Caithness, N. 2013. "Felis manul" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Felis_manul.html
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Nicole Caithness, University of Manitoba
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Jane Waterman, University of Manitoba
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Leila Siciliano, Michigan State University

Reproduction ( İngilizce )

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Pallas cats display a polygamous mating system, typical of most felids, males mate with several females in a given mating season. There is little, to no dimorphism between sexes; however, scratches were seen on male’s faces, suggesting an ad-hoc mating strategy, where several males compete for a female. Females were not observed with fighting injuries. Mating may occur in dens, with the male staying in close proximity to the den for three to four days after copulation, likely to guard his mates during receptivity. Breeding is highly seasonal and is photo-dependent; females produce one litter of kittens per year. Mating occurs between December and March, with litters born between late March and May.

Mating System: polygynous

Gestation in female Pallas cats lasts for approximately 75 days; their altricial kittens are born blind and helpless, with dense fuzzy pelage. Litter sizes in captivity average 3.57 (±0.53) individuals per litter, but have ranged up to six or eight per litter; however, the average litter size in the wild is not known. In Mongolia, 31.9% of kittens survived to adulthood, with no significant difference between males and females.

Breeding interval: Pallas cats breed once a year.

Breeding season: The breeding season for Pallas cats occurs from December to March.

Average number of offspring: 3.57.

Range gestation period: 74 to 75 days.

Range time to independence: 4 to 5 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Male Pallas cats display no parental care. Kittens generally remain within the den for two months after birth, at which time they ‘molt’ into an adult coat and usually weigh between 500 to 600 g. When the kittens are three to four months old, they follow their mother for foraging in social mother-offspring groups. Kittens disperse between four to five months of age, by which time they have usually reached adult size and weight. Young may have large dispersal movements away from their maternal dens and mature quickly, they become reproductively viable within their first year.

Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Caithness, N. 2013. "Felis manul" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Felis_manul.html
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Nicole Caithness, University of Manitoba
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Jane Waterman, University of Manitoba
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Leila Siciliano, Michigan State University

Biology ( İngilizce )

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Solitary and secretive, Pallas's cat is slow but purposeful in its movements, using its environment to conceal itself and blend into its background. Pallas's cat has crepuscular activity peaks but can be active at any time during the day and night. It shelters in small caves or rock crevices and most commonly in the abandoned burrows of marmots and other animals (7). This species occurs at very low densities with as few as eight to eleven cats within 100 square kilometres. Home ranges can be from 8 to 100 square kilometres with males occupying larger areas than females and overlapping those of several females (7). This adept predator hunts by stalking and ambushing its prey, walking at speed and opportunistically pouncing on prey. It will also wait at entrances to burrows and pounce when a small mammal exits. Pallas's cat feeds primarily on rodents and small mammals such as mouse hares, pikas, murines, voles and ground squirrels, but also small birds, lizards and grasshoppers (2) (3) (4) (7). Pallas's cat is a seasonal breeder, with most litters born in April and May (6). Males follow a female for three to four days while mating, perhaps guarding her from other males while she is sexually receptive. Injuries found on males during this period suggest that fights break out between males wanting the same female (7). Litters of three to six kittens are born after a gestation period of nine to ten weeks (6). Those born in April or May will disperse by the end of August and are the size of small adults by October. Both male and female Pallas's cats breed at an age of 10 to 11 months (7).
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Conservation ( İngilizce )

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Hunting of this species is prohibited in Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Pakistan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan (1). Its listing on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) strictly regulates international trade of its pelt (4), although many of the countries in which Pallas's cat is found are short of funds for adequate law enforcement and protection (3).
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Description ( İngilizce )

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Pallas's cat is about the size of a domestic cat but looks much larger due to its stocky build and long, dense coat, which helps shield it from the cold in its frosty habitat (2) (6). The fur, which is nearly twice as long on the underparts and tail as it is on the top and sides (6), seasonally changes colour, from a frosted grey in winter to a grey/fox-red in the spring. Hair length and density also varies seasonally, being longer and heavier in the cold seasons (7). The short, stocky legs are marked with indistinct black bands and the bushy black-tipped tail is encircled with dark rings towards the end (6). Contrasting patches of pale white-cream fur exists on the chin, throat, inner ears and just beneath the eye, while two dark stripes run diagonally across each cheek and the crown is patterned with little black spots (6). The colour and patterning of the hair provides Pallas's cat with a high level of camouflage and amongst rocks it can remain perfectly concealed (7). The small, rounded ears are set low on the sides of the short, broad head, an adaptation to stalking prey in open country where there is little cover (3) (6). Unlike other small cats, the pupils in the large eyes of Pallas's cat contract to small circles rather than slits (3).
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Habitat ( İngilizce )

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Pallas's cat is adapted to cold, arid habitats in upland hilly areas, such as stony alpine desert and steppe grassland with rocky outcrops, but is generally absent from lowland sandy desert basins (1) (2) (6) (5). Pallas's cat seems to prefer rocky areas and ravines to the open steppe, providing protection from predators in what is otherwise a very open and exposed habitat (7). Although the species has been found up to 4,800 metres above sea level, most records come from much lower elevations, and areas with deep snow cover are generally avoided (1).
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Range ( İngilizce )

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Widely distributed but rare, Pallas's cat is found from the Caspian Sea in the west through Kazakhstan, Pakistan and northern India to parts of China and Mongolia (4). The species is now thought to be most abundant on the cold grasslands of Mongolia, Inner Mongolia and the Tibetan Plateau. Elsewhere it is considered vulnerable to rare and uncommon (6).
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Status ( İngilizce )

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Classified as Near Threatened (NT) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1), and listed on Appendix II of CITES (4). There is currently one recognised subspecies: Otocolobus manul ferrugineus (red manul), which is classified as Lower Risk / Near Threatened (LR/nt) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1). Two other subspecies have been suggested: O. m. manul and O. m. nigripectus (5).
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Threats ( İngilizce )

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Pallas's cat has long been hunted for its luxurious fur, with large annual harvests in China and Mongolia (6). With declining numbers in the wild and increasing restrictions, international trade in the animal's pelt has thankfully declined in recent years (1). Significant threats also exist in the form of large scale poisoning of pika and vole populations, an important prey item. This occurs in parts of the Russian Federation, where the pika is considered vermin that carries and transmits the plague, and in parts of China, where it is thought to compete with domestic stock for food (6). Pallas's cats, and particularly its young kittens, are also highly susceptible to toxomoplasmosis, a disease caught from the rodents on which it feeds (8). While there is currently low incidence of disease in its habitat, this could increase with climate change and global warming and give cause for concern. Lastly, habitat fragmentation and development is an increasing issue within the range of Pallas's cats. This may result in local extinction of this already rare species through habitat destruction and increased incidence of domestic dogs which prey heavily on Pallas's cats (7). Human alteration of the steppe ecosystem is also likely to result in adverse changes to the ecological community in which it lives (3).
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Manul ( Azerice )

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Manul (lat. Felis manul) - Pişiklər fəsiləsinin yırtıcı məməli heyvanıdır.

Ümumi məlumat

Bədənin uzunluğu təxminən 55 sm, quyruğun isə 30 sm çatır. Ölçüləri ev pişiyi boyda olsa da, görkəmcə ondan xeyli fərqlənir. Onun qolları daha qısa, bədəni daha massiv, xəzi isə sıx və uzundur. Enli və yastı başının üzərində kiçik qulaqları bir-birindən aralı şəkildə yerləşmişdir, bəzən tükün içində gizlənmiş olur. Gözlərinin qırağından sifətinin kənarı ilə uzun tüklər (baklar) nəzərə çarpır. Xəzi bəzən tutqun (çirkli-sarı-boz), bəzən isə qırmızımtıl-sarı rəngdə olur.[1]

Yayılması

Orta və Mərkəzi Asiya, cənubi Qafqaz və qərbi İrandan başlayaraq, Baykal ətrafı, Monqolustan və şimal-qərbi Çinə qədər. Azərbaycanda, yalnız Naxçıvanda rast gəlinməsi barədə 3 - 4 fakt vardır.

Yaşayış yerləri və həyat tərzi

Biologiyası Azərbaycanda öyrənilməmişdir. Arealının digər sahələrində aparılan tədqiqatlara əsasən, kəskin kontinental iqlim şəraiti, qışda aşağı temperaturu və nazik qar örtüyü olan ərazilərdə yayılmışdır. Bozqır və yarımsəhra ərazilərdə, hündür dağ qayalıqlarında rast gəlinir. Yuvasını qaya yarıqlarında, kolluqlarda, köhnə porsuq yuvalarında qurur. Qidasını, əsasən siçanabənzər gəmiricilər, quşlar təşkil edir. Hərəkətləri ləngdir, təqib zamanı gizlənməklə və hündür yerlərə dırmaşmaqla canını qurtarır. Fevral-mart aylarında cütləşir, 60 gün boğazlıq dövründən sonra 2-6 gözləri yumulu bala dünyaya gətirir. 10 ayliqda balalar yetkinliyə çatırlar. Nadir fərdləri Naxçıvanda tapılır. Çöllərdə və səhralarda, çox vaxt daşlı yaylalarda, 3000m ucalığa qalxaraq, orada məskan salır. Boş yuvalarda da yaşaya bilər. Əsasən gecə və alaqaranlıq vaxtı ova çıxır. Gəmiricilərlə, quşlarlakərtənkələlərlə qidalanır. Azərbaycan Respublikasının Qırmızı Kitabına daxil edilib.[2]

Sayı

Dəqiq sayı məlum deyildir. Çox nadir hallarda Naxçıvan MR-də rast gəlinir.

Məhdudlaşdırıcı amillər

Öyrənilməyib. Xüsusən, qışı sərt və uzun keçən illərdə tələf olmaları məlumdur.

Tətbiq olunmuş və lazımi mühafizə tədbirləri

Növün yaşayış yerləri Zəngəzur MP, OrdubadArazboyu yasaqlıqlarında mühafizə olunur. Ekologiyası öyrənilmədiyindən mühafizə tədbirləri hələ hazırlanmaqdadır.

 src=
Manul

İstinadlar

  1. Azərbaycanın Qırmızı Kitabı, II Cild, Bakı, 2013
  2. Hacıyev D.V. Azərbaycanın heyvanlar aləmi. Bakı: Elm, 2000, s. 588;

Ədəbiyyat

  1. Azərbaycanın Qırmızı Kitabı, II Cild, Bakı, 2013
  2. Hacıyev D.V. Azərbaycanın heyvanlar aləmi. Bakı: Elm, 2000, s. 588;
  3. Talıbov T.H. Naxçıvan MR Qırmızı Kitabı. Naxçıvan: Əcəmi, 2006. s. 154 - 186.

Xarici keçidlər

Vikianbarda Manul ilə əlaqəli mediafayllar var.

Həmçinin bax

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Manul: Brief Summary ( Azerice )

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Manul (lat. Felis manul) - Pişiklər fəsiləsinin yırtıcı məməli heyvanıdır.

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Manul ( Bretonca )

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Ar manul (Otocolobus manul pe Felis manul), pe kazh Pallas, zo ur c'hazh gouez bihan (60 cm gant ul lost 10 cm) eus Kreiz-Azia. Melendu eo gant roudennoù du na vezont ket gwelus atav en abeg da devder e vlevenn.

Disheñvel eo diouzh ar c'hizhier arall, ar pezh en deus lakaet ar vevoniourien d'e renkañ en un iskerentiad : ar felinae. E bavioù zo berr hag e gorf tagos. Tev eo e vlevenn ha kemm a ra hervez koulz ar bloaz. Da c'hrisoc'h ez a e-pad ar goañv. Abalamour d'e zremm plat a-walc'h e kreder gwechall e oa hendad ar c'hazh persiat.

E stepennoù Azia e vev betek 4000 m. Un aneval-noz eo ha hemolc'h a ra krignerien, pikaed hag evned. Evit e greoñ e veze hemolc'het met gwarezet eo hiziv en darn vrasañ eus e diriad.

Rummatadur

Renket eo ar manul en un iskerentiad ispisial, ar felinae. Bez ez eus tri isspesad :

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Manul: Brief Summary ( Bretonca )

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lang="br" dir="ltr">

Ar manul (Otocolobus manul pe Felis manul), pe kazh Pallas, zo ur c'hazh gouez bihan (60 cm gant ul lost 10 cm) eus Kreiz-Azia. Melendu eo gant roudennoù du na vezont ket gwelus atav en abeg da devder e vlevenn.

Disheñvel eo diouzh ar c'hizhier arall, ar pezh en deus lakaet ar vevoniourien d'e renkañ en un iskerentiad : ar felinae. E bavioù zo berr hag e gorf tagos. Tev eo e vlevenn ha kemm a ra hervez koulz ar bloaz. Da c'hrisoc'h ez a e-pad ar goañv. Abalamour d'e zremm plat a-walc'h e kreder gwechall e oa hendad ar c'hazh persiat.

E stepennoù Azia e vev betek 4000 m. Un aneval-noz eo ha hemolc'h a ra krignerien, pikaed hag evned. Evit e greoñ e veze hemolc'het met gwarezet eo hiziv en darn vrasañ eus e diriad.

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Pallas' kat ( Danca )

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Pallas' kat (latin: Otocolobus manul), også kaldt manul, er et lille kattedyr, som lever i Centralasien. Den vejer mellem 3 til 5 kg.

Kilder og eksterne henvisninger

  1. ^ Ross, S., Barashkova, Y., Farhadinia, mf, Appel, A., Riordan, P., Sanderson, J. & Munkhtsog, B. 2015. Otocolobus manul. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015
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Pallas' kat: Brief Summary ( Danca )

wikipedia DA tarafından sağlandı

Pallas' kat (latin: Otocolobus manul), også kaldt manul, er et lille kattedyr, som lever i Centralasien. Den vejer mellem 3 til 5 kg.

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Manul ( Almanca )

wikipedia DE tarafından sağlandı
 src=
Verbreitungsgebiete des Manul
(rotbraun = gesicherte Vorkommen, beigebraun = wahrscheinliche Vorkommen, hellgrün = Vorkommen unsicher)
 src=
Manul
 src=
Manul

Der Manul (Otocolobus manul, Syn.: Felis manul), auch Pallaskatze (nach Peter Simon Pallas) genannt, ist eine Katzenart aus Zentralasien.

Merkmale

Ein Manul ist etwa so groß wie eine Hauskatze, die Kopf-Rumpf-Länge beträgt 60 Zentimeter, hinzu kommt der 25 bis 31 Zentimeter lange Schwanz. Durch die stämmige Gestalt, die relativ kurzen Beine und das dichte langhaarige Fell wirkt der Manul allerdings viel größer als eine Hauskatze. Die abgerundeten Ohren setzen recht tief am Kopf an und stellen vermutlich eine Anpassung an den für Beutegreifer deckungsarmen Lebensraum dar.[1] Im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen Kleinkatzen sind beim Manul die Pupillen rund.

Das Fell ist ockergelb und trägt einige schwarze Querstreifen, die aber im dichten Haar nicht immer leicht zu erkennen sind. Zwischen den drei Unterarten gibt es kleine Unterschiede in der Färbung. Im Vergleich zu anderen Wildkatzen ist das Fell länger, am Bauch sogar doppelt so lang wie auf dem Rücken oder an den Seiten. Die Spitzen der einzelnen Haare sind weiß.[2] Wie auch beim Schneeleoparden schützt der dichte Pelz das Tier vor dem in seinem Lebensraum typischen kalten und schneereichen Winter. Die Kombination von gedrungener Gestalt und dichtem, flaumigem Fell lässt den Manul zudem größer wirken als er tatsächlich ist.

Das Gewicht schwankt zwischen 2,0 und 4,5 Kilogramm.[3][4]

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Verbreitet ist der Manul von Transkaukasien und dem nördlichen Iran über Afghanistan, Kasachstan, Usbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadschikistan, Kirgisistan, Nord-Pakistan, Ladakh, Tibet und Xinjiang bis nach Südsibirien und in die Mongolei. Im Nordosten stößt er bis zum Baikalsee vor.

Er lebt in felsigen Steppen, vorzugsweise im Gebirge, wo er in Höhen bis über 3.000 Metern vorkommt.[5]

Lebensweise

Manule sind nachtaktive Einzelgänger, die den Tag in Felsspalten und Höhlen verschlafen. Ihre Beutetiere sind Steinhühner, Pfeifhasen, Mäuse und Küken.

Die Trächtigkeitsdauer beträgt ca. 66 Tage. Ein Wurf hat fünf bis sechs Junge.

Systematik

Ursprünglich wurde der Manul der Gattung Felis zugeordnet. Da inzwischen klar ist, dass er näher mit den Altkatzen (Prionailurus) verwandt ist als mit den Altwelt-Wildkatzen (Felis), wurde er als einzelne Art in die Gattung Otocolobus gestellt.[6][7]

Katzen

Säbelzahnkatzen (Machairodontinae)



Großkatzen


Kleinkatzen




Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style Kleinkatzen






Manul (Otocolobus manul)


Altkatzen (Prionailurus)



Echte Katzen (Felis)




Gepard (Acinonyx jubatus)


Pumas (Puma)




Luchse (Lynx)



Pardelkatzen (Leopardus)




Caracal


Serval (Leptailurus serval)





Asiatische Goldkatzen (Catopuma)


Marmorkatze (Pardofelis marmorata)




Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style

Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse der Katzen nach O’Brien & Johnson 2008.[8]

Bestand und Gefährdung

Der Gesamtbestand des Manuls wird von der IUCN auf weniger als 50.000 adulte Tiere geschätzt. Man geht auch davon aus, dass die Bestände weiter abnehmen. Der Manul wird als potenziell gefährdet (near threatened) eingestuft.

Die größten Gefahren liegen, wie bei vielen Wildkatzen weltweit, in der zunehmenden Fragmentierung des Lebensraums durch Urbanisierung und die Ausdehnung der Landwirtschaft. Zudem fallen die Pallaskatzen immer wieder verwilderten Haushunden und den Giftködern, die gegen Viehräuber ausgelegt werden, zum Opfer.[9]

Die Jagd wegen ihrer Felle spielte in der Mongolei, in China und in Russland eine große Rolle, der internationale Handel hat seit den 1980ern jedoch weitgehend ausgesetzt (Nowell und Jackson 1996). Lediglich in der Mongolei ist die Bejagung noch zu privaten Zwecken geduldet. Man geht von etwa 1000 verbleibenden Haushalten aus, die im Schnitt zwei Tiere pro Jahr erlegen (Wingard und Zahler 2006). Außerdem wird der Manul des Öfteren aus Versehen geschossen, da er leicht mit den in großer Zahl gejagten heimischen Murmeltieren verwechselt wird.

Im Juli 2020 brachten im Zoo von Nowosibirsk 3 Manul-Weibchen insgesamt 16 Jungtiere zur Welt.[10]

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. John Seidensticker, Susan Lumpkin: Große Katzen. S. 50
  2. Kristin Nowell, Peter Jackson: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Wild Cats. S. 98
  3. Reginald Innes Pocock: Primates and Carnivora. 2. Auflage. Taylor and Francis, London 1939 (The Fauna of British India, Mammalia. Band 1).
  4. Arkadi Aleksandrovich Sludskiĭ, Vladimir Georgievich Geptner: Mlekopitayushchie Sovetskogo Soyuza. Vȳsshaya Shkola, Moskau 1972.
  5. Freiwillige Helfer sammeln wichtige neue Erkenntnisse über seltene und bedrohte Pallaskatze. In: Biosphere Expeditions. 26. Februar 2013, abgerufen am 27. Februar 2013.
  6. W.E. Johnson, Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W. J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E. and O'Brien, S. J. (2006): The Late Miocene radiation of Modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science January 2006: Vol. 311 no. 5757: S. 73–77 (Abstract)
  7. Stephen J. O’Brien, Warren E. Johnson: Der neue Stammbaum der Katzen, in Spektrum der Wissenschaft, Ausgabe 6/08, Spektrum der Wissenschaft Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Heidelberg, S. 54–61
  8. Stephen J. O’Brien, Warren E. Johnson: Der neue Stammbaum der Katzen. Spektrum der Wissenschaft, Ausgabe 6/08, Spektrum der Wissenschaften Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Heidelberg, S. 54–61
  9. Otocolobus manul (Manul, Pallas's Cat). Abgerufen am 31. Juli 2018.
  10. http://zoonovosib.ru/news/16-goluboglazykh-manulov-/
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Manul: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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 src= Verbreitungsgebiete des Manul
(rotbraun = gesicherte Vorkommen, beigebraun = wahrscheinliche Vorkommen, hellgrün = Vorkommen unsicher)  src= Manul  src= Manul

Der Manul (Otocolobus manul, Syn.: Felis manul), auch Pallaskatze (nach Peter Simon Pallas) genannt, ist eine Katzenart aus Zentralasien.

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Manul ( Kuzey Frizce )

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Amrum.pngTekst üüb Öömrang

Di Manul (Otocolobus manul, uk Felis manul), of uk at Pallaskaat as en slach faan letj wil kaater. Jo lewe uun Madelaasien. Di manul as di iansagst slach uun det skööl Otocolobus.

Onerslacher

  • O. m. ferruginea
  • O. m. manul
  • O. m. nigripecta

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Manul: Brief Summary ( Kuzey Frizce )

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Di Manul (Otocolobus manul, uk Felis manul), of uk at Pallaskaat as en slach faan letj wil kaater. Jo lewe uun Madelaasien. Di manul as di iansagst slach uun det skööl Otocolobus.

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Otocolobus manul ( Tagalogca )

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Ang Otocolobus manul, tinatawag sa Ingles na Pallas's cat[2] ("pusa ni Pallas") at manul, ay isang maliit na ligaw na pusa na may malawak ngunit hindi pantay na distribusyon sa mga lupaingdamo at montane steppe ng Sentral na Asya. Ang espesyeng ito ay negatibong naapektuhan ng pagkasira ng habitat, pagbagsak ng mga sinisila nitong hayop(prey) at pangangaso nito at kaya ay inuri na Malapit na Nababantaan ng .IUCN simula 2002.[1]

Mga sanggunian

  1. 1.0 1.1 Ross, S., Murdoch, J., Mallon, D., Sanderson, J., Barashkova, A. (2008). "Otocolobus manul". Pulang Talaan ng Nanganganib na mga Espesye ng IUCN. Bersiyong 2011.2. Internasyunal na Unyon para sa Konserbasyon ng Kalikasan.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (mga pat.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd edisyon). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 535. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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Otocolobus manul ( İnterlingua (Uluslararası Yardımcı Dil Derneği) )

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Otocolobus manul es un specie de Otocolobus.

Nota
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Otocolobus manul: Brief Summary ( Tagalogca )

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Ang Otocolobus manul, tinatawag sa Ingles na Pallas's cat ("pusa ni Pallas") at manul, ay isang maliit na ligaw na pusa na may malawak ngunit hindi pantay na distribusyon sa mga lupaingdamo at montane steppe ng Sentral na Asya. Ang espesyeng ito ay negatibong naapektuhan ng pagkasira ng habitat, pagbagsak ng mga sinisila nitong hayop(prey) at pangangaso nito at kaya ay inuri na Malapit na Nababantaan ng .IUCN simula 2002.

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Pallas's cat ( İskoçça )

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The Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul), an aa cried the manul, is a smaw wild cat wi a broad but fragmentit distribution in the gresslands an montane steppes o Central Asie. It is negatively affectit bi haibitat degradation, prey base decline, an huntin, an haes tharefore been clessifee'd as Near Threatened bi IUCN syne 2002.[1]

The Pallas's cat wis named efter the German naituralist Peter Simon Pallas, wha first descrived the cat in 1776 unner the binomial Felis manul.[3]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Ross, S.; Barashkova, A.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Appel, A.; Riordan, P.; Sanderson, J. & Munkhtsog, B. (2016). "Otocolobus manul". IUCN Reid Leet o Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. Internaitional Union for Conservation o Naitur.
  2. Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 535. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. Pallas, P. S. (1811). Felis Manul. In: Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium Animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicillia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. Petropoli, in officina Caes. Acadamiae scientiarum. Vol. 1 : 20–23.
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Pallas's cat: Brief Summary ( İskoçça )

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The Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul), an aa cried the manul, is a smaw wild cat wi a broad but fragmentit distribution in the gresslands an montane steppes o Central Asie. It is negatively affectit bi haibitat degradation, prey base decline, an huntin, an haes tharefore been clessifee'd as Near Threatened bi IUCN syne 2002.

The Pallas's cat wis named efter the German naituralist Peter Simon Pallas, wha first descrived the cat in 1776 unner the binomial Felis manul.

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Μανούλ ( Yunanca, Modern (1453-) )

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Το Μανούλ είναι σαρκοφάγο θηλαστικό της οικογενείας των αιλουριδών. Ανήκει στην υποοικογένεια των αιλουρινών και εντάσσεται ανάμεσα στα μέλη μιας «ομάδας» που απαρτίζουν τις αποκαλούμενες αγριόγατες, η οποία περιλαμβάνει διάφορα γένη. Το είδος έχει την επιστημονική ονομασία Otocolobus manul, [ii] απαντά αποκλειστικά στην ασιατική ήπειρο και διακρίνεται σε 3 υποείδη. [2]

Το μανούλ είναι μέσου μεγέθους αγριόγατα, η οποία απαντά σε λιβάδια και στέπες μεγάλου υψομέτρου της Κ. Ασίας. Ο κατακερματισμός των βιοτόπων του, η λαθροθηρία και η έλλειψη θηραμάτων με τα οποία τρέφεται, είχαν ως αποτέλεσμα την σημαντική μείωση των πληθυσμών του (βλ. Κατάσταση πληθυσμού).

Κύρια διαγνωστικά στοιχεία

  • Σχετικά «στρουμπουλό» παρουσιαστικό
  • Μικρά αυτιά, χαμηλά τοποθετημένα στο κεφάλι

Τάση παγκόσμιου πληθυσμού

  • Καθοδική ↓

Ονοματολογία

Η επιστημονκή ονομασία του γένους, Otocolobus, είναι η άμεση μετάφραση της ελληνικής λέξης Ωτοκολοβός, στην λατινική γλώσσα. Η ονομασία αυτή παραπέμπει στα χαρακτηριστικά, μικρά αυτιά της γάτας που εμφανίζονται «κολοβωμένα» χωρίς, βέβαια, να είναι.

Η λέξη, manul οφείλεται στην ονομασία με την οποία αποκαλείται το θηλαστικό στις κεντροασιατικές στέπες και έχει κιργιζιανοταταρική προέλευση. [3]

Η αγγλική ονομασία του θηλαστικού είναι Pallas's cat, «γάτα του Πάλλας», προς τιμήν του ονοματήσαντος το είδος, Π. Πάλλας (βλ. Συστηματική ταξινομική).

Άλλες τοπικές ονομασίες με τις οποίες αποκαλείται η συγκεκριμένη αγριόγατα είναι manol, jalàm και malém. [4]

Συστηματική ταξινομική

Το 1776, ο Γερμανός ζωολόγος και βοτανικός Πέτερ Πάλλας (Peter Simon Pallas, 1741-1811) περιέγραψε το είδος ως Felis manul. [5] To 1858, o Ρώσος εξερευνητής και φυσιοδίφης Νικολάι Σέβερτσοφ (Nikolai Alekseevich Severtzov, 1827-1885) «μετέφερε» το είδος στο γένος Otocolobus, [6] ονομασία που είχε προταθεί από τον Γερμανό φυσιοδίφη Γιόχαν φον Μπραντ (Johann Friedrich von Brandt, 1802-1879), ήδη από το 1841. Μάλιστα, ο Βρετανός ζωολόγος Ρέτζιναλντ Πόκοκ (Reginald Innes Pocock, 1863-1947) επιβεβαίωσε την κατάταξη του Σέβερτσοφ, ως Otocolobus, το 1907, θεωρώντας ότι το taxon είναι παρεκκλίνουσα μορφή του Felis. [7]

Μεταγενέστερες μελέτες πρότειναν την ταξινόμηση του Otocolobus στην φυλή (tribe) Felini, μαζί με τα γένη Felis και Prionailurus, λόγω των μεταξύ τους, στενών φυλογενετικών σχέσεων. [8] Φαίνεται ότι το Otocolobus manul διαχωρίστηκε από την συγγενική αγριόγατα της Βεγγάλης (Prionailurus bengalensis), 5,19 εκατ. χρόνια πριν, περίπου. [9]

  • Το πρόβλημα με την τοποθέτηση του μανούλ στο γένος Otocolobus ή στο γένος Felis εξακολουθεί να υφίσταται, προκαλώντας διαφωνίες μεταξύ των ερευνητών, με κάποια ταξινομικά συστήματα και αυθεντίες να κατατάσσουν το είδος στο Otocolobus (IUCN), [10] ενώ άλλα, στο Felis (ITIS, Wilson and Reeder’s).[11][12]

Γεωγραφική εξάπλωση υποειδών

Γεωγραφική εξάπλωση του είδους Otocolobus manul

Το μανούλ κατανέμεται σε ευρεία, αλλά έντονα κατακερματισμένη ζώνη της Κ. Ασίας, από τον Καύκασο στα δυτικά, μέχρι την ΝΑ. Ρωσία και την ΒΑ. Κίνα στα ανατολικά και, από τις στέπες της Μογγολίας στα βόρεια μέχρι τα υψίπεδα του Θιβέτ και το Κ. Πακιστάν στα νότια. Οι χώρες στις οποίες απαντά -ανεξαρτήτως υποείδους- είναι οι εξής: Αφγανιστάν, Αρμενία, Αζερμπαϊτζάν, Κίνα (συμπεριλαμβανομένου του Θιβέτ), Ινδία, Ιράν, Καζακστάν, Κιργιστάν, Μογγολία, Πακιστάν, Ρωσία, Τατζικιστάν, Τουρκμενιστάν και Ουζμπεκιστάν. [13] Στις περισσότερες από αυτές, ιδιαίτερα σε εκείνες με μεγάλη έκταση, το μανούλ βρίσκεται σε μικρούς θύλακες συγκεκριμένων οικοσυστημάτων. Για παράδειγμα, στη Ρωσία βρίσκεται σε μικρές περιοχές των επαρχιών Αλτάι, Μπουριατία, Τσίτα και Τούβα, στην Ινδία στο Γιαμού-Κασμίρ, κ.ο.κ.

Ειδικότερα, η συμπαγέστερη εξάπλωσή του περιλαμβάνει κυρίως τις κεντρικές ασιατικές στέπες της Μογγολίας, της Κίνας και του Θιβέτ. Στην Ρωσία, εμφανίζεται σποραδικά στην Υπερκαυκασία, στις περιοχές κοντά στην Βαϊκάλη και κατά μήκος των συνόρων με το ΒΑ. Καζακστάν. [14][15] Επίσης, είναι ευρέως κατανεμημένο σε περιοχές των ορεινών ζωνών και τις στέπες στο Κιργιστάν και το Καζακστάν, [16] ενώ οι πληθυσμοί στα νοτιοδυτικά της επικρατείας (την περιοχή της Κασπίας Θάλασσας, το Αφγανιστάν και το Πακιστάν) μειώνονται πολύ. [17][18][19]

Μέχρι τις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 1970, μόνο δύο (2) άτομα είχαν καταγραφεί στην Υπερκαυκασία, συγκεκριμένα κοντά στον ποταμό Araks στο ΒΔ. Ιράν, αλλά δεν υπήρχαν στοιχεία από το Αζερμπαϊτζάν. [20] Οι πληθυσμοί στην περιοχή της Κασπίας Θάλασσας, στο Αφγανιστάν και το Πακιστάν, θεωρείται ότι μειώνονται και απομονώνονται ολοένα και περισσότερο. [21][22]

Νέες καταγραφές

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Ενήλικο μανούλ

Κατά τα τελευταία χρόνια, αρκετά μανούλ φωτογραφήθηκαν για πρώτη φορά, με την χρήση φωτογραφικών μηχανών παγίδευσης (trap cameras) (σημ. οι κάμερες αυτές φωτογραφίζουν αυτόματα, μόλις κάποιο κινούμενο αντικείμενο περάσει μπροστά από τον φακό):

  • Στο Εθνικό Πάρκο Χοτζίρ (Khojir) του Ιράν, το 2008 [23]
  • Στα ανατολικά Ιμαλάια: στο Πάρκο Βανγκτσούκ (Wangchuck Centennial Park) του Μπουτάν, τον Απρίλιο του 2012 [24] και στο Εθνικό Πάρκο Τζίγκμε Ντόρτζι (Jigme Dorji National Park), πάνω από τα 4.100 μ., το φθινόπωρο του 2012 [25]
  • Στο Εθνικό Πάρκο Κουρούμπερ (Qurumber National Park) του Πακιστάν, πάνω από ta 3.400 μ., τον Ιούλιο του 2012 [26]
  • Στην Προστατευόμενη Περιοχή Αναπούρνα (Annapurna Conservation Area) του Νεπάλ, πάνω από τα 4.200 μ., τον Δεκέμβριο του 2012 και τον Δεκέμβριο του 2013 [27][28][29]

Βιότοπος

Τα τυπικά ενδιαιτήματα του είδους χαρακτηρίζονται από έντονα ηπειρωτικό κλίμα, δηλαδή ελάχιστες βροχοπτώσεις, χαμηλή υγρασία, και ευρύ φάσμα θερμοκρασιών. Το μανούλ σπανίζει σε περιοχές όπου το μέσο μέγιστο ύψος χιονοκάλυψης δέκα ημερών υπερβαίνει τα 10 εκατοστά, ενώ συνεχής κάλυψη χιονιού από 15-20 εκ. σηματοδοτεί το όριο οικοτόπου για το θηλαστικό. [30] Θεωρείται είδος άρρηκτα συνδεδεμένο με ποώδεις και θαμνώδεις στέπες, ιδιαίτερα εκείνες των μεγάλων υψομέτρων (βλ. Γεωγραφική κατανομή). Μάλιστα, στα υψίπεδα του Θιβέτ, το είδος έχει καταγραφεί μέχρι τα 5.050 μ. [31] Συνήθως απουσιάζει από τις πεδινές λεκάνες και τις ερήμους, αν και μπορεί να διεισδύσει περιστασιακά σε αυτές τις περιοχές μέσω των εποχιακών ποταμών. [32]

Κατά την διάρκεια μελέτης, πολλά άτομα βρέθηκαν να έχουν ισχυρή συσχέτιση με βραχώδεις, απόκρημνες περιοχές και, σπάνια να απαντούν σε ανοικτά λιβάδια. Αυτό θεωρείται εύλογο, δεδομένου ότι σε ανοικτές περιοχές, τα -μικρά σε μέγεθος- μανούλ είναι πιο ευάλωτα σε θήρευση από συμπατρικά (sympatric) σαρκοφάγα. Άλλη έρευνα που βασίστηκε σε ραδιο-παρακολούθηση στο Καταφύγιο Νταούρσκι της Τσίτα, στην Ρωσία, δείχνει ότι η ετήσια μετακίνηση των υπό παρακολούθηση ατόμων, κυμαίνεται από 5-30 χλμ² (n = 3). [33]

Μορφολογία

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Μανούλ σε ζωολογικό κήπο στην Σκωτία

Το μανούλ είναι αιλουροειδές στο μέγεθος, περίπου, μιας οικιακής γάτας, αλλά με πιο «κοντόχοντρο» παρουσιαστικό και πολύ μικρά, τοποθετημένα χαμηλά στο κεφάλι, αυτιά, στοιχείο που έδωσε την ονομασία στο γένος.

Το «στρουμπουλό» σώμα υπερτονίζεται και από την μεγάλη, πυκνή, βελούδινη γούνα, στο χρώμα της ώχρας, με σκούρες κάθετες μπάρες στον κορμό και τα μπροστινά πόδια. Το χειμερινό «παλτό» του μανούλ είναι πιο γκρίζο και με λιγότερα σχέδια από το καλοκαιρινό. Το πρόσωπό του είναι μικρότερο και πιο «πλακουτσωτό» από εκείνο της οικιακής γάτας. Στο μέτωπο υπάρχουν μικρά σκούρα σημάδια, ενώ η ουρά διαθέτει σαφείς μαύρους δακτυλίους. Τα μάγουλα είναι σταχτόλευκα με μαύρες στενές λουρίδες, οι οποίες κατευθύνονται, πίσω και διαγώνια, από την γωνία των οφθαλμών προς την βάση του λαιμού. Το πηγούνι και ο λαιμός είναι, επίσης, υπόλευκα, χρώμα που «αναμιγνύεται» με την γκριζωπή, μεταξένια γούνα της κάτω επιφάνειας του σώματος. Η κάτω γνάθος είναι μικρότερη από εκείνη μιας τυπικής γάτας και έχει λιγότερα δόντια, με το πρώτο ζεύγος των άνω προγομφίων να λείπει, αλλά οι κυνόδοντες είναι μεγάλοι. [34]

Απαλοί, ομόκεντροι λευκό και μαύροι κύκλοι γύρω από τα μάτια τονίζει το στρογγυλεμένο σχήμα τους. Οι κόρες των οφθαλμών είναι κυκλικές και όχι κάθετες που, όταν μικραίνουν, γίνονται μικρές σαν τελείες (sic). Τα πόδια της συγκεκριμένης αγριόγατας είναι, αναλογικά, μικρότερα από εκείνα των άλλων συγγενικών γενών και οι γαμψώνυχες, ασυνήθιστα μικροί.

Βιομετρικά στοιχεία

  • Μήκος σώματος: 45 έως 65 εκατοστά.
  • Μήκος ουράς: 21 έως 31 εκατοστά.
  • Βάρος: 2.5 έως 4,5 κιλά

Τροφή

Τα μανούλ τρέφονται κατά μεγάλο ποσοστό με θηλαστικά και πτηνά της πανίδας των κεντροασιατικών περιοχών, στις οποίες ζουν. Τα κυριότερα θηράματα είναι τρωκτικά (Gerbillinae, Cricetidae), λαγόμορφα (Ochotonidae) και ορνιθόμορφα (πέρδικες Alectoris chukar), ενώ σπανιότερα συλλαμβάνονται και μικρές μαρμότες. [35]

Ηθολογία

Τα μανούλ είναι μοναχικές, νυκτόβιες αγριόγατες. Τόσο τα αρσενικά όσο και τα θηλυκά οριοθετούν με εκκρίσεις την περιοχή τους και μπορούν να περνούν την ημέρα τους μέσα σε σπηλιές, σχισμές βράχων, ή λαγούμια, ενώ βγαίνουν αργά το απόγευμα για να ξεκινήσουν το κυνήγι. Δεν είναι αξιόλογοι δρομείς, γι’ αυτό και κυνηγούν στήνοντας ενέδρα ή με μικρή καταδίωξη, χρησιμοποιώντας την χαμηλή βλάστηση και το βραχώδες έδαφος για κάλυψη.

Αναπαραγωγή

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Πορτρέτο μανούλ, όπου διακρίνονται τα μικρά αυτιά του θηλαστικού

Η διάρκεια της περιόδου αναπαραγωγής είναι σχετικά μικρή, λόγω των ακραίων κλιματικών συνθηκών που επικρατούν στις περιοχές των μανούλ. Έτσι, ο οίστρος διαρκεί μόνον 26 με 42 ώρες, περίοδος μικρότερη από ό, τι σε πολλά άλλα αιλουροειδή.

Η γέννα αποτελείται από 2-6 γατάκια μετά από κύηση 66-75 ημερών, συνήθως τον Απρίλιο ή τον Μάιο. Η γέννα θεωρείται, σχετικά, μεγάλη και μπορεί να αντισταθμίσει το υψηλό ποσοστό θνησιμότητας των νεογνών στο σκληρό κλιματικό περιβάλλον. Τα μικρά γεννιούνται σε προστατευμένες φωλιές, επιστρωμένες με ξερά φυτά, φτερά και γούνα. Τα γατάκια ζυγίζουν περίπου 90 γραμμάρια κατά τη γέννηση και διαθέτουν παχύ στρώμα γούνας, που αντικαθίσταται από εκείνη των ενηλίκων μετά από περίπου δύο μήνες. Είναι σε θέση να αρχίσουν το κυνήγι σε τέσσερις μήνες, και φθάνουν το μέγεθος των ενηλίκων σε έξι μήνες. Τα μανούλ, έχει αναφερθεί ότι, ζουν έως και 11 χρόνια σε αιχμαλωσία. [36]

Απειλές

Η πιο σοβαρές απειλές για το είδος φαίνεται να είναι η μείωση των θηραμάτων του, από την χρήση δηλητηριασμένων δολωμάτων και το κυνήγι. Τα δηλητηριασμένα δολώματα για τον έλεγχο των πίκα και των μαρμοτών, χρησιμοποιούνται σε μεγάλη κλίμακα στην Κ. Ασία, επειδή τα συγκεκριμένα θηλαστικά θεωρούνται φορείς της βουβωνικής πανώλους, ενώ στην Δ. και Β. Κίνα, θεωρούνται ότι ανταγωνίζονται με τα εγχώρια οικιακά ζώα στην βόσκηση. [37]

Τα ενδιαιτήματα των μανούλ είναι, επίσης, ευρέως υποβαθμισμένα από την εγχώρια κτηνοτροφία και την γεωργία. [38] Αν και τα ζώα κτηνοτροφίας είχαν μειωθεί κατά τη διάρκεια της δεκαετίας του 1990 στη Ρωσία και πιστεύεται ότι οδήγησαν σε βελτίωση της κατάστασης των πληθυσμών των γατών, [39] τώρα εξαπλώνονται πάλι σε όλους τους τομείς της στέπας -με τη βελτίωση της οικονομίας-, αποτελώντας και πάλι απειλή για αυτές. Οι εξορύξεις μεταλλευμάτων είναι, επίσης, σχετικά αυξημένες στους οικοτόπους των μανούλ στη Ρωσία και σε άλλα μέρη της K. Ασίας. Ειδικά στα νότια, η εξάπλωση του ζώου είναι ακόμη πολύ κατακερματισμένη και υπάρχει υψηλό επίπεδο κινδύνου για την απώλεια πολλών υποπληθυσμών, ιδιαίτερα στην επαρχία της Μπουριατίας (Buryatia). [40]

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Πορτρέτο ενήλικου μανούλ

Το μανούλ είχε, ανέκαθεν, κυνηγηθεί για την γούνα του σε σχετικά μεγάλους αριθμούς στην Μογγολία, την Ρωσία και την Κίνα, αν και το διεθνές εμπόριο της γούνας του έχει -θεωρητικά- σταματήσει από τα τέλη της δεκαετίας του 1980. [41] Η Μογγολία είναι το μόνο κράτος της επικράτειας, που επιτρέπει το κυνήγι της αγριόγατας για «οικιακές» χρήσεις. Το σύστημα αδειοδότησης είναι «αποτελεσματικό» και πολλές γούνες έχουν εξαχθεί παράνομα στην Κίνα. [42] Ερευνητές εκτιμούν ότι, υπάρχουν περίπου 1.000 κυνηγοί μανούλ στην Μογγολία. [43] Οι κυνηγοί δικαιούνται να αγοράσουν άδεια κυνηγιού για εξαγωγή τροπαίων και, από τα κέρδη, 70 δολάρια διατίθενται για την κυβέρνηση. [44] Ενώ η Μογγολία δεν έχει -επισήμως-καταγράψει «κρούσματα», οι εξαγωγές του δέρματος των μανούλ έχουν αυξηθεί από το 2000, με 143 να αναφέρεται ότι εξήχθησαν το 2007. [45] Περίπου το 12% των πληθυσμών στη Μογγολία βρίσκεται μέσα σε προστατευόμενες περιοχές, [46] ενώ διαπιστώθηκε ότι κάποιοι βιότοποι του μανούλ στο κέντρο της Μογγολίας, ήταν υποεκπροσωπημένοι σε μια σημαντική προστατευόμενη περιοχή (Nartiin Chuluun Nature Reserve), και ότι το παράνομο κυνήγι μέσα σε αυτήν, ήταν συχνό. [47]

Σε πολλές περιπτώσεις, τα μανούλ πυροβολούνται επειδή εκλαμβάνονται λανθασμένα ως μαρμότες, ενώ παγιδεύονται και σε παγίδες για λύκους και αλεπούδες ή για μαρμότες και λαγούς. [48]

Το λίπος και τα όργανά τους χρησιμοποιούνται ως παραδοσιακό «φάρμακο» στην Μογγολία και την Ρωσία, ενώ υπάρχουν και απώλειες από κατοικίδιους σκύλους. [49][50]

Κατάσταση πληθυσμού

Η Μογγολία είναι ίσως το προπύργιο του είδους. Στις στέπες της κεντρικής χώρας, ερευνητές τοποθέτησαν κολάρα παρακολούθησης σε 27 γάτες, και η εκτιμώμενη πυκνότητα του πληθυσμού -με αισιόδοξες προβλέψεις- υπολογίστηκε σε 7,5 +/- 2 άτομα /100 χμ². [51]

Στα υψίπεδα του Θιβέτ, το μανούλ θεωρείται ευρέως διαδεδομένο, αλλά πουθενά δεν είναι κοινό. [52] Θεωρείται σπάνιο και ασυνήθιστο στο Αφγανιστάν, το Πακιστάν, την Ινδία και το Ιράν. [53][54] Έχει εξαφανιστεί από ένα μεγάλο μέρος του πρώην φάσματος, στις περιοχές γύρω από την Κασπία Θάλασσα [55] και την επαρχία Μπαλουχιστάν του Πακιστάν. [56] Οι πληθυσμοί του είναι μικροί και απειλούνται στην Αρμενία, στο Αζερμπαϊτζάν, στην περιοχή Κρασνογιάρσκ της Ρωσίας και στο Τουρκμενιστάν, [57]

Στη Ρωσία, οι περιοχές Τούβα και Τσίτα μπορεί να έχουν τους μεγαλύτερους πληθυσμούς, με εκείνους στις δημοκρατίες Αλτάι και Μπουριατία να ακολουθούν. [58]

Μέτρα διαχείρισης

  • Βρίσκεται στο Παράρτημα ΙΙ της λίστας CITES
  • Το κυνήγι του είδους απαγορεύεται σε όλες τις χώρες της γεωγραφικής εξάπλωσής του, εκτός από την Μογγολία, [59] όπου ουδεμία νομική προστασία παρέχεται, παρά το ότι έχει χαρακτηριστεί ως Σχεδόν Απειλούμενο (Nearly Threatened) στη χώρα. [60]
  • Στην Ρωσία, περίπου 6% του εύρους των πληθυσμών προστατεύεται, ως εξής: περίπου 1% από αυτούς βρίσκονται σε δρυμούς, το 4% σε εθνικά πάρκα, 0,5% σε ομοσπονδιακά καταφύγια άγριας ζωής και το υπόλοιπο σε περιφερειακές προστατευόμενες περιοχές. [61]
  • Στην Κίνα έχει αναφερθεί ότι προστατεύεται στα ακόλουθα φυσικά καταφύγια: Xuelingyunshan, Tuomuerfeng, Luoshan, Baijitan, Qinghaihuniaodao, Wanglang. Wolong, Zhumulangmafeng, Kalamailishan, Qitaihuangmobanhuangmo, Aerjinshan, Ganjiahu (Xinjiang) και Luobupoyeluotuo. [62]
  • Από το 2009, το είδος είναι νομικά προστατευόμενο στο Αφγανιστάν, με απαγόρευση του κυνηγιού και του εμπορίου τμημάτων σώματος, στο εσωτερικό της χώρας.
  • Πολλά μανούλ διατηρούνται σε αιχμαλωσία σε πολλούς ζωολογικούς κήπους, ενώ σε μερικούς από αυτούς αναπαράγονται επιτυχώς.

Σημειώσεις

i. ^ Ή Felis (βλ. Συστηματική ταξινομική)

ii. ^ Ή Felis manul (βλ. Συστηματική ταξινομική)

Παραπομπές

  1. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000004
  2. MSW
  3. archive.org
  4. archive.org
  5. Pallas
  6. Severtzow
  7. Pocock
  8. Johnson et al
  9. O'Brien & Johnson
  10. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/15640/0
  11. http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000043
  12. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=552765
  13. http://maps.iucnredlist.org/map.html?id=15640
  14. Koshkarev
  15. Anon.
  16. Anon.
  17. Belousova
  18. Nowell & Jackson
  19. Habibi
  20. Geptner & Sludskii
  21. Belousova
  22. Habibi
  23. Chalani et al
  24. WWF Bhutan (2012). Near threatened Pallas’ Cat found in WCP. Wangchuck Centennial Park and WWF,16 October 2012
  25. Thinley
  26. Hameed et al
  27. Shrestha et al
  28. Pokharel
  29. Himalayan News Service (2014). Rare wild cat found in Annapurna region. The Himalayan Times, 12 February 2014
  30. Sunquist & Sunquist
  31. Fox & Dorji
  32. Nowell & Jackson
  33. Kiriliuk et al. 2008 via pers. comm. A. Barashkova 2008
  34. Sunquist & Sunquist
  35. Sunquist & Sunquist
  36. Sunquist & Sunquist
  37. Nowell & Jackson
  38. IUCN Εργαστήριο Κόκκινης Λίστας για τα Αιλουροειδή, 2007
  39. Barashkova et al
  40. Barashkova pers. comm., 2008
  41. Nowell & Jackson
  42. Murdoch et al, 2006
  43. Wingard & Zahler
  44. Mongolia Mammal Assessment, 2006
  45. UNEP-WCMC Cites (εμπορική βάση δεδομένων), 2008
  46. Mongolia Mammal Assessment, 2006
  47. Murdoch et al, 2007
  48. S. Ross pers. comm., 2008
  49. Barashkova pers. comm., 2008
  50. IUCN Εργαστήριο Κόκκινης Λίστας για τα Αιλουροειδή, 2007
  51. Ross et al
  52. Nowell & Jackson
  53. Nowell & Jackson
  54. Habibi
  55. Belousova
  56. Husain
  57. Anon., 2008
  58. Barashkova et al
  59. Nowell & Jackson
  60. Wingard & Zahler
  61. Barashkova et al
  62. Υπηρεσία Πληροφόρησης για τα Είδη στην Κίνα, 2008

Πηγές

  • Anonymous. 2008. Pallas Cat study and conservation program. Novosibirsk Available at: www.savemanul.org.
  • archive.org/stream/zoographiarossoa11831pall#page/20/mode/2up
  • Barashkova, A., Smelansky, I., Goryunova, S. and Naidenko, S. 2007. PALLAS CAT: INVESTIGATION FOR SAVING (Clarifying Conservation Status in Russia). Siberian Environmental Center, Novosibirsk, Russia.
  • Belousova, A. V. 1993. Small Felidae of Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Far East. Survey of the state of populations. Lutreola 2: 16.
  • Brown, M., Lappin, M. R., Brown, J. L., Munkhtsog, B. M. and Swanson, W. F. 2003. Pallas's cat in Mongolia. Cat News 38: 28-29.
  • Chalani, M., Ghoddousi, A., Ghadirian, T., Goljani, R. (2008). First Pallas’s Cat Photo-trapped in Khojir National Park, Iran. Cat News 49: 7.
  • China Species Information Service. 2008. Otocolobus manul. Available at: www.chinabiodiversity.com.
  • Eizirik, E., Johnson, W. E. and O'Brien, S. J. Submitted. Molecular systematics and revised classification of the family Felidae (Mammalia, Carnivora). Journal of Mammalogy.
  • Fox, J. L. & Dorji, T. 2007. High elevation record for occurrence of the manul or Pallas cat on the northwestern Tibetan plateau, China. Cat News 46: 35.
  • Geptner, V. G., Sludskii, A. A. (1972). Mlekopitaiuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Vysšaia Škola, Moskva (in Russian); English translation: Heptner, V. G., Sludskii, A. A., Komarov, A., Komorov, N.; Hoffmann, R. S. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2: Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats). Smithsonian Institute and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. pp. 665–696.
  • Habibi, K. 2003. Mammals of Afghanistan. Zoo Outreach Organisation/ USFWS, Coimbatore, India.
  • Hameed, S., Ud Din, J., Shah, K. A., Kabir, M., Ayub, M., Khan, S., Bischof, R., Nawaz, D. A. and Nawaz, M. A. (2014). Pallas's cat photographed in Qurumber National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Cat News 60: 21–22.
  • Hussain, T. 2001. Survey for the Asiatic cheetah in Balochistan province, Pakistan. Final report to CAT and the Barbara Delano Foundation.
  • IUCN. 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 5 October 2008).
  • Johnson, W., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W. J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E., O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment". Science 311 (5757): 73–77. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID
  • Koshkarev, E. 1998. Discovery of manul in eastern Sayan. Cat News 29: 12-13.
  • Murdoch, J. D., Munkhzul, T. and Reading, R. P. 2006. Pallas' cat ecology and conservation in the semi-desert steppes of Mongolia. Cat News 45: 18-19.
  • Murdoch, J. D., Munkhzul, T. and Sillero-Zubiri, C. 2007. Do nature reserves adequately protect Pallas' cats in central Mongolia? In: J. Hughes and R. Mercer (eds), Felid biology and conservation conference 17-20 September: Abstracts, pp. 123. WildCRU, Oxford.
  • Nowell, K. and Jackson, P. 1996. Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
  • O'Brien, S. J. & Johnson, W. E. 2007. The evolution of cats. Scientific American July: 68-75.
  • Pallas, P. S. (1811). Felis Manul. In: Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium Animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicillia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. Petropoli, in officina Caes. Acadamiae scientiarum. Vol. 1: 20–23.
  • Pocock, R. I. (1907). Exhibition of a photograph and the skull of a specimen of the Manul or Pallas’ cat (Felis manul) that had recently died in the Society's Menagerie with some remarks on the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1907: 299–306
  • Pokharel, S. (2014). New wild cat species found in ACAP area. República, 12 February 2014.
  • Purevsuren, S. 2004. Ecology and Biology of Felis manul in central Mongolia. National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar.
  • Ross, S., Harris, S. and Munkhtsog, B. 2007. The spatial ecology and conservation of Pallas cat (Otocolobus manul) in central Mongolia. In: J. Hughes and R. Mercer (eds), Felid biology and conservation conference 17-20 September: Abstracts, pp. 59. WildCRU, Oxford, UK.
  • Severtzow, M. N. (1858). Notice sur la classification multisériale des Carnivores, spécialement des Félidés, et les études de zoologie générale qui s'y rattachent. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée 2e Série, T. X Séptembre 1858: 386.
  • Shrestha, B., Ale, S., R. Jackson, Thapa, N., Gurung, L. P., Adhikari, S., Dangol, L., Basnet, B., Subedi, N. and M. Dhakal (2014). Nepal's first Pallas's cat. Cat News 60: 23–24.
  • Sunquist, M. and Sunquist, F. 2002. Wild Cats of the World. University of Chicago Press.
  • Thinley, P. (2013). First photographic evidence of a Pallas’s cat in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan. Cat News 58: 27–28.
  • Wilson and Reeder’s: Mammal Species of the World (3rd edition, MSW)/http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000043
  • Wingard, J.R. and Zahler, P. 2006. Silent Steppe: The Illegal Wildlife Trade Crisis in Mongolia. Mongolia Discussion Papers. World Bank, East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department, Washington, DC, USA.
  • Wozencraft, W.C. 2008. Order Carnivora. In: Smith, A.T. and Xie, Y. (eds), A Guide to the Mammals of China, pp. 576. Princeton University Press
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Μανούλ: Brief Summary ( Yunanca, Modern (1453-) )

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Το Μανούλ είναι σαρκοφάγο θηλαστικό της οικογενείας των αιλουριδών. Ανήκει στην υποοικογένεια των αιλουρινών και εντάσσεται ανάμεσα στα μέλη μιας «ομάδας» που απαρτίζουν τις αποκαλούμενες αγριόγατες, η οποία περιλαμβάνει διάφορα γένη. Το είδος έχει την επιστημονική ονομασία Otocolobus manul, απαντά αποκλειστικά στην ασιατική ήπειρο και διακρίνεται σε 3 υποείδη.

Το μανούλ είναι μέσου μεγέθους αγριόγατα, η οποία απαντά σε λιβάδια και στέπες μεγάλου υψομέτρου της Κ. Ασίας. Ο κατακερματισμός των βιοτόπων του, η λαθροθηρία και η έλλειψη θηραμάτων με τα οποία τρέφεται, είχαν ως αποτέλεσμα την σημαντική μείωση των πληθυσμών του (βλ. Κατάσταση πληθυσμού).

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Манул ( Beyaz Rusça )

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Ману́л (Otocolobus manul, 1776 Іншая лацінская назва — Felis manul. — драпежны сысун сямейства каціных. Сваю другую назву — кот Паляса — ён атрымаў у гонар нямецкага натураліста Пэтэра Паляса, які адкрыў манула на ўзьбярэжжы Касьпійскага мора ў 18 стагодзьдзі. Лацінская назва Otocolobus паходзіць ад грэцкага us, otos — вуха, kolobos — выродлівы, г.зн. «выродлівае вуха».

Крыніцы

Вонкавыя спасылкі

Commons-logo.svgсховішча мультымэдыйных матэрыялаў

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Манул ( Udmurtça )

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 src=
Манул
 src=
Манул

Манул (лат. Leopardus colocolo) – Felidae семьяысь Азияын улӥсь пичи пöйшур.

Систематика

  1. Otocolobus manul manul — Монголия но шунды пуксён Китай.
  2. Otocolobus manul ferruginea — Иран, Казахстан, Киргизия, Туркмения, Узбекистан, Таджикистан, Афганистан, Пакистан.
  3. Otocolobus manul nigripecta — Кашмир, Непал но Тибет.
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Манул ( Ova Marice )

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Манул (лат. Otocolobus manul ; синоним: Felis manul) – центр Азийын пырыс-влак (Felidae) йамагатын гыч изи янлык. Капше 46–65 см, почше 21–31 см, нелытше 2.5–4.5 кг.

Ӱлылтӱрлык-влак

  1. Otocolobus manul manul — Монголий да касвел Китай.
  2. Otocolobus manul ferruginea — Иран, Казахстан, Киргизий, Туркмений, Узбекистан, Таджикистан, Афганистан, Пакистан.
  3. Otocolobus manul nigripecta — Кашмир, Непал да Тибет.
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Манул: Brief Summary ( Udmurtça )

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Манул (лат. Leopardus colocolo) – Felidae семьяысь Азияын улӥсь пичи пöйшур.

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Манул: Brief Summary ( Ova Marice )

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Манул (лат. Otocolobus manul ; синоним: Felis manul) – центр Азийын пырыс-влак (Felidae) йамагатын гыч изи янлык. Капше 46–65 см, почше 21–31 см, нелытше 2.5–4.5 кг.

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Манул: Brief Summary ( Beyaz Rusça )

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Ману́л (Otocolobus manul, 1776 Іншая лацінская назва — Felis manul. — драпежны сысун сямейства каціных. Сваю другую назву — кот Паляса — ён атрымаў у гонар нямецкага натураліста Пэтэра Паляса, які адкрыў манула на ўзьбярэжжы Касьпійскага мора ў 18 стагодзьдзі. Лацінская назва Otocolobus паходзіць ад грэцкага us, otos — вуха, kolobos — выродлівы, г.зн. «выродлівае вуха».

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Мануул ( Moğolca )

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Мануул (Felis manul) буюу Палласын муур нь Төв Азид тархсан жижиг муур юм. Гэрийн муурны дайтай хэмжээтэй 60 см урт биетэй, 25 см урт сүүлтэй, дунджаар 3.6 кг жинтэй. Үс нь босоо судал бүхий зосон улаан өнгөтэй боловч их үстэй тул бараг харагддаггүй.

Мануул бусад мийнээс ялгагдах хэд хэдэн өвөрмөц шинжтэй. Хамгийн сонирхолтой нь дугуй хүүхэн хараатай. Хөл нь богино, бандгар, үс нь урт, өтгөн. Үсний өнгө улирлаа даган өөрчлөгдөнө. Өвөл нь сааралдуу, хээ багатай байдаг. Чих нь доошоо байдаг тул ууль мэт төрхтэй болдог. Харьцангуй хавтгай нүүртэй тул мануулыг Перс муурны үүлдэрийн өвөг гэж ташаа үзэж байсан.

Мануул Азийн тал хээрт 1000-4000 орчим метрийн өндөрт нутагладаг. Мэрэгч, шувуудаар хооллоно.

Удаан хугацааны турш мануулыг арьсыг нь авах гэж агнаж байсан бол одоо ихэнх газар, жишээ нь Хятадад хамгаалагдсан. Хөдөө аж ахуйн хортон мэрэгчдээр хооллодог тул, ашигтайд тооцогддог. Гэхдээ мэрэгчдийг хордуулж устгаж байгаа нь мануулд мөн нөлөөлж байна.

Мануулыг тэжээмэл нөхцөлд үржүүлэхэд хэцүү. Хэдий зулзагалдаг боловч халдварын улмаас амьд гарах хувь нь бага байдаг. Мануул бие биеэсээ халдвар авахааргүй хол тусгаар амьдардаг тул дархлалын систем нь муу хөгжсөн байдагтай энэ холбоотой.[2]

Дэд зүйлүүд

Хүлээн зөвшөөрөгдсөн гурван дэд зүйл бий:[3]

Эшлэл

  1. Ross, S., Murdoch, J., Mallon, D., Sanderson, J. & Barashkova, A. (2008). Otocolobus manul. IUCN 2008. IUCN ховордсон зүйлүүдийн улаан ном. 18 January 2009-д авсан. Database entry includes justification for why this species is near-threatened
  2. Captive-bred Pallas' kitten at Howletts, UK (Video). BBC.

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Мануул: Brief Summary ( Moğolca )

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Мануул (Felis manul) буюу Палласын муур нь Төв Азид тархсан жижиг муур юм. Гэрийн муурны дайтай хэмжээтэй 60 см урт биетэй, 25 см урт сүүлтэй, дунджаар 3.6 кг жинтэй. Үс нь босоо судал бүхий зосон улаан өнгөтэй боловч их үстэй тул бараг харагддаггүй.

Мануул бусад мийнээс ялгагдах хэд хэдэн өвөрмөц шинжтэй. Хамгийн сонирхолтой нь дугуй хүүхэн хараатай. Хөл нь богино, бандгар, үс нь урт, өтгөн. Үсний өнгө улирлаа даган өөрчлөгдөнө. Өвөл нь сааралдуу, хээ багатай байдаг. Чих нь доошоо байдаг тул ууль мэт төрхтэй болдог. Харьцангуй хавтгай нүүртэй тул мануулыг Перс муурны үүлдэрийн өвөг гэж ташаа үзэж байсан.

Мануул Азийн тал хээрт 1000-4000 орчим метрийн өндөрт нутагладаг. Мэрэгч, шувуудаар хооллоно.

Удаан хугацааны турш мануулыг арьсыг нь авах гэж агнаж байсан бол одоо ихэнх газар, жишээ нь Хятадад хамгаалагдсан. Хөдөө аж ахуйн хортон мэрэгчдээр хооллодог тул, ашигтайд тооцогддог. Гэхдээ мэрэгчдийг хордуулж устгаж байгаа нь мануулд мөн нөлөөлж байна.

Мануулыг тэжээмэл нөхцөлд үржүүлэхэд хэцүү. Хэдий зулзагалдаг боловч халдварын улмаас амьд гарах хувь нь бага байдаг. Мануул бие биеэсээ халдвар авахааргүй хол тусгаар амьдардаг тул дархлалын систем нь муу хөгжсөн байдагтай энэ холбоотой.

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Маныл ( Kırgızça )

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Маныл.
Manul map.svg

Маныл, Мадыл (лат. Otocolobus manul, syn. Felis manul, Pallas 1776) — мышыктар уруусундагы сүт эмүүчү.

Жалпы жана өлкедө таралышы

Кемин капчыгайын курчаган бийик тоолуу зоналарда, Ысыккөл ойдуңунда, Ички Тянңшанда, андагы Сарыжаз, Эңгилчек, Адыртер, Көйкап, Койлуу, Акшыйрак, Ыштаккарасай, Тарагай, Кызылбел, Жетим, Үзөңгүкууш, Нарынтоо, Атбашы, Какшаал тоолорунда. Ошондой эле түштүк Кыргызстандын тоо системаларында: бийик тоолуу Алайда, Түркстан тоо кыркаларынын түндүк беттеринде, Каракулжа, Тар дарыяларынын башталышында, бирок маалыматтар анык эмес. Бардык жерде бирин-серин болуп таралган.

Жашаган аймактары

Маныл адатта жапыс тоолордун арасындагы талаалуу жерлерде жашайт, бирок Тянь-Шандын шарттарында ал бийик тоолордун арасындагы талаалар менен ачык сырттарды ээлешет. Токойсуз тоолордун зоолуу бетинде, шагылдуу тоо беттеринде, суунун бойлорунда, суулар таралган, кар аз түшкөн бадалсыз жерлерге умтулушат. Зоолордун кычыктарында, кээде суурлардын ийиндеринде жашашат. Адам бийик тоолорду өздөштүрүшү менен бирге маныл сырт зонасынан сүрүлүп чыгат, себеби тоют базасы азайат жана тынчын алуучу факторлор таасирин тийгизет.

Саны

Бул түнкүсүн жүрүүчү сейрек жырткыч, жашыруун жүргөндүктөн анын саны жөнүндө маалыматтар чектелген жана так эмес. Суурга аңчылык кылууда кошо кармалат, бирок аз санда. 1977-1979-жылдары Ички Тянңшандын бийик тоолуу райондорунда атайын жүргүзүлгөн санынын эсеби алардын айрым жайыттарда бир топ санда болгонун көрсөткөн. Мисалы, Сарычат боюнча 14 миң гектар аянтта 10-12 маныл сакталганы белгилүү. Бирок, 1998-жылы май-июнда ушул эле жерде эсеп жүргүзүлгөндө бир дагы маныл жолуккан эмес (Еремченконун оозеки билдирүүсү). А.Верещагиндин оозеки билдирүүсү боюнча маныл Сарычатэрташ коругунун аз кардуу сырткы зонасында анча көп эмес санда кездешкен.

Жашоо тиричилиги (жашоо циклдары)

Республика боюнча маалыматтар дээрлик аз. Адабияттарда берилген маалыматтар боюнча отуруктуу тиричилиги менен белгилүү, бирок калың кардуу кыштарда кар азыраак түшкөн райондорго оошот. Ийиндерин аска-зоолордун жаракаларына жасашат, суурдун калган ийиндерин пайдаланышы мүмкүн. Февралң-мартта кууту башталып, апрелң-майда 3-4, чанда 2ден 10го чейин тууйт. Негизги азыгы – чыйпылдак, момолой чычкандар ж.б. чычкан сымалдуу кемирүүчүлөр, канаттуулар. Анын атаандаштары – түлкү, кадимки суусар, душмандары – карышкырлар, түлкүлөр, иттер, ири жырткыч куштар. Коркунуч туулганда качып кутулушат.

Чектөөчү факторлор

Браконңерлик, койчулардын иттеринен өлүшү, калың кардуу кыш.

Көбөйтүү (колдо багуу)

Колдо оңой эле көбөйөт. Өткөн кылымдын 80-жылдарынын башталышында дүйнөлүк зоопарктарда 54 маныл багылган.

Уюштурулган коргоо аракеттери

Казакстан, Өзбекстан жана Түркмөнстандын Кызыл китептерине киргизилген. Кыргызстанда 1972-жылдан тартып манылга аңчылык кылууга тыюу салынган. 1975-жылдан тартып өзгөчө коргоого алынган түрлөрдүн тизмесине кирген, ал эми 1985-жылы – Кыргызстандын Кызыл китебине киргизилген. Нарын жана Сарычатэрташ коруктарынын территорияларында коргоого алынган.

Коргоо үчүн зарыл аракеттер

Сырт зоналарында суурларга аңчылык кылууга тыюу салынган атайын заказниктерди уюштуруу.

Статусу

VI категория, Near Threatened, NT. Ареалы боюнча сейректерге кирет. Кыргызстандын фаунасында майда мышыктарынын 3 түрүнүн бири.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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Маныл: Brief Summary ( Kırgızça )

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 src= Маныл. Manul map.svg

Маныл, Мадыл (лат. Otocolobus manul, syn. Felis manul, Pallas 1776) — мышыктар уруусундагы сүт эмүүчү.

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Маңыл ( Tatarca )

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Маңыл[6] (Паллас мәчесе, лат. Otocolobus manul Pall., 1776) — мәчелеләр гаиләләгенә караган кыргый имезүче хайван.

Искәрмәләр

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Маңыл: Brief Summary ( Tatarca )

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Маңыл (Паллас мәчесе, лат. Otocolobus manul Pall., 1776) — мәчелеләр гаиләләгенә караган кыргый имезүче хайван.

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பல்லா பூனை ( Tamilce )

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பல்லா பூனை (Pallas's cat ) என்பது ஒரு சிறிய காட்டுப் பூனை ஆகும். இது மத்திய ஆசியாவில் காணப்படுகிறது. இவை வாழ்விடம் சீரழிவு, வேட்டையாடுதல் போன்றவற்றால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. எனவே அச்சுறு நிலையை அண்மித்த இனம் என்று 2002 முதல் பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கம் அறிவித்துள்ளது.[1] இந்தியாவில் லடாக், ஜம்மு காஷ்மீர் போன்ற பகுதிகளில் காணப்படுகிறது.

 src=
பல்லா பூனையின் முகம்

பண்புகள்

பல்லா பூனைகள் வீட்டுப் பூனை அளவு உள்ளது. அதன் தலை முதல் உடல்வரை 46 இல் இருந்து 65 செமீ (18 இல் இருந்து 26 அங்குளம்) நீளம். வால் 21 இல் இருந்து 31 செமீ (8.3 - 12.2 அங்குலம்) நீளம். இதன் எடை 2.5 இல் இருந்து 4.5 கி.கிராம் (5.5 -9.9.பவுண்டு ) ஆகும். இதற்கு அடர்த்தியான நீண்ட வாலும், வால் முழுக்க கருப்பு வளையங்களும், முனையில் கொத்தான கருப்பு முடியும் இருக்கும். இதன் காதுகள் சிறியன, முகத்திலும், உடலின் பின் புறமும் உள்ள ஒரு சோடி பட்டைகள் இதன் தனித்தன்மை. இது சிறிய பாலூட்டிகள், பறவைகள் போன்றவற்றை உண்ணும், இந்த பூனைகள் பாறைகள் மிகுந்த பகுதியில் வாழ்வதற்கு இதன் நிறம் துணை செய்கிறது.

மேற்கோள்கள்

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பல்லா பூனை: Brief Summary ( Tamilce )

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பல்லா பூனை (Pallas's cat ) என்பது ஒரு சிறிய காட்டுப் பூனை ஆகும். இது மத்திய ஆசியாவில் காணப்படுகிறது. இவை வாழ்விடம் சீரழிவு, வேட்டையாடுதல் போன்றவற்றால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. எனவே அச்சுறு நிலையை அண்மித்த இனம் என்று 2002 முதல் பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கம் அறிவித்துள்ளது. இந்தியாவில் லடாக், ஜம்மு காஷ்மீர் போன்ற பகுதிகளில் காணப்படுகிறது.

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පල්ලාස්ගේ බළලා ( Seylanca )

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පල්ලාස්ගේ බළලා (Otocolobus manul), හෙවත් මැනුල් යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ මධ්‍ය ආසියාවේ තණබිම් සහ කඳුකර ස්ටෙප්ස්හි හමුවන කුඩා කැළෑ බළල් විශේෂයකි. වාසභූමි හායනය, ගොදුරු අල්ප වීම, සහ දඩයම් කිරීම නිසා මොවුන්ගේ පැවැත්මට බාධා එල්ල වී ඇත. එමනිසා 2002 සිට මොවුන් IUCN තර්ජනයට ලක්වීමට ආසන්න විශේෂයක් ලෙස නම්කොට ඇත.[1]

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

  1. 1.0 1.1 Ross, S.; Barashkova, A.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Appel, A.; Riordan, P.; Sanderson, J. & Munkhtsog, B. (2016). "Otocolobus manul". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T15640A87840229. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15640A87840229.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  2. Wozencraft, W. Christopher (16 November 2005). "Order Carnivora (pp. 532-628)". මෙම කෘතිය තුල: Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd සංස්.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). පිටුව. 535. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000043.

බාහිර සබැඳි

සැකිල්ල:Carnivora

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විකිපීඩියා කතුවරුන් සහ කතුවරුන්

Манул ( Avarca )

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 src=
Манул

Манул (латиназул мацӀалда Otocolobus manul яги Felis manul) – Felidae хъизан гӀалхул гьитӀинаб вахӀшияб хӀайван.


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Маны

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Манының девискээри

Манымоортайлар аймаанга хамааржыр черлик амытан. Даштыкы хевири азырал диске кончуг дөмейлешкек-даа болза, улуг хевирлиг амытан. Бойдус бо черлик диисти даглыг, бедик хаяаларга, аза-октуг, хараганнарлыг ховуларга амыдырап-чурттаар кылдыр чаяап каан. Тывада манн Мөнгүн-Тайганың агаар-бойдузунга тааржыыр.

Манының кежи куу, сарыг-хүрең өңнер колдаан, дүктериниң бажы каралдыр, шыйыг ышкаш чоруй барган болур. Кудуруу дээрбектер дег, тырыкыланып чоруй, төнчүзүнде каралдыр костур. Манны черже чавыт болганындан ол семис, улуг, тодуг-догаа кылдыр көстүр. Ооң карактары улуг, кулаа дүккүр. Оожум кылаштыг, кончуг оваарымчалыг, бодунуң уунда-ла чоруур чараш аң. Борбайтыр базып кылаштаар, ажына берген үезинде дыргактары уштуна бээр. Ол кижилерге хаая көзүлзе көстүр. Карактары ногаан-сарыг. Маны дүнеки үеде чемиш тып чииринге ынак, кончуг шимченгир апаар, карактары дыка көскү.

Манының чиир чеми - өрге, күске-күжүген, койгун, куштар. Олчазын кадарып тургаш халдаар, шуравышаан дырбактары-биле алыр. Маны кончуг оваарымчалыг амытан, ол хая чарыктары, даштар аразы, куйлар, үңгүрлер, хараганнар аразынга чаштынар. Көстүп келгеш, дораан чиде халый бээр. Кыжын харга чыдыпкаш, союп, чылып чоруптар.

Маны бир төрүүрде-ле 3-ң чедир оолдарлыг болур. Май-июнь айларда төрүүр. Ооң оолдары дүрген өзүүчел . бир талазында өлүп хораары база бар. Ооң уламындан манының өзүп көвүдевейн турар чылдагааны ында. Аргар-кошкар, те-чуңма өөр-бөлүк-даа болза бот-боттарынче чоошкулашпас, аңгы чемненип амыдыраар.

Амгы үеде кижиниң бойдуска багай салдарындан, төтчеглекчи аңнаашкындан манының саны эвээжеп турар. Маны делегейде ховар чидип бар чыдар дириг амытаннарның санында кирип турар. Эртемденнер ону бойдустуң дириг, ховар «эртинези» кылдыр санап, «Кызыл дептерже» кирген ховар дириг амытаннарны карак огу дег камгалаары, келир үениң салгалдарынга арттырып бээри – чоннуң ыдыктыг хүлээлгези.

Маныны аңнаары Россия база Тываның девискээрлеринге бүрүнү-биле хораан.

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Pallas's cat ( İngilizce )

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The Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul), also known as the manul, is a small wild cat with long and dense light grey fur, and rounded ears set low on the sides of the head. Its head-and-body length ranges from 46 to 65 cm (18 to 26 in) with a 21 to 31 cm (8.3 to 12.2 in) long bushy tail. It is well camouflaged and adapted to the cold continental climate in its native range, which receives little rainfall and experiences a wide range of temperatures.

The Pallas's cat was first described in 1776 by Peter Simon Pallas, who observed it in the vicinity of Lake Baikal. Since then, it has been recorded across a large region in Central Asia, albeit in widely spaced sites from the Caucasus, Iranian Plateau, Hindu Kush, parts of the Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau to the Altai-Sayan region and South Siberian Mountains. It inhabits rocky montane grasslands and shrublands, where the snow cover is below 15–20 cm (6–8 in). It finds shelter in rock crevices and burrows, and preys foremost on lagomorphs and rodents. The female gives birth to between two and six kittens in spring.

Due to its widespread range and assumed large population, the Pallas's cat has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2020. Some population units are threatened by poaching, prey base decline due to rodent control programs, and habitat fragmentation as a result of mining and infrastructure projects.

The Pallas's cat has been kept in zoos since the early 1950s. As of 2018, 60 zoos in Europe, Russia, North America and Japan participate in Pallas's cat captive breeding programs.

Taxonomy

Felis manul was the scientific name used by Peter Simon Pallas in 1776, who first described a Pallas's cat that he had encountered near the Dzhida River southeast of Lake Baikal.[3][4][5] Several Pallas's cat zoological specimens were subsequently described:

Otocolobus was proposed by Johann Friedrich von Brandt in 1842 as a generic name.[8][9] Reginald Innes Pocock recognized the taxonomic rank of Otocolobus in 1907, described several Pallas's cat skulls in detail and considered the Pallas's cat an aberrant form of Felis.[10]

In 1951, John Ellerman and Terence Morrison-Scott considered

Since 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group recognises only two subspecies as valid taxa, namely:[1]

Phylogeny

Phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear DNA in tissue samples from all Felidae species revealed that the evolutionary radiation of the Felidae began in Asia during the late Miocene around 14.45 to 8.38 million years ago.[11][12] Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of all Felidae species indicates a radiation at around 16.76 to 6.46 million years ago.[13] The Pallas's cat is estimated to have genetically diverged from a common ancestor with the genus Prionailurus between 8.55 to 4.8 million years ago based on analysis of nuclear DNA.[11] Based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA, it diverged 9.4 to 1.46 million years ago from a common ancestor with Felis.[13]

Phylogenetic relationships of the Pallas's cat as derived through analysis of
nuclear DNA:[11] Felidae Felinae Prionailurus

Leopard cat (P. bengalensis)

Fishing cat (P. viverrinus)

Flat-headed cat (P. planiceps)

Rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus)

6.54–3.42 mya Otocolobus

Pallas's cat

8.55–4.8 mya

other Felinae lineages

Pantherinae

mitochondrial DNA:[13] Felidae Felinae Felis

other Felis species

Jungle cat (F. chaus)

6.52–1.03 mya

Pallas's cat

9.40–1.46 mya Prionailurus

Leopard cat

Fishing cat

Flat-headed cat

Rusty-spotted cat

8.76–0.73 mya 13.10–4.21 mya

other Felinae lineages

Pantherinae

Characteristics

Pallas's cat in Edinburgh Zoo
Pallas's cat in Howletts Wild Animal Park

The Pallas's cat's fur is light grey with pale yellowish-ochre or pale yellowish-reddish hues.[6] Some hair tips are white and some blackish. Its fur is greyer and denser with fewer markings visible in winter than in the summer.[14]: 668–669  The forehead and top of the head are light grey with small black spots. It has two black zigzag lines on the cheeks running from the corner of the eyes to the jaw joints.[6] Its chin, whiskers, lower and upper lips are white.[14]: 669  It has narrow black stripes on the back, consisting of five to seven dark transversal lines across the lower back.[6] Its grey tail has seven narrow black rings and a black tip.[14]: 669  The underfur is 40 mm (1.6 in) long and 19 μm thick, and the guard hairs up to 69 mm (2.7 in) long and 93 μm thick on the back. Its fur is soft and dense with up to 9,000 hairs/cm2 (58,000 hairs/in2).[14]: 666 

The Pallas's cat's ears are grey with a yellowish tinge on the back and a darker rim, but with whitish hair in front and in the ear pinnae. Its rounded ears are set low on the side, such that it can peer over an object and show only a relatively small part of the head above the eyes without depressing the ears. This can give its face a look of ferocity and unrest.[10] Its eyes are encircled by white. The iris is yellowish, and its pupils contract to small circular disks in sunlight.[10]: 301  Among the Felinae, it shares this trait of round pupils with Puma, Herpailurus and Acinonyx species.[15]

The Pallas's cat is about the size of a domestic cat (Felis catus).[6] Its stocky posture with the long and dense fur make it appear stout and plush. Its head-to-body is 46 to 65 cm (18 to 26 in) long with a 21 to 31 cm (8.3 to 12.2 in) long tail. It weighs 2.5 to 4.5 kg (5 lb 8 oz to 9 lb 15 oz).[16] Its body is stout, and its skull is rounded with a short nasal bone, an enlarged cranial part and rounded zygomatic arches. Its orbits are large and directed forward. Its legs are short with short and sharp retractile claws.[17]

The skull of males is 87.2–95.1 mm (3.43–3.74 in) long and 66–74 mm (2.6–2.9 in) wide at the base. Females have a 84.1–96.3 mm (3.31–3.79 in) long and 64.7–68.1 mm (2.55–2.68 in) wide skull.[14]: 671–674  The lower carnassial teeth are powerful, and the upper carnassials are short and massive. The first pair of upper premolars is absent. The dental formula is 3.1.2.13.1.2.1 × 2 = 28.[17] It has a bite force at the canine tip of 155.4 newtons and a bite force quotient at the canine tip of 113.8.[18]

The mitochondrial genome of the Pallas's cat consists of 16,672 base pairs containing 13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNA and two ribosomal RNA genes and one non-coding RNA control region.[19]

Distribution and habitat

The Pallas's cat's range extends from the Caucasus eastward to Central Asia, Mongolia and adjacent parts of Dzungaria and the Tibetan Plateau. It inhabits montane shrublands and grasslands, rocky outcrops, scree slopes and ravines in areas, where the continuous snow cover is below 15–20 cm (6–8 in).[14] In the southwestern part of its range, the habitat of the Pallas's cat is affected by cold and dry winters, and moderate to low rainfall in warm summers.[20] The typical vegetation in this part consists of small shrubs, sagebrush (Artemisia), Festuca and Stipa grasses.[14] In the central part of its range, it inhabits hilly landscapes, high plateaus and intermontane valleys that are covered by dry steppe or semi-desert vegetation, such as low shrubs and xerophytic grasses.[21] The continental climate in this region exhibits a range of 80 °C (140 °F) between the highest and lowest air temperatures, dropping to −50 °C (−58 °F) in winter.[14]: 684–688 

The Greater Caucasus region is considered climatically suitable for the Pallas's cat.[20] In Armenia, an individual was killed near Vedi in the mountains of Ararat Province in the late 1920s.[17] In January 2020, an individual was sighted about 140 km (90 mi) farther north in Tavush Province; the habitat at this location transitions from semi-desert to montane steppe at an elevation of about 570 m (1,900 ft).[22] Records in Azerbaijan are limited to a Pallas's cat skin found in Karabakh and a sighting of an individual in Julfa District, both in the late 20th century.[23]

The Pallas's cat inhabits rocky slopes in the Koh-i-Baba Range of the Hindu Kush.

On the Iranian Plateau, two Pallas's cats were encountered near the Aras River in northwestern Iran before the 1970s.[14] In the area, an individual was captured at an elevation of about 1,500 m (5,000 ft) near Azarshahr in East Azerbaijan Province in 2008.[23] In the same year, a camera trap recorded a Pallas's cat on the southern slopes of the central Alborz Mountains in Khojir National Park shortly after heavy snowfall.[24] Farther east in the Alborz Mountains, an individual was recorded among rocks at an elevation of 2,441 m (8,009 ft) in 2016.[25] In the Aladagh and Kopet Dag Mountains, the Pallas's cat was recorded inside and in the vicinity of protected areas.[26] In the south of the Zagros Mountains, an individual was caught in a corral used by transhumant pastoralists in Abadeh County in 2012. The surrounding area consists of rocky steppe habitat dominated by mountain almond (Prunus scoparia), Astragalus and Artemisia.[27] In the Hindu Kush, a Pallas's cat was observed sunbathing at the fringe of a rocky high-elevation plain near Dasht-e Nawar in Afghanistan's Koh-i-Baba range in April 2007.[28] The Pallas's cat was also photographed multiple times in Bamyan Province between 2015 and 2017.[20] In Gilgit-Baltistan, an individual was recorded on a ridge in a juniper dominated forest at 3,445 m (11,302 ft) in Pakistan's Qurumber National Park in July 2012.[29]

In the Transcaspian Region, its presence was first reported in the Kopet Dag mountains and in the vicinity of the Tedzhen and Murghab Rivers in the late 19th century.[30] In Turkmenistan's Sünt-Hasardag Nature Reserve, a camera trap recorded an individual in 2019. The Pallas's cat is allegedly also present in Köpetdag Nature Reserve.[31]

Historical records of the Pallas's cat are known in the Surxondaryo Region and Gissar Range along the border of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.[14] In Kyrgyzstan, it is present at high elevations of Sarychat-Ertash State Nature Reserve and in the foothills of the Alay Range.[21] In 2013, a dead female was found in a valley near Engilchek, Kyrgyzstan.[32] In Kazakhstan, it inhabits the highlands and steppes of central and east Kazakhstan Region, the periphery of the Betpak-Dala Desert, the northern Balkhash District and the Tarbagatai Mountains.[21]

The species inhabits grassland on the Ukuk Plateau.

In the South Siberian Mountains, it inhabits grasslands on the Ukok Plateau and in the Altai, Kuray and Saylyugem Mountains.[33] It is also present in Chagan-Uzun and Argut river basins, Mongun-Taiga, Uvs Lake Basin, Sayano-Shushenski Nature Reserve, Tunkinsky National Park, Lake Gusinoye basin and in the interfluves of the Selenga, Chikoy and Khilok rivers.[34] In the eastern Sayan Mountains, its presence was documented for the first time in 1997.[35] In Transbaikal, it inhabits montane steppes at elevations of 600–800 m (2,000–2,600 ft), where annual rainfall ranges from 150 to 400 mm (5.9 to 15.7 in).[36] In 2013, an individual was observed on the Vitim Plateau.[37]

The Pallas's cat inhabits the semi-desert steppe of Ikh Nartiin Chuluu Nature Reserve in Mongolia.[38] In Khustain Nuruu National Park and Gobi Gurvansaikhan National Park, it prefers rocky and rugged habitats that provides cover and camouflage.[39][40] On the Tibetan plateau, two Pallas's cats were observed in undulating alpine meadow amidst plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) colonies at 4,087 m (13,409 ft) in western China's Qumarlêb County in 2001. One of them swam across an irrigation channel.[41] In Gêrzê County, an individual was sighted in desert steppe habitat at an elevation of 5,050 m (16,570 ft) in 2005.[42] In 2011, the Pallas's cat was photographed in an alpine meadow in the core area of Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve.[43] In Ruoergai, it was observed at several places in habitat that was frequented by pastoralists and their livestock herds.[44][45]

The Pallas's cat occurs in alpine pastures of the upper Marshyangdi river valley in the central Himalayas.

The presence of the Pallas's cat in the Himalayas was first reported in Ladakh's Indus valley in 1991.[46] In Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary, Pallas's cats were sighted close by riverbanks at elevations of 4,202 and 4,160 m (13,786 and 13,648 ft) in 2013 and 2015.[47] In Gangotri National Park, a Pallas's cat was photographed in rocky alpine scrub at 4,800 m (15,700 ft) in 2019.[48] In Sikkim, an individual was observed on a rocky slope at an elevation of 5,073 m (16,644 ft) in the vicinity of Tso Lhamo Lake in 2007.[49] In December 2012, the Pallas's cat was recorded for the first time in the Nepal Himalayas. It was photographed in the upper Marshyangdi river valley in alpine pastures at elevations of 4,200 m (13,800 ft) and 4,650 m (15,260 ft) in Annapurna Conservation Area.[50] In Shey-Phoksundo National Park, Pallas's cat scat was detected at 5,593 m (18,350 ft) in 2016, the globally highest record to date.[51] In January 2012, it was recorded for the first time in Bhutan, namely in rolling hills dominated by glacial outwash and alpine steppe vegetation in Wangchuck Centennial National Park.[52] In autumn 2012, it was also photographed at an elevation of 4,122 m (13,524 ft) in Jigme Dorji National Park.[53] In 2019, scat samples of two individuals were found in Sagarmatha National Park, providing the first genetic evidence of the cat's presence in the eastern Himalayas.[54]

Behaviour and ecology

Pallas's cat

The Pallas's cat is solitary.[14] Of nine Pallas's cat kittens observed in captivity, only the two males scent marked by spraying urine.[55]

The Pallas's cat uses caves, rock crevices and marmot burrows as shelter.[14]: 690–691  In central Mongolia, 29 Pallas's cat were fitted with radio collars between June 2005 and October 2007. They used 101 dens during this time, including 39 winter dens, 42 summer dens and 20 dens for raising kittens. The summer and winter dens usually had one entrance with a diameter of 15.6 to 23.4 cm (6.1 to 9.2 in). They resided in the summer dens for 2–21 days, and in the winter dens for 2–28 days. Summer and maternal dens were close to rocky habitats with little direct sunlight, whereas winter dens were closer to ravines.[56] The home ranges of 16 females varied from 7.4 to 125.2 km2 (2.9 to 48.3 sq mi). The home ranges of nine males varied from 20.9 to 207.0 km2 (8.1 to 79.9 sq mi) and overlapped those of one to four females and partly also those of other males. The sizes of their home ranges decreased in winter.[39]

In an unprotected area in central Mongolia, Pallas's cats were mainly crepuscular between May and August, but active by day from September to November.[57] Pallas's cats recorded in four study areas in the western Mongolian Altai mountains were also active during the day, but with a lower frequency at sites where livestock was present.[58]

Hunting and diet

The Pallas's cat is a highly specialised predator of small mammals, which it catches by stalking or ambushing near exits of burrows. It also pulls out rodents with its paws from shallow burrows. In the Altai Mountains, remains of long-tailed ground squirrel (Urocitellus undulatus), flat-skulled shrew (Sorex roboratus), Pallas's pika (Ochotona pallasi) and bird feathers were found near breeding burrows of Pallas's cats. In Transbaikal, it preys on Daurian pika (Ochotona dauurica), steppe pika (O. pusilla), Daurian ground squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus) and young of red-billed chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax).[14] Scat samples of the Pallas's cat collected in the bufferzone of Khustain Nuruu National Park in central Mongolia contained foremost remains of Daurian pika, Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), Mongolian silver vole (Alticola semicanus) and remains of passerine birds, beetles and grasshoppers.[59] Brandt's vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii) dominated in the diet of Pallas's cats in Mongolia's Sükhbaatar Province after the irruptive growth of this vole population during 2017 to 2020.[60] Scat found in Shey-Phoksundo National Park contained remains of pika species and of woolly hare (Lepus oiostolus).[51] Remains of a cypriniform fish were found in Pallas's cat scat in Gongga Mountain Nature Reserve.[61]

Reproduction and life cycle

Pallas's cat kittens in Parken Zoo

The female is sexually mature at the age of about one year.[62] She is in estrus for 26 to 42 hours.[63] Gestation lasts 66 to 75 days.[62][63]

A captive male Pallas's cat housed under natural lighting conditions showed increased aggressive and territorial behaviour at the onset of the breeding season, lasting from September to December. Its blood contained three times more testosterone than in the non-breeding season, and its ejaculate was more concentrated with more normal sperm forms and a higher motility of sperm.[64]

In the wild, the female gives birth to a litter of two to six kittens between the end of April and late May. The newborn kittens' fur is fuzzy, and their eyes are closed until the age of about two weeks.[14]: 693  A newborn male kitten born in a zoo weighed 89 g (3.1 oz), measured 12.3 cm (4.8 in) and had a 5.5 cm (2.2 in) long tail.[62]

In central Mongolia, seven females with kittens were observed using 20 dens for 4–60 days. Their maternal dens were either among rocks, or in former burrows of the Tarbagan marmot (Marmota sibirica), and had at least two entrances.[56] In Iran, a Pallas's cat was observed using cavities of aged Greek juniper (Juniperus excelsa) as breeding dens for a litter of four kittens.[65]

Two-month-old kittens weigh 500–600 g (17.6–21.2 oz), and their fur gradually grows longer. They start hunting at the age of about five months and reach adult size by the age of six to seven months.[14]: 694 

Threats

In China, Mongolia and Russia, the Pallas's cat was once hunted for its fur in large numbers of more than 10,000 skins annually. In China and the former Soviet Union, hunting of the Pallas's cat decreased in the 1970s when it became legally protected. Mongolia exported 9,185 skins in 1987, but international trade has ceased since 1988.[66] However, domestic trade of its skins and body parts for medicinal purposes continues in the country, and it may be hunted throughout the year.[67]

Cases of herding dogs killing Pallas's cats were reported in Iran, Kazakhstan and the Altai Republic.[26][33][21] Pallas's cats have also fallen victim in traps set for small mammals in Kazakhstan and in the Altai Republic. In Transbaikal, the Pallas's cat is threatened by poaching. In Mongolia, the use of the rodenticide bromadiolone in the frame of rodent control measures in the early 21st century poisoned the prey base of carnivores and raptors.[21] In the Sanjiangyuan region of the Tibetan Plateau, 54,147 km2 (20,906+14 sq mi) of grassland was poisoned between 2005 and 2009, leading to an estimated loss of 50,000–80,000 tonnes (55,000–88,000 short tons) of pika biomass.[68] The Pallas's cat may be negatively affected by habitat fragmentation due to mining and infrastructure projects.[2]

Conservation

Pallas's cat on the Russian Federation two-ruble coin, silver, reverse.

On the IUCN Red List, the Pallas's cat is classified as Least Concern since 2020 because of its wide-spread range and assumed large global population. It is listed in CITES Appendix II. Hunting it is prohibited in all range countries except Mongolia. Since 2009, it is legally protected in Afghanistan, where all hunting and trade with its body parts is banned.[2] On the Mongolian Red List of Mammals, it is listed as Near Threatened since 2006.[67] In China, it is listed as Endangered.[69] In Turkmenistan, it is proposed to be listed as Critically Endangered due to the scarcity of contemporary records.[70]

In captivity

Between 1951 and 1979, the Beijing Zoo kept 16 Pallas's cats, but they lived for less than three years.[71] In 1984, the Pallas's cat was designated as a priority species for captive breeding of the American Association of Zoos and Aquariums's Species Survival Plan.[72] Almost half of the kittens born in member zoos died within the first 30 days, reaching the highest mortality rate in captivity of any small wild cat.[73]

Zoos in the former Soviet Union received most of the wild-caught Pallas's cats from the Transbaikal region and a few from Mongolia. Moscow Zoo initiated a studbook for the Pallas's cat in 1997. Since 2004, the Pallas's cat international studbook has been managed by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, which also coordinates the captive breeding program for the Pallas's cat within the European Endangered Species Programme. As of 2018, 177 Pallas's cats were kept in 60 zoos in Europe, Russia, North America and Japan.[74]

In 2011, a female Pallas's cat was artificially inseminated for the first time with semen from the male at the Cincinnati Zoo. After 69 days, she gave birth to four kittens, of which one was stillborn.[75]

Etymology

'Manul' is the Pallas's cat's name in the Kyrgyz language. It is called 'manol' in the Mongolian language.[4] The common name 'Pallas's cat' was coined by William Thomas Blanford in honour of Peter Simon Pallas.[76]

In popular culture

The Pallas's cat is featured in a Russian Internet meme known as "Pet the cat" introduced in 2008. It is typically an image macro with a picture of an unfriendly and stern-looking Pallas's cat accompanied by a caption in which the cat invites the reader to pet it.[77][78][79][80] In 2012, the Pallas's cat overwhelmingly won an online vote to become the Moscow Zoo mascot.[81]

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  44. ^ Webb, R.; Pain, D.; McNiven, D. & Francis, S. (2014). "Pallas's cat in disturbed habitat on the Tibetan Plateau". Cat News (60): 19–20.
  45. ^ Webb, R.; Francis, S.; Telfer, P. & Guillemont, A. (2016). "Chinese mountain Cat and Pallas's Cat co-existing on the Tibetan Plateau in Sichuan" (PDF). Cat News (63): 31–33.
  46. ^ Mallon, D. P. (1991). "Status and Conservation of Large Mammals in Ladakh". Biological Conservation. 56: 101–119. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90092-N.
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  48. ^ Pal, R.; Bhattacharya, T. & Sathyakumar, S. (2019). "First record of Pallas's cat in Uttarakhand, Nelang valley, Gangotri National Park, India". Cat News (69): 24–26.
  49. ^ Chanchani, P. (2008). "Sighting of a Manul or Pallas Cat in North Sikkim, India". Cat News (48): 18–19.
  50. ^ Shrestha, B.; Ale, S.; Jackson, R.; Thapa, N.; Gurung, L. P.; Adhikari, S.; Dangol, L.; Basnet, B.; Subedi, N. & Dhakal, M. (2014). "Nepal's first Pallas's cat". Cat News (60): 23–24.
  51. ^ a b Werhahn, G.; Kusi, N.; Karmacharya, D.; Man Sherchan, A.; Manandhar, P.; Manandhar, S.; Bhatta, T. R.; Joshi, J.; Bhattarai, S.; Sharma, A. N.; Kaden, J.; Ghazali, M. & Senn, H. (2018). "Eurasian lynx and Pallas's cat in Dolpa district of Nepal: genetics, distribution and diet". Cat News (67): 34–36.
  52. ^ WWF Bhutan (2012). Near threatened Pallas' Cat found in WCP (Report). Wangchuck Centennial Park and WWF.
  53. ^ Thinley, P. (2013). "First photographic evidence of a Pallas's cat in Jigme Dorji National Park, Bhutan". Cat News (58): 27–28.
  54. ^ Seimon, T.; Lim, M.; Nightingale, B.; Elvin, S.; Elmore, A. & Seimon, A. (2022). "First report of Pallas's cat in Sagarmatha National Park – Mount Everest Region, Nepal". Cat News (76): 41–42.
  55. ^ Wemmer, C. & Scow, K. (1977). "Communication in the Felidae with emphasis on scent marking and contact patterns" (PDF). In Sebeok, T. A. (ed.). How animals communicate. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 749–766. ISBN 0253328551.
  56. ^ a b Ross, S.; Kamnitzer, R.; Munkhtsog, B. & Harris, S. (2010). "Den-site selection is critical for Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 88 (9): 905–913. doi:10.1139/Z10-056.
  57. ^ Anile, S.; Augugliaro, C.; Munkhtsog, B.; Dartora, F.; Vendramin, A.; Bombieri, G. & Nielsen, C.K. (2021). "Density and activity patterns of Pallas's cats, Otocolobus manul, in central Mongolia". Wildlife Research. 48 (3): 264–272. doi:10.1071/WR20061. S2CID 234058227.
  58. ^ Greco, I.; Oberosler, V.; Monti, I.E.; Augugliaro, C.; Barashkova, A. & Rovero, F. (2022). "Spatio‐temporal occurrence and sensitivity to livestock husbandry of Pallas's cat in the Mongolian Altai". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 86 (1): e22150. doi:10.1002/jwmg.22150.
  59. ^ Ross, S.; Munkhtsog, B. & Harris, S. (2010). "Dietary composition, plasticity, and prey selection of Pallas's Cats". Journal of Mammalogy. 91 (4): 811–817. doi:10.1644/09-MAMM-A-342.1.
  60. ^ Baatargal, O. & Suuri, B. (2021). "Diet of the Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul) in Mongolian steppe habitat during a population peak of Brandt's voles". Journal of Arid Environments. 193: 104583. Bibcode:2021JArEn.193j4583B. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2021.104583.
  61. ^ Zhao, D.; Yang, C.; Ma, J.; Zhang, X. & Ran, J. (2020). "Vertebrate prey composition analysis of the Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul) in the Gongga Mountain Nature Reserve, based on fecal DNA". Mammalia. 84 (5): 449–457. doi:10.1515/mammalia-2018-0144. S2CID 213813640.
  62. ^ a b c Mellen, J. (1989). Reproductive behavior of small captive cats (Felis ssp.) (PhD thesis). Davis: University of California.
  63. ^ a b Schauenberg, P. (1978). "Note sur la reproduction du manul Otocolobus manul (Pallas, 1776)" [Note on the reproduction of the manul]. Mammalia. 42 (3): 355–358. doi:10.1515/mamm.1978.42.3.355. S2CID 83986577.
  64. ^ Swanson, W. F.; Brown, J. L. & Wildt, D. E. (1996). "Influence of seasonality on reproductive traits of the male Pallas' cat (Felis manul) and implications for captive management" (PDF). Journal of Zoo Wildlife Medicine. 27 (2): 234–240. JSTOR 20095570.
  65. ^ Dibadj, P.; Jafari, B.; Nejat, F.; Qashqaei, A.T. & Ross, S. (2018). "Maternal habitat use of Juniperus excelsa woodland by Pallas's cat Otocolobus manul in Iran". Zoology and Ecology. 28 (4): 421–424. doi:10.1080/21658005.2018.1520722. S2CID 92407176.
  66. ^ Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). "Manul Octobulus manul (Pallas, 1776)" (PDF). Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 97–99.
  67. ^ a b Wingard, J.R. & Zahler, P. (2006). Silent steppe: the illegal wildlife trade crisis in Mongolia (Report). Mongolia Discussion Papers, East Asia and Pacific Environment and Social Development Department. Washington, DC: World Bank and Wildlife Conservation Society.
  68. ^ Wu, L. & Wang, H. (2017). "Poisoning the pika: Must protection of grasslands be at the expense of biodiversity". Science China Life Sciences. 60 (5): 545–547. doi:10.1007/s11427-016-0222-0. PMID 28074383. S2CID 1958298.
  69. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2008). "Pallas' cat". In Smith, A. T.; Xie, Y. (eds.). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978-1400834112.
  70. ^ Rustamov, E. A. & Belousova, А. В. (2020). "O mlekopitayushchikh, predlagayemykh dlya zaneseniya v novoye izdaniye Krasnoy Knigi Turkmenistana (2021) [About mammals proposed for inclusion in the new edition of the Red Book of Turkmenistan (2021)]" (PDF). In Bannikov, A. G. (ed.). Aktual'nyye voprosy zoologii, ekologii i okhrany prirody [Topical issues of zoology, ecology and nature protection]. Moscow: ЗооВетКнига. pp. 147–154.
  71. ^ Jutzeler, E.; Xie, Y. & Vogt, K. (2010). "The smaller felids of China. Pallas's cat". Cat News (Special Issue 5): 37–39.
  72. ^ Wildt, D. E. & Mellen, J. D. (1984). Felid Action Plan. Washington, DC: Felid Taxon Advisory Group, National Zoological Park.
  73. ^ Bray, S. (2010). "Pallas' Cat PMP" (PDF). Felid TAG Times. 3.
  74. ^ Barclay, D.; Nygren, E.; Alekseicheva, I.; Nelson, A.-L. & Swanson, B. (2019). "Ex-situ conservation of manul". Cat News (Special Issue 13): 41–45.
  75. ^ Oyuntuya, B.; Swanson, W.; Campbell, M.; Bateman, H.; Herrick, J.; Lambo, C.; Brown, M.; Fine, A.; Ross, S.; Munkhtsog, B.; Kreider, C.; Travis, E.; Beyea, L.; Barrie, M. & Samiya, R. (2012). "Creating Gene Flow between wild and captive Pallas Cats (Otocolobus manul) through assisted Reproduction with frozen Semen". Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. Yulee: American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. pp. 168–169.
  76. ^ Blanford, W. T. (1888–1891). "Felis manul. Pallas's Cat". Mammalia. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 83–84. OCLC 1049638774 – via the Internet Archive.
  77. ^ Giunter, A. (2008). "Манул стал культовым котом Рунета" [The manul has become a cult figure on the Runet]. Postimees. Archived from the original on 2008-10-24.
  78. ^ Roganov, S. (2008). "Кот манул – новая звезда Рунета" [The manul cat is a new star of the Runet]. Argumenty i Facty.
  79. ^ "MediaSapiens (radio show)". Moskva FM. 2008. Archived from the original on 2013-01-30.
  80. ^ Мalgina, N. (2009). "Степной отшельник" [Steppe hermit]. National Geographic (Russia). pp. 85–91. Archived from the original on 2011-11-13.
  81. ^ "Талисманом московского зоопарка стал манул" [Manul became the mascot of the Moscow zoo]. 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-07-06. Retrieved 2013-07-04.

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Pallas's cat: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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The Pallas's cat (Otocolobus manul), also known as the manul, is a small wild cat with long and dense light grey fur, and rounded ears set low on the sides of the head. Its head-and-body length ranges from 46 to 65 cm (18 to 26 in) with a 21 to 31 cm (8.3 to 12.2 in) long bushy tail. It is well camouflaged and adapted to the cold continental climate in its native range, which receives little rainfall and experiences a wide range of temperatures.

The Pallas's cat was first described in 1776 by Peter Simon Pallas, who observed it in the vicinity of Lake Baikal. Since then, it has been recorded across a large region in Central Asia, albeit in widely spaced sites from the Caucasus, Iranian Plateau, Hindu Kush, parts of the Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau to the Altai-Sayan region and South Siberian Mountains. It inhabits rocky montane grasslands and shrublands, where the snow cover is below 15–20 cm (6–8 in). It finds shelter in rock crevices and burrows, and preys foremost on lagomorphs and rodents. The female gives birth to between two and six kittens in spring.

Due to its widespread range and assumed large population, the Pallas's cat has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2020. Some population units are threatened by poaching, prey base decline due to rodent control programs, and habitat fragmentation as a result of mining and infrastructure projects.

The Pallas's cat has been kept in zoos since the early 1950s. As of 2018, 60 zoos in Europe, Russia, North America and Japan participate in Pallas's cat captive breeding programs.

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Palasa kato ( Esperanto )

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La palasa kato (Octocolobus manul) el la ordo de karnovoruloj kaj familio de felisedoj vivas en la Nordoriento, Ŝinĝjang, Ĉinghaj, la Interna Mongolio, Gansu, Siĉŭan kaj Tibeto de Ĉinio, kaj ankaŭ en Mongolio, Sovetunio, Irano, Afganio, Hindio kaj Pakistano.

Samgranda kiel hejma kato, ĝi longas 47-65 centimetrojn, kun vosto 21-25 centimetrojn longa. Ĝiaj rondaj oreloj estas maiiongaj sed larĝaj. Ĝi havas dikajn krurojn kaj portas malhele grizbrunan hararon miksitan kun nigra kaj blanka. Ĉe la posta parto de ĝia dorso troviĝas kelkaj kaŝtankoloraj strioj kaj sur ĝia kapo malgrandaj sed densaj nigraj makuloj. Vidiĝas kelkaj nigraj aŭ kaŝtanbrunaj larĝaj harringoj ĉe la vosto kun nigra pinto.

La palasa kato loĝas sur stepoj kaj en dezertoj, kaj ŝatas aktivadi sur ŝtonozaj altebenajoj kaj krutaj montdeklivoj senarbaj. Kelkfoje ĝi ankaŭ iras al arbaro kaj povas'grimpi sur monton altan je 3 000 metroj. Ĝenerale ĝi vivas sola. Ĝi agadas ĉefe en nokto, iam iras serĉi nutraĵon ankaŭ en frumateno, kaj ripozas en tago.

Ĝi konstruas neston en rokfendo aŭ sub ŝtonegoj, iufoje loĝas ankaŭ en truoj forlasitaj de marmotoj kaj aliaj malgrandaj bestoj. Ĝi manĝas musojn, birdojn, ovojn kaj insektojn. Vintre, kiam mankas al ĝi nutraĵo, ĝi iras al ĉasado ankaŭ en tago aŭ serĉas nutraĵon ĉirkaŭ vilaĝo. Ĝiaj blekoj estas pli raŭkaj ol tiuj de la hejma kato.

Dum atakado al sia malamiko, ĝi povas eligi oreltranĉajn nazbruojn. Gi havas akrajn vidadon kaj aŭdadon. Ĝenerale ĝi pariĝas en februaro, la katino gravedas pli ol du monatojn kaj ĉiufoje naskas 3-4, iam eĉ 6 idojn. Ĝia bonkvalita felo kun densa hararo povas esti uzata por fari felaĵojn, sed la produktokvanto de la felo estas tro malgranda. Estas signifoplene protekti la palasajn katojn por ke ili ekstermu en la naturo grandan nombron da malutilaj ronĝuloj.

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Otocolobus manul ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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El manul (Otocolobus manul) es una especie de mamífero carnívoro perteneciente a la familia Felidae que habita en las estepas de Mongolia, Siberia y el Tíbet,[2]​ en alturas hasta de 5000 m s. n. m, donde su abundante pelaje le protege del excesivo frío y viento. Es llamado a veces gato de Pallas, porque fue clasificado por el zoólogo alemán Peter Simon Pallas, en 1776, quien lo denominó Felis manul. Recientemente, ha sido reubicado dentro del género Otocolobus —que antaño fuera creado para él—, siendo el único representante del mismo.[3]​ Este gato paticorto tiene el cuerpo rechoncho y macizo, y una cola anillada en negro, larga y peluda. Su pelaje es de color muy variable, desde el gris ceniza al rojizo. Las líneas negras atraviesan su cuerpo sin interrupción de un flanco a otro. Es el único ejemplo de esta coloración entre los félidos.

El manul es un animal solitario, generalmente amante de la poca luz, pues su hora preferida de caza se sitúa entre el crepúsculo y el alba. Se alimenta de picas y de pájaros. Cuando galopa se le puede confundir con una marmota. Establece su refugio bajo una roca, y es el mejor trepador felino. Tiene de cuatro a seis crías de una camada, y un peso de adulto de entre 2,5 y 3,5 kg.

Taxonomía

El manul tiene una historia taxonómica compleja. A menudo se le ha situado dentro del género Felis (junto con la mayoría del resto de gatos). Este género sobredimensionado, ha sido posteriormente dividido en muchos géneros más pequeños, dando lugar a una re-clasificación de esta especie, que lo dejaba como único miembro del género Otocolobus (del prefijo latino oto para oreja, y del griego kolobus para acortada). Sin embargo, a finales del siglo XX, el manul estaba considerado como un pariente cercano del resto de especies del género Felis y se le reubicó consecuentemente dentro. Finalmente, investigaciones recientes han demostrado que está estrechamente relacionado con los géneros Felis y Prionailurus en la tribu Felini.[3]​ Como resultado de estas investigaciones, el género Otocolobus ha renacido y el manul ha sido re-clasificado.

Descripción

Tiene un tamaño similar a la de un gato doméstico, de entre 46 y 65 centímetros de longitud, además de una cola que mide entre 21 y 31 centímetros de largo, y un peso que varía entre 2,5 y 4,5 kilos.

Tiene varias características que lo distinguen de los demás felinos. Por ejemplo, los ojos tienen las pupilas redondeadas en lugar de las de forma de grieta de las de los otros gatos pequeños, las patas son proporcionalmente más cortas que las de otros gatos, mantiene las orejas muy bajas y separadas, y tiene unas garras inusualmente cortas. El hocico es corto en comparación con el de otros gatos, dándole un aspecto aparentemente aplanado. Las cortas mandíbulas tienen menos dientes de lo habitual entre los félidos, estando ausentes el primer par de premolares superiores.

Dado su hocico relativamente aplanado, se creyó que era un ancestro de la raza del gato persa, aunque se sabe que esta relación es falsa.

Su pelaje es de color ocre con franjas verticales oscuras en el torso y las patas delanteras, las cuales no siempre son visibles debido a su denso pelaje. El pelaje de invierno es más gris y tiene menos franjas que el de verano. Tiene anillos de color negro en la cola y manchas oscuras en la frente, y las mejillas son de color blanco con rayas negras estrechas, que recorren desde las comisuras de los ojos. La barbilla y la garganta también son de color blanco, y se funden con la piel gris y sedosa de las partes inferiores. Los anillos concéntricos blancos y negros que rodean los ojos, acentúan la forma redondeada de su rostro.

Distribución y hábitat

Vive en las estepas asiáticas, en alturas comprendidas entre los 1000 y 4000 metros. Se le puede encontrar en las costas este y sur del mar Caspio, al norte de Irán, India, Pakistán, Afganistán y Turkmenistán, al oeste y el centro de la China, y Mongolia. Prefiere las zonas rocosas con relativamente pocos árboles, como son cerros áridos, estepas, y zonas semidesérticas.

Comportamiento y dieta

Se cree que son cazadores crepusculares, que se alimentan de pequeños roedores y pájaros. Cazan principalmente cogiendo por sorpresa o acosando a sus presas, utilizando la vegetación baja o el terreno rocoso para esconderse, ya que no son corredores muy rápidos. Pasan la mayor parte del día refugiados en grietas en las rocas o en madrigueras abandonadas por otros animales, aunque también se les ha visto tomando el sol durante el día.

Como la mayor parte de los félidos, el manul es un animal solitario, que raramente se une a otros individuos fuera de la temporada de reproducción. Tanto los machos como las hembras son territoriales y marcan su territorio. Esta especie de gato tiene una manera de amenazar que puede ser usual, que consiste en levantar el labio superior y mostrar sus largos caninos.

Reproducción

 src=
Manul en el parque zoológico de Zúrich.

Su temporada de reproducción es relativamente corta, debido al clima extremado de su área de distribución. El ciclo estral tiene una duración que varía entre 26 y 42 horas, el cual es también más corto que el de otros félidos. Dan a luz camadas formadas por entre 2 y 6 crías, después de un periodo de gestación de entre 66 y 75 días, generalmente en abril o en mayo. Estas grandes camadas, podrían compensar la elevada mortalidad infantil en el ambiente hostil de su hábitat. Las crías nacen en madrigueras protegidas, llenos de vegetación seca, plumas y pelos.

Al nacer, las crías pesan alrededor de 90 gramos, y están cubiertas de un pelaje grueso que sustituyen por pelaje de los adultos a los dos meses. A los cuatro meses comienzan a cazar, y alcanzan el tamaño de adultos a los seis meses. En cautividad, se ha registrado que pueden vivir hasta 11 años.

En julio de 2020, en el zoológico de Novosibirsk que lleva el nombre de RA Shilo 3, las hembras manula trajeron descendencia, cachorros 16.[4]

Conservación

Como otras especies exóticas de felinos, el manul ha sido cazado por su pelaje. Antes de convertirse legalmente en protegido, decenas de miles de pieles se obtenían anualmente a sus países de origen (China, Mongolia, Afganistán y Rusia). Hoy en día es considerado un beneficio para el entorno, dado que se alimenta de especies consideradas plagas para la agricultura. Sin embargo, el envenenamiento de roedores y picas, también puede afectar a la supervivencia de esta especie de felino.

El éxito de la cría en cautividad es difícil. Aunque se reproduce bien, las tasas de supervivencia son bajas debido a las infecciones. Esto se ha atribuido a un sistema inmunológico poco desarrollado, ya que su hábitat natural es aislado, y por lo tanto, normalmente no estarían expuestos a infecciones.

Subespecies

Existen tres subespecies reconocidas de esta especie:[2]

Referencias

  1. Ross, S., Murdoch, J., Mallon, D., Sanderson, J. & Barashkova, A. (2008). «Otocolobus manul». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2014.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 26 de febrero de 2015.
  2. a b Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  3. a b Johnson, W., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W. J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E., O'Brien, S. J. (2006). «The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment». Science 311 (5757): 73-77. PMID 16400146. doi:10.1126/science.1122277.
  4. http://zoonovosib.ru/news/16-goluboglazykh-manulov-/

Bibliografía

  • The Cat In History (Studyworld) Familia Felidae (Lioncrusher).
  • Sunquist, Mel. «Wild cats of the World». Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002, 219-224. ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
  • Malmström T, Kröger RH. «Pupil shapes and lens optics in the eyes of terrestrial vertebrates». J. Exp. Biol., vol. 209, Pt 1, pág. 18-25.
  • «Smithsonian National Zoologial Park Field Tag». [Consulta: 6 de junio de 2009].
  • «Captive-bred Pallas' kitten at Howletts, UK» (video). BBC, 10 de septiembre de 2008.

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Otocolobus manul: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

wikipedia ES tarafından sağlandı

El manul (Otocolobus manul) es una especie de mamífero carnívoro perteneciente a la familia Felidae que habita en las estepas de Mongolia, Siberia y el Tíbet,​ en alturas hasta de 5000 m s. n. m, donde su abundante pelaje le protege del excesivo frío y viento. Es llamado a veces gato de Pallas, porque fue clasificado por el zoólogo alemán Peter Simon Pallas, en 1776, quien lo denominó Felis manul. Recientemente, ha sido reubicado dentro del género Otocolobus —que antaño fuera creado para él—, siendo el único representante del mismo.​ Este gato paticorto tiene el cuerpo rechoncho y macizo, y una cola anillada en negro, larga y peluda. Su pelaje es de color muy variable, desde el gris ceniza al rojizo. Las líneas negras atraviesan su cuerpo sin interrupción de un flanco a otro. Es el único ejemplo de esta coloración entre los félidos.

El manul es un animal solitario, generalmente amante de la poca luz, pues su hora preferida de caza se sitúa entre el crepúsculo y el alba. Se alimenta de picas y de pájaros. Cuando galopa se le puede confundir con una marmota. Establece su refugio bajo una roca, y es el mejor trepador felino. Tiene de cuatro a seis crías de una camada, y un peso de adulto de entre 2,5 y 3,5 kg.

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Manul ( Estonyaca )

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Manul (Otocolobus manul) on kaslaste sugukonda kuuluv loomaliik. Manul on umbes kodukassi suurune, kuid viimasest mõnevõrra jässakam.

Ta elutseb Kesk-Aasia steppides ja mägedes.

Iseloomustus

Manuli keha pikkus jääb vahemikku 46–65 cm, saba on umbes 21–31 cm pikkune ja keha mass 2,5–4,5 kg.[2]Tema karvkate on kollase ja halli tooniga, tihe ja pikk ning torsol ja jalgadel ilutsevad tumedad vertikaalsed triibud, sabaots on must. Talveperioodil muutub tema karvkate hallikamaks ja vähem mustriliseks. Suu on lühike ja väljaulatuv, laup lühike ja mustade täppidega, silmad on suured ja ümarad ning nende ümarust rõhutavad silmade ümber olevad valged ja mustad ringid. Põskedel, lõual ja kaelal on karvkate valge. Manuli kõrvad asetsevad madalal ja üksteisest kaugel.[2] Võrreldes teiste kassidega on tema jalad lühemad ning ka küünised on tal lühikesed. Manuli lõualuu on väike, seetõttu on tal vähem hambaid kui kaslastele omane. Tal puudub esimene paar ülemisi lõikehambaid, kuid kihvad on tal suured. Manul toitub peamiselt närilistest, lindudest, putukatest ja roomajatest.[3]

Levik ja elupaik

Manul on pärit Kesk-Aasia stepist. Ta on võimeline elama ka mägisel ja poolkõrbelisel maastikul. Neid võib leida Lääne-Hiinast, Mongooliast, Indiast, Pakistanist, Tadžikistanist, Kõrgõztanist, Kasahstanist ja Venemaalt. Maksimaalne kõrgus, kus nad on võimelised elama, on 3000–5000 m merepinnast kõrgemal. Elupaigana eelistavad nad orge ja kiviseid piirkondi, kus neil on end kergem varjata, ja piirkondi, kus lumikate ei ulatu üle 10 cm.[4] Manul on võimeline taluma kuni –50-kraadist külma ja +38-kraadist sooja (Celsiuse järgi).[3]

Eluviis ja paljunemine

Manul paistab välja palju raskem kui ta tegelikult on, kuna tal on paks karvkate ja jässakas keha. Paks karvkate aitab tal külmas sooja hoida, samuti on ta silmadel välja arenenud kolmas silmalaug, mis kaitseb külmade tuulte ja liivatormide eest. Nad on hästi kohastunud oma elupaigaga ja võimelised kergusega ronima kivistel pinnastel. Enamuse päevast veedavad loomad koobastes või kivide all õõnsustes. Peitmisel on neile abiks nende madalal asetsevad kõrvad. Lisaks võivad nad elada rebaste ja metsümisejate mahajäetud urgudes. Toitu hangivad nad enamasti videviku või koidu ajal, kuid võivad jahti pidada ka päevasel ajal.[4] Ekstreemsete ilmastikuolude ja levikupiirkonna tõttu on paaritumisperiood neil kaslastel lühike, tavaliselt detsembrist märtsini. Pesakond koosneb ühest kuni kuuest kassipojast. Pojad saavad iseseisvaks juba neljandal või viiendal kuul ja suguküpseks alates üheksandast kuust. 68% poegadest ei jää ellu ekstreemsete talveilmade tõttu või kiskjate rünnakute pärast. Teadaolevalt langevad nad toiduks suurtele kotkastele ja punarebastele.[2][4]

Kaitse

Manul on CITES lisa II alla kuuluv kaslane, kuuludes ka ohulähedaste liikide hulka.

Manul elab looduses Kesk-Aasia steppides ja on kiskjatele kergeks saagiks. Peale looduslike vaenlaste on tema suureks vaenlaseks inimene, kes jahib manuli luksuslikku ja väärtuslikku karvkatet. Manuli jaht on keelatud kõikjal, välja arvatud Mongoolias, kus puudub nende seaduslik kaitse. Alates 2009. aastast on nad seaduslikult kaitstud Afganistanis, keelatud on jaht ja kaubandus Pakistanis.[2]

Olukord Mongoolias

Mongoolias on nende kaslaste populatsioon ohus üle- ja salaküttimise tõttu, kuna Mongoolias on lubatud seaduslik küttimine ja järelevalve on puudulik. Samuti on võimalik saada küttimisluba valitsuselt. Nahast valmistatud karusnahksed tooted – mütsid ja kraed – on hea kaup Hiinas ja Venemaal. Venemaal ja Hiinas on probleemiks ka pikade mürgitamine – pikasid söövad kaslased saavad nii ka ise mürgituse.[4]

Viited

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Manul: Brief Summary ( Estonyaca )

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Manul (Otocolobus manul) on kaslaste sugukonda kuuluv loomaliik. Manul on umbes kodukassi suurune, kuid viimasest mõnevõrra jässakam.

Ta elutseb Kesk-Aasia steppides ja mägedes.

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Manul ( Baskça )

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Manula edo Manul katua (Otocolobus manul) Asiako Erdialdean bizi den katu espezie basati bat[2]. Otocolobus genero monotipikoaren kide bakarra da. Pallasen katua ere deitu izan zaio Peter Simon Pallas naturalista alemanak deskribatu baitzuen lehenbizi 1776. urtean Felis manul izena emanik. Artiodaktiloen barruko Felinae azpifamilia eta Felidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Ile luzeko eta belarri laburreko basakatu gizen samar baten antza dauka, baina ilearen luzerak ematen dio batik bat itxura hori.

Adituek hiru azpiespezie onartzen dituzte:

Erreferentziak

  1. Pallas (1776) 3 Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs 692. or..
  2. 1963-, Pérez, Fernando Pedro, (2004) Katuki txikiak (1. argit. argitaraldia) ADEVE ISBN 8493347132 PMC 433051699.
  3. a b c Ellerman, J. R., Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966) Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (2. argitaraldia) Londres: British Museum of Natural History.

Ikus, gainera

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Manul: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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Manula edo Manul katua (Otocolobus manul) Asiako Erdialdean bizi den katu espezie basati bat. Otocolobus genero monotipikoaren kide bakarra da. Pallasen katua ere deitu izan zaio Peter Simon Pallas naturalista alemanak deskribatu baitzuen lehenbizi 1776. urtean Felis manul izena emanik. Artiodaktiloen barruko Felinae azpifamilia eta Felidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Ile luzeko eta belarri laburreko basakatu gizen samar baten antza dauka, baina ilearen luzerak ematen dio batik bat itxura hori.

Adituek hiru azpiespezie onartzen dituzte:

O. m. manul (Pallas, 1776) — Baikal antzirako hegoaldetik ekialdeko Siberiaraino bizi dena; O. m. nigripecta (Hodgson, 1842) — Tibeten eta Kaxmirren bizi dena; O. m. ferruginea (Ognev, 1928) — Missanev, Kopet Dag eta Transkaspiako mendietan, hego-mendebaldeko Turkestanen, iparraldeko Iranen, Balutxistanen eta Afganistanen bizi dena.
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Manul ( Fransızca )

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Otocolobus manulChat de Pallas, Chat des steppes

Le Manul (Otocolobus manul) ou Chat de Pallas est un félin de la sous-famille des félinés. C'est la seule espèce du genre Otocolobus.

Description

Corps

Le Manul a un corps compact et trapu avec des pattes courtes et une queue courte et épaisse[1]. La fourrure, très longue et épaisse, le fait paraître plus gros qu'il n'est. Le poil présent dans les parties inférieures (ventre, intérieur des pattes et de la queue) est presque deux fois plus long que celui qui est situé sur les flancs ou le dos, ce qui lui permet de marcher ventre à terre quand il chasse tout en étant protégé des températures hivernales[2]. Le Manul s'enroule dans sa queue pour se coucher, celle-ci lui permettant de garder sa chaleur corporelle[3]. La fourrure est de couleur grise au nord de son aire de répartition à fauve à roux pour le sud. La couleur peut varier saisonnièrement. Certains individus ont des rayures sombres verticales sur les flancs[4]. L'extrémité des poils est blanche, ce qui lui donne une apparence argentée. Le menton, la poitrine et le ventre sont blancs. Les pattes sont marquées de bandes noires indistinctes[5]. La queue est annelée de sept à neuf marques noires étroites[4]et son extrémité est noire. La couleur de la robe permet un excellent camouflage dans son environnement naturel[5].

Le Manul mesure entre 50 et 65 cm de long et la queue mesure de 21 à 31 cm[6],[7]. La hauteur au garrot est de 28 à 30 cm[1]. Le poids varie de 2,5 à 4,5 kg en moyenne[6],[7]. Les mâles sont généralement plus lourds que les femelles.

La tête est aplatie et large. Les oreilles sont courtes, arrondies et placées bas sur la tête : elles dépassent à peine de la fourrure[5]. Le profil très bas de la tête est adapté à la chasse dans les milieux ouverts avec peu de couverture végétale[5],[8]. La petite taille des oreilles évite une trop grande déperdition de chaleur[8]. Le front est tacheté de petits points noirs. Les joues sont marquées de rayures foncées et blanches[5]. Les vibrisses sont blanches[4] et les yeux sont bordés de lignes blanches et noires[5]. Le Manul est également doté d'une troisième paupière qui sert de protection contre les vents froids et les tempêtes de poussières[5]. Les pupilles sont rondes[8]et la mâchoire est plus petite que celle des autres félins puisqu'il n'a pas de pré-molaires supérieures[réf. nécessaire].

Comportement

Comportement

Cet animal est très territorial, agressif et solitaire, ce qui fait que c'est l'un des chats les moins étudiés[9],[10]. Le Manul escalade facilement les rochers et falaises[1]. Il n'est pas adapté à la marche dans la neige et se déplace dans les vallées lorsqu'il neige sur les hauteurs[11].

Le Manul possède le plus petit territoire parmi les félins. Le domaine de ce félin peut se limiter aux environs immédiats de sa tanière (déplacements entre 500 et 1 000 mètres)[12], pour une superficie d'un kilomètre carré[13]. En Russie, la taille moyenne du territoire est estimée à 1,5 km2[13].

Par sa petite taille, le Manul est une proie pour de nombreux prédateurs (rapaces, renards...). Cette menace l'oblige à se cacher régulièrement et à éviter les milieux ouverts (prairies).

Le Manul possède une longévité de 11 ans et demi[7].

Régime alimentaire

Comme tous les félins, le Manul est un carnivore. Il se nourrit de petits mammifères — tels que les pikas, les marmottes, les écureuils terrestres[1], les petits rongeurs comme le campagnol[12] — et d'oiseaux comme les perdrix et les alouettes[12]. Au Népal, des fèces contenaient 76 % de poils de pika, 18 % de poils de Lièvre laineux (Lepus oiostolus), 4 % de végétaux et divers débris[14]. En Iran, un spécimen femelle percuté par un véhicule avait dans son estomac les restes d'un Pika afghan (Ochotona rufescens) et une Perdrix choukar (Alectoris chukar)[15].

Crépusculaire, il passe ses journées caché dans des cavités. Il sort généralement au crépuscule et à l'aube pour chasser ; toutefois, lorsque ses proies sont diurnes, il sort également en journée comme lorsqu'il chasse la Grande gerboise en Iran[12]. Le Manul pratique la chasse à l'approche : lorsqu'il voit une proie, il s'en approche en rampant et, lorsqu'il est assez près, bondit pour porter le coup fatal[12]. Il peut également attendre au bord des terriers de rongeurs et les dénicher en plongeant une patte dedans[12].

Reproduction

Les vocalises sont décrites comme ressemblant à celles d'un chiot ou au hululement d'une chouette[1] : c'est un cri bref, de moyen à grave en tonalité[12]. Le bruit très distinctif des Manuls lors de l'accouplement permettrait d'anticiper les naissances en captivité[16]. Le Manul est également capable de cracher, de siffler et de grogner[12].

L'œstrus dure de un à cinq jours[7]. Les femelles ont une gestation comprise entre 66 et 74 jours[7]. La tanière est installée dans une grotte, une cavité rocheuse ou dans un terrier abandonné de renard, de blaireau ou de marmotte[12]. La femelle donne naissance à une portée de un à six chatons durant les mois d'avril et de mai. En moyenne, les portées sont de trois à quatre chatons[7]. Le poids à la naissance est de 70 à 100 g[7]. Les jeunes naissent avec un pelage laineux et foncé, distinctement marqué de rayures sur les flancs[12]. Les petits sont revêtus de ce duvet jusqu'à l'âge de deux mois[1]. Ils atteignent l'indépendance à huit mois[1]. La maturité sexuelle de l'espèce est atteinte entre douze et quatorze mois[1].

Répartition

Le Manul se rencontre dans les steppes froides et arides d'Asie centrale et jusqu'à 5 593 mètres[14] d'altitude. Son habitat optimal est constitué de terrains découverts constitué de steppes d'herbes et de broussailles, avec des étendues de rochers, des ravins et des versants de collines[14]. Le Manul habite les déserts de rocailles et rochers[1], les prairies ou encore les versants de montagne avec éboulis[11] : il ne s'accommode pas des déserts de sable, des forêts ou de la neige profonde. Au nord, son aire de répartition est ainsi limitée par la taïga[1]. Le Manul peut vivre dans des zones où la température descend jusqu'à −50 °C[11].

L'espèce a une vaste aire de répartition, qui s'étend à l’ouest jusqu'à la mer Caspienne et à l'origine à l'Est jusqu'à la Chine occidentale. L'aire de répartition monte au Nord jusqu'en Mongolie, au Kazakhstan et à la Russie, et au Sud en Iran, Pakistan et Népal[4]. Il se retrouve surtout en Mongolie, moins souvent au Tibet, en Afghanistan et au Pakistan. Il n'est plus présent dans l'Est de la Chine[1]. Sa présence au Népal est confirmée pour la première fois en 2014, la limite ouest de son aire de répartition népalaise est située dans le district de Dolpa[14].

Le Manul a été signalé dans le parc national de Khoshyeylag, les réserves du Qomolangma et de Taxkorgan en Chine et la forêt de Ziarat Juniper[7]. Au Népal, il est présent dans l'aire de conservation de l'Annapurna[14]. En Iran, où il est largement distribué tout en étant considéré comme rare, sa présence est confirmée dans l'aire protégée de Parvar[15]. Il a également été vu début 2020 en Arménie[17].

Menaces

Ce félin est une espèce encore peu décrite et mal connue. Le nombre d'individus présents dans la nature n'est pas clairement défini mais la tendance de la population est à la baisse. Le nombre d'individus à l'état sauvage est estimé à 4-6/100 km2, soit seulement 58 000 individus dans toute l'Asie[18].

Cette espèce a été très chassée pour sa fourrure afin de confectionner des chapeaux et des manteaux. Au début du XXe siècle, 50 000 peaux par an étaient vendues par la Mongolie[1]. De même, en Chine, les trappeurs capturent dix mille Manuls par an[12]. Dans les années 1980, le Manul était moins prélevé dans la nature, et, en 1987, 9 000 peaux sont exportées par la Mongolie[12]. Le Manul est à présent protégé par la loi en Chine, en Mongolie, en Inde, en Iran, au Kazakhstan, au Kirghizstan, au Pakistan, en Russie et au Turkménistan[7].

En Asie, la fragmentation des habitats et l'empoisonnement en masse des rongeurs, considérés comme des nuisibles, constitue une importante menace[12]. C'est cette importante perte d'habitats et de proies qui a valu à ce félin d'être classé quasi-menacé par l'UICN, depuis 2002[19], avant d'être finalement classée en « préoccupation mineure » en 2019[20].

Présence en captivité

Début 2019, environ 160 individus étaient présents dans une soixantaine d'institutions zoologiques en Asie, en Europe et en Amérique du Nord[21].

En juillet 2020, au zoo de Novossibirsk nommé d'après R. A. Shilo, 3 femelles de manula ont apporté une progéniture, 16 petits.[27]

Taxonomie

Deux sous-espèces ont été proposées[5] :

Dans la culture

Étymologie

« Manul » est un mot mongol qui désigne directement le félin[2].

L'un des noms vernaculaires de cette espèce, « Chat de Pallas », commémore le zoologue allemand Peter Simon Pallas (1741-1811) qui a décrit l'espèce en 1776. La longue fourrure de ce félin lui fait alors penser que le Manul est l'ancêtre sauvage du chat persan[2].

Le nom latin du genre Otocolobus signifie « oreilles coupées »[4].

Notes et références

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k et l Rémy Marion, Larousse des félins, p. 103.
  2. a b et c Jackson et Farrell Jackson 1996, p. 147.
  3. Jackson et Farrell Jackson 1996, p. 7.
  4. a b c d et e Jackson et Farrell Jackson 1996, p. 148.
  5. a b c d e f g et h (en) « Pallas's cat », sur http://www.catsg.org, Cat Specialist Group (consulté le 5 août 2018).
  6. a et b Peter Jackson et Adrienne Farrell Jackson (trad. Danièle Devitre, préf. Dr Claude Martin, ill. Robert Dallet et Johan de Crem), Les Félins : Toutes les espèces du monde, Turin, Delachaux et Niestlé, coll. « La bibliothèque du naturaliste », 15 octobre 1996, 272 p., relié (ISBN 978-2603010198 et 2-603-01019-0), « Manul », p. 147-152.
  7. a b c d e f g h et i Jackson et Farrell Jackson 1996, p. 152.
  8. a b et c Jackson et Farrell Jackson 1996, p. 14.
  9. [PDF] Manul facts.
  10. « Manul, le chat le plus Méchant du monde. Faits intéressants sur les Manuls. » (consulté le 17 avril 2021)
  11. a b et c Jackson et Farrell Jackson 1996, p. 149.
  12. a b c d e f g h i j k l et m Jackson et Farrell Jackson 1996, p. 150.
  13. a et b Rémy Marion, Larousse des félins, p. 163.
  14. a b c d et e (en) Géraldine Werhahn, Naresh Kusi, Dibesh Karmacharya, Adarsh Man Sherchan, Prajwol Manandhar, Sulochana Manandhar, Tarka Raj Bhatta, Jyoti Joshi, Susmita Bhattarai, Ajay Narayan Sharma, Jennifer Kaden, Muhammad Ghazali et Helen Senn, « Eurasian lynx and Pallas's cat in Dolpa district of Nepal: genetics, distribution and diet », Cat News, no 67,‎ printemps 2018, p. 34-35 (ISSN ).
  15. a et b (en) Mohammas Ali Adibi, Mohammad Reza Shirazi et Ehsan M. Moqanaki, « A Pallas's cat roadkill in Iran », Cat News, no 68,‎ automne 2018, p. 21-22 (ISSN )
  16. Virginie Ballet, « Où l'on découvre que le chat de Pallas mord madame pendant l'acte sexuel », Libération,‎ 28 mars 2014 (lire en ligne, consulté le 6 août 2018).
  17. « Découverte en Arménie d’une espèce rare de félin le Manul ou chat de Pallas 100 (...) - Nouvelles d'Arménie en Ligne », sur armenews.com (consulté le 23 février 2021).
  18. Liste rouge de l'UICN, Otocolobus manul.
  19. (en) Référence UICN : espèce num {{{1}}}.
  20. (en) « IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Otocolobus manul », sur IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 6 novembre 2019 (consulté le 27 janvier 2021)
  21. (en) « ZIMS - Species holding - Otocolobus manul », sur zims.species360.org (consulté le 20 mars 2019).
  22. « Félins du Circuit asiatique », sur http://www.parc-des-felins.com, Parc des Félins (consulté le 5 août 2018).
  23. a et b Rémy Marion, Larousse des félins, p. 209.
  24. « Première naissance 2015 chez les félins : de nouveaux bébés manuls », sur http://www.parc-des-felins.com, Parc des Félins, 5 mai 2015 (consulté le 5 août 2018).
  25. « Животные зоопарка - Новосибирского зоопарка имени Р.А. Шило », sur www.zoonovosib.ru (consulté le 13 janvier 2021)
  26. Jackson et Farrell Jackson 1996, p. 263.
  27. « Новости зоопарка - Новосибирского зоопарка имени Р.А. Шило », sur zoonovosib.ru (consulté le 23 février 2021).

Annexes

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Manul: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

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Otocolobus manul • Chat de Pallas, Chat des steppes

Le Manul (Otocolobus manul) ou Chat de Pallas est un félin de la sous-famille des félinés. C'est la seule espèce du genre Otocolobus.

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Otocolobus manul ( Galiçyaca )

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Otocolobus manul, coñecido vulgarmente como manul e, sobre todo, como gato de Pallas, é unha especie de mamífero carnívoro da familia dos félidos, subfamilia dos felinos e tribo dos felininos.

Trátase dunha especie monotípica, xa que é a única que se integra no xénero Otocolobus.

Habita nas estepas e zonas altas de Asia: Afganistán, Armenia, China (Tíbet), India, Irán, Casaquistán, Kirguizistán, Mongolia, Paquistán, Rusia (Siberia), Taxiquistán, Turkmenistán e Uzbekistán,[2] en alturas de até os 5 000 msnm onde, a súa abundante pelaxe protéxeo do excesivo frío e do vento.

É un gato de patas curtas e corpo repoludo, e unha cola longa e peluda, adornada con aneis negros. A súa pelaxe é de cores variábeis, desde o gris cinza ao avermellado, con liñas negras que atravesan o seu corpo sen solución de continuidade, dun flanco ao outro. É o único exemplo deste tipo de coloración entre os félidos.

O manul é un animal solitario, xeralmente amante da puoca luz, pois a súa hora preferida para cazar sitúasse na alba e no ocaso. Aliméntase de roedores, picas e de paxaros. Cando galopa pódese confundir cunha marmota. Establece o seu refuxio baixo unha rocha. É o mellor gabeador dos felinos. Ten de catro a seis crías por camada, e un peso nos adultos de entre 2,5 e 3,5 kg.

Taxonomía

Descrición

A especie foi descrita en 1776 polo médico, zoólogo e botánico alemán, que traballou en Rusia, Peter Simon Pallas, en Reise Prov. Russ. Reichs, 3: 692.[2]

Etimoloxía

Xénero

O nome do xénero, Otocolobus, está formado pola unión dos elementos oto- e -colobus. O primeiro elemento deriva do substantivo do grego antigo οὖς ὠτός oûs ōtός, 'orella', e o segundo do adxectivo grego κολοβός colobós, 'mutilado', 'roto', 'cortado'.[3] Literalmente, 'os de orellas cortadas', en alusión ás súas orellas, que parecen caídas.

Especie

O nome específico (e tamén un dos seus nomes vugares), manul, é unha adaptación do nome deste gato en mongol, мануул manuul.[4][5]

Historia taxonómica

O manul ten unha historia taxonómica complexa. Tradicionalmente situouse dentro do xénero Felis (xunto coa maioría do resto dos gatos). Este xénero, sobredimensionado, foi posteriormente dividido en moitos xéneros máis pequenos, dando lugar a unha reclasificación desta especie, que o deixou como único membro do xénero Otocolobus. Porén, a finais do século XX, o manul estaba considerado como un parente achegado do resto das especies do xénero Felis e, en consecuencia, volveu a incluírse nel.[2][6] Finalmente, investigacións recentes demostraron que está estreitamente relacionado cos xéneros Felis e Prionailurus, na tribo dos felininos.[7] Como resultado destas investigacións, o xénero Otocolobus foi rehabilitado e o manul foi de novo reclasificado.

Nomes vulgares

En case todas linguas modernas a especie coñecese como gato de Pallas ou manul, coas adaptacións debidas aos diferentes idiomas. Xa quedou dita a orixe do nome manul; en canto ao outro nome vulgar, fai referencia ao científico alemán Pallas, que foi o primeiro en describila.

Subespecies

A maioría dos autores recñecen tres subespecies desta especie:[2][6]

  • Otocolobus manul manul, en Mongolia, Rusia e o oeste da China
  • Otocolobus manul ferruginea, en Irán, Armenia, Casaquistán, Kirguizistán, Turkmenistán, Uzbekistán, Taxiquistán, Afganistán e Paquistán.
  • Otocolobus manul nigripecta, en Caxemira, Nepal o Tíbet.

Porén, desde 2017, o Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group da UICN recoñece só dúas subespecies como válidas:[8]

Características

O manul ten un tamaño similar ao dun gato doméstico, entre 46 e 65 cm de lonxitude de cabezae tronco, máis unha cola que mide entre 21 e 31 cm de longo. O seu peso que varía entre os 2,5 e os 4,5 kg.

Presenta varias características que o distinguen dos demais felinos. Por exemplo, os ollos teñen as pupilas arredondadas en lugar das de forma de fenda vertical das dos outros gatos pequenos, as patas son proporcionalmente máis curtas que as doutros gatos, mantén as orellas moi baixas e separadas, e ten unhas gadoupas inusualmente curtas. O fociño é curto en comparación co de outros gatos, dándolle un aspecto aparentemente aplanado. As curtas mandíbulas teñen menos dentes do habitual entre os félidos, estando ausentes o primeiro par de premolares superiores.

Dado que o seu fociño é relativamente aplanado, creuse que era un antepasado da raza do gato persa, aínda que se sabe que esta relación é falsa.

A pelaxe é de cor ocre con franxas verticais escuras no torso e as patas dianteiras, as cales non sempre son visíbeis debido á súa mesta pelaxe. En invierno, esta é más gris e ten menos franxas que no verán. Presenta aneiss de cor negra na cola, e manchas escuras na fronte, as meixelas son de cor branca con estreitas raias negras que descenden desde as comisuras dos ollos. O mento e a garganta tamén son de cor branca, e fúndense coa pelaxe gris e sedosa das partes inferiores. Aneis concéntricos brancos e negros rodean os ollos, acentuando a forma arredondada do seu rostro.

Distribución e hábitat

Vive nas estepas asiáticas, en alturas comprendidas entre os 1 000 e os 4 000 m. Pódese encontrar nas costas leste e sur do mar Caspio, ao norte de Irán, India, Paquistán, Afganistán e Turkmenistán, ao oeste e o centro da China, e en Mongolia. Prefire as zonas rochosas con relativamente poucas árbores, como son os outeiros áridos, as estepas e as zonas semidesérticas.

Comportamiento e dieta

Crese que son cazadores crepusculares que se alimentan de pequenos roedores e paxaros. Cazan principalmente collendo por sorpresa ou acosando ás súas presas, utilizando a vexetación baixa ou os terreos rochosos para esconderse, xa que non son corredores moi rápidos. Pasan a maior parte do día refuxiados en gretas das rochas ou en tobos abandonadas por outros animais, aína que tamén tense visto tomando o sol durante o día.

Como a maior parte dos félidos, o manul é un animal solitario, que raramente se une a outros individuos fóra da temporada de reprodución. Tanto os machos como as femias son territoriais e marcan seu territorio. Esta especie de gato ten unha maneira de ameazar que pode ser usual, que consiste en levantar o labio superior e mostrar os seus longos caninos.

Reprodución

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A súa temporada de reprodución é relativamente curta, debido ao clima extremado da súa área de distribución. O ciclo estral ten unha duración que varía entre as 26 a as 42 horas, sendo o máis curto que o duotros félidos. Dan a luz camadas formadas por entre 2 e 6 crías, despois dun período de xestación de entre 66 e 75 días, xeralmente en abril o en maio. Estas relativamnte grandes camadas poderían compensar a elevada mortalidade infantil no ambiente hostil do seu hábitat. As crías nacen en tobos protexidos cheos de vexetación seca, plumas e pelos.

Ao naceren, as crías pesan ao redor de 90 g, e están cubertas dunha pelaxe groso que substitúen pola pelaxe dos adultos aos dous meses. Aos catro meses comezan a cazar, e alcanzan o tamaño de adultos aos seis meses. En catividade comprobouse que poden vivir até 11 anos.

Conservación

Como outras especies exóticas de felinos, o manul foi cazado pola súa pelaxe. Antes de se converter nun animal legalmente protexido, decenas de miles de peles obtíñanse anualmente nos seus países de orixe (China, Mongolia, Afganistán e Rusia). Hoxe en día considéras beneficioso para o seu contorno, dado que se alimenta de especies consideradas pragas para a agricultura. Porén, o envelenamento de roedores e picas, tamén pode afectar á supervivencia desta especie de felino.

O éxito da súa cría en catividade é difícil. Aínda que se reproduce ben, as taxas de supervivencia son baixas debido ás infeccións. Isto tense atribuído a un sistema inmunolóxico pouco desenvolvido, xa que o seu hábitat natural é illado e, polo tanto, normalmente non estarían expostos a infeccións.

Filoxenia

Relacións filoxenéticas dos felinos, segundo O'Brien e Johnson (2008).[9]

FelinosGatos pequenos              

Manul (Otocolobus manul)

   

(Prionailurus)

     

Gatos monteses do Vello Mundo (Felis)

       

Guepardo (Acinonyx)

   

Puma e xaguarundi (Puma)

       

Linces (Lynx)

     

(Leopardus)

       

Caracal (Caracal)

   

Serval (Leptailurus)

       

Pardofelis

    Granes gatos

Neofelis

   

Panthera

       

Tigres de dentes de sabre (Machairodontinae)

   

Notas

  1. Ross, S., Barashkova, A., Farhadinia, M. S., Appel, A., Riordan, P., Sanderson, J. & Munkhtsog, B. (2016): Palla's cat. Otocolobus manul na Lista vermella da UICN.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Felis manul Pallas, 1776 en MSW.
  3. Pallas cat, en knowyourcat.info (en inglés).
  4. manul no Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
  5. Jackson, P. & Farrell Jackson, A. 1996, p. 7.
  6. 6,0 6,1 Felis manul Pallas, 1776 no ITIS.
  7. Johnson, W., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W. J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E., O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment". Science 311 (5757): 73–77. PMID 16400146. doi:10.1126/science.1122277.
  8. Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News. Special Issue 11: 21−22.
  9. Stephen J. O’Brien & Warren E. Johnson (2008): "Der neue Stammbaum der Katzen". Spektrum der Wissenschaft, Ausgabe 6/08, Spektrum der Wissenschaften Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Heidelberg, pp. 54–61.

Véxase tamén

Bibliografía

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Autores e editores de Wikipedia

Otocolobus manul: Brief Summary ( Galiçyaca )

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Otocolobus manul, coñecido vulgarmente como manul e, sobre todo, como gato de Pallas, é unha especie de mamífero carnívoro da familia dos félidos, subfamilia dos felinos e tribo dos felininos.

Trátase dunha especie monotípica, xa que é a única que se integra no xénero Otocolobus.

Habita nas estepas e zonas altas de Asia: Afganistán, Armenia, China (Tíbet), India, Irán, Casaquistán, Kirguizistán, Mongolia, Paquistán, Rusia (Siberia), Taxiquistán, Turkmenistán e Uzbekistán, en alturas de até os 5 000 msnm onde, a súa abundante pelaxe protéxeo do excesivo frío e do vento.

É un gato de patas curtas e corpo repoludo, e unha cola longa e peluda, adornada con aneis negros. A súa pelaxe é de cores variábeis, desde o gris cinza ao avermellado, con liñas negras que atravesan o seu corpo sen solución de continuidade, dun flanco ao outro. É o único exemplo deste tipo de coloración entre os félidos.

O manul é un animal solitario, xeralmente amante da puoca luz, pois a súa hora preferida para cazar sitúasse na alba e no ocaso. Aliméntase de roedores, picas e de paxaros. Cando galopa pódese confundir cunha marmota. Establece o seu refuxio baixo unha rocha. É o mellor gabeador dos felinos. Ten de catro a seis crías por camada, e un peso nos adultos de entre 2,5 e 3,5 kg.

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Pallasova mačka ( Hırvatça )

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Pallasova mačka (lat. Otocolobus manul) je sisavac iz reda zvijeri i porodice Felidae. Pripada monotipskom rodu Otocolobus.

Ime je dobila po njemačkom znanstveniku Peteru Pallasu, koji je otkrio ovu vrstu na obali Kaspijskog jezera u 18. stoljeću.

Izgled

Pallasova mačka je veličine domaće mačke, s 46 do 65 cm dugim tijelom i 21 do 31 cm dugim repom. Teži 2,5 do 4,5 kg. Ima zdepasto držanje i dugo, gusto krzno. Ono je boje okera s tamnim okomitim prugama na torzu i prednjim nogama. Zimsko krzno je sivije i ima manje pjega od ljetnog krzna. Ima crne krugove na repu i tamne mrlje na čelu. Obrazi su bijeli s uskim crnim prugama u kutevima očiju. Brada i grlo su također bijeli. Noge su proporcionalno kraće, nego kod drugih mačaka. Uši su postavljene vrlo nisko i razmaknute su. Ima neobično kratke pandže. Lice ima spljošten izgled u odnosu na druge mačke.

Rasprostranjenost

Vrsta je prisutna u državama kao što su: Rusija, Azerbajdžan, Afganistan, Indija, Iran, Armenija, Kazahstan, Kina, Kirgistan, Mongolija, Pakistan, Tadžikistan, Turkmenistan i Uzbekistan.[1]

Ugroženost

Ova vrsta je na nižem stupnju opasnosti od izumiranja, i smatra se skoro ugroženim taksonom. Upisana je u međunarodnu i rusku crvenu listu. Populacija ove vrste se smanjuje.

Izvori

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Pallasova mačka: Brief Summary ( Hırvatça )

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Pallasova mačka (lat. Otocolobus manul) je sisavac iz reda zvijeri i porodice Felidae. Pripada monotipskom rodu Otocolobus.

Ime je dobila po njemačkom znanstveniku Peteru Pallasu, koji je otkrio ovu vrstu na obali Kaspijskog jezera u 18. stoljeću.

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Kucing Pallas ( Endonezce )

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Kucing Pallas (Otocolobus manul syn. Felis manul), juga disebut Manul, adalah kucing liar kecil yang dinamai setelah naturalis Jerman Peter Simon Pallas, yang pertama kali mendeskripsikan spesies pada tahun 1776.[3] Pada tahun 2002, IUCN mengklasifikasikan kucing Pallas hampir terancam karena penyebaran luas tetapi tidak merata di padang rumput dan stepa Asia Tengah. Spesies ini tidak dipengaruhi oleh degradasi habitat, penurunan basis mangsa, dan perburuan.[2]

Karakteristik

Kucing Pallas seukuran kucing domestik, dengan 46–65 cm panjang tubuh dan 21–31 cm panjang ekor. Beratnya 2,5-4,5 kilogram. Kombinasi dari postur kekar dan panjang, bulu lebat membuatnya tampak gagah dan empuk. Bulunya kekuningan dengan bar vertikal gelap pada batang tubuh dan kaki depan. Warna bulu dimusim dingin kelabu dan kurang berpola dari warna bulu dimusim panas. Ada cincin hitam yang jelas pada titik-titik ekor dan gelap pada dahi. Pipi berwarna putih dengan garis-garis hitam tipis sepanjang sudut mata. Dagu dan tenggorokan juga putih, menyatu ke dalam bulu halus dan keabu-abuan dari bagian bawah. Konsentris putih dan hitam dipinggiran sekitar mata menonjolkan bentuk bulat mereka. Kaki yang proporsional lebih pendek daripada kucing lainnya, telinga sangat rendah dan lebar, dan memiliki cakar sangat pendek. Wajah lebih pendek dibandingkan dengan kucing lain, memberikan wajah rata. Rahang yang lebih pendek memiliki gigi lebih sedikit daripada yang biasa di antara felids, dengan pasangan premolar atas pertama tidak ada.[4]

Penyebaran & Habitat

Manuls sering kali terlihat di padang rumput stepa Asia Tengah wilayah Mongolia, Cina dan Dataran Tinggi Tibet, di mana rekor elevasi 5.050 m (16.570 kaki) dilaporkan.[5] Mereka secara luas tersebar di daerah dataran tinggi dan lekukan Intermountain serta padang rumput pegunungan di Kyrgyzstan dan Kazakhstan.[6] Di Rusia, mereka muncul sesekali di Transkaukasus dan daerah Transbaikal, di sepanjang perbatasan dengan utara-timur Kazakhstan, dan di sepanjang perbatasan dengan Mongolia dan Cina di Altai, Tyva Buryatia, dan Chita republik. Pada musim semi 1997, trek yang ditemukan di Timur Sayan pada ketinggian 2.470 m (8.100 kaki) dalam 4,5 cm (1,8 in) lapisan salju yang tebal. Trek ini dianggap fakta pertama yang dapat dibuktikan mendiami daerah manuls. Analisis DNA dari kotoran individu ini menegaskan kehadiran spesies.[7] Populasi di barat daya, yaitu wilayah Laut Kaspia, Afghanistan dan Pakistan, berkurang, terisolasi dan jarang [8][9]. Pada tahun 2008, seekor individu terekam kamera di Iran Khojir National Park untuk pertama kalinya [10].

Penyebaran Subspesies

Tiga subspesies diakui:[11][12]

  • Otocolobus manul manul (Pallas, 1776) - mendiami bagian utara daerah penyebaran: Sungai Jida, selatan Danau Baikal, Siberia timur;
  • Otocolobus manul nigripecta (Hodgson, 1842) - mendiami Tibet dan Kashmir;
  • Otocolobus manul ferruginea (Ognev, 1928) - mendiami bagian selatan-barat daerah penyebaran: punggungan gunung Missanev, Kopet Dag-Pegunungan, Transcapia, Iran utara, selatan-barat Turkestan, Afghanistan, Baluchistan.

Ekologi dan Prilaku

 src=
Seekor kucing Pallas di Kebun Binatang Zurich

Kucing Pallas hidup menyendiri. Baik jantan dan betina membuat aroma untuk menandai wilayah kekuasaan mereka. Mereka menghabiskan hari di gua-gua, celah-celah batu, atau liang marmut, dan muncul pada sore hari untuk memulai berburu. Mereka bukan pelari cepat, dan berburu terutama dengan menyergap atau menguntit, menggunakan vegetasi rendah dan medan berbatu untuk berlindung. Mereka memakan sebagian besar spesies mangsa diurnally aktif seperti gerbil, pikas, tikus dan ayam hutan Chukar, dan kadang-kadang menangkap marmut muda.[4]

Reproduksi

Musim kawin relatif pendek karena iklim yang ekstrem dalam jangkauan daerah penyebaran asli kucing tersebut. Oestrus berlangsung antara 26 dan 42 jam, yang juga lebih pendek daripada di felids lainnya. kucing Pallas yang melahirkan sekitar 2-6 anak kucing setelah periode kehamilan 66 hingga 75 hari, biasanya pada bulan April atau Mei. Para Kucing Pallas muda lahir di sarang terlindung, dilapisi dengan vegetasi kering, dan bulu. Anak-anak kucing memiliki berat sekitar 90 gram (3,2 oz) pada saat kelahiran, dan memiliki lapisan bulu yang tebal, yang digantikan oleh lapisan bulu dewasa setelah sekitar dua bulan. Mereka bisa mulai berburu di empat bulan, dan mencapai ukuran dewasa di enam bulan. Kucing Pallas telah dilaporkan dapat hidup sampai sebelas tahun di penangkaran.[4]

Ancaman

Manul telah lama diburu untuk bulu dalam jumlah relatif besar di Cina, Mongolia dan Rusia, meskipun perdagangan internasional bulu manul sebagian besar berhenti sejak akhir 1980-an. [12] Ada sekitar 1.000 pemburu kucing Pallas di Mongolia, dengan perkiraan rata-rata panen dua kucing per tahun. Mereka juga tertembak karena mereka dapat dianggap sebagai marmut, yang umumnya diburu, dan kebetulan terjebak dalam perangkap leghold yang ditetapkan untuk serigala dan rubah dan jerat yang dipasang untuk marmut dan kelinci. Lemak mereka dan organ digunakan sebagai obat di Mongolia dan Rusia, dan mereka dibunuh oleh anjing domestik. Sementara Mongolia tidak mencatat apapun gelar ekspor, ekspor kulit telah tumbuh sejak tahun 2000, dengan 143 dilaporkan diekspor pada tahun 2007.[2]

Konservasi

Otocolobus manul terdaftar dalam CITES Appendix II. Perburuan felid ini dilarang di semua negara kecuali kisaran Mongolia, di mana ia tidak memiliki perlindungan hukum meskipun diklasifikasikan sebagai Hampir Terancam di dalam negeri. Sejak 2009, felid secara hukum dilindungi di Afghanistan, melarang semua perburuan dan perdagangan di bagian-bagian di dalam negeri.[2]

Di Penangkaran

Penangkaran kucing Pallas merupakan hal sulit. Meskipun berkembang biak dengan baik, tingkat kelangsungan hidup rendah karena infeksi. Ini telah dikaitkan dengan sistem kekebalan tubuh yang kurang dikembangkan, habitat alaminya terisolasi dan biasanya tidak terkena infeksi.[13] seekor Betina di inseminasi buatan untuk pertama kalinya di Cincinnati Zoo dan melahirkan tiga anak kucing pada Juni 2011.[14]

Sejarah Taksonomi

Kucing Pallas awalnya ditempatkan di genus Felis.[15] Pada tahun 1858, penjelajah dan naturalis Rusia Nikolai Severtzov mengusulkan nama Otocolobus untuk spesies ini.[16] Ahli zoologi Inggris Reginald Innes Pocock mengakui klasifikasi taksonomi Otocolobus pada tahun 1907, menjelaskan tengkorak secara rinci, dan menganggap manul bentuk menyimpang dari Felis [17]. Setelah studi genetika, genus monotypic Otocolobus telah diusulkan untuk ditempatkan dengan marga Felis dan Prionailurus di suku Felini, karena hubungan filogenetik dekat.[18] Diperkirakan bahwa Otocolobus manul menyimpang dari leluhur kucing macan tutul sekitar 5.190.000 tahun yang lalu.[19]

Referensi

  1. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005-11-16). Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds), ed. Mammal Species of the World (edisi ke-3rd edition). Johns Hopkins University Press. hlm. 535. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan: editors list (link) Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (link)
  2. ^ a b c d Ross, S., Barashkova, Y., Farhadinia, M. F., Appel, A., Riordan, P., Sanderson, J. & Munkhtsog, B. (2015). "Otocolobus manul". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature.Pemeliharaan CS1: Menggunakan parameter penulis (link)
  3. ^ Pallas, P. S. 1776. Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs. St. Petersbourg, Vol. 3: 692
  4. ^ a b c Sunquist, Mel; Sunquist, Fiona (2002). Wild cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 219–224. ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
  5. ^ Fox, J. L. and Dorji, T. 2007. High elevation record for occurrence of the manul or Pallas cat on the northwestern Tibetan plateau, China. Cat News 46: 35.
  6. ^ Anonymous. 2008. Pallas Cat study and conservation program. Novosibirsk.
  7. ^ Koshkarev, E. 1998. Discovery of manul in eastern Sayan. Cat News 29: 12-13.
  8. ^ Belousova, A. V. 1993. Small Felidae of Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Far East. Survey of the state of populations. Lutreola 2: 16.
  9. ^ Habibi, K. 2003. Mammals of Afghanistan. Zoo Outreach Organisation/ USFWS, Coimbatore, India.
  10. ^ Chalani, M., Ghoddousi, A., Ghadirian, T., Goljani, R. 2008. First Pallas’s Cat Photo-trapped in Khojir National Park, Iran. Cat News 49: 7.
  11. ^ Ellerman, J. R., Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966) Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. Second edition. British Museum of Natural History, London. Pp. 308
  12. ^ Wozencraft, W. Christopher (16 November 2005). "Order Carnivora (pp. 532-628)". In Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). pp. 535. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  13. ^ "Captive-bred Pallas' kitten at Howletts, UK" (Video). BBC. 10 September 2008.
  14. ^ "Pallas's cats born from artificial insemination". Cincinnati Zoo. 23 June 2011.
  15. ^ Pallas, P. S. 1811. Felis Manul In: Zoographia Rosso-Asiatica, sistens omnium Animalium in extenso Imperio Rossico et adjacentibus maribus observatorum recensionem, domicillia, mores et descriptiones, anatomen atque icones plurimorum. Petropoli, in officina Caes. Acadamiae scientiarum. Vol. 1: 20–23.
  16. ^ Severtzow, M. N. (1858) Notice sur la classification multisériale des Carnivores, spécialement des Félidés, et les études de zoologie générale qui s'y rattachent. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquée 2e Série, T. X Séptembre 1858: 386.
  17. ^ Pocock, R. I. 1907. Exhibition of a photograph and the skull of a specimen of the Manul or Pallas’ cat (Felis manul) that had recently died in the Society's Menagerie with some remarks on the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1907: 299–306.
  18. ^ Johnson, W., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W. J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E., O'Brien, S. J. (2006). "The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment". Science 311 (5757): 73–77. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146.
  19. ^ O'Brien, S. J. and Johnson, W. E. 2007. The evolution of cats. Scientific American July: 68–75.
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Kucing Pallas: Brief Summary ( Endonezce )

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Kucing Pallas (Otocolobus manul syn. Felis manul), juga disebut Manul, adalah kucing liar kecil yang dinamai setelah naturalis Jerman Peter Simon Pallas, yang pertama kali mendeskripsikan spesies pada tahun 1776. Pada tahun 2002, IUCN mengklasifikasikan kucing Pallas hampir terancam karena penyebaran luas tetapi tidak merata di padang rumput dan stepa Asia Tengah. Spesies ini tidak dipengaruhi oleh degradasi habitat, penurunan basis mangsa, dan perburuan.

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Otocolobus manul ( İtalyanca )

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Il gatto di Pallas (Otocolobus manul, Pallas, 1776), noto anche come manul o gatto delle steppe, unica specie del genere Otocolobus Brandt, 1842, è un piccolo rappresentante della famiglia dei Felidi diffuso in Asia centrale.[2] La sopravvivenza di questo felide è minacciata dalla distruzione del suo habitat naturale e dalla mancanza di prede. Dal 2020, il manul è stato classificato come specie a rischio minimo. Il suo nome deriva dal primo zoologo che lo descrisse, il tedesco Peter Simon Pallas.

Descrizione

 src=
Gatto di Pallas allo zoo di Mosca

Il manul è lungo circa 60 centimetri, a cui se ne aggiungono altri 25 per la coda. Il pelo è di color ocra con delle strisce verticali, a volte non visibili essendo la pelliccia molto spessa. Il colore, comunque, cambia al variare delle stagioni: d'inverno, infatti, è più tendente al grigio e più uniforme.

Il gatto di Pallas possiede molte caratteristiche che lo distinguono dagli altri felini. Le zampe sono corte, la parte posteriore è piuttosto pronunciata e il pelo è molto lungo e spesso.

Le orecchie, tonde e basse, fanno sì che il gatto di Pallas abbia un aspetto che, in qualche modo, ricorda quello di un gufo. Del resto, per via del suo muso piatto, il manul un tempo era creduto essere l'antenato del gatto persiano. A differenza di altri felidi, la pupilla, al momento di massima luminosità, si riduce ad una piccola sfera anziché ad una sottile linea verticale.

Distribuzione e habitat

Il gatto di Pallas è diffuso soprattutto nelle steppe dell'Asia centrale (Cina e Mongolia), ma il suo areale si estende ad ovest sino all'Iran, all'Armenia e all'Azerbaigian. Si osserva sino a 5.050 m di altitudine.[1]

Biologia

Si tratta di un predatore notturno, che si ciba di roditori, pika e uccelli.

Tassonomia

Sono note le seguenti sottospecie:[2]

Conservazione

A lungo cacciato per la sua pelliccia, è protetto in gran parte delle zone dove è diffuso. Dal momento che si ciba di animali spesso dannosi per l'agricoltura, è ritenuto un animale benefico. Tuttavia, i pesticidi utilizzati per i pika e i ratti possono risultare pericolosi anche per il manul.

Nel mese di luglio 2020, nello zoo di Novosibirsk "R.A. Shilo", tre femmine manul hanno portato prole, generando 16 cuccioli.[3]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Ross, S., Barashkova, A., Dhendup, T., Munkhtsog, B., Smelansky, I., Barclay, D. & Moqanaki, E. 2020, Otocolobus manul, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 7 gennaio 2020.
  2. ^ a b (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Otocolobus manul, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ http://zoonovosib.ru/news/16-goluboglazykh-manulov-/

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Otocolobus manul: Brief Summary ( İtalyanca )

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Il gatto di Pallas (Otocolobus manul, Pallas, 1776), noto anche come manul o gatto delle steppe, unica specie del genere Otocolobus Brandt, 1842, è un piccolo rappresentante della famiglia dei Felidi diffuso in Asia centrale. La sopravvivenza di questo felide è minacciata dalla distruzione del suo habitat naturale e dalla mancanza di prede. Dal 2020, il manul è stato classificato come specie a rischio minimo. Il suo nome deriva dal primo zoologo che lo descrisse, il tedesco Peter Simon Pallas.

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Otocolobus ( Latince )

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Otocolobus manul vel Felis manul, vulgo manul et felis Palladis dicta, est parva et fera Asiae Mediae feles, ex Petro Simon Palladi appellata, qui speciem anno 1776 descripsit. Nomen Otocolobus a vocabulis Graecis quae sunt οὖς 'oculus' et κολοβός 'curtus' deducitur; manul est nomen Mongolicum.

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Otocolobus manul in Horto Zoologico Edinburgensi
 src=
Otocolobus manul in Horto Zoologico Turicensi

Nota

Nexus externi

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Otocolobus: Brief Summary ( Latince )

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Otocolobus manul vel Felis manul, vulgo manul et felis Palladis dicta, est parva et fera Asiae Mediae feles, ex Petro Simon Palladi appellata, qui speciem anno 1776 descripsit. Nomen Otocolobus a vocabulis Graecis quae sunt οὖς 'oculus' et κολοβός 'curtus' deducitur; manul est nomen Mongolicum.

 src= Otocolobus manul in Horto Zoologico Edinburgensi  src= Otocolobus manul in Horto Zoologico Turicensi
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Manulas ( Litvanca )

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Binomas Otocolobus manul
Paplitimas

Manulas (lot. Otocolobus manul, Felis manul) – katinių (Felidae) šeimos retas plėšrus žinduolis. Tai nedidelės katės, užaugančios iki 60 cm ilgio, sveriančios 3-5 kg, turinčios tankų, pūkuotą kailį. Patelės pavasarį atsiveda iki keturių mažylių, sveriančių 70-100 g. Maitinasi graužikais, smulkiais paukšteliais ir paukščių kiaušiniais. Medžioja naktimis. Manulai gyvena atokiose vietose. Irštvas rengia uolose, senose švilpikų ir lapių olose.

Manulai paplitę Rusijoje, Centrinės Azijos valstybėse – Kazachstane, Užkaukazėje, Irane, Afganistane, Tibete ir Vakarinėje Kinijoje. Rusijoje manulai paplitę trijuose uždaruose regionuose: rytiniame, Užbaikalės ir Tuvos-Altajaus. Pirmasis regionas yra Čitos srityje, maždaug tarp Argunės ir Šilkos upės. Užbaikalės regionas beveik visas išsidėstęs Buriatijoje. Trečiasis regionas yra Tuvos ir Altajaus rajonuose, upės Chemčik baseine.

Manulai gyvena akmenuotose pusdykumėse, stepėse, retai galima užtikti miškingose vietose, kuriose būna uolų.

Nuorodos

Vikiteka

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Manulas: Brief Summary ( Litvanca )

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Manulas (lot. Otocolobus manul, Felis manul) – katinių (Felidae) šeimos retas plėšrus žinduolis. Tai nedidelės katės, užaugančios iki 60 cm ilgio, sveriančios 3-5 kg, turinčios tankų, pūkuotą kailį. Patelės pavasarį atsiveda iki keturių mažylių, sveriančių 70-100 g. Maitinasi graužikais, smulkiais paukšteliais ir paukščių kiaušiniais. Medžioja naktimis. Manulai gyvena atokiose vietose. Irštvas rengia uolose, senose švilpikų ir lapių olose.

Manulai paplitę Rusijoje, Centrinės Azijos valstybėse – Kazachstane, Užkaukazėje, Irane, Afganistane, Tibete ir Vakarinėje Kinijoje. Rusijoje manulai paplitę trijuose uždaruose regionuose: rytiniame, Užbaikalės ir Tuvos-Altajaus. Pirmasis regionas yra Čitos srityje, maždaug tarp Argunės ir Šilkos upės. Užbaikalės regionas beveik visas išsidėstęs Buriatijoje. Trečiasis regionas yra Tuvos ir Altajaus rajonuose, upės Chemčik baseine.

Manulai gyvena akmenuotose pusdykumėse, stepėse, retai galima užtikti miškingose vietose, kuriose būna uolų.

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Manuls ( Letonca )

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Manuls (Otocolobus manul) ir neliels kaķu dzimtas (Felidae) plēsējs, kurš apdzīvo Centrālāzijas stepes no Irānas līdz Ķīnai, ieskaitot Aizkaukāzu un Vidusāziju. Manula dzīves vidi apdraud to medīšana kažokādas dēļ, kā arī barības avotu — svilpējzaķu un murkšķu populāciju samazināšanās. Manuls 2002. gadā iekļauts Sarkanajā grāmatā kā daļēji apdraudēta suga (angļu: Near Threatened).[1]

Manuls ir vienīgā suga manulu ģintī (Otocolobus) un tam ir trīs pasugas.[1][2]

Izplatība

 src=
Manula kopējā populācija samazinās, tādēļ suga iekļauta Sarkanajā grāmatā

Manuls mājo Centrālāzijas stepēs: dažās daļās Afganistānā, Mongolijā, Tadžikistānā, Kirgizstānā, Kazahstānā, Indijā un Pakistānā, lielā platībā Ķīnas rietumdaļā. Retāk sastopams Altajā, Tivā un Burjatijā. Tibetas plakankalnē sastopams līdz 5050 m virs jūras līmeņa.[1] 1997. gadā manuls pirmo reizi tika novērots Sajānu kalnu austrumos.[3]

Aizkaukāzā līdz 1970. gadiem tas novērots divas reizes (abas reizes Irānā Araksas upes tuvumā). Irānā manuls novērots arī 2008. gadā.[4] Azerbaidžānā novērojumi līdz šim nav bijuši.[5] Kaspijas jūras reģiona populācijas Afganistānā un Pakistānā samazinās un kļūst izolētas no pārējām populācijām.[6][7]

Izskats

 src=
Manula ausis atrodas zemu un attālu viena no otras
 src=
Manuls ir vienpatis un ļoti uzmanīgs plēsējs

Manuls ir neliels plēsējs, apmēram mājas kaķa lielumā. Tā ķermenis ir 45—65 cm garš, bet aste ir 21—31 cm gara. Manula svars svārstās no 2,5 līdz 4,5 kg. Tā kā kažoka spalva ir gara un bieza, tad manuls rada iespaidu, ka ir masīvs un spēcīgs.

Tam ir okera krāsas matojums ar tumšām, vertikālām svītrām uz ķermeņa un priekškājām. Ziemas kažoks ir pelēcīgāks ar mazāk izteiktām svītrām. Manulam ir koši melnas svītras uz astes un melni plankumi uz pieres. Purns ir balts vai gaiši brūns ar šaurām melnām svītrām. Manula ekstremitātes ir proporcionāli īsākas nekā citiem kaķu apakšdzimtas pārstāvjiem. Ausis ir zemas ar lielu atstatumu starp tām. Purns ir plakans, bet acu zīlītes apaļas (nevis vertikālas). Tā kā purns ir īss, tad manulam ir mazāk zobu kā citiem kaķiem (augšžoklī iztrūkst pirmie dzerokļi). Ilkņi lieli un gari.[8]

Uzvedība

Manuls ir vienpatis un ļoti uzmanīgs plēsējs, kas pat kustoties saplūst ar apkārtējo vidi.[9] Katram īpatnim ir sava teritorija, kura tiek iezīmēta ar smaržu zīmēm. Gaišo dienas laiku manuls parasti pavada kādā nelielā dabīgā alā, klinšu spraugā vai pamestā murkšķa alā. Medīt tas visbiežāk dodas vēlu pēcpusdienā, kad iestājas krēsla, bet medī arī nakts laikā vai gaišā dienā. Manuli dzīvo ļoti retināti, attālināti viens no otra, apmēram 8—11 kaķi uz 100 km². Tēviņa teritorija ir lielāka nekā mātītes, turklāt tā pārklājas ar vairāku mātīšu teritorijām.[9]

Barība

Manuls ir lēns skrējējs, tādēļ tas medī, upurim pēkšņi uzbrūkot no slēpņa, aizsegam izmantojot zāli un akmeņus. Barojas galvenokārt ar nelieliem zīdītājiem, piemēram, smilšu pelēm, pelēm, svilpējzaķiem, kāmjiem, murkšķu mazuļiem, arī ar putniem, piemēram, čukorām, ķirzakām un sienāžiem.[8][9]

Reprodukcija

 src=
Mazuļi piedzimst ar biezu, mīkstu kažoku

Manulam vairošanās sezona ir relatīvi īsa, tikpat īsa kā tā izplatības reģiona īsā vasara. Kaķenei meklēšanās ilgst 26—42 stundas, tādēļ tēviņš vairākas dienas seko mātītei, to apsargādams, lai nenokavētu īsto brīdi. Šis periods ir viens no visīsākajiem no visiem kaķiem. Tēviņu ievainojumi liecina, ka savstarpējās cīņas ir asas un nežēlīgas.[9]

Grūsnības periods ilgst 66—75 dienas, un mazuļi dzimst aprīlī vai maijā. Māte īsi pirms dzemdībām iekārto siltu, ar sausu zāli, spalvām un vilnu izklātu un no vējiem aizsargātu migu. Metienā ir 2—6 nevarīgi kaķēni, kas sver apmēram 90 g. Tiem jau piedzimstot ir biezs, mīksts kažoks. Pieaugušam īpatnim raksturīgs matojums izaug apmēram 2 mēnešu vevumā. Manuli sāk paši medīt jau 4 mēnešu vecumā. Bargajā klimatā liela daļa mazuļu iet bojā jau mazotnē. Dzimumbriedumu abi dzimumi sasniedz 10—11 mēnešu vecumā. Nebrīvē manuls sasniedz 11 gadu vecumu.[8][9]

Sistemātika

Manulam ir 3 pasugas:[2][10]

Atsauces

  1. 1,0 1,1 1,2 IUCN: Otocolobus manul
  2. 2,0 2,1 Mammal Species of the World: Felis manul
  3. Koshkarev, E. (1998). "Discovery of manul in eastern Sayan". Cat News. 29: 12–13.
  4. First Pallas's Cat Photo-trapped in Khojir National Park, Iran
  5. Geptner, V. G., Sludskii, A. A. (1972). Mlekopitaiuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Vysšaia Škola, Moskva (in Russian); English translation: Heptner, V. G., Sludskii, A. A., Komarov, A., Komorov, N.; Hoffmann, R. S. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2: Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats). Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. pp. 665–696.
  6. Belousova, A. V. (1993). "Small Felidae of Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Far East. Survey of the state of populations". Lutreola. 2: 16.
  7. Habibi, K. (2003). Mammals of Afghanistan. Coimbatore, India: Zoo Outreach Organisation with assistance from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. ISBN 8188722065. OCLC 61347929
  8. 8,0 8,1 8,2 Sunquist, Mel, Sunquist, Fiona. Wild cats of the World. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2002. 219–224. lpp. ISBN 0-226-77999-8.
  9. 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 «ARKive: Pallas’s cat (Otocolobus manul)». Arhivēts no oriģināla, laiks: 2017. gada 12. oktobrī. Skatīts: 2018. gada 7. janvārī.
  10. Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (2nd ed.). London: British Museum of Natural History.

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Manuls: Brief Summary ( Letonca )

wikipedia LV tarafından sağlandı

Manuls (Otocolobus manul) ir neliels kaķu dzimtas (Felidae) plēsējs, kurš apdzīvo Centrālāzijas stepes no Irānas līdz Ķīnai, ieskaitot Aizkaukāzu un Vidusāziju. Manula dzīves vidi apdraud to medīšana kažokādas dēļ, kā arī barības avotu — svilpējzaķu un murkšķu populāciju samazināšanās. Manuls 2002. gadā iekļauts Sarkanajā grāmatā kā daļēji apdraudēta suga (angļu: Near Threatened).

Manuls ir vienīgā suga manulu ģintī (Otocolobus) un tam ir trīs pasugas.

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Felis manul ( Portekizce )

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O gato-de-pallas (Felis manul ou Otocolobus manul) também conhecido como manul, é um pequeno gato selvagem da Ásia Central e sul da Sibéria. [1] [2]

Três tipos de gatos são conhecidos no mundo: o gato-de-pallas siberiano, o gato-de-pallas da Ásia Central e o o gato-de-pallas tibetano. [3]

O seu nome vulgar é derivado do nome daquele que primeiro o descreveu, em 1776: Peter Simon Pallas. [3]

Eles não toleram bem a presença de humanos e não podem ser domesticados. [3] [4]

Tendem a viver cerca de 11 anos em cativeiro, um tempo mais curto que o do gato doméstico.

Origem e evolução

Estima-se que o gato-de-pallas apareceu na Terra como uma espécie única há cerca de 10-12 milhões de anos. Ele é um contemporâneo do tigre dente-de-sabre, ao qual pode ter sobrevivido sem sofrer nenhuma mudança evolutiva especial. Cientistas acreditam que o gato persa e o angorá descendem diretamente do manul. [3]

Classificação taxonômica resumida

Classe: Mammalia (mamíferos); família: Felidae (felídeos); espécie: Felis manul. [4]

Morfologia

 src=
O manul tem o pelo "mais fofo" entre todos os felinos

Eles são mais ou menos do tamanho de um gato doméstico, medindo entre 50 a 62 cm, com uma cauda de 23 a 31 cm e peso de 2,5 a 4 kg. As orelhas são bem separadas, os olhos são amarelos e o focinho (nariz) é achatado. São baixos e atarracados, rechonchudos e têm pernas curtas. [3]

Sua pelagem é considerada a "mais fofa" entre os felinos, sendo que os pelos podem chegar a medir 7cm. O gato-de-pallas siberiano tem uma pelagem de cor cinza claro, o gato-de-pallas da Ásia Central tem um pelo mais avermelhada com listras avermelhadas e o gato-de-pallas tibetano apresenta uma pelagem de cor cinza mais escuro que fica prateada no inverno. [3]

Acasalam uma vez ao ano e a gestação dura cerca de 60 dias. Geralmente nascem de 2 a 6 gatinhos, mas podem também nascer mais, como aconteceu no zoo de Novosibirsk, onde uma gata-de-pallas teve 8 filhotes. [1]

Hábitos gerais e alimentares

Já aos 3-4 meses os bebês caçam sozinhos e aos 10 se tornam adultos e passam a viver isolados. [3]

São felinos solitários, de hábitos noturnos, que caçam, geralmente, pelo método da emboscada - esperam a presa aparecer perto de sua toca e então a agarram.

O manul alimenta-se de ratazanas, esquilos, hamsters, bem como de pequenas aves, incluindo perdizes. Às vezes apanha também marmotas e lebres tolai ainda jovens. [3]

Habitat

O manul habita as estepes e planícies do Cáucaso, sul da Sibéria e Ásia Central, onde vive em fendas nas rochas, debaixo de pedras, pequenas cavernas e em velhas tocas de marmotas e outros bichos, locais dos quais sai geralmente ao entardecer ou amanhecer para, principalmente, caçar. [1] [2] [3]

  • o gato-de-pallas siberiano vive no território da Rússia (Sibéria, Krasnoyarsk, Transbaikalia, Tuva e Altai), Mongólia e na China;
  • o gato-de-pallas da Ásia Central é mais frequentemente encontrado no Afeganistão, Uzbequistão, Paquistão, Turcomenistão, Tadjiquistão, Irã e Cazaquistão;
  • o gato-de-pallas tibetano vive tipicamente no Tibete, Caxemira e Nepal.

Perigo de extinção

O gato-de-pallas é uma espécie em grande perigo de extinção (Lista Vermelha na Rússia), pois era caçado para ser vendido como animal de estimação ou para ter a pele comercializada, o que foi proibido há vários anos, exceto na Mongólia. Mesmo assim, muitos caçadores ilegais continuam desrespeitando a lei e vendendo peles de manuls. Ele também morre por atropelamento ou por consumir roedores que foram envenenados. [1]

No início dos anos 2000, a Rússia possuía apenas entre 3 mil e 3,6 mil exemplares da espécie. O Zoológico de Novosibirsk, um dos maiores do país, virou praticamente uma reserva para preservação do manul. [1]

Na Rússia, quem for preso por transgredir a lei de proteção ao animal pode ser condenado a 5 anos de trabalhos forçados ou até a 5 anos de prisão. [3]

Na imprensa

Referências

  1. a b c d e «Zoológico da Sibéria registra o nascimento de 16 filhotes de felino raro». G1. Consultado em 2 de janeiro de 2021
  2. a b «Manul spotted in Armenia for the first time in 100 years». PanARMENIAN.Net. Consultado em 2 de janeiro de 2021
  3. a b c d e f g h i j «Манул: особенности "вечно недовольной" дикой кошки». РИА Новости (em russo). 8 de dezembro de 2020. Consultado em 2 de janeiro de 2021
  4. a b «Pallas's cat | mammal». Encyclopedia Britannica (em inglês). Consultado em 2 de janeiro de 2021

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Felis manul: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

wikipedia PT tarafından sağlandı

O gato-de-pallas (Felis manul ou Otocolobus manul) também conhecido como manul, é um pequeno gato selvagem da Ásia Central e sul da Sibéria.

Três tipos de gatos são conhecidos no mundo: o gato-de-pallas siberiano, o gato-de-pallas da Ásia Central e o o gato-de-pallas tibetano.

O seu nome vulgar é derivado do nome daquele que primeiro o descreveu, em 1776: Peter Simon Pallas.

Eles não toleram bem a presença de humanos e não podem ser domesticados.

Tendem a viver cerca de 11 anos em cativeiro, um tempo mais curto que o do gato doméstico.

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Manul ( Slovakça )

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Manul[1] alebo manul stepný[1] (Otocolobus manul) je zástupca malých mačiek pôvodom z oblasti Strednej Ázie.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

Taxonómia

Prvýkrát opísaný bol manul Petrom Simonom Pallasom v roku 1776 pod názvom Felis manul.[6] Po svojom objaviteľovi manul získal aj svoje meno v angličtine Pallas's cat,[8] teda v preklade do slovenčiny mačka Pallasova.

Lokálne názvy

  • Baškirčina - jalami[8]
  • Bucharčina - malem[8]
  • Kazaština - malin, sabanči[8]
  • Kirgiština - madail[8]
  • Ladakčina (India) - Ribilik.[4][8]
  • Mongolčina - malin[8]
  • Ruština - манул (manul)[8]
  • Ujgurčina - molun[8]
  • Uzbečtina - malin, dala mušugi[8]

Rozšírenie

Manul je rozšírený vo veľkej časti Strednej Ázie od horských oblastí v okolí Kaspického mora a časť Sibíre v okolí Bajkalského jazera, cez Pakistan, Afganistan, Mongolsko a Tibet až po Čínu. Rozšírenie siaha až do južnej časti Ázie a to do Indie.[3][2] Na území Indie sa vyskytuje len v oblasti Ladaku na území indického štátu Džammú a Kašmír.[3][2][4]

  • Štáty kde manul už pravdepodobne vyhynul: Arménsko a niektoré oblasti Číny[7]

Opis

  • Výška v kohútiku: 25 - 30 cm
  • Dĺžka života: približne 8 - 10 rokov[8]

Jedná sa o malú mačku, ktorá sa dá veľkostne zrovnať s mačkou domácou.[2]

Manul sa vyznačuje pomerne širokou hlavou s nízko posadenými ušami.[3][2][4][5][8] Uši sú malé a sú od seba z dôvodu nízkeho posadenia pomerne dosť vzdialené.[3][5][8] Oči sú posadené pomerne vysoko.[4] Chvost je cylindricý a pomerne hrubý.[3][2][4][8] Telesná stavba je pomerne robustná.[8] Srsť je dlhá, hustá a mäkká.[3][2][4][5][8] Na chvoste a spodných častiach tela býva až dvakrát dlhšia než na bokoch a chrbte.[5][8]

Hlava je väčšinou sivá.[4][8] Sfarbenie tela sa pohybuje od sivo-striebornej farby až po žltkastú,[3][4][5][8] pričom hrudné a brušné partie bývajú skôr hnedé.[3][8] Na bokoch sa objavujú čierne pásy.[3][8] Vrchná časť hlavy je posiata čiernymi škvrnami,[3][4][5][8] na lícach sa objavujú čierne pásiky.[3][4][5][8] Na pomerne krátkych končatinách sa tiež objavujú náznaky tmavších pásov.[3][4][5][8] Na chvoste sa nachádza 4 - 6 čiernych pásov a[3][4][5][8] koniec chvosta je čierny.[3][4][5][8]

Hlas

Zvukový prejav manula je podobný štekaniu.[5]

Biotop

Obľubuje skalnatý terén a prostredie horských alpínskych lúk[3][2][4][5][7][8] v pomerne veľkej nadmorskej výške, ktorá sa pohybuje obvykle medzi 2500 - 4800 metrami nad morom.[4][8] Okrem toho sa vyskytuje aj v chladných púštnych a stepných podmienkach náhorných plošín.[8]

Spôsob života

Ačkoľvek žije vo vysokej nadmorskej výške výhýba sa najvyšším častiam hôr,kde sa nachádza silná snehová pokrývka.[4]

Žije samotárskym spôsobom života.[5] Napriek malej veľkosti teritórium samcov môže mať v niektorých miestach výskytu rozlohu aj viac než 100 km2.[8]

Je aktívny počas celého dňa, ale k najvyššej aktivite dochádza počas úsvitu a súmraku.[5]

Odpočíva väčšinou v jaskyniach, alebo využíva nory vyhĺbené inými zvieratami.[4][5]

Reprodukcia

K páreniu prichádza v zimných mesiacoch.[4][8]

Mačatá sa rodia po 66 - 75 dňoch obvykle v priebehu apríla - mája.[4][5][8] Rodí sa ich rôzny počet od jedného až po osem a pri narodení vážia približne 80 gramov.[5] Obvyklý počet mláďat je však 2 - 6.[8]

Potrava

Loví rôzne menšie živočichy.[2][5] Patria k nim napríklad líšky, svište a rôzne iné druhy hlodavcov, ale aj rôzne druhy vtákov.[2][5] Kŕmi sa aj hmyzom a nepohrdne ani zdochlinou.[8] Bol zaznamenaný prípad, kedy manul ulovil aj jahňa ovce argali.[8]

Ohrozenie a ochrana

Podľa klasifikácie IUCN patrí k takmer ohrozeným taxónom.[6][7][8]

V rámci CITES klasifikácie je manul zaradený do CITES APPENDIX: II.[4][8]

K najväčším hrozbám patrí nelegálny lov za účelom získania kožušín.[5][8] Populácia sa považuje za klesajúcu.[5][7][8]

Predpokladá sa, že sa na planéte vyskytuje okolo 15 000 jedincov.[7] Tento počet je však len odhadovaný, keďže údaje o počte z väčšiny krajín, kde sa manul vyskytuje nie sú známe.[8] Presnejšie počty sú známe z Ruska, kde sú v rámci jednotlivých administratívnych jednotiek nasledovné:[8]

  • Tuviansko: 2000 - 2200 jedincov[8]
  • Zabajkalský kraj: 2100 - 3000 jedincov[8]
  • Altajsko: 450 - 550 jedincov[8]
  • Buriatsko: 250 - 350 jedincov[8]

Predpokladá sa, že najviac jedincov žije na území Mongolska.[8] V Aganistane a Pakistane sa populácia pravdepodobne znižuje.[8] V indickom Ladaku sú vzácne.[8]


Manul v slovenských Zoo

Chová ho Zoologická záhrada Košice. V minulosti ho chovala aj ZOO Bojnice, kde v roku 2000 dosiahli prvý odchov v podmienkach českých a slovenských zoo.


Interakcie s človekom

Pri náhodnom stretnutí s človekom neprejavuje manul strach a býva aj agresívny.[4]

Poddruhy

V rámci druhu sú rozlišované tri poddruhy.[6]

Ide o:

  • Otocolobus manul ferrugineus (Ognev, 1928)[6]

Vyskytuje sa v južnom Kazachstane, v Iráne a v Pakistane.[3][6] V minulosti bolo jeho vedecké meno udávané aj ako Felis manul ferruginea.[6]

  • Otocolobus manul manul (Pallas, 1776)[6][8]

Nominátny poddruh.[6][8] Vyskytuje sa v Rusku v okolí Bajkalského jazera a ďalej sa jeho rozšírenie tiahne ďalej cez Mongolsko až do provincie Kan-su v Číne.[6][8]

  • Otocolobus manul nigripectus (Hodgson, 1842)[6][8]

Rozšírenie siaha od Kašmíru v Indii cez Nepál a Tibet až po čínsku provinciu S’-čchuan.[3][6][8] V minulosti bolo jeho vedecké meno udávané aj ako Felis manul nigripecta.[6]

Je však možné, že poddruhy budú v budúcnosti vyhlásené za neplatné a budú všetky zlúčené v rámci nominátneho poddruhu.[8]

Galéria

Referencie

  1. a b LUPTÁK, Peter. Slovenské mená cicavcov sveta. 1. vyd. Bojnice : Zoologická záhrada, 2003. 218 s. ISBN 80-969059-9-6. S. 69.
  2. a b c d e f g h i j k ALFRED, J R.B., DAS , A.K., SANYAL, A.K.. Animals of India: Mammals. Kalkata: Zoological Survey of India. 2006. 240 s. ISBN: 88710940. S. 103. (anglicky)
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t TIKADER, B. K.. Threatened Animals of India. Kalkata: Zoological Survey of India. 1983. 308 s. S. 67. (anglicky)
  4. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y ALFRED, J R.B., RAMAKRISHNA, PRADHAN, M.S.. Validation of Threatened Mammals of India. Kalkata: Zoological Survey of India. 2006. 570 s. ISBN: 8181710851. S. 288 - 290. (anglicky)
  5. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w STUART, C., STUART, T.. Mammals of North Africa and the Middle East. Londýn: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. 2016. 128 s. ISBN: 9781472932419. S. 56. (anglicky)
  6. a b c d e f g h i j k l m biolib.cz
  7. a b c d e f g h iucnredlist.org
  8. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf catsg.org

Iné projekty

  • Spolupracuj na Commons Commons ponúka multimediálne súbory na tému Manul
  • Spolupracuj na Wikidruhoch Wikidruhy ponúkajú informácie na tému Manul
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Manul: Brief Summary ( Slovakça )

wikipedia SK tarafından sağlandı

Manul alebo manul stepný (Otocolobus manul) je zástupca malých mačiek pôvodom z oblasti Strednej Ázie.

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마눌 ( Korece )

wikipedia 한국어 위키백과 tarafından sağlandı

마눌(Manul)또는 팔라스고양이(Pallas's cat)는 중앙아시아의 초지와 산간건조지대에 점점이 분포하는 작은 들고양이다. 학명은 오토콜로부스 마눌(Otocolobus manul). 서식지 파괴 및 먹이 감소에 영향을 받고 있으며 2002년 IUCN 적색목록에서 "취약 근접"으로 분류되었다. 얼굴이 둥글고 털북숭이다. 살쾡이류이지만 많은 털이 스라소니와 비슷하다.

계통 분류

다음은 고양이과의 계통 분류이다.[2]

고양이과

마카이로두스아과

    표범아과 구름표범속

보르네오구름표범

   

구름표범

    표범속    

눈표범

   

호랑이

       

재규어

     

표범

   

사자

          고양이아과마블고양이속

마블고양이

황금고양이속

보르네오황금고양이

   

아시아황금고양이

          서벌속

서벌

카라칼속

카라칼

   

아프리카황금고양이

        호랑고양이속    

오셀롯

   

마게이

         

콜로콜로

   

안데스산고양이

       

호랑고양이

     

코드코드

   

조프루아고양이

            스라소니속

붉은스라소니

     

캐나다스라소니

     

스라소니

   

이베리아스라소니

            치타속

치타

    퓨마속

퓨마

재규어런디속

재규어런디

          마눌속

마눌

삵속

붉은점박이삵

     

납작머리삵

     

고기잡이삵

   

          고양이속

정글고양이

     

검은발고양이

     

모래고양이

   

들고양이(집고양이 포함)

                       

각주

  1. Ross, S.; Barashkova, A.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Appel, A.; Riordan, P.; Sanderson, J. & Munkhtsog, B. (2016). Otocolobus manul. 《The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species》 (IUCN) 2016: e.T15640A87840229. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T15640A87840229.en. 2018년 1월 15일에 확인함.
  2. Stephen J. O’Brien and Warren E. Johnson (2010). “The Evolution of CATS” (PDF). 《SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.》.
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마눌: Brief Summary ( Korece )

wikipedia 한국어 위키백과 tarafından sağlandı

마눌(Manul)또는 팔라스고양이(Pallas's cat)는 중앙아시아의 초지와 산간건조지대에 점점이 분포하는 작은 들고양이다. 학명은 오토콜로부스 마눌(Otocolobus manul). 서식지 파괴 및 먹이 감소에 영향을 받고 있으며 2002년 IUCN 적색목록에서 "취약 근접"으로 분류되었다. 얼굴이 둥글고 털북숭이다. 살쾡이류이지만 많은 털이 스라소니와 비슷하다.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자