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Başlıksız ( İngilizce )

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This species now includes Panay golden-crowned flying foxes, Acerodon lucifer, which was once considered a separate species. There appear to be no morphological differences to distinguish the two taxa. It is not known whether they are behaviorally identical, and this will probably never be determined because the Panay population appears to be extinct.

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Heinen, V. 2009. "Acerodon jubatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acerodon_jubatus.html
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Virginia Heinen, Michigan State University
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Behavior ( İngilizce )

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Acerodon jubatus individuals have large eyes and may use visual cues in communication. They have a distinctive odor, suggesting olfactory communication, but no specific scent glands have been identified.

Communication Channels: visual ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Heinen, V. 2009. "Acerodon jubatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acerodon_jubatus.html
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Virginia Heinen, Michigan State University
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Associations ( İngilizce )

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There are no known predators of Acerodon jubatus.

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Heinen, V. 2009. "Acerodon jubatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acerodon_jubatus.html
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Morphology ( İngilizce )

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Like other bats in the Family Pteropodidae, Acerodon jubatus has large, bright eyes and relatively simple external ears with continuous margins. The ears are about as long as the muzzle and are pointed. There is a claw on the second digit of each wing. The skull has strong, incomplete postorbital processes, with supraorbital foramena. The teeth are sharp and pointed, except for the last two molars.

The fur of Acerodon jubatus is thin on the throat and ear membranes, absent on the wing membranes, and short and smooth on the body. There is considerable variation in color but the typical scheme is dark brown or black on the forehead and sides of the head, reddish brown on the shoulders, and a dark brown or black on the lower back and underside. The nape ranges from cream to golden yellow. There is a narrow line of orange at the back of the neck. Variable numbers of yellow hairs are scattered throughout the fur, especially on the lower body. Variation in color does not depend on age, sex, or locality.

The head and body length combined ranges from 178 to 290 mm; there is no tail. The forearm varies between 125 and 203 mm, and the wingspan varies between 1.51 and 1.7 m. Weights between 1050 and 1200 g have been reported, making Acerodon jubatus among the largest bats in the world. Males are larger and heavier than females.

Range mass: 1050 to 1200 g.

Range length: 178 to 290 mm.

Range wingspan: 1.51 to 1.7 m.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

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Heinen, V. 2009. "Acerodon jubatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acerodon_jubatus.html
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Virginia Heinen, Michigan State University
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Life Expectancy ( İngilizce )

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No information is currently available on longevity in Acerodon jubatus.

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Heinen, V. 2009. "Acerodon jubatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acerodon_jubatus.html
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Virginia Heinen, Michigan State University
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Habitat ( İngilizce )

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Acerodon jubatus roosts in hardwood trees, often on cliff edges or steep, inaccessible slopes. Other preferred roosting sites include bamboo clumps, mangrove trees, and other swampy forested areas. Roosting sites are usually located on small, offshore islands. Acerodon jubatus has been observed to use disturbed areas for roosting.

When foraging, Acerodon jubatus exhibits a strong preference for primary forest or high-quality secondary forest over disturbed habitat, and may fly long distances (up to 16 km) from its roost to reach these locations. There is also a preference for river margins, probably due to their particular plant communities. Acerodon jubatus is rarely found foraging in disturbed or agricultural areas, though it regularly crosses such areas while traveling between forested regions.

Range elevation: 0 to 1100 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest

Wetlands: swamp

Other Habitat Features: riparian

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Distribution ( İngilizce )

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Acerodon jubatus is endemic to the Philippines, with the exceptions of the Palawan region and the Batanes and Babuyan island groups.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: island endemic

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Virginia Heinen, Michigan State University
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Trophic Strategy ( İngilizce )

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Golden-capped fruit bats are frugivores. Figs (Ficus) appear to be a dietary staple, as fig seeds compose 41% of droppings on average. Ficus subcordata is the most commonly eaten species, though Acerodon jubatus also shows a strong preference for fruits from other Ficus species and, to a lesser extent, Ficus variegata. Not every fig species is used, and the dietary range is narrower than other bats in the same area. Notably, these staple plants are only found in mature lowland forests, making golden-capped fruit bats forest obligates. They also consume leaves by crushing them and swallowing the liquid content, but how much of the diet is composed of leaves is unknown.

Plant Foods: leaves; fruit

Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )

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Heinen, V. 2009. "Acerodon jubatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acerodon_jubatus.html
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Virginia Heinen, Michigan State University
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Associations ( İngilizce )

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Golden-capped fruit bats, as frugivores, are distributors of plant seeds. The impact of such distribution on the local ecosystem has not been recorded.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

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Virginia Heinen, Michigan State University
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Conservation Status ( İngilizce )

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Golden-capped fruit bats are listed as endangered by the IUCN and appear in Appendix I of CITES. Populations are experiencing severe declines due to habitat loss from logging and farming projects and hunting for meat or trade. They are particularly susceptible to habitat loss because of their dependence on fig trees found only in mature old-growth forest. This species is protected, with three large roost sites entirely exempt from hunting, but the bats are still hunted while foraging away from the roosts. The population is estimated at about 10,000 individuals; this represents a 50% decline over the last 30 years. The decline is predicted to continue unless destruction of old-growth forest ceases. Populations now recognized as A. jubatus (Acerodon lucifer) are now extinct.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

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Heinen, V. 2009. "Acerodon jubatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acerodon_jubatus.html
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Virginia Heinen, Michigan State University
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Benefits ( İngilizce )

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There are no known adverse effects of Acerodon jubatus on humans.

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Heinen, V. 2009. "Acerodon jubatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acerodon_jubatus.html
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Benefits ( İngilizce )

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Some large bat roosts, shared by Acerodon jubatus and other species, are used as tourist attractions.

Golden-capped fruit bats are hunted for consumption. They are also occasionally captured live for exportation, though this is uncommon because they are said to have an unpleasant smell compared to other, similar bats. These practices have contributed to the species's endangered status.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food ; ecotourism

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Heinen, V. 2009. "Acerodon jubatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acerodon_jubatus.html
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Virginia Heinen, Michigan State University
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Reproduction ( İngilizce )

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No information is currently available on the mating system of Acerodon jubatus.

Acerodon jubatus populations on all islands reproduce at approximately the same time, indicating that they probably use photoperiod as a cue instead of more localized environmental conditions. Females give birth during April and May, and possibly early June. Females in captivity give birth only once every two years; those in the wild likely reproduce less often. Not much about litter size is known, but females have not been observed with more than one offspring at a time.

Breeding interval: Females can breed as often as once every two years.

Breeding season: Births occur from April to June, but gestation periods are unknown, so the breeding season has yet to be determined

Average number of offspring: 1.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Females have been observed to carry a single offspring. The young cling to their mothers' fur with their claws, while the mothers fan them with one wing to keep them cool. Females invest significantly in their young through gestation and lactation.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Heinen, V. 2009. "Acerodon jubatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Acerodon_jubatus.html
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Virginia Heinen, Michigan State University
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Biology ( İngilizce )

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Golden-capped fruit bats live in colonies, often with the Malayan flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus) (2). As they cluster together for warmth and improved protection from predators (6), they look strangely like black bags hanging from the branches of trees. These colonies, at least historically, may consist of several thousands bats (2); one immense colony recorded in the 1920s contained around 150,000 individuals (3) (7). In the evening, the bats leave their roosting sites, flying as far as 30 kilometres away to feed on fruit, particularly the fruits of fig (Ficus) trees (2) (5) (7). The golden-capped fruit bat navigates its way around the forest and locates food using its good vision, without utilizing echolocation as many other bat species do (6). The breeding season for the golden-capped fruit bat usually extends between the drier months of April and May (2). Females are thought to produce no more than one young each year (5).
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Conservation ( İngilizce )

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While the golden-capped fruit bat is thought to occur in some protected areas (5), further action is urgently needed to prevent the extinction of this species. In 1992, an action plan developed for the conservation of Old World fruit bats outlined a number of conservation measures recommended for this species. Due to the problems with enforcing any hunting controls, the plan recommended that the most effective method of protection would be to manage colonies on small islands where suitable habitat remains, and where protection efforts would have a better chance of success (5). In 2003, the Philippine Endemic Species Conservation Project implemented a programme for the protection of the golden-capped fruit bat on the tiny island of Boracay, off the northwest corner of Panay. The project's achievements included nearly eliminating hunting of the colony (9). In combination with conservation efforts in the wild, captive breeding may eventually be necessary to ensure the long-term survival of the golden-capped fruit bat (5).
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Description ( İngilizce )

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Named after the patch of golden-tipped hairs on top of the head, the golden-capped fruit bat is the largest fruit bat in the Philippines (5), and one of the largest bats in the world (3). The 'golden-cap', along with an orangey-yellow region on the back of the neck, contrasts with the brownish-black fur on the other parts of the head and the reddish-brown fur on the back. The fur on the underside of the body is blackish with silvery tipped hairs (2). Like other species in the Pteropodidae family, the golden-capped fruit bat has a dog-like face, large eyes and simple, but conspicuous, ears (6).
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Habitat ( İngilizce )

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The golden-capped fruit bat inhabits forest, from sea level up to elevations of 1,100 metres. It is only known to occur in large areas of forest, and shows a preference for primary or mature secondary forest (5).
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Range ( İngilizce )

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The golden-capped fruit bat is endemic to the Philippines. Two subspecies are recognised: Acerodon jubatus jubatus occurs on Basilan, Biliran, Cebu, Dinagat, Leyte, Luzon, Mindoro, Negros, Panay, Samar, and the Sulu Archipelago, while A. j. mindanensis is found just on the island of Mindanao (5). However, deforestation and hunting may have caused this species' extinction on some of the islands, such as Cebu (5).
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Status ( İngilizce )

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Classified as Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1), and listed on Appendix I of CITES (4).
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Threats ( İngilizce )

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Once considered common (2), the golden-capped fruit bat is now threatened with imminent extinction (5). As a result of deforestation and hunting, populations all over the Philippines have declined considerably, and this species has vanished entirely from a number of islands (5). The natural habitat of the Philippines is amongst the most threatened in the world, with only six to seven percent of the original primary forest remaining, largely due to extensive commercial logging (8). This undoubtedly has had a significant impact on the golden-capped fruit bat, which favours primary forest (5). Due to its large size and tendency to roost in large colonies, the golden-capped fruit bat is a desirable and easy target for local hunters, and its flesh is sold in markets and commonly eaten. When shot at a roost, often the bat does not fall out of the tree, or it may glide out of sight, meaning that a hunter that requires 10 bats may end up killing 20 to 30 individuals (5).
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Acerodon jubatus ( Asturyasça )

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El foín volador filipín (Acerodon jubatus) ye un raru esperteyu megaquiróptero de la familia Pteropodidae. Ye l'esperteyu de mayor tamañu conocíu nel mundu. Esta especie atópase amenazada y ta catalogada anguaño como en peligru d'estinción,[1] por cuenta de la so caza intensiva pa llograr la so carne y al furtivismo. Son reinales de Filipines, onde viven en zones arbolaes de les selves de Maitum, provincia de Sarangani.

Descripción

Los megaquirópteros reciben xeneralmente'l nome d'esperteyos de la fruta o tamién «foinos voladores» por causa de la so semeyanza facial colos foinos. El foín volador filipín ye un bon exemplu d'esta paecencia. Escarecen de cola, tienen una llongura focico apuntiáu comparáu col de los microquirópteros y pequeñes oreyes que-yos dan l'aspeutu d'un foín con nales. Tien unos grandes güeyos y, como los demás megaquirópteros, escarecen d'ecolocalización.

Tán consideraos como los mayores esperteyos del mundu, con una valumbu media de 1,5 m y un pesu d'hasta 1,2 kg (anque Pteropus vampyrus tien un valumbu daqué mayor, tien menos pesu). Los machos son mayores y más pesaos que les femes.[2]

Hábitat

El foín volador filipín ta confináu a les selves tropicales de Filipines. Puede atopáse-yos en munches zones distintes d'estes selves, dende'l nivel del mar hasta los montes montascosos. Prefieren les árees deshabitadas, como demuestra un estudiu de 2005 que nun atopó nengún exemplar n'árees habitaes.[3] El mesmu estudiu tamién reveló qu'estos esperteyos usen más el ríu como exa fluvial de lo que primeramente se creía, porque les figales alcontraes cerca de ríos son la so principal fonte d'alimentu; de la mesma comprobóse que-yos gusta tar cerca de campos agrícoles, pero namái n'árees forestales seles. N'otru estudiu amuésase que ye una especie forestal obligada, y que permanez na selva la mayor parte del tiempu, polo que pal so caltenimientu ye necesariu caltener les árees montiegues. La intervención humana nel hábitat forestal y de tierres baxes d'esti esperteyu ye'l factor principal de la so inclusión na llista d'especies en peligru.[4]

Ecoloxía y comportamientu

A. Jubatus ye fundamentalmente nocherniegu, y puede viaxar más de 40 kilómetros nuna sola nueche buscando comida. Ye un importante polinizador y dispersor de granes pa munchos árboles frutales de les Filipines.

Una carauterística interesada d'esta especie ye que se cree qu'una de les razones poles que vive cerca de l'agua ye porque la usa p'asearse; cuando vuelen sobre l'agua pueden baxar y recoyela coles sos nales, y darréu utilizala pa cepillase y llimpiase. Pela so parte esti aséu tamién puede ayudar a permanecer llimpios y menos perceptibles pa los sos depredadores.[3]

El so principal alimentu son cuatro especies de figos, anque tamién come otres frutes si estos nun tán disponibles. Reportóse que comen la fruta cultivada, pero esto ye realmente raru o bien pocu común. Son bien importantes pa les selves tropicales de les Filipines, conocíu como «el semador silenciosu», de cutiu dexen cayer granes mientres el vuelu o los lliberar nos sos descensos. Esto ayuda al monte a refaese y ensin esti esperteyu la selva tropical na qu'habita veríase seriamente afeutada ensin esti gran distribuidor pa granes, causando un importante impautu nel so desarrollu y caltenimientu.[5][4]

Sábese pocu sobre la so reproducción. Paecen tener dos temporaes criadores, pero les femes namái queden preñaes mientres unu d'elles. Xeneralmente dan a lluz a una sola cría. Les femes algamen el maduror sexual a los dos años. Nun se dispon d'información sobre la so llonxevidá.[2]

Cuando los esperteyos frugívoros yeren muncho más comunes nes Filipines, A. jubatus formaba grandes colonies con otros grandes foinos voladores, como'l gran Pteropus vampyrus, y reportáronse colonies de más de 150 000 individuos.[6] Esti comportamientu, que los fixo tan fáciles a cazar, ayudar a caltenese calientes y más a salvo de potenciales depredadores.[7]

Caltenimientu

El foín volador filipín atópase en peligru pola deforestación y sumió dafechu de munches islles pequeñes y delles islles más grandes, como la Cebú por esta causa. Tamién los cacen comercialmente pola so carne en delles árees. L'alministración municipal de Maitum (Sarangani) nes Filipines entamó una campaña pa salvar esta rara especie de la estinción.

Nes Filipines y en tol mundu sábese pocu sobre esta especie lo que la fai más malo d'alministrar, pero a la vista del fuerte amenorgamientu del so númberu munches organizaciones ecoloxistes y axencies gubernamentales intenten frenar la so decadencia ya intenten la so recuperación nes rexones monteses de Filipines. La rexón filipina de Súbic y la so badea ye sede de delles investigaciones sobre la especie, y cuenta con una área de proteición de más de 5000 hai xestionada por particulares que deseyen caltener la especie.

Delles axencies conservacionistas promueven la recuperación d'esta especie, como Bat Conservation International, Wildlife Conservation Society, Fondu Mundial pa la Naturaleza y otres. Estes axencies promueven el caltenimientu de delles formes, como'l financiamientu d'investigaciones y proyeutos educativos na zona y por tol mundu.[3]

La Unión Internacional pal Caltenimientu de la Naturaleza (UICN) punxo en marcha un programa de cría en cautividá.[3]

Referencies

  1. 1,0 1,1 Mildenstein, T., Ciñu,A., Paul, S., Heaney, L., Alviola, P., Duya, A., Stier, S., Cascayosa, S., Lorica, R., Vería, N., Balete, D., García, J.J., González, J.C., Ong, P., Rosell-Ambal, G. y Tabaranza, B.. «Acerodon jubatus» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2010.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Heinen, V. y B. Lundrigan. «Acerodon jubatus golden-capped fruit bat» (inglés). Animal Diversity Web. University Of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Consultáu'l 28 de xunu de 2010.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Mildenstein, T.; Stier, S.; Nuevodiego, C. y Mills; L. (2005). «Habitat selection of endangered and endemic large flying-foxes in Subic Bay, Philippines» (n'inglés). Biological Conservation 126. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.001.
  4. 4,0 4,1 Stier, Sam y Mildenstein, Tammy L.. «Dietary Habitat of the World's Largest Bats:The Philippine Flying Foxes, Acerodon Jubatus and Pteropus Vampyrus Lanensis» (n'inglés). Journal of Mammalogy 86. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2005)086[0719:DHOTWL]2.0.CO;2. http://www.cfc.umt.edu/grad/ICD/pdf/IRM_Stier.pdf.
  5. Mickleburgh, S.P., Hutson, A.M., Racey, P.A.. «Old World Fruit Bats: An Action Plan for their Conservation». IUCN/SSC Chiroptera Specialist Group. doi:10.2305/IUCN.CH.1992.SSC-AP.6.n'idioma inglés. http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/html/Old%20world%20fruit%20bats/cover.html.
  6. Rabor, D. S. (1986). Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna (n'inglés). Natural Resources Management Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines.
  7. Macdonald, D. W. (2006). The Encyclopedia of Mammals (n'inglés). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0816064946.

Enllaces esternos



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Acerodon jubatus: Brief Summary ( Asturyasça )

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El foín volador filipín (Acerodon jubatus) ye un raru esperteyu megaquiróptero de la familia Pteropodidae. Ye l'esperteyu de mayor tamañu conocíu nel mundu. Esta especie atópase amenazada y ta catalogada anguaño como en peligru d'estinción, por cuenta de la so caza intensiva pa llograr la so carne y al furtivismo. Son reinales de Filipines, onde viven en zones arbolaes de les selves de Maitum, provincia de Sarangani.

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Guineu voladora de les Filipines ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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La guineu voladora de les Filipines (Acerodon jubatus) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids. És endèmica de les Filipines. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos i els manglars, on sempre se'l troba juntament amb la guineu voladora de coll vermell (Pteropus vampyrus). Està amenaçada per la destrucció d'hàbitat i la caça furtiva.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Guineu voladora de les Filipines Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Mildenstein, T.; Cariño, A.; Paul, S.; Heaney, L.; Alviola, P.; Duya, A.; Stier, S.; Pedregosa, S.; Lorica, R.; Ingle, N.; Balete, D.; Garcia, J. J.; Gonzalez, J. C.; Ong, P., Rosell-Ambal, G.; Tabaranza, B.. Acerodon jubatus. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 4 gener 2009.


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Guineu voladora de les Filipines: Brief Summary ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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La guineu voladora de les Filipines (Acerodon jubatus) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids. És endèmica de les Filipines. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos i els manglars, on sempre se'l troba juntament amb la guineu voladora de coll vermell (Pteropus vampyrus). Està amenaçada per la destrucció d'hàbitat i la caça furtiva.

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Goldkronen-Flughund ( Almanca )

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Der Goldkronen-Flughund (Acerodon jubatus) ist eine Säugetierart aus der Familie der Flughunde (Pteropodidae). Er gilt als eines der größten lebenden Fledertiere.

Merkmale

Goldkronen-Flughunde erreichen eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von bis zu 29 Zentimeter, ein Schwanz fehlt wie bei nahezu allen Flughunden. Die Flügelspannweite beträgt 1,5 bis 1,7 Meter und das Gewicht erwachsener Tiere variiert zwischen 0,7 und 1,2 Kilogramm. (Ob er wirklich das größte Fledertier ist, ist umstritten; auch vom Kalong und vom Indischen Riesenflughund sind ähnliche Ausmaße bekannt.)

Im Körperbau entspricht er den übrigen Flughunden, die Flugmembran wird von den verlängerten zweiten bis fünften Fingern gespannt und reicht bis zu den Fußgelenken. Die Schnauze ist verlängert und „hundeähnlich“, die Ohren sind jedoch klein. Das Fell ist dunkel gefärbt, namensgebendes Merkmal ist der orange-gelb gefärbte Kopf- und Nackenbereich, auch die Schultern können gelblich gefärbt sein.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Diese Flughunde sind auf den Philippinen endemisch, wo sie – mit Ausnahme der Region um die Insel Palawan – auf der gesamten Inselgruppe verbreitet sind. Ihr Lebensraum sind Regenwälder und Mangrovengebiete vom Meeresspiegel bis in 1100 Meter Seehöhe.

Lebensweise

Goldkronen-Flughunde sind wie die meisten Fledertiere nachtaktiv. Zum Schlafen hängen sie sich, oft in großen Kolonien, an Baumzweige, wobei den größeren vorgelagerte kleine Inseln bevorzugt werden. Aus den 1930er-Jahren gibt es Berichte über Kolonien, die 150.000 Tiere umfasst haben; mittlerweile sind die Gruppen aufgrund der Gefährdung der Art weit kleiner.

Am Abend begeben sie sich auf Nahrungssuche, wobei sie oft weite Strecken – auch über das Meer – zurücklegen können. Die Nahrung dieser Tiere besteht aus Früchten, vorzugsweise Feigen.

Über die Fortpflanzung dieser Tiere ist wenig bekannt. Einmal im Jahr – meist im Mai oder Juni – bringt das Weibchen ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Die Geschlechtsreife tritt mit zwei Jahren ein.

Gefährdung

Der Goldkronen-Flughund zählt zu den bedrohten Arten. Die Gründe dafür liegen zum einen in der fortschreitenden Zerstörung seines Lebensraumes, zum anderen in der Bejagung wegen seines Fleisches. In vielen Regionen der Philippinen sind die Bestände drastisch zurückgegangen, mancherorts ist die Art gänzlich verschwunden. Größere Bestände des Goldkronen-Flughundes leben unter anderem im Northern Sierra Madre Natural Park, am Hamiguitan und dem Mount Kalatungan Range Natural Park. Die IUCN listet die Art als stark gefährdet (endangered).

Literatur

  • Ronald M. Nowak: Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1999, ISBN 0-8018-5789-9

Weblinks

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Goldkronen-Flughund: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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Der Goldkronen-Flughund (Acerodon jubatus) ist eine Säugetierart aus der Familie der Flughunde (Pteropodidae). Er gilt als eines der größten lebenden Fledertiere.

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Perçemka mêwexwer a taczêrîn ( Kürtçe )

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Perçemka mêwexwer a taczêrîn (Acerodon jubatus), cureyekî guhandaran ji cinsê Acerodon ji famîleya Pteropodidae ji koma Chiroptera ango perçemkan e. Perçemka mêwexwer a taczêrîn, ew perçemkê tewrende ku girstir û mestir li ser riwê erdê ye.

Pêşangeh

Çavkanî

  1. Mildenstein, T. et al. (2008). Acerodon jubatus. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 13 January 2009.

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Perçemka mêwexwer a taczêrîn: Brief Summary ( Kürtçe )

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Perçemka mêwexwer a taczêrîn (Acerodon jubatus), cureyekî guhandaran ji cinsê Acerodon ji famîleya Pteropodidae ji koma Chiroptera ango perçemkan e. Perçemka mêwexwer a taczêrîn, ew perçemkê tewrende ku girstir û mestir li ser riwê erdê ye.

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Giant golden-crowned flying fox ( İngilizce )

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The giant golden-crowned flying fox (Acerodon jubatus), also known as the golden-capped fruit bat, is a species of megabat endemic to the Philippines. Since its description in 1831, three subspecies of the giant golden-crowned flying fox have been recognized, one of which is extinct. The extinct subspecies (A. jubatus lucifer) was formerly recognized as a full species, the Panay golden-crowned flying fox. Formerly, this species was placed in the genus Pteropus; while it is no longer within the genus, it has many physical similarities to Pteropus megabats. It is one of the largest bat species in the world, weighing up to 1.4 kg (3.1 lb)—only the Indian and great flying fox can weigh more. It has the longest documented forearm length of any bat species at 21 cm (8.3 in).

It is primarily frugivorous, consuming several kinds of fig and some leaves. It forages at night and sleeps during the day in tree roosts. These roosts can consist of thousands of individuals, often including another species, the large flying fox. Not much is known about its reproduction; it gives birth annually from April through June, with females having one pup at a time. Predators of the giant golden-crowned flying fox include raptors such as eagles, the reticulated python, and humans.

Owing to deforestation and poaching for bushmeat, it is an endangered species. Though national and international law makes hunting and trade of this species illegal, these regulations are inadequately enforced, meaning that the species is frequently hunted nonetheless. Even in roosts that are more stringently protected from poaching, it is still affected by human disturbance via tourists who intentionally disturb them during the day.

Taxonomy

The giant golden-crowned flying fox was described as a new species in 1831 by German naturalist Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz. Eschscholtz placed it in the genus Pteropus with a scientific name of Pteropus jubatus.[3] Its species name "jubatus" is from Latin, meaning "having a mane or crest, crested".[4] The holotype had been collected on the Philippine island of Luzon during an expedition led by Otto von Kotzebue.[3] The genus Acerodon was described six years later in 1837, with A. jubatus as the type species for the new genus.[5] As of 2005, three subspecies of the giant golden-crowned flying fox are recognized:[6]

  • A. jubatus jubatus (Eschscholtz, 1831)
  • A. jubatus mindanensis K. Andersen, 1909[7]
  • A. jubatus lucifer (Elliot, 1896)

A. jubatus lucifer had been described as Pteropus lucifer in 1896 by Daniel Giraud Elliot.[8] A. jubatus lucifer, commonly the Panay golden-crowned flying fox, is still sometimes considered an extinct species of megabat. A 1998 publication noted that there were no morphological differences that distinguish A. jubatus lucifer from A. jubatus.[9] This publication was used by Mammal Species of the World[6] and the IUCN as justification as listing A. jubatus lucifer as a subspecies of A. jubatus rather than as a full species.[1]

Description

Skull of the golden-crowned flying fox

Overall, the giant golden-crowned flying fox is similar in appearance to many Pteropus species. It is different in its smaller canine teeth and its larger and more complex molars and premolars. Its upper incisors are slightly longer than Pteropus species, as well as sharper. Its four lower incisors have a greater disparity in length between the inner and outer pair than do Pteropus.[5] Its dental formula is 2.1.3.22.1.3.3 for a total of 34 teeth.[10]

Illustration of giant golden-crowned flying fox skeleton

The giant golden-crowned flying fox is one of the largest bat species in the world.[11] It is among the heaviest of all bat species, with individuals weighing up to 1.40 kg (3.1 lb). The only bat species known to weigh more than the giant golden-crowned flying fox are the Indian flying fox (Pteropus medius) and great flying fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), with a maximum weight of 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) and 1.45 kg (3.2 lb) respectively.[11][12] It has the longest forearm length of any species, measuring up to 215 mm (8.5 in). The great flying fox has a slightly shorter forearm length, and its wingspan is thus presumed to be lesser as well.[12] The wingspan of the Indian flying fox is up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft),[13] while the giant golden-crowned flying fox has a wingspan of 1.5–1.7 m (4.9–5.6 ft).[11] This species is somewhat dimorphic, with males slightly larger than females in many cranial and external measurements.[14]

The giant golden-crowned flying fox gets its common name from its fur coloration. It has golden coloration that begins between its eyes and terminates to a narrow "V" shape at the nape of its neck, though sometimes extending to the upper shoulders.[15] The sides of its face, brows, and throat are black, while the sides of its neck and upper back are maroon; this maroon fur transitions into brownish black, which then grades into reddish brown down the back. On its ventral (belly) side, its fur is generally black, though the front of the neck may have a maroon tinge and its belly may be interspersed with yellow hairs. Its hindlimbs are covered with brownish black fur, and its flight membranes are pale brown.[10]

Biology and ecology

Diet and foraging

The fruits of Ficus variegata, a species of fig consumed by the giant golden-crowned flying fox

The giant golden-crowned flying fox is largely frugivorous, though it also consumes plant leaves (folivorous). One study found that it is particularly dependent on Ficus fruits (figs), with Ficus seeds found in 79% of all fecal pellets. Especially common Ficus seeds were from the Urostigma subgenus (which includes Ficus species commonly referred to as banyan), as well as Ficus variegata.[16]

The results support that the primary food group is composed of fig species, including Ficus subcordata and unidentified leaves. There is a lack of consensus on whether items found frequently in the fecal samples are actually prioritized or found as an alternative food for these bats.[16]

Multiple types of figs can also contribute to different nutrients for the species. Frugivorous bats usually do not consume foods rich in protein. The overconsumption of fruits, paired with leaves may contribute to an adequate amount of protein in their diet. Figs are superior sources of calcium, which may also aid in their growth to adults.[16]

Like nearly all megabats, giant golden-crowned flying foxes cannot echolocate, and thus rely on sight to navigate.[17] This species likely commutes long distances between its roost and foraging grounds. Individuals who roosted on the island of Maripipi, for example, were documented traveling more than 12 km (7.5 mi) to access sites on another island, Biliran.[18]

Roosting and behavior

Giant golden-crowned flying foxes are nocturnal, sleeping for most of the day. They do engage in some social and maintenance behaviors during the day at times, with solitary behaviors such as self-grooming, excreting waste, and wing flapping more prevalent in the afternoon and social behaviors such as fighting and mating in the morning.[19] It forms harmonious mixed species colonies with another megabat, the large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus).[20] When time to leave the roosts for nightly foraging, the two species will head in the same direction.[20] In the 1920s, colonies of these two species would number as many as 120,000 individuals. As of 1992, the largest of these colonies was 5,000; many comprised only several hundred individuals.[18]

Reproduction

Little is known about mating and reproduction of the giant golden-crowned flying fox.

The litter size is one individual, with females likely producing no more than one litter per year.[18] It has also been speculated that females may only give birth every other year.[21] Based on limited observation, it is thought that females may not reach sexual maturity until two years of age.[14] On Negros Island, females gave birth in April or May; based on other observations, females likely give birth during this time across its range.[18] On the island of Maripipi, young were born in late May and June.[14] This species show signs of a Type II survivorship curve. Parents take effort into the survivability of the offspring to ensure maturity and independent growth. This species may live up to 13–30 years in the wild.[22] Although they typically live a long life in the wild, they are also hunted by humans and other apex predators such as the Philippine eagle. They may also be susceptible to wildlife diseases.[23]

One of the avian predators of the giant golden-crowned flying fox, the Philippine eagle

The giant golden-crowned flying fox is impacted by ectoparasites (external parasites) including Cyclopodia horsfieldi, which is a species of fly in the family Nycteribiidae ("bat flies").[24] It is preyed on by several raptors including the Philippine eagle, white-bellied sea eagle, and possibly the Brahminy kite. Non-avian predators include the reticulated python[21] and humans.[1]

Like many bat species, the giant golden-crowned flying fox has been investigated as a source of emerging infectious disease. One study tested for the presence Reston virus, a kind of Ebolavirus that affects some primates (though not humans), in a population of giant golden-crowned flying foxes at Subic Bay. Of fifty-six individuals tested for Reston virus, three were seropositive, meaning that they tested positive for antibodies against the virus.[25]

Range and habitat

The giant golden-crowned flying fox is endemic to the Philippines; it was the first endemic species of that country to be described, which it was in 1831.[16] Surveys reported in 2005 and 2011 documented this species on the islands of Bohol, Boracay, Cebu, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros and Polillo. It was formerly found on the island of Panay, though this population has been extirpated.[1]

It is a forest specialist, occurring mostly at elevations from sea level to 1,100 m (3,600 ft).[1] It prefers areas uninhabited by humans. A 2005 study found none in inhabited areas.[26] The same study also revealed that these bats use river corridors called riparian zones more than originally thought, because the fig trees located near rivers are the bats' main source of food. They like to be close to agricultural fields, but only in undisturbed forest areas.[26]

Conservation

Individual fitted with a GPS tracking device for research on habitat use and movement

As of 2016, the giant golden-crowned flying fox is listed as an endangered species by the IUCN. It meets the criteria for this designation because its population likely declined by more than 50% from 1986–2016. One of the largest factors in its decline is hunting for bushmeat.[1] Its large body size means that it is an easier target than many other bats. The practice of shooting the giant golden-crowned flying fox at its roosts results in excessive mortality, as dead individuals may not fall from the tree, and wounded individuals may glide some distance before falling. Therefore, a poacher may kill as many as thirty bats to recover ten.[18]

The giant golden-crowned flying fox is threatened by deforestation and has completely disappeared from many islands in the Philippines, such as Panay and most of Cebu.[1] Since 1900 the total forest coverage of the Philippines has been reduced from 70% to 20%.[27] Less than 10% of the original lowland forest cover now remains.[26] Negros, an island part of its range, retains only 4% of its original forest coverage.[28]

Subic Bay, Philippines

Internationally, the giant golden-crowned flying fox is protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). In 1990,[1] two of the three subspecies (A. j. lucifer and A. j. mindanensis) were included on CITES Appendix II, meaning that trade of the taxa was strictly regulated.[29] In 1995,[1][30] the species was placed CITES Appendix I. Appendix I is stricter than Appendix II, meaning that commercial trade of the species is only legal in exceptional circumstances.[31] Nationally, the species is protected by the 2001 Philippine Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act, though this law is inadequately enforced.[1]

While the majority of its roosts are within protected areas, illegal hunting occurs at a wide scale even within such areas. Three are largely protected in practice. On the island of Boracay, local landowners protect the roost from hunting disturbance. The local governments of Subic Bay and Mambukal protect another two roosts. Even though hunting pressures are lessened at these three roosts, the giant golden-crowned flying fox contends with other sources of disturbance. Tourists and their guides deliberately disturb the bats by clapping their hands or rapping on tree trunks to make the bats fly. In addition to keeping the bats from sleeping, these behaviors result in the separation of offspring from their mothers.[1]

In 2013, Bat Conservation International (BCI) listed this species as one of the 35 species of its worldwide priority list of conservation.[32] Actions that BCI has taken to promote its conservation include partnering with local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to protect its roosts, as well as educate Filipinos about bats.[33] Some captive breeding programs exist for the species, though it is uncertain if they are sufficient to make up for population declines seen in the wild.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mildenstein, T.; Paguntalan, L. (2016). "Acerodon jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T139A21988328. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T139A21988328.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b Eschscholtz, Friedrich (1831). Zoologischer Atlas enthaltend Abbildungen und Beschreibungen neuer Thierarten während des Flottcapitains von Kotzebue zweiter Reise um die Welt auf der Russisch-Kaiserlichen Kriegesschlupp Predpriaetië in den Jahren 182 beobachtet von Friedr. Eschscholtz [Zoological Atlas containing illustrations and descriptions of new species of animals during the flotation capitain of Kotzebue's second voyage around the world on the Russian-Imperial Warslope Predpriaetië in the years 182, observed by Friedr. Eschscholtz] (in German). doi:10.5962/bhl.title.38058. ISBN 978-0665183713.
  4. ^ Lewis, C. T. & Short, C. (1879). "jubatus". A Latin Dictionary. Founded on Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary (Revised, enlarged, and in great part rewritten ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  5. ^ a b Miller, G.S. (1907). "The families and genera of bats". Bulletin of the United States National Museum. U.S. Government Printing Office (57): 59.
  6. ^ a b Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  7. ^ Andersen, K. (1909). "Notes on the genus Acerodon, with a synopsis of its species and subspecies, and descriptions of four new forms". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 8. 3.
  8. ^ Elliot, D. G. (1896). "On sundry collections of mammals received by the Field Columbian Museum from different localities, with descriptions of supposed new species and sub-species". Publication. Field Columbian Museum. Zoological Series. 1 (3).
  9. ^ Heaney, L.R.; Balete, D.S.; Dollar, M.L.; Alcala, A.C.; Dans, A.T.L.; Gonzales, P.C.; Ingle, N.R.; Lepiten, M.V.; Oliver, W.L.R.; Ong, P.S.; Rickart, E.A.; Tabaranza Jr., B.R.; Utzurrum, R.C.B. (1998). "A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands". Fieldiana: Zoology (88): 12–14.
  10. ^ a b Hollister, Ned (1911). A review of the Philippine land mammals in the United States National Museum. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 135–146.
  11. ^ a b c Nowak, R. M., ed. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 264–271. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
  12. ^ a b Fleming, Theodore H.; Racey, Paul A., eds. (2010). Island Bats: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. pp. 17, 415. ISBN 9780226253312.
  13. ^ Sivaperuman, C.; Venkataraman, K. (2018). Indian Hotspots: Vertebrate Faunal Diversity, Conservation and Management. Vol. 1. Springer. p. 66. ISBN 9789811066054.
  14. ^ a b c Rickart, E. A. (1993). "The distribution and ecology of mammals on Leyte, Biliran, and Maripipi Islands, Philippines". Fieldiana Zoology. 72: 23–24.
  15. ^ Heaney, Lawrence R.; Balete, Danilo S.; Rickart, Eric A. (2016). The Mammals of Luzon Island: Biogeography and Natural History of a Philippine Fauna. JHU Press. p. 205. ISBN 9781421418377.
  16. ^ a b c d Stier, S.; Mildenstein, T. L. (2005). "Dietary habitat of the world's largest bats: the Philippine flying foxes, Acerodon jubatus and Pteropus vampyrus lanensis". Journal of Mammalogy. 86 (4): 719–728. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2005)086[0719:DHOTWL]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4094377. S2CID 86065499.
  17. ^ Springer, M. S.; Teeling, E. C.; Madsen, O.; Stanhope, M. J.; de Jong, W. W. (May 2001). "Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (11): 6241–6. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.6241S. doi:10.1073/pnas.111551998. PMC 33452. PMID 11353869.
  18. ^ a b c d e Mickleburgh, S. P.; Hutson, A. M.; Racey, P. A. (1992). Old World fruit bats: An action plan for their conservation (PDF) (Report). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. 37–38.
  19. ^ Hengjan, Yupadee; Iida, Keisuke; Doysabas, Karla Cristine C.; Phichitrasilp, Thanmaporn; Ohmori, Yasushige; Hondo, Eiichi (2017). "Diurnal behavior and activity budget of the golden-crowned flying fox (Acerodon jubatus) in the Subic bay forest reserve area, the Philippines". Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 79 (10): 1667–1674. doi:10.1292/jvms.17-0329. eISSN 1347-7439. ISSN 0916-7250. PMC 5658557. PMID 28804092.
  20. ^ a b Rabor, D. S. (1977). Philippine Birds & Mammals. UP Science Education Center. pp. 210–211. ISBN 9780824805357.
  21. ^ a b Heaney, Lawrence R.; Balete, Danilo S.; Rickart, Eric A. (2016). The Mammals of Luzon Island: Biogeography and Natural History of a Philippine Fauna. JHU Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-1421418377. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  22. ^ Stier, Sam C.; Mildenstein, Tammy L. (August 2005). "DIETARY HABITS OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST BATS: THE PHILIPPINE FLYING FOXES, ACERODON JUBATUS AND PTEROPUS VAMPYRUS LANENSIS". Journal of Mammalogy. 86 (4): 719–728. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2005)086[0719:DHOTWL]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-2372.
  23. ^ Heinen, Virginia. "Acerodon jubatus (golden-capped fruit bat)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  24. ^ Alvarez, James D. V.; Lit, Ireneo L.; Alviola, Phillip A.; Cosico, Edison A.; Eres, Eduardo G. (December 2016). "A contribution to the ectoparasite fauna of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in Mindoro Island, Philippines: I. Blood sucking Diptera (Nycteribiidae, Streblidae) and Siphonaptera (Ischnopsyllidae)". International Journal of Tropical Insect Science. 36 (4): 188–194. doi:10.1017/S1742758416000187. ISSN 1742-7592. PMC 7091725. PMID 32218804.
  25. ^ Jayme, Sarah I.; Field, Hume E.; de Jong, Carol; Olival, Kevin J.; Marsh, Glenn; Tagtag, Anson M.; Hughes, Tom; Bucad, Anthony C.; Barr, Jennifer (2015-07-17). "Molecular evidence of Ebola Reston virus infection in Philippine bats". Virology Journal. 12: 107. doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0331-3. ISSN 1743-422X. PMC 4504098. PMID 26184657.
  26. ^ a b c Mildenstein, T.; Stier, S.; Nuevodiego, C.; Mills, L. (2005). "Habitat selection of endangered and endemic large flying-foxes in Subic Bay, Philippines". Biological Conservation. 126: 93–102. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.001.
  27. ^ Lasco, R. D.; R. D. (2001). "Secondary forests in the Philippines: formation and transformation in the 20th century" (PDF). Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 13 (4): 652–670.
  28. ^ O'malley, R.; King, T.; Turner, C. S.; Tyler, S.; Benares, J.; Cummings, M.; Raines, P. (2006). "The diversity and distribution of the fruit bat fauna (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Megachiroptera) of Danjugan Island, Cauayan, Negros Occidental, Philippines (with notes on the Microchiroptera)". Biodiversity and Conservation. 15 (1): 43–56. doi:10.1007/s10531-004-2931-x. S2CID 42455606.
  29. ^ "Protection and Conservation of Philippine Wild Birds, Mammals, and Reptiles". Environmental Treaties and Resource Indicators. 13 September 1991. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  30. ^ Amendments to Appendices I and II of the Convention (PDF) (Report). CITES. 1994.
  31. ^ Aziz, S. A.; Olival, K. J.; Bumrungsri, S.; Richards, G. C.; Racey, P. A. (2016). "The Conflict Between Pteropodid Bats and Fruit Growers: Species, Legislation and Mitigation". In Voigt, C.; Kingston, T. (eds.). Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-25220-9.
  32. ^ "Annual Report 2013-2014" (PDF). batcon.org. Bat Conservation International. August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 7, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  33. ^ "Golden-crowned Flying Fox: A megabat species that plays an important ecological role in the Philippines". Bat Conservation International. 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2019.

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Giant golden-crowned flying fox: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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The giant golden-crowned flying fox (Acerodon jubatus), also known as the golden-capped fruit bat, is a species of megabat endemic to the Philippines. Since its description in 1831, three subspecies of the giant golden-crowned flying fox have been recognized, one of which is extinct. The extinct subspecies (A. jubatus lucifer) was formerly recognized as a full species, the Panay golden-crowned flying fox. Formerly, this species was placed in the genus Pteropus; while it is no longer within the genus, it has many physical similarities to Pteropus megabats. It is one of the largest bat species in the world, weighing up to 1.4 kg (3.1 lb)—only the Indian and great flying fox can weigh more. It has the longest documented forearm length of any bat species at 21 cm (8.3 in).

It is primarily frugivorous, consuming several kinds of fig and some leaves. It forages at night and sleeps during the day in tree roosts. These roosts can consist of thousands of individuals, often including another species, the large flying fox. Not much is known about its reproduction; it gives birth annually from April through June, with females having one pup at a time. Predators of the giant golden-crowned flying fox include raptors such as eagles, the reticulated python, and humans.

Owing to deforestation and poaching for bushmeat, it is an endangered species. Though national and international law makes hunting and trade of this species illegal, these regulations are inadequately enforced, meaning that the species is frequently hunted nonetheless. Even in roosts that are more stringently protected from poaching, it is still affected by human disturbance via tourists who intentionally disturb them during the day.

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Acerodon jubatus ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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El murciélago diadema de Filipinas o zorro volador filipino (Acerodon jubatus) es una especie de murciélago megaquiróptero de la familia Pteropodidae. Es el murciélago de mayor tamaño conocido en el mundo. Esta especie se encuentra amenazada y está catalogada actualmente como en peligro de extinción,[1]​ debido a su caza intensiva para obtener su carne y al furtivismo. Son endémicos de Filipinas, donde viven en zonas arboladas de las selvas de Maitum, provincia de Sarangani.

Descripción

Los megaquirópteros reciben generalmente el nombre de murciélagos de la fruta o también «zorros voladores» a causa de su semejanza facial con los zorros. El zorro volador filipino es un buen ejemplo de este parecido. Carecen de cola, tienen un largo hocico puntiagudo comparado con el de los microquirópteros y pequeñas orejas que les dan el aspecto de un zorro con alas. Tiene unos grandes ojos y, como los demás megaquirópteros, carecen de ecolocalización.

Están considerados como los mayores murciélagos del mundo, con una envergadura media de 1,5 m y un peso de hasta 1,2 kg (aunque Pteropus vampyrus tiene una envergadura algo mayor, tiene menos peso). Los machos son mayores y más pesados que las hembras.[2]

Hábitat

El zorro volador filipino está confinado a las selvas tropicales de Filipinas. Se les puede encontrar en muchas zonas diferentes de estas selvas, desde el nivel del mar hasta los bosques montañosos. Prefieren las áreas deshabitadas, como demuestra un estudio de 2005 que no encontró ningún ejemplar en áreas habitadas.[3]​ El mismo estudio también reveló que estos murciélagos usan más el río como eje fluvial de lo que inicialmente se creía, porque las higueras localizadas cerca de ríos son su principal fuente de alimento; a su vez se comprobó que les gusta estar cerca de campos agrícolas, pero solo en áreas forestales tranquilas. En otro estudio se muestra que es una especie forestal obligada, y que permanece en la selva la mayor parte del tiempo, por lo que para su conservación es necesario preservar las áreas boscosas. La intervención humana en el hábitat forestal y de tierras bajas de este murciélago es el factor principal de su inclusión en la lista de especies en peligro.[4]

Ecología y comportamiento

A. Jubatus es fundamentalmente nocturno, y puede viajar más de 40 kilómetros en una sola noche buscando comida. Es un importante polinizador y dispersor de semillas para muchos árboles frutales de las Filipinas.

Una característica curiosa de esta especie es que se cree que una de las razones por las que vive cerca del agua es porque la usa para asearse; cuando vuelan sobre el agua pueden descender y recogerla con sus alas, y posteriormente utilizarla para cepillarse y limpiarse. Por su parte este aseo también puede ayudarles a permanecer limpios y menos perceptibles para sus depredadores.[3]

Su principal alimento son cuatro especies de higos, aunque también come otras frutas si estos no están disponibles. Se ha reportado que comen la fruta cultivada, pero esto es realmente raro o muy poco común. Son muy importantes para las selvas tropicales de las Filipinas, conocido como «el sembrador silencioso», a menudo dejan caer semillas durante el vuelo o los liberan en sus descensos. Esto ayuda al bosque a regenerarse y sin este murciélago la selva tropical en la que habita se vería seriamente afectada sin este gran distribuidor para semillas, causando un importante impacto en su desarrollo y conservación.[5][4]

Se sabe poco sobre su reproducción. Parecen tener dos temporadas criadoras, pero las hembras solo quedan preñadas durante uno de ellas. Generalmente dan a luz a una sola cría. Las hembras alcanzan la madurez sexual a los dos años. No se dispone de información sobre su longevidad.[2]

Cuando los murciélagos frugívoros eran mucho más comunes en las Filipinas, A. jubatus formaba grandes colonias con otros grandes zorros voladores, como el gran Pteropus vampyrus, y se han reportado colonias de más de 150 000 individuos.[6]​ Este comportamiento, que los hizo tan fáciles a cazar, los ayudaba a mantenerse calientes y más a salvo de potenciales depredadores.[7]

Conservación

El zorro volador filipino se encuentra en peligro por la deforestación y ha desaparecido completamente de muchas islas pequeñas y algunas islas más grandes, como la Cebú por esta causa. También los cazan comercialmente por su carne en algunas áreas. La administración municipal de Maitum (Sarangani) en las Filipinas ha organizado una campaña para salvar esta rara especie de la extinción.

En las Filipinas y en todo el mundo se sabe poco sobre esta especie lo que la hace más difícil de administrar, pero a la vista de la fuerte disminución de su número muchas organizaciones ecologistas y agencias gubernamentales intentan frenar su decadencia e intentan su recuperación en las regiones silvestres de Filipinas. La región filipina de Súbic y su bahía es sede de varias investigaciones sobre la especie, y cuenta con un área de protección de más de 5000 ha gestionada por particulares que desean conservar la especie.

Algunas agencias conservacionistas promueven la recuperación de esta especie, como Bat Conservation International, Wildlife Conservation Society, Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza y otras. Estas agencias promueven la conservación de varias formas, como la financiación de investigaciones y proyectos educativos en la zona y por todo el mundo.[3]

La Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN) puso en marcha un programa de cría en cautividad.[3]

Referencias

  1. a b Mildenstein, T., Cariño,A., Paul, S., Heaney, L., Alviola, P., Duya, A., Stier, S., Pedregosa, S., Lorica, R., Ingle, N., Balete, D., García, J.J., González, J.C., Ong, P., Rosell-Ambal, G. y Tabaranza, B. (2008). «Acerodon jubatus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 28 de junio de 2010.
  2. a b Heinen, V. y B. Lundrigan (2009). «Acerodon jubatus golden-capped fruit bat» (en inglés). Animal Diversity Web. University Of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Consultado el 28 de junio de 2010.
  3. a b c d Mildenstein, T.; Stier, S.; Nuevodiego, C. y Mills; L. (2005). «Habitat selection of endangered and endemic large flying-foxes in Subic Bay, Philippines». Biological Conservation (en inglés) 126: 93-102. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.001.
  4. a b Stier, Sam y Mildenstein, Tammy L. (2005). «Dietary Habitat of the World's Largest Bats:The Philippine Flying Foxes, Acerodon Jubatus and Pteropus Vampyrus Lanensis». Journal of Mammalogy (en inglés) 86: 719-28. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2005)086[0719:DHOTWL]2.0.CO;2. Archivado desde el original el 15 de junio de 2010.
  5. Mickleburgh, S.P., Hutson, A.M., Racey, P.A. (1992). «Old World Fruit Bats: An Action Plan for their Conservation». IUCN/SSC Chiroptera Specialist Group (en inglés). doi:10.2305/IUCN.CH.1992.SSC-AP.6.en. Archivado desde el original el 30 de diciembre de 2010.
  6. Rabor, D. S. (1986). Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna (en inglés). Natural Resources Management Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines.
  7. Macdonald, D. W. (2006). The Encyclopedia of Mammals (en inglés). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0816064946.

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Acerodon jubatus: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

wikipedia ES tarafından sağlandı

El murciélago diadema de Filipinas o zorro volador filipino (Acerodon jubatus) es una especie de murciélago megaquiróptero de la familia Pteropodidae. Es el murciélago de mayor tamaño conocido en el mundo. Esta especie se encuentra amenazada y está catalogada actualmente como en peligro de extinción,​ debido a su caza intensiva para obtener su carne y al furtivismo. Son endémicos de Filipinas, donde viven en zonas arboladas de las selvas de Maitum, provincia de Sarangani.

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Acerodon jubatus ( Baskça )

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Acerodon jubatus edo Filipinetako azeri hegalaria Acerodon generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Eschscholtz (1831) Part 4 Zool. Atlas 1. or..

Ikus, gainera

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Acerodon jubatus: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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Acerodon jubatus edo Filipinetako azeri hegalaria Acerodon generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Renard volant des Philippines ( Fransızca )

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Acerodon jubatus

Le Renard volant des Philippines (Acerodon jubatus) ou Roussette à couronne dorée est une chauve-souris frugivore rare que l'on trouve exclusivement aux Philippines. C'est aussi l'une des plus grosses espèces de chauves-souris au monde.

Vivant dans les grottes et la forêt tropicale de Maitum, province de Sarangani, à l'extrême sud des Philippines, cette espèce est en voie d'extinction à cause du braconnage et de la destruction de son habitat naturel.

Ce mammifère volant a une envergure d'au moins 1,50 m et pèse environ 1,2 kg. Il peut mesurer jusqu'à 50 cm. Actif la nuit, il peut parcourir de longues distances en vol, jusqu'à 40 km pour se nourrir de divers fruits. Sa nourriture préférée est la figue mûre.

Le gouvernement local de Maitum a organisé une campagne pour sauver cette espèce rare de l'extinction.

Lorsqu'elles ne volent pas ces roussettes vivent comme toutes les chauves-souris, la tête en bas. Leurs griffes sont si acérées que ces géantes dépouillent les arbres de leur écorce.

Leurs grandes ailes assurent une fonction subsidiaire. En effet, par temps froid, elles se couvrent avec, créant ainsi une double couche séparée par une couche d'air, une barrière très efficace pour conserver la chaleur. À l'inverse, par temps chaud, elles battent des ailes pour se rafraîchir. Au même titre que les éléphants avec leur oreilles, les vaisseaux sanguins qui parcourent leurs ailes permettent aux roussettes de rafraîchir l'ensemble du corps en abaissant la température du sang.

Liste des sous-espèces

 src=
Un Acerodon jubatus au repos sur l'île de Mindanao aux Philippines.

Selon MSW:

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Renard volant des Philippines: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

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Acerodon jubatus

Le Renard volant des Philippines (Acerodon jubatus) ou Roussette à couronne dorée est une chauve-souris frugivore rare que l'on trouve exclusivement aux Philippines. C'est aussi l'une des plus grosses espèces de chauves-souris au monde.

Vivant dans les grottes et la forêt tropicale de Maitum, province de Sarangani, à l'extrême sud des Philippines, cette espèce est en voie d'extinction à cause du braconnage et de la destruction de son habitat naturel.

Ce mammifère volant a une envergure d'au moins 1,50 m et pèse environ 1,2 kg. Il peut mesurer jusqu'à 50 cm. Actif la nuit, il peut parcourir de longues distances en vol, jusqu'à 40 km pour se nourrir de divers fruits. Sa nourriture préférée est la figue mûre.

Le gouvernement local de Maitum a organisé une campagne pour sauver cette espèce rare de l'extinction.

Lorsqu'elles ne volent pas ces roussettes vivent comme toutes les chauves-souris, la tête en bas. Leurs griffes sont si acérées que ces géantes dépouillent les arbres de leur écorce.

Leurs grandes ailes assurent une fonction subsidiaire. En effet, par temps froid, elles se couvrent avec, créant ainsi une double couche séparée par une couche d'air, une barrière très efficace pour conserver la chaleur. À l'inverse, par temps chaud, elles battent des ailes pour se rafraîchir. Au même titre que les éléphants avec leur oreilles, les vaisseaux sanguins qui parcourent leurs ailes permettent aux roussettes de rafraîchir l'ensemble du corps en abaissant la température du sang.

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Ialtóg mheasa órchaipíneach ( İrlandaca )

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Is ainmhí í an ialtóg mheasa órchaipíneach. Mamach atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Acerodon jubatus ( Galiçyaca )

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O Acerodon jubatus é un raro morcego megaquiróptero da familia Pteropodidae. É o morcego de maior tamaño coñecido no mundo. Esta especie atópase ameazada e está catalogada actualmente como en perigo de extinción,[1] debido á súa caza intensiva para obter a súa carne e ao furtivismo. Son endémicos de Filipinas, onde viven en covas e árbores das selvas de Maitum, provincia de Sarangani.

Descrición

Os megaquirópteros reciben xeralmente o nome de morcegos da froita ou tamén «raposos voadores» por mor da súa semellanza facial cos raposos. O raposo voador filipino é un bo exemplo deste parecido. Carecen de cola, teñen un longo fociño puntiagudo comparado co dos microquirópteros e pequenas orellas que lles dan o aspecto dun raposo con ás. Ten uns grandes ollos e, como os demais megaquirópteros, carecen de ecolocación.

Están considerados como os maiores morcegos do mundo, cunha envergadura media de 1,5 m e un peso de até 1,2 kg (aínda que o Pteropus vampyrus ten unha maior envergadura). Os machos son maiores e máis pesados cás femias.[2]

Hábitat

O raposo voador filipino está confinado ás selvas tropicais de Filipinas. Pódeselles atopar en moitas zonas diferentes destas selvas, dende o nivel do mar até os bosques montañosos. Prefiren as áreas deshabitadas, como demostra un estudo de 2005 que non atopou ningún exemplar en áreas habitadas.[3] O mesmo estudo tamén revelou que estes morcegos usan máis o río como eixo fluvial do que inicialmente se cría, porque as figueiras localizadas preto de ríos son a súa principal fonte de alimento; á súa vez comprobouse que lles gusta estar preto de campos agrícolas, pero só en áreas forestais tranquilas. Noutro estudo móstrase que é unha especie forestal obrigada, e que permanece na selva a maior parte do tempo, polo que para a súa conservación é necesario preservar as áreas boscosas. A intervención humana no hábitat forestal e de terras baixas deste morcego é o factor principal da súa inclusión na lista de especies en perigo.[4]

Ecoloxía e comportamento

A. Jubatus é fundamentalmente nocturno, e pode viaxar máis de 40 quilómetros nunha soa noite buscando comida. É un importante polinizador e dispersor de sementes para moitas árbores froiteiras das Filipinas.

Unha característica curiosa desta especie é que se cre que unha das razóns polas que vive preto da auga é porque a usa para asearse; cando voan sobre a auga poden descender e recollela coas súas ás, e posteriormente utilizala para peitearse e limparse. Pola súa banda este aseo tamén pode axudarlles a ficar limpos e menos perceptibles para os seus depredadores.[3]

O seu principal alimento son catro especies de figos, aínda que tamén come outras froitas se estes non están dispoñibles. Reportouse que comen a froita cultivada, pero isto é realmente raro ou moi pouco común. Son moi importantes para as selvas tropicais das Filipinas, coñecido como «o sementador silencioso», a miúdo deixan caer sementes durante o voo ou os liberan nos seus descensos. Isto axuda ao bosque a rexenerarse e sen este morcego a selva tropical na que habita veríase seriamente afectada sen este gran distribuidor de sementes, causando un importante impacto no seu desenvolvemento e conservación.[4][5]

Sábese pouco sobre a súa reprodución. Parecen ter dúas tempadas criadoras, pero as femias só quedan preñadas durante unha delas. Xeralmente dan a luz a unha soa cría. As femias acadan a madurez sexual aos dous anos. Non se dispón de información sobre a súa lonxevidade.[2]

Cando os morcegos fruxívoros eran moito máis comúns nas Filipinas, A. jubatus formaba grandes colonias con outros grandes raposos voadores, como o gran Pteropus vampyrus, e reportáronse colonias de máis de 150 000 individuos.[6] Este comportamento, que os fixo tan doados a cazar, axudábaos a manterse quentes e máis a salvo de potenciais depredadores.[7]

Conservación

O raposo voador filipino atópase en perigo pola deforestación e desapareceu completamente de moitas illas pequenas e algunhas illas máis grandes, como Cebú por mor desta causa. Tamén os cazan comercialmente pola súa carne nalgunhas áreas. A administración municipal de Maitum (Sarangani) nas Filipinas organizou unha campaña para salvar esta rara especie da extinción.

Nas Filipinas e en todo o mundo sábese pouco sobre esta especie o que a fai máis difícil de administrar, pero á vista da forte diminución do seu número moitas organizacións ecoloxistas e axencias gobernamentais tentan frear a súa decadencia e tentan a súa recuperación nas rexións silvestres de Filipinas. A rexión filipina de maila Súbic e súa baía é sede de varias investigacións sobre a especie, e conta cunha área de protección de máis de 5000 ha xestionada por particulares que desexan conservar a especie.

Algunhas axencias conservacionistas promoven a recuperación desta especie, como Bat Conservation International, Wildlife Conservation Society, Fondo Mundial para a Natureza e outras. Estas axencias promoven a conservación de varias formas, como o financiamento de investigacións e proxectos educativos na zona e por todo o mundo.[3]

A Unión Internacional para a Conservación da Natureza (UICN) puxo en marcha un programa de cría en catividade.[3]

Notas

  1. 1,0 1,1 Mildenstein, T., Cariño,A., Paul, S., Heaney, L., Alviola, P., Duya, A., Stier, S., Pedregosa, S., Lorica, R., Ingle, N., Balete, D., Garcia, J.J., Gonzalez, J.C., Ong, P., Rosell-Ambal, G. y Tabaranza, B. (2008). "Acerodon jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010. IUCN 2010. Consultado o 06/01/2011.
  2. 2,0 2,1 Heinen, V. e B. Lundrigan (2009). "Acerodon jubatus golden-capped fruit bat" (en inglés). Animal Diversity Web. University Of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Consultado o 6/01/2011.
  3. 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Mildenstein, T.; Stier, S.; Nuevodiego, C. e Mills; L. (2005). "Habitat selection of endangered and endemic large flying-foxes in Subic Bay, Philippines". Biological Conservation (en inglés) 126: 93?102. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.001.
  4. 4,0 4,1 Stier, Sam e Mildenstein, Tammy L. (2005). "Dietary Habitat of the World's Largest Bats:The Philippine Flying Foxes, Acerodon Jubatus and Pteropus Vampyrus Lanensis" (PDF). Journal of Mammalogy (en inglés) 86: 719?28. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2005)086[0719:DHOTWL]2.0.CO;2. Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 15 de xuño de 2010. Consultado o 06 de xaneiro de 2011.
  5. Mickleburgh, S.P., Hutson, A.M., Racey, P.A. (1992). "Old World Fruit Bats: An Action Plan for their Conservation". IUCN/SSC Chiroptera Specialist Group (en inglés). doi:10.2305/IUCN.CH.1992.SSC-AP.6.en. Arquivado dende o orixinal o 30 de decembro de 2010. Consultado o 06 de xaneiro de 2011.
  6. Rabor, D. S. (1986). Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna (en inglés). Natural Resources Management Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines.
  7. Macdonald, D. W. (2006). The Encyclopedia of Mammals (en inglés). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0816064946.

Véxase tamén

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Acerodon jubatus: Brief Summary ( Galiçyaca )

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O Acerodon jubatus é un raro morcego megaquiróptero da familia Pteropodidae. É o morcego de maior tamaño coñecido no mundo. Esta especie atópase ameazada e está catalogada actualmente como en perigo de extinción, debido á súa caza intensiva para obter a súa carne e ao furtivismo. Son endémicos de Filipinas, onde viven en covas e árbores das selvas de Maitum, provincia de Sarangani.

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Kelelawar mahkota emas ( Endonezce )

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Kelelawar Mahkota Emas (Acerodon jubatus) adalah salah satu spesies kelelawar langka dengan karakteristik sayap yang sangat panjang. Nyatanya, sayap jenis kelelawar ini seringkali terlihat menyelimuti tubuh mereka seperti menggunakan mantel. Saat terlihat utuh, panjang sayap mereka dapat mencapai hingga lima kaki. Sayap tersebut memiliki berat sebesar 2,5 pound.

Kelelawar ini disinyalir sebagai spesies kelelawar terbesar di dunia. Kelelawar ini memiliki wajah yang menyerupai rubah. Spesies kelelawar ini memiliki moncong panjang yang menyerupai moncong seekor anjing (canine). Spesies kelelawar ini juga memiliki telinga yang runcing, bukan bulat seperti spesies kelelawar pada umumnya. Mereka kerap disebut juga dengan panggilan Rubah Bersayap.

Kelelawar spesies ini juga memiliki bulu berwarna coklat keemaasan di kepala mereka yang merepresentasikan nama mereka. Namun bulu di seluruh tubuh mereka termasuk di sayap mereka, berwarna hitam. Namun demikian, "profiling DNA" menunjukan bahwa spesies kelelawar ini tidak memiliki hubungan dengan rubah. Selain itu, mereka juga tidak memiliki ekor seperti umumnya spesies kelalawar buah lainnya.[2]

Referensi

  1. ^ Mildenstein, T.; et al. (2008). "Acerodon jubatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Diakses tanggal 13 Januari 2009.
  2. ^ https://www.batworlds.com/giant-golden-crowned-flying-fox/"bat world". GIANT GOLDEN-CROWNED FLYING-FOX. Diakses tanggal 2 Desember 2018.
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Kelelawar mahkota emas: Brief Summary ( Endonezce )

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Kelelawar Mahkota Emas (Acerodon jubatus) adalah salah satu spesies kelelawar langka dengan karakteristik sayap yang sangat panjang. Nyatanya, sayap jenis kelelawar ini seringkali terlihat menyelimuti tubuh mereka seperti menggunakan mantel. Saat terlihat utuh, panjang sayap mereka dapat mencapai hingga lima kaki. Sayap tersebut memiliki berat sebesar 2,5 pound.

Kelelawar ini disinyalir sebagai spesies kelelawar terbesar di dunia. Kelelawar ini memiliki wajah yang menyerupai rubah. Spesies kelelawar ini memiliki moncong panjang yang menyerupai moncong seekor anjing (canine). Spesies kelelawar ini juga memiliki telinga yang runcing, bukan bulat seperti spesies kelelawar pada umumnya. Mereka kerap disebut juga dengan panggilan Rubah Bersayap.

Kelelawar spesies ini juga memiliki bulu berwarna coklat keemaasan di kepala mereka yang merepresentasikan nama mereka. Namun bulu di seluruh tubuh mereka termasuk di sayap mereka, berwarna hitam. Namun demikian, "profiling DNA" menunjukan bahwa spesies kelelawar ini tidak memiliki hubungan dengan rubah. Selain itu, mereka juga tidak memiliki ekor seperti umumnya spesies kelalawar buah lainnya.

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Acerodon jubatus ( İtalyanca )

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La volpe volante dal capo dorato (Acerodon jubatus Eschscholtz, 1831) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, diffuso nell'Arcipelago delle Filippine.[1][2]

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Pipistrello di grandi dimensioni, con la lunghezza totale tra 255 e 310 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 165 e 215 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 31 e 41 mm, un'apertura alare fino a 1,7 m e un peso fino a 1,25 kg[3]. È considerato tra le specie di pipistrelli più grandi del mondo.

Aspetto

La pelliccia è corta. Il colore generale del corpo è bruno-nerastro, con le parti ventrali densamente cosparse di peli giallastri. Le spalle sono color nocciola. Il capo e la nuca sono color giallastro, fortemente in contrasto con il resto della pelliccia. Il muso è nerastro, lungo ed affusolato, gli occhi sono grandi. Le orecchie sono lunghe e larghe, attenuate verso l'estremità arrotondata. Le membrane alari variano dal marrone al marrone scuro e sono chiazzate con macchie irregolari più chiare. La tibia è ricoperta di peli soltanto nella prima metà dorsale. Il pollice è insolitamente più lungo rispetto alle altre specie del genere. È privo di coda, mentre l'uropatagio è ridotto ad una sottile membrana lungo la parte interna degli arti inferiori ed è ricoperto densamente di peli nella sua parte centrale. La sottospecie A.j. mindanensis è la più grande.

Biologia

Comportamento

Si rifugia su alberi massicci, spesso su scogliere inaccessibili, in colonie numerose fino a 5.000 individui, insieme ad altre specie di Pteropus.

Alimentazione

Si nutre di specie native di Ficus.

Riproduzione

Le femmine danno alla luce un piccolo una volta l'anno tra aprile e maggio.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è diffusa nell'Arcipelago delle Filippine.

Vive in foreste primarie fino a 1.100 metri di altitudine. È stato osservato anche in mangrovie, foreste di bambù e foreste paludose. Preferisce le piccole isole lungo la costa.

Tassonomia

Sono state riconosciute 2 sottospecie:

La specie A.lucifer, considerata estinta, era praticamente identica esternamente a A.jubatus, ma con un avambraccio di soli 165 mm. Viene attualmente trattata come sinonimo.

Stato di conservazione

La IUCN Red List, considerato il declino della specie dovuto alla caccia e al degrado del suo habitat, classifica A. jubatus come specie in pericolo (EN).[1] La CITES ha inserito questa specie nell'appendice I.

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) Mildenstein, T., Cariño,A., Paul, S., Heaney, L., Alviola, P., Duya, A., Stier, S., Pedregosa, S., Lorica, R., Ingle, N., Balete, D., Garcia, J.J., Gonzalez, J.C., Ong, P., Rosell-Ambal, G. & Tabaranza, B. 2008, Acerodon jubatus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Acerodon jubatus, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ Ingle & Heaney, 1992.

Bibliografia

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Acerodon jubatus: Brief Summary ( İtalyanca )

wikipedia IT tarafından sağlandı

La volpe volante dal capo dorato (Acerodon jubatus Eschscholtz, 1831) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, diffuso nell'Arcipelago delle Filippine.

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Filipijnse vliegende hond ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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De Filipijnse vliegende hond (Acerodon jubatus) is een soort uit de familie van de vliegende honden die alleen voorkomt in de Filipijnen. Er wordt gezegd dat dit de grootste vleermuis ter wereld is.

Algemeen

De Filipijnse vliegende hond is een nachtdier. Hij weegt ongeveer 1,2 kg. Zijn vleugels hebben een spanwijdte van zo'n 1,5 meter en hij kan afstanden tot wel 40 km vliegen voor voedsel.

Onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat de inmiddels uitgestorven soort Acerodon lucifer morfologisch gezien niet te onderscheiden is van de Acerodon jubatus en daarom tot deze soort gerekend dient te worden.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt in het hele land voor met uitzondering van Palawan, de Batan-eilanden en de Babuyan-eilanden. Ze komen voor in kolonies van maximaal 5000 exemplaren in laaggelegen bossen en oerwouden.

Het aantal loopt terug als gevolg van ontbossing en de jacht op deze soort. Als gevolg hiervan wordt de Filipijnse vliegende hond nu beschouwd als een bedreigde diersoort.

Voedsel

De Filipijnse vliegende hond eet voornamelijk fruit, met een voorkeur voor rijpe vijgen.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Acerodon jubatus van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Filipijnse vliegende hond: Brief Summary ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

wikipedia NL tarafından sağlandı

De Filipijnse vliegende hond (Acerodon jubatus) is een soort uit de familie van de vliegende honden die alleen voorkomt in de Filipijnen. Er wordt gezegd dat dit de grootste vleermuis ter wereld is.

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Acerodon grzywiasty ( Lehçe )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Acerodon grzywiasty[3] (Acerodon jubatus) – zagrożony wyginięciem endemiczny gatunek nietoperza z rodziny rudawkowatych. Występuje na Filipinach. Ma największą rozpiętość skrzydeł wśród nietoperzy – mierzy ona 1,5-1,7 metra[4]. Jest owocożerny.

Przypisy

  1. Acerodon jubatus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Mildenstein, T., Cariño,A., Paul, S., Heaney, L., Alviola, P., Duya, A., Stier, S., Pedregosa, S., Lorica, R., Ingle, N., Balete, D., Garcia, J.J., Gonzalez, J.C., Ong, P., Rosell-Ambal, G. & Tabaranza, B. 2008, Acerodon jubatus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015.2 [dostęp 2015-08-21] (ang.).
  3. Nazwa polska za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 78. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. Nowak, R. M., ed. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World, Volume 1 (6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 264–271. ​ISBN 0-8018-5789-9​.
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Acerodon grzywiasty: Brief Summary ( Lehçe )

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Acerodon grzywiasty (Acerodon jubatus) – zagrożony wyginięciem endemiczny gatunek nietoperza z rodziny rudawkowatych. Występuje na Filipinach. Ma największą rozpiętość skrzydeł wśród nietoperzy – mierzy ona 1,5-1,7 metra. Jest owocożerny.

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Acerodon jubatus ( Portekizce )

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Acerodon jubatus é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae ameaçada de extinção. Endêmica das Filipinas.

Referências

  • SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 312-529.
  • Mildenstein, T., Cariño,A., Paul, S., Heaney, L., Alviola, P., Duya, A., Stier, S., Pedregosa, S., Lorica, R., Ingle, N., Balete, D., Garcia, J.J., Gonzalez, J.C., Ong, P., Rosell-Ambal, G., Tabaranza, B. 2008. Acerodon jubatus. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 1 de janeiro de 2009.
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Acerodon jubatus: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

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Acerodon jubatus é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae ameaçada de extinção. Endêmica das Filipinas.

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Acerodon jubatus ( İsveççe )

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Acerodon jubatus[2][3][4] är en fladdermusart som först beskrevs av Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz 1831. Acerodon jubatus ingår i släktet Acerodon, och familjen flyghundar.[5][6][7][8] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som starkt hotad.[1][9]

Det svenska trivialnamnet guldmantlad flyghund förekommer för arten.[10]

Underarter

Fyra underarter är listade, varav två är ifrågasatta:[11]

  • Acerodon jubatus aurinuchalis?
  • Acerodon jubatus jubatus
  • Acerodon jubatus mindanensis
  • Acerodon jubatus pyrrhocephalus?

Utseende

Denna flyghund når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 17 till 29 cm och en underarmlängd av 12,5 till 20 cm. Det finns ingen synlig svans och vingspannen är 1,5 till 1,7m. Arten väger 1,05 till 2,0 kg. Hanar är vanligen större än honor. Pälsens färg varierar. De flesta individerna är mörkbrun till svart i ansiktet, gulaktig vid naken, rödbrun på axlarna och åter mörkbrun till svart vid bakre bålen samt på undersidan. Ofta finns gula hår glest fördelad i den svartbruna pälsen. Acerodon jubatus har spetsiga öron och en klo vid andra fingret på framtassen.[12]

Utbredning och ekologi

Acerodon jubatus är endemisk i Filippinerna där den är utbredd över nästan hela landet. Den har rapporterats på upp till 1100 meter över havet.[1] Arten lever i kolonier, ofta med kalongen, en av världens största fladdermusarter.[8] A. jubatus tillhör världens tyngsta fladdermöss med en vikt på upp till 1200 gram.[1]

Under 1920-talet observerades kolonier med Acerodon jubatus och andra flyghundar som hade mellan 100 000 och 150 000 medlemmar. Efter 1980-talet hittades inga kolonier som hade fler än 30 000 individer och de flesta kolonierna bildades av cirka 5 000 individer. Arten har en kännetecknande kroppslukt som troligen används för kommunikationen. Däremot hittades inga doftkörtlar som skulle förklara kroppslukten. Acerodon jubatus äter liksom andra flyghundar frukter. Den föredrar fikon och äter i viss mån blad.[12]

Det är nästan inget känt om fortplantningssättet. Ungar föds mellan april och juni och troligen föds bara en unge per kull. Honor i fångenskap hade bara vartannat år en kull.[12]

Referenser

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] 2008 Acerodon jubatus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  3. ^ (1998) , website, Mammal Species of the World
  4. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  5. ^ Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (14 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/acerodon+jubatus/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  6. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  7. ^ ”Mamiferos do Mondo”. http://mamiferosdomundo.blogspot.se/search?q=Acerodon. Läst 2 december 2013.
  8. ^ [a b] ”Acerodon jubatus — Details Golden-capped Fruit Bat”. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/pages/327307/details. Läst 2 december 2013.
  9. ^ ”Acerodon jubatus (Eschscholtz, 1831) Taxonomic Serial No.: 631541”. ITIT Report. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=631541. Läst 2 december 2013.
  10. ^ Kommissionens förordning (EU) 2017/160 om skyddet av vilda djur (PDF), Europeiska unionen, sid.19, läst 2018-09-01.
  11. ^ ”Species Sheet – Acerodon jubatus, Golden-crowned Flying Fox, Golden-capped Fruit Bat, Maned Kalong”. Mammal’s Planet. Arkiverad från originalet den 5 december 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131205081216/http://www.planet-mammiferes.org/drupal/en/node/38?indice=Acerodon+jubatus. Läst 2 december 2013.
  12. ^ [a b c] V. Heinen (14 april 2009). ”Golden-capped fruit bat” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Acerodon_jubatus/. Läst 20 september 2015.

Tryckta källor

  • Heaney, L. R. och Heideman, P. D., “Philippine fruit bats, endangered and extinct”, Bats 5, sid 3-5 (1987)
  • Heaney, L. R. och Utzurrum, R. B., ”A review of the conservation status of Philippine land mammals”, Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines, Communications 3, sid 1-13. (1991)
  • Heaney, L.R., Balete, D.S., Dollar, M.L., Alcala, A.C., Dans, A.T.L., Gonzales, P.C., Ingle, N. R., Lepiten, M. V., Oliver, W. L. R., Ong, P. S., Rickart, E.A., Tabaranza Jr., B.R. och Utzurrum, R.C.B., “A synopsis of the Mammalian Fauna of the Philippine Islands”, Fieldiana: Zoology, volym 88, sid 1-61 (1998)
  • Koopman, K. F., “Chiroptera: Systematics” i J. Niethammer, H. Schliemann och D. Starck (red), “Handbook of Zoology”, Volume 8 Mammalia, Berlin och New York (1994)
  • Nowak, R. M., “Walker's Mammals of the World, 5 edition”, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore & London (1991)
  • Rabor, D.S., “Guide to the Philippine flora and fauna”, Natural Resources Management Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines (1986)
  • Simmons, N. B., “Order Chiroptera”, i D. E. Wilson och D. M. Reeder (red.) “Mammal Species of the World”, sid 312-529, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, USA (2005)

Externa länkar

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Acerodon jubatus: Brief Summary ( İsveççe )

wikipedia SV tarafından sağlandı

Acerodon jubatus är en fladdermusart som först beskrevs av Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz 1831. Acerodon jubatus ingår i släktet Acerodon, och familjen flyghundar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som starkt hotad.

Det svenska trivialnamnet guldmantlad flyghund förekommer för arten.

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Ацеродон гривастий ( Ukraynaca )

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Опис

Загальна довжина самців: 340—343 мм. Загальна довжина самиць: 336—338 мм. Вага до 1,1 кг. На верхній частині голови волосся має золотисті кінчики. На задній частині шиї волосся помаранчево-жовте, коричнево-чорна шерсть на інших частинах голови і червонувато-коричнева — на спині. Шерсть на нижній частині тіла червонувата з сріблястими кінчиками волосків. Як і інші види Pteropodidae, має великі очі й прості, але помітні, вуха.

Середовище проживання

Ацеродон гривастий зазвичай зустрічається на висотному діапазоні 0—1100 м над рівнем моря. Зазвичай лаштує сідала на деревах, в мангрових заростях, як правило, на невеликих островах.

Поведінка

Ці крилани живуть в колоніях, часто разом з калонгом. Історично, такі колонії складалися з кількох тисяч особин. Увечері Ацеродони гривасті залишають свої місця спочинку і летять до 30 км щоб харчуватися фруктами, особливо плодами дерев роду Ficus. Вони знаходить їжу, використовуючи хороший зір, без використання ехолокації.

Сезон розмноження зазвичай припадає на більш сухі місяці в квітні й травні. Самиці, як вважають, народжують не більше ніж 1 дитинча щороку.

Загрози та охорона

У результаті вирубки лісів і полювання, чисельність населення ацеродона гривастого по всіх Філіппінах значно скоротилися, і цей вид зник повністю з ряду островів. Природне місце існування на Філіппінах є одним з найбільш уразливих у світі, лише від шести до семи відсотків від вихідної площі первинного лісу залишилося, в основному через великі комерційні заготівлі лісу. Через його великі розміри й тенденцію до лаштування сідал у великих колоніях цей вид є бажаним і легкою мішенню для місцевих мисливців, і його плоть продають на ринках як харчі. Ацеродон гривастий живе в деяких охоронних територіях.

Примітки

Джерела

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Dơi quả ( Vietnamca )

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Acerodon jubatus là một loài dơi quạ hiếm[3] và là một trong những loài dơi lớn nhất.[4] Đây là một loài bị đe dọa và phải đối mặt với khả năng tuyệt chủng do săn bắn trái phép và nạn phá rừng. Đây là loài đặc hữu của Philippines.[1] Loài này có thể đạt cân nặng 1,2 kg (2,6 lb) và sải cánh 1,7 m (5,6 ft).[4] Nhưng những loài dơi lớn khác, A. jubatus vô hại với con người và chỉ ăn trái cây.[4] Dù không hung dữ, chúng có thể mang những bệnh tật chết người.

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă {{{assessors}}} (2008). Acerodon jubatus. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 13 January 2009.
  2. ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Acerodon jubatus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ Simmons, N.B. (2005). “Order Chiroptera”. Trong Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (ấn bản 3). Johns Hopkins University Press. tr. 314. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ a ă â Nowak, R. M. biên tập (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World, Volume 1 (ấn bản 6). Johns Hopkins University Press. tr. 264–271. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

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Dơi quả: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

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Acerodon jubatus là một loài dơi quạ hiếm và là một trong những loài dơi lớn nhất. Đây là một loài bị đe dọa và phải đối mặt với khả năng tuyệt chủng do săn bắn trái phép và nạn phá rừng. Đây là loài đặc hữu của Philippines. Loài này có thể đạt cân nặng 1,2 kg (2,6 lb) và sải cánh 1,7 m (5,6 ft). Nhưng những loài dơi lớn khác, A. jubatus vô hại với con người và chỉ ăn trái cây. Dù không hung dữ, chúng có thể mang những bệnh tật chết người.

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Гривастый ацеродон ( Rusça )

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Латинское название Acerodon jubatus
(Eschscholtz, 1831)

wikispecies:
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ITIS 631541 NCBI 505845

Гривастый ацеродон[1] (Acerodon jubatus) — крупное млекопитающее семейства крылановых.

Описание

Гривастый ацеродон достигает длины до 29 см, хвост отсутствует. Размах крыльев составляет от 1,5 до 1,7 м, вес взрослых животных варьирует от 0,7 до 1,2 кг. Морда вытянутая, напоминает морду собак, уши маленькие. Окрас шерсти тёмный, голова и область затылка оранжево-жёлтого цвета, плечи также могут иметь желтоватый окрас.

Распространение

Гривастый ацеродон обитает на Филиппинском архипелаге, за исключением региона вокруг острова Палаван. Его местообитание — это сельва и мангры на высоте до 1 100 метров над уровнем моря.

Образ жизни

Как и большинство рукокрылых, гривастый ацеродон активен ночью. На днёвках они висят головой вниз в больших колониях чаще на деревьях, часто на небольших близлежащих островах. Вечером они отправляются на поиски корма, при этом часто преодолевая большие расстояния, в том числе над морем. Питание этих животных состоит из плодов, преимущественно инжира.

Размножение

О размножении этих животных известно мало. Раз в год, чаще в мае или июне, самка рожает одного детёныша. Половая зрелость наступает в 2 года.

Примечания

  1. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 458. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
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Гривастый ацеродон: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

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Гривастый ацеродон (Acerodon jubatus) — крупное млекопитающее семейства крылановых.

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鬃毛利齒狐蝠 ( Çince )

wikipedia 中文维基百科 tarafından sağlandı
二名法 Acerodon jubatus
Eschscholtz,1831)

鬃毛利齒狐蝠Acerodon jubatus),又名菲律賓果蝠,是一種稀有的狐蝠科,且是世界上最大型的蝙蝠。牠們正處於瀕危狀態,有可能因獵殺而滅絕。牠們只分佈在菲律賓薩蘭加尼省的洞穴及雨林內。

鬃毛利齒狐蝠是夜間活動的,翼展最少闊1.5米,重約1.2公斤。牠們可以飛行達40公里來覓食,主要吃多種的果實,尤其是無花果。由於牠們專吃果實,可以幫助傳播種子,對森林的重植有很大貢獻。[2]

菲律賓政府正有計劃保育鬃毛利齒狐蝠,免受滅絕的威脅。牠們的數量曾逾千隻,但因失去棲息地及遭獵殺而大幅減少。

參考

 title=
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维基百科作者和编辑

鬃毛利齒狐蝠: Brief Summary ( Çince )

wikipedia 中文维基百科 tarafından sağlandı

鬃毛利齒狐蝠(Acerodon jubatus),又名菲律賓果蝠,是一種稀有的狐蝠科,且是世界上最大型的蝙蝠。牠們正處於瀕危狀態,有可能因獵殺而滅絕。牠們只分佈在菲律賓薩蘭加尼省的洞穴及雨林內。

鬃毛利齒狐蝠是夜間活動的,翼展最少闊1.5米,重約1.2公斤。牠們可以飛行達40公里來覓食,主要吃多種的果實,尤其是無花果。由於牠們專吃果實,可以幫助傳播種子,對森林的重植有很大貢獻。

菲律賓政府正有計劃保育鬃毛利齒狐蝠,免受滅絕的威脅。牠們的數量曾逾千隻,但因失去棲息地及遭獵殺而大幅減少。

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황금볏과일박쥐 ( Korece )

wikipedia 한국어 위키백과 tarafından sağlandı

황금볏과일박쥐(Acerodon jubatus)는 큰박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다. 희귀종으로[2] 전세계에서 가장 큰 박쥐의 하나이다.[3] 멸종위기종으로 밀렵과 숲 파괴때문에 현재 멸종 가능성에 직면해 있다. 숲에서 서식하는 필리핀의 토착종이다.[1] 몸무게는 최대 1.2kg, 날개폭은 1.7m에 달한다.[3] 다른 큰박쥐류처럼, 사람에게 비적대적이며 과일을 먹는 과식성 박쥐이다.[3] 비록 사람에게 적대적이지 않지만, 전문적인 훈련이나 예방 백신없이 박쥐를 잡는 것은 일부가 치명적인 질병을 옮기기 때문에 위험하다.

특징

황금볏과일박쥐의 이름은 검은 몸과 강렬하게 대비되는 머리 주변의 황금색 털에서 유래했다. 다른 모든 과일박쥐처럼 꼬리가 없다. 날개폭이 1.5~1.7m, 몸무게가 0.7~1.2kg으로 가장 큰 박쥐의 하나이다.[3] 유사한 크기의 박쥐는 왕박쥐속(Pteropus)의 일부 종들 뿐이다.[3]

분포

최근 탐사에서 황금볏과일박쥐는 보홀보라카이섬, 세부, 레이테섬, 루손섬, 민다나오, 민도로섬, 네그로스섬 그리고 폴릴로섬에서 말레이날여우박쥐(P. vampyrus)와 함께 둥지 생활을 하는 모습이 발견되었다.[1]

서식지

황금볏과일박쥐는 필리핀의 숲에 제한적으로 분포하며, 대부분 해수면부터 해발 1100m 사이에서 발견된다.[1] 사람이 살지 않는 곳을 선호한다. 2005년 연구에 의하면 사람이 살고 있는 지역에서는 발견되지 않았다.[4]

각주

  1. “Acerodon jubatus”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 13일에 확인함.
  2. Simmons, N.B. (2005). 〈Order Chiroptera〉 [박쥐목]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 314쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. Nowak, R. M., 편집. (1999). 《Walker's Mammals of the World, Volume 1》 6판. Johns Hopkins University Press. 264–271쪽. ISBN 0-8018-5789-9.
  4. Mildenstein, T.; Stier, S.; Nuevodiego, C.; Mills, L. (2005). “Habitat selection of endangered and endemic large flying-foxes in Subic Bay, Philippines”. 《Biological Conservation》 126: 93–102. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.05.001.
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