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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 6.8 years (captivity) Observations: Females over 3 years of age produce no litters but males over 5 years old can still be fertile. Although these animals reach sexual maturity in about one year, they do not become fully grown until about two years of age (Jones et al. 2001). In the wild, these animals do not typically live more than 3 years. One animal lived 6.8 years in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005).
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Associations ( İngilizce )

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Spotted-tail quolls are able to hide in smaller, narrow den sites or cavities. As well as being terrestrial, spotted-tail quolls are known to climb trees in escape from predators. If they feel threatened, they will lower their ears, crouch down low to the ground, and make a screeching noise to warn off predators.

Known Predators:

  • feral cats (Felis species)
  • red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
  • feral dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)
  • humans (Homo sapiens)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Verjinski, S. 2013. "Dasyurus maculatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_maculatus.html
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Stephanie Verjinski, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Trophic Strategy ( İngilizce )

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Spotted-tail quolls are meat specialists. They eat greater gliders, European rabbits, long-nosed bandicoots, northern brown bandicoots, red-necked pademelons, common ringtail possums, and cucuses. Though infrequently, during the summer months, spotted-tail quolls consume insects (Coleoptera and Cicadidae), reptiles and birds. During the winter months, smaller spotted-tail quolls consume more insects than mammal prey relative to larger individuals.

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles; carrion ; insects

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates, Insectivore , Scavenger )

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Verjinski, S. 2013. "Dasyurus maculatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_maculatus.html
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Stephanie Verjinski, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Associations ( İngilizce )

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Spotted-tail quolls have no known ecosystem roles.

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Verjinski, S. 2013. "Dasyurus maculatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_maculatus.html
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Stephanie Verjinski, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Benefits ( İngilizce )

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Spotted-tail quolls have no known positive economic importance for humans.

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Verjinski, S. 2013. "Dasyurus maculatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_maculatus.html
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Stephanie Verjinski, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Benefits ( İngilizce )

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Spotted-tail quolls have no known negative economic importance for humans.

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Verjinski, S. 2013. "Dasyurus maculatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_maculatus.html
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Conservation Status ( İngilizce )

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Spotted-tail quolls are near threatened, because of the loss of habitats due to urbanization and fragmentation. With fragmentation decreased habitat availability, spotted-tail quolls are overlapping in territories and competing with other animals that require the similar habitats. Also, with the introduction of red fox and the native feral cats, spotted-tail quolls fall prey to these predators. Another significant threat is the 1080 poisoning for dingoes. Spotted-tail quolls will take baited traps of meat with the poisoning. There are a number of investigations studying the effects of 1080 poisoning on this species.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened

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Verjinski, S. 2013. "Dasyurus maculatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_maculatus.html
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Stephanie Verjinski, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Behavior ( İngilizce )

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To display territoriality, many males and females will leave their scents at common latrines used by many quolls as well as leave their scents during mating season to let males know that they are sexually mature. During mating, females will make a soft cooing noise through the duration of copulation. When the mother has her offspring, she will call to them using specific kinds of clucks and the offspring will respond. If in a defensive position, spotted-tail quolls will growl and make high pitched screeching noises to warn off enemies.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: pheromones ; scent marks

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Verjinski, S. 2013. "Dasyurus maculatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_maculatus.html
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Stephanie Verjinski, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Distribution ( İngilizce )

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Spotted-tail quolls (Dasyurus maculatus) are found in Australia. Their distribution in Australia ranges from southeastern Queensland to eastern New South Wales, Victoria, southeastern South Australia, and Tasmania. Within these geographical ranges, two subspecies of spotted-tailed quolls exist: D. maculatus maculatus and the D. maculatus gracilis. Spotted-tail quolls from the subspecies D. m. maculatus are rarely found in southeastern Queensland and almost extirpated from southeastern South Australia, but most commonly found in Victoria and New South Wales from the coast to the snowlines. Spotted-tail quolls from the other subspecies, D. m. maculatus, are most commonly reported in Tasmania. They occur in Northern Queensland from sea level to the Wet Tropics Area and higher altitude areas.

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

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Verjinski, S. 2013. "Dasyurus maculatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_maculatus.html
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Stephanie Verjinski, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Habitat ( İngilizce )

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Spotted-tail quolls have been found in dry and wet sclerophyll forests, riparian forests, rainforests, woodlands, and open pastures. Dry sclerophyll are typically multi-aged tree stands with hard-leafed dominated under stories consisting of shrubs, sedges, and bracken ferns. Wet sclerophyll are the areas between dry sclerophyll forests and rainforest. They also had tendencies to use gullies and riparian flats to avoid mid-slopes as well as having more availability to prey. Spotted-tail quolls from the subspecies D. m. maculatus require a lot of ground cover for denning sites as well as rock out cropping for denning. Rocky outcrops are more preferential for denning than wooden den sites.

Range elevation: sea level to 1,500 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

Wetlands: swamp

Other Habitat Features: urban ; riparian

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Verjinski, S. 2013. "Dasyurus maculatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_maculatus.html
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Stephanie Verjinski, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Life Expectancy ( İngilizce )

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Spotted-tail quolls in the wild have a life span ranging from 2 years in smaller Quolls to 4 to 5 years in larger Quolls. In captivity, spotted-tail quolls live slightly shorter lives ranging 3 to 4 years on average. The longest living spotted-tail quoll lived 6 years and 3 months in captivity.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
3 to 6 years 3 months years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
3 to 4 years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
2 to 5 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
2 to 4 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
3 to 4 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
4.0 years.

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Verjinski, S. 2013. "Dasyurus maculatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_maculatus.html
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Stephanie Verjinski, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Morphology ( İngilizce )

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Male spotted-tail quolls are typically larger than the females in mass and overall size. Males will measure 38 to 76 cm from head to body length and 37 to 55 cm in tail length and average about 3.5 kg. Females measure 35 to 45 cm from head to body length and 34 to 42 cm in tail length and average about 1.8 kg. Spotted-tail quolls are the largest native carnivorous marsupial as well as the largest Dasyurid. It can be distinguished between the other quoll species by their spotted pattern. Spotted-tail quolls have a red-brown body with bold white spots all over their body including their tail. It is the only quoll to have spots on their tails.

Range mass: 1.8 to 7 kg.

Average mass: 1.8 to 3.5 kg.

Range length: 69 to 113 cm.

Average length: 75 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

Average basal metabolic rate: 3.142 W.

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Verjinski, S. 2013. "Dasyurus maculatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_maculatus.html
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Stephanie Verjinski, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Reproduction ( İngilizce )

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When the female is ready to mate, with a short estrous period of only 3 to 4 days, the female will leave her scent at the commonly shared latrines for males to sense. When a male finds her, they will embark on a series of vocalizations. The male will follow the female around and as she occasionally lifts her hind quarters to allow the male to sniff. When she does this, she will start to vocalize and the male will be silent during those times. When copulation occurs, the male will brace himself on top of the female by holding the back of her neck with his teeth and stroking her sides and palpitating her abdomen. Occasionally the male will release his hold on the back of the females neck. The female will typically receive lacerations to the back of her neck as well as a swollen neck. On rare occasions, the female is killed. During copulation, the female will lower her head and halfway close her eyes. Throughout copulation, the female spotted-tail quoll will vocalize frequently. Copulation can last for several hours to a maximum of 24 hours.

Mating System: polygynous

Spotted-tail quolls copulate during the months of April and July, which are Australia's winter months. Once fertilization occurs, the gestation period will last 21 days. When the female gives birth, offspring measure on average about 7 mm in length, are under developed and will further develop in her pouch for 12 weeks. On average litter size is 5 offspring. After the 12 week period, the offspring will start eating food the female brings into the pouch. At 18 to 21 weeks, the offspring are all completely independent and self-supporting. Spotted-tail quolls reach sexual maturity by 12 months.

Breeding interval: Spotted-tail quolls breed once yearly.

Breeding season: The breeding season of spotted-tail quolls is between April and July.

Range number of offspring: 2 to 6.

Average number of offspring: 5.

Average gestation period: 21 days.

Range weaning age: 18 to 21 weeks.

Average weaning age: 18 weeks.

Average time to independence: 18 weeks.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous ; post-partum estrous

Average gestation period: 21 days.

Average number of offspring: 3.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
340 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
340 days.

Once spotted-tail quolls reach sexual maturity and are capable of mating, the female becomes responsible for all natal care until the offspring are independent. Males perform no natal care. While females carry offspring in their pouch, they will walk with their hind quarters elevated so the belly does not touch the ground. This reduces pressure on her offspring. At about four weeks after offspring are born, females will start preparing the den site by gathering grasses, sedges, and other soft materials. After the offspring permanently leave the pouch, mothers will rarely leave the den. Offspring and their mother will call to each other for location and for the offspring to curl up to her warmth. Beyond 100 days, females spend less time with their offspring and start to develop aggression towards them until they are fully independent of her.

Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Verjinski, S. 2013. "Dasyurus maculatus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Dasyurus_maculatus.html
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Stephanie Verjinski, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Kazh godellek lost brizh ( Bretonca )

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Ar c'hazh godellek lost brizh (Dasyurus maculatus), liester kizhier godellek lost brizh, a zo ur bronneg godellek hag a vev en Aostralia.

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Tiriad 2 isspesad ar c'hazh godellek lost brizh
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Gat marsupial de cua tacada ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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El gat marsupial de cua tacada és un marsupial carnívor nadiu d'Austràlia. És el marsupial carnívor més gran del continent australià.

Taxonomia

El gat marsupial de cua tacada és un dasiúrid, una família que inclou la majoria de marsupials carnívors. Fou descrit el 1792 per Robert Kerr, l'escriptor i naturalista escocès, que el classificà dins el gènere Didelphis, que comprèn diverses espècies d'opòssums americans. El nom de l'espècie, maculatus, fa referència a les seves taques.[1]

Se'n reconeixen dues subespècies:[1]

  • D. m. maculatus, que habita en una zona que va del sud de Queensland a Tasmània
  • D. m. gracilis, que habita en una població aïllada del nord-est de Queensland, on el Ministeri de Medi Ambient i Patrimoni la classifica com a espècie amenaçada.

Fisiologia i comportament

El gat marsupial de cua tacada té una longitud d'entre 35 i 75 centímetres de llargària, amb una cua d'entre 34 i 50 cm. També és un 50% més gran que altres espècies de gat marsupial. Les femelles són més petites que els mascles; elles pesen uns quatre quilograms, mentre que ells arriben a set. Com altres gats marsupials, té un pelatge espès de color marró clar, marró fosc o negre, amb un pèl més clar a la part inferior. Té petites taques blanques que li cobreixen el cos, incloent-hi la seva cua peluda, que pot tenir una punta blanca. Té un musell allargat amb un nas rosat i humit, ulls brillants i dents afilades. Les arrugues dels coixinets de les seves potes li permet grimpar als arbres.

Aquest gat marsupial s'alimenta d'una gran varietat de preses, com ara ocells, rates, altres marsupials, rèptils petits i insectes. És un bon grimpador però passa la majoria del temps al terra del bosc. Tot i ser nocturn, es passa el dia prenent el sol. Fa el niu en forats entre roques, troncs buits o petites coves.

Té una ventrada per any, amb entre quatre i sis cries. La gestació dura 21 dies. El marsupi de la femella es desenvolupa durant la temporada d'aparellament i s'obre envers la part posterior. Les cries romanen a la butxaca de la mare durant unes set setmanes i necessiten unes divuit setmanes per esdevenir independents. Atenyen la maduresa sexual després d'un any. Viuen fins a quatre o cinc anys.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Gat marsupial de cua tacada Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. 1,0 1,1 Edgar, R.; Belcher, C. The Mammals of Australia. Reed Books, 1995, p. 67–69. «Spotted-tailed Quoll»


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Gat marsupial de cua tacada: Brief Summary ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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El gat marsupial de cua tacada és un marsupial carnívor nadiu d'Austràlia. És el marsupial carnívor més gran del continent australià.

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Kunovec velký ( Çekçe )

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Kunovec velký (Dasyurus maculatus), známý také jako kunovec tygrovaný, kunovec tygří, kunovec tygrovitý nebo šlakol veliký[2], je vačnatec žijící v Austrálii v Novém Jižním Walesu, Victorii, Queenslandu a v Tasmánii.[3]

Morfologie

Jedná se o relativně velkého vačnatce. Samec dosahuje hmotnosti průměrně 3,5 kg, samice bývá menší a dosahuje hmotnosti v průměru 1,8 kg.[zdroj?] Vyznačuje se rezavým zbarvením s nápadnými bílými skvrnami. Má vak, který směřuje dozadu. Je to masožravec, lovící drobné obratlovce – plazy, ptáky i savce, malé druhy klokanů, ale je také mrchožrout. V zajetí je chován v Austrálii a ve dvou amerických zoologických zahradách (Columbus a Omaha).

Poddruhy

Rozlišujeme 2 poddruhy:

  • Kunovec velký štíhlý (D. m. gracilis) – vzácnější poddruh vyskytující se na severu Queenslandu[4]
  • Kunovec velký jižní (D. m. maculatus) – vyskytující se ostrůvkovitě od jihu Queenslandu po Victorii (pevninská populace) a v Tasmánii (tasmánská populace)[5][6]

Ohrožení

4 nejdůležitější důvody poklesu populace jsou tyto:

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. BioLib - Dasyurus maculatus (kunovec velký). BioLib - Taxonomic tree of plants and animals with photos [online]. Praha: Ondřej Zicha, 1999, 29.11. 2015 [cit. 2015-11-29]. Dostupné z: http://www.biolib.cz/cz/taxon/id33316/
  3. Dasyurus maculatus (Spotted-tailed Quoll). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species [online]. Gland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1948, 29.11. 2015 [cit. 2015-11-29]. Dostupné z: http://maps.iucnredlist.org/map.html?id=6300
  4. Dasyurus maculatus gracilis — Spotted-tailed Quoll or Yarri (North Queensland subspecies). Home - Department of the Environment, Australian Government [online]. Canberra: Australian Government, 2013, 29.11. 2015 [cit. 2015-11-29]. Dostupné z: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=64475
  5. Dasyurus maculatus maculatus (SE mainland population) — Spot-tailed Quoll, Spotted-tail Quoll, Tiger Quoll (southeastern mainland population). Home - Department of the Environment, Australian Government [online]. Canberra: Australian Government, 2013, 29.11. 2015 [cit. 2015-11-29]. Dostupné z: http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=75184#distribution
  6. Dasyurus maculatus maculatus (Tasmanian population) — Spotted-tail Quoll, Spot-tailed Quoll, Tiger Quoll (Tasmanian population). Home - Department of the Environment, Australian Government [online]. Canberra: Australian Government, 2013, 29.11. 2015 [cit. 2015-11-29]. Dostupné z: https://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=75183
  7. Spotted-tailed Quoll - profile | NSW Environment & Heritage. Office of Environment and Heritage - NSW [online]. Sydney: New South Wales, 11.6. 2014 [cit. 2015-11-29]. Dostupné z: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10207

Externí odkazy

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Kunovec velký: Brief Summary ( Çekçe )

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Kunovec velký (Dasyurus maculatus), známý také jako kunovec tygrovaný, kunovec tygří, kunovec tygrovitý nebo šlakol veliký, je vačnatec žijící v Austrálii v Novém Jižním Walesu, Victorii, Queenslandu a v Tasmánii.

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Riesenbeutelmarder ( Almanca )

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Der Riesenbeutelmarder oder Fleckschwanzbeutelmarder (Dasyurus maculatus) ist eine Art aus der Familie der Raubbeutler, der mit zwei Unterarten im östlichen Australien vorkommt. Die Nominatform D. m. maculatus ist von Bundaberg in Queensland bis nach Victoria und Tasmanien verbreitet. Nach Westen reicht das Verbreitungsgebiet bis nach Chinchilla. Der kleinere D. m. gracilis beschränkt sich auf ein kleines Gebiet im nördlichen Queensland auf der Kap-York-Halbinsel.[1]

Merkmale

Die Männchen der Nominatform erreichen eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 38 bis 76 cm, haben einen 37 bis 55 cm langen Schwanz und erreichen ein Gewicht von 1,5 bis 5 kg. Weibchen bleiben mit Kopf-Rumpf-Längen von 35 bis 45 cm, einer Schwanzlänge von 34 bis 42 cm und einem Gewicht von 0,9 bis 2,5 kg deutlich kleiner. D. m. maculatus ist damit die größte Form der Beutelmarder und der zweitgrößte Raubbeutler nach dem Beutelteufel. Männchen von D. m. gracilis werden 33 bis 51 cm lang, haben einen 31 bis 44 cm langen Schwanz und erreichen ein Gewicht von 0,85 bis 2,5 kg. Weibchen sind ebenfalls kleiner und erreichen ein Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 28,5 bis 41 cm, haben eine 28,5 bis 41 cm langen Schwanz und erreichen ein Gewicht von 0,8 bis 1,6 kg. Die Oberseite ist rotbraun oder braun mit unterschiedlich großen weißen Flecken, die Unterseite ist blasser gefärbt. Die Art unterscheidet sich von anderen Arten der Gattung durch den gefleckten Schwanz.[1]

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiete des Riesenbeutelmarders – rot: D. m. maculatus, gelb: D. m. gracilis

Lebensraum und Lebensweise

Innerhalb des Verbreitungsgebietes werden unterschiedliche Habitate als Lebensraum genutzt, von tropischen, subtropischen und gemäßigten Regenwäldern über feuchten und trockenen Hartlaubwäldern bis zu offenen Heide- und Buschlandschaften. Riesenbeutelmarder bewegen sich vor allem auf dem Erdboden können jedoch auch klettern, tun dies aber nur bis in Höhen von drei Metern. Als Unterschlupf dienen ihnen Felsspalten, Altholzhaufen und Höhlen in Bäumen oder in Baumstümpfen. Die Tiere sind am Tag, mehr aber in der Nacht aktiv. Sie sind Einzelgänger. Das von Weibchen genutzte Territorium ist zwischen 180 und 1000 ha. groß. Weibchen sind zwar revierbildend, dulden aber den eigenen weiblichen Nachwuchs in ihrem Territorium. Männchen sind nicht revierbildend und die von ihnen genutzten Territorien sind mit 2000 bis 5000 ha viel größer als die Reviere der Weibchen. Sie überlappen sich in der Regel mit den Territorien verschiedener Weibchen und anderer Männchen. Riesenbeutelmarder nutzen Latrinen, in denen sie ihren Kot und Urin absetzen. Die Latrinen können auch zur Revierabgrenzung dienen. Am Tage bewegen sich Riesenbeutelmarder über Distanzen von 3 bis 5 km, die größte gemessene in einer Nacht zurückgelegte Strecke maß 8 km.[1]

Ernährung

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Riesenbeutelmarder mit schwacher Fleckenzeichnung

Ausgewachsene Riesenbeutelmarder ernährten sich zu etwa 70 % von mittelgroßen Säugern mit einem Gewicht von 0,5 bis 7 kg. Außerdem werden oft Insekten und Aas gefressen, Reptilien und Vögel dagegen selten. Zum Beutespektrum gehören das Wildkaninchen, der Feldhase, Riesengleitbeutler, der Große Langnasenbeutler, der Große Kurznasenbeutler, der Rothalsfilander, der Östliche Ringelschwanzbeutler, der Fuchskusu und der Hundskusu. Junge Riesenbeutelmarder fressen eher kleine Säuger, Vögel und Wirbellose.[1]

Fortpflanzung

Der Sexualzyklus der weiblichen Riesenbeutelmarder dauert 28 Tage. Sie sind über einen Zeitraum von 3 bis 5 Tagen fruchtbar. Die meisten Paarungen finden zwischen Ende Mai und Anfang August statt. Dabei wählen die Weibchen ihre Partner aus und paaren sich in diesem Zeitraum mit mehreren Männchen. Eine Kopulation kann bis zu 17 Stunden dauern. Nach einer Tragzeit von etwa 21 Tagen werden von Juni bis August im Durchschnitt fünf Jungen geboren die sich für ca. sieben Wochen an den Zitzen festsaugen. Die Weibchen haben sechs in zwei Reihen angeordnete Zitzen im Beutel. Nach den ersten sieben Wochen werden die Jungtiere im Unterschlupf zurückgelassen wenn das Weibchen auf Nahrungssuche geht. Sie fangen mit einem Alter von etwa 13 Wochen an miteinander zu spielen und sind mit einem Alter von 18 bis 20 Wochen selbstständig. Weibchen erreichen mit einem Alter von zwei Jahren die Größe der Erwachsenen, bei den Männchen dauert es ein Jahr länger. Die Nominatform erreicht in freier Wildbahn ein Alter von fünf Jahren, Angehörige der kleineren, nördlichen Unterart werden in der Regel nicht älter als zwei Jahre.[1]

Taxonomie und Systematik

Der Riesenbeutelmarder wurde im Jahr 1792 durch Robert Kerr in seinem Werk The Animal Kingdom, einer Teilübersetzung von Carl von Linnés Systema Naturae unter der Bezeichnung Viverra maculata erstmals wissenschaftlich beschrieben. Er ordnete die Art damals also den Schleichkatzen zu. Aber schon im Jahr 1796 führte der französische Zoologe Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire die Gattung der Beutelmarder (Dasyurus) ein zu der der Riesenbeutelmarder zusammen mit fünf weiteren Arten gehört. Die Beutelmarder sind innerhalb der Familie der Raubbeutler (Dasyuridae) die Schwestergruppe des Beutelteufels (Sarcophilus harrisi). Einige Wissenschaftler sind der Ansicht, dass die nördliche Unterart D. m. gracilis den Status einer eigenständigen Art bekommen sollte, da sie sich genügend von der Nominatform unterscheidet und die Verbreitungsgebiete beider Formen keinen Kontakt zueinander haben, so dass es zu keinen Hybridisierungen kommt. Es wurde auch gefordert, dass die tasmanische Population als eigenständige Unterart anerkannt werden sollte.[1]

Gefährdung

Den Bestand des Riesenbeutelmarder schätzt die IUCN als potenziell gefährdet (Near Threatened) ein. Es wird angenommen das es etwa 14000 ausgewachsene Individuen gibt. Das Verbreitungsgebiet ist heute aufgrund von menschlicher Landnutzung stark fragmentiert und die Populationen in den zahlreichen Schutzgebieten sind zu klein.[2]

Zudem werden die Riesenbeutelmarder von Bauern häufig als Plage angesehen und geschossen, da diese den Hühnerbestand gefährden.[3]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f Andrew Baker: Family Dasyuridae (Carnivorous Marsupials). in Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier: Handbook of the Mammals of the World: Monotremes and Marsupials: Volume 5. ISBN 978-84-96553-99-6, S. 303 u. 304.
  2. Dasyurus maculatus in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2018. Eingestellt von: Burnett, S. & Dickman, C., 2015. Abgerufen am 7. April 2020.
  3. Riesenbeutelmarder. Bedeutung für den Menschen. In: Zootier-Lexikon. 19. März 2020, abgerufen am 17. August 2021: „Wie echte Marder fühlen sich die Riesenbeutelmarder zu Hühnerhöfen hingezogen und werden daher oft von den Geflügelhaltern getötet.“
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Riesenbeutelmarder: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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Der Riesenbeutelmarder oder Fleckschwanzbeutelmarder (Dasyurus maculatus) ist eine Art aus der Familie der Raubbeutler, der mit zwei Unterarten im östlichen Australien vorkommt. Die Nominatform D. m. maculatus ist von Bundaberg in Queensland bis nach Victoria und Tasmanien verbreitet. Nach Westen reicht das Verbreitungsgebiet bis nach Chinchilla. Der kleinere D. m. gracilis beschränkt sich auf ein kleines Gebiet im nördlichen Queensland auf der Kap-York-Halbinsel.

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Баштыкчан суусар ( Kırgızça )

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Баштыкчан суусар.

Баштыкчан суусар (лат. Dasyurus maculatus) — Австралияда жашоочу мышыксымак жырткыч айбандардын бир түрү.

Колдонулган адабияттар

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Tiger quoll ( İngilizce )

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The tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), also known as the spotted-tail quoll, the spotted quoll, the spotted-tail dasyure, native cat or the tiger cat, is a carnivorous marsupial of the quoll genus Dasyurus native to Australia. With males and females weighing around 3.5 and 1.8 kg (7.7 and 4.0 lb), respectively, it is the world's second-largest extant carnivorous marsupial, behind the Tasmanian devil. Two subspecies are recognised; the nominate is found in wet forests of southeastern Australia and Tasmania, and a northern subspecies, D. m. gracilis, is found in a small area of northern Queensland and is endangered.

Taxonomy

The tiger quoll is a member of the family Dasyuridae, which includes most carnivorous marsupial mammals. This quoll was first described in 1792 by Robert Kerr, the Scottish writer and naturalist, who placed it in the genus Didelphis, which includes several species of American opossum. The species name, maculatus, indicates this species is spotted.[4]

Two subspecies are recognised:[4]

  • D. m. maculatus, found from southern Queensland south to Tasmania
  • D. m. gracilis, found in an isolated population in northeastern Queensland, where it is classified as endangered by the Department of Environment and Heritage

Description

Skeleton of tiger quoll

The tiger quoll is the largest of the quolls. Males and females of D. m. maculatus weigh on average 3.5 and 1.8 kg, respectively, and males and females of D. m. gracilis weigh on average 1.60 and 1.15 kg, respectively.[5] The next-largest species, the western quoll, weighs on average 1.31 kg for males and 0.89 kg for females.[6] The tiger quoll has relatively short legs, but its tail is as long as its body and head combined.[5] It has a thick head and neck and a slightly rounded and elongated snout.[5] It has five toes on each foot, both front and hind, and the hind feet have well-developed halluces. Its long pink foot pads are ridged, an adaptation for its arboreal lifestyle.[7] This makes up for the fact that its tail is not prehensile. The tiger quoll has a reddish-brown pelage with white spots, and colourations do not change seasonally. It is the only quoll species with spots on its tail in addition to its body. Its fur and skin are covered in orange-brown-coloured oil. The underside is typically greyish or creamy white. The average length of D. m. maculatus is 930 mm for males and 811 mm for females, respectively. For D. m. gracilis, the average length of males and females, respectively, is 801 and 742 mm.[5]

The tiger quoll has the second most powerful bite relative to body size of any living mammalian carnivore, exerting a force of 308 N (31.4 kgf).[8][9]

Range and ecology

Tiger quoll at Healesville Sanctuary, Victoria, Australia

The tiger quoll is found in eastern Australia where more than 600 mm of rain falls per year.[10][11] Historically, the quoll was present throughout southeastern Queensland, through eastern New South Wales, Victoria, southeastern South Australia, and Tasmania. European settlement has severely impacted and fragmented the quoll's mainland distribution.[12] Tiger quolls are rare in southeastern Queensland and mainly restricted to national parks.[13] In Victoria, quoll populations have declined by nearly 50%.[11] The range decline was not as severe in New South Wales, but they are still rare.[11] The quoll was probably never very numerous in South Australia.

In Tasmania, the tiger quoll mostly frequents the northern and western areas where rains are seasonal.[14] Tiger quolls were once native to Flinders and King Islands, but were extirpated since the 20th century, so are not present on Tasmanian offshore islands.[15]

Tiger quolls live in a variety of habitats, but seem to prefer wet forests such as rainforests and closed eucalypt forest.[7][14] They are arboreal, but only moderately,[16] as 11% of their travelling is done above ground.[7]

Prey items eaten by quolls include insects, crayfish, lizards, snakes, birds, domestic poultry, small mammals, platypus, rabbits, arboreal possums, pademelons, small wallabies, and wombats.[5] They may scavenge larger prey such as kangaroos, feral pigs, cattle, and dingoes.[5][16] However, the tiger quoll does not scavenge as much as the Tasmanian devil.[7] Much of the prey eaten by the quoll are arboreal.[16] They can climb high into trees and make nocturnal hunts for possums and birds.[7] The flexibility of their diets suggests their prey base is not detrimentally affected by bushfires.[17] When hunting, a quoll stalks its prey, stopping only when its head is up.[5] It then launches its attack, executing a killing bite to the base of the skull or top of the neck, depending on the size of the prey.[7] The quoll will pin small prey down with its fore paws and then deliver the bite. With large prey, it jumps and latches on its back and bites the neck.[5]

Quolls, in turn, may be preyed on by Tasmanian devils and masked owls in Tasmania and dingos and dogs in mainland Australia.[5] It may also be preyed on by wedge-tailed eagles and large pythons. Tiger quolls yield to adult devils, but will chase subadults away from carcasses. Quolls also probably compete with introduced carnivores, such as foxes, cats, and wild dogs. Tiger quolls are also hosts to numerous species of endoparasites.[5]

Life history

Tiger quolls are generally nocturnal and rest during the day in dens. However, juveniles and females with young in the den can be seen during the day and may leave their dens when it is light out.[10][13][16] Quoll dens take the form of burrows, caves, rock crevices, tree hollows, hollow logs, or under houses or sheds.[7][10][13] Quolls move by walking and bounding gaits.[5] Trails are not particularly important for quoll, although they forage and scent mark along runways and roads. Tiger quolls may live in home ranges that range from 580 to 875 ha for males and 90–188 for females.[5] Most resident quolls are female, although one population study found both males and females were split between transients and residents.[16] Males have overlapping home ranges, but each has its own core area of at least 128 ha.[13] The home ranges of females may overlap less.[16] Quolls sometimes share dens during the breeding season.[13] After copulation, females act aggressively towards males, especially when close to parturition. For the tiger quoll, olfactory and auditory signals are used more often than visual signals when communicating. Quolls greet each other with nose-to-nose sniffs, and males will sniff the backsides of females to check for estrus.[5] Quolls also mark themselves with mouth and ear secretions.[18] Some populations have communal latrines, while others do not. Rocky creek beds, cliff bases, and roads serve as locations for latrines.[16]

Tiger quolls are generally not vocal, but vocalisations can be heard in any social interaction.[19] Antagonistic or disturbed vocalisations are guttural huffs, coughs, hisses, and piercing screams.[5] "Cp-cp-cp" sounds are produced by females in estrus.[19] Females communicate with their young with "chh-chh" and "echh-echh" calls. The former are made by females and the latter are made by young. "Juveniles vocalise frequently when fighting and their mother will hiss when they clamber over her."[5] During antagonistic encounters, quolls also threaten each other with open mouths and teeth displays. At this time, the ears are laid back and the eyes are narrowed. Males grasp and bite each other in combat.[7]

Tiger quolls reproduce seasonally. They mate in midwinter (June/July), but females can breed as early as April.[20] The mating behaviour of the tiger quoll is unique among the quoll species in that the female vocalises when in estrus and easily accepts the male's mounting.[5] In addition, the female's neck swells up. Mating involves the male holding on the female's sides with his paws and holding on the neck with his mouth.[19] Copulation can last as long as 24 hours. Females give birth with their hindquarters raised and their tails curled.[5] For the time the young is in the pouch, a female rests on her sides. After the young have left the pouch, females stay in nests they have built.[5] For their first 50–60 days of life, the young cannot see, so they rely on vocalisations and touch to find their mother or siblings. It stops when their eyes open after 70 days. Young are not carried on the back, but they do rest on their mother[19] and cling to her when frightened. By 100 days the young become more independent of their mothers, and the mothers more aggressive towards their young.[21]

Conservation status

The tiger quoll is listed by the IUCN on the Red List of Threatened Species with the status "near threatened".[2] The Australian Department of the Environment and Heritage considers the northern subspecies D. m. gracilis as endangered. This species is vulnerable to decline because it requires certain climates and habitats, it tends to live in low densities, it is likely to compete with introduced predators and requires much space, and it does not live very long.[5] The biggest threat to the quoll is habitat destruction.[5] Humans may directly contribute to quoll deaths through persecution, motor collisions, and 1080 poisoning.[22] Conservationists are using population monitoring and public education to preserve the species and intend to preserve their habitat and minimise the impacts of 1080 baiting. Savage River National Park in the Tarkine area of Tasmania is an example of suitable habitat protection.

References

  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 25. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Burnett, S.; Dickman, C. (2018). "Dasyurus maculatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T6300A21946847. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T6300A21946847.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ "Dasyurus maculatus maculatus (Tasmanian population) — Spotted-tail Quoll, Spot-tailed Quoll, Tiger Quoll (Tasmanian population)".
  4. ^ a b Edgar, R.; Belcher, C. (1995). "Spotted-tailed Quoll". In Strahan, Ronald (ed.). The Mammals of Australia. Reed Books. pp. 67–69.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Jones M. E., Rose R. K., Burnett S., (2001) "Dasyurus maculates", Mammalian Species 676:1–9.
  6. ^ Serena M., Soderquist T., (1995) "Western quoll". Pp. 62–64. In: The mammals of Australia. Second edition (R. Strahan, ed). Australian Museum/Reed Books, Sydney, New South Wales.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Jones M. E., (1995) Guild structure of the large carnivores in Tasmania. PhD dissertation, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
  8. ^ Wroe, Stephen; McHenry, Colin; Thomason, Jeffrey (22 March 2005). "Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1563): 619–625. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2986. PMC 1564077. PMID 15817436.
  9. ^ Woodford, James (2 April 2005). "Tassie devil smiles ahead when it comes to the bite club". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 17 January 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  10. ^ a b c Edgar R., Belcher C., (1995) "Spotted-tailed quoll". In: The mammals of Australia, pp. 67–69. Second edition (R. Strahan, ed). Australian Museum/Reed Books, Sydney, New South Wales.
  11. ^ a b c Mansergh I. (1984) "The status, distribution and abundance of Dasyurus maculates (tiger quoll) in Australia, with particular reference to Victoria". Australian Zoologist 21:109–122.
  12. ^ S. Maxwell, A. A. Burbidge, K. Morris (1996). The action plan for Australian marsupials and monotremes. Report for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Species Survival Commission Australasian Marsupial and Monotreme Specialist Group.
  13. ^ a b c d e A. Watt (1993). Conservation status and draft management plan for Dasyurus maculates and D. hallucatus in southern Queensland. Report for Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage and The Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, October: 1–132.
  14. ^ a b Jones M. E., R. K Rose (1996) Preliminary assessment of distribution and habitat association of the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculates maculatus) and eastern quoll (D. viverrinus) in Tasmania to determine conservation and reservation status. Nature Conservation Branch, Parks and Wildlife Service. Report to the Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement Environment and Heritage Technical Committee, November:1–68.
  15. ^ Hope J. H. (1972) "Mammals of the Bass Strait islands". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 85:163–196.
  16. ^ a b c d e f g Burnett S. (2000) The ecology and endangerment of spotted-tailed quoll, Dasyurus maculates. PhD dissertation, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townville, Australia.
  17. ^ Dawson, J.P.; Claridge, A.W.; Triggs, B.; Paull, D.J. (2007). "Diet of a native carnivore, the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), before and after an intense wildfire". Wildlife Research. 34 (5): 342. doi:10.1071/WR05101.
  18. ^ Eisnberg J.F.; Golani, I. (1977). "Communication in metatheria". In Sebeok, T.A. (ed.). How animals communicate. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 575–599.
  19. ^ a b c d Settle, G.A. (1978). "The quiddity of tiger quoll". Australian Journal of Zoology. 9: 164–169.
  20. ^ Edgar, R.; Belcher, C. (1983). "Spotted-tailed quoll". In Strahan, R. (ed.). The Mammals of Australia (First ed.). Sydney, New South Wales: Australian Museum / Reed Books. pp. 18–19.
  21. ^ Collins, L.; Conway, K. (January–February 1986). "A quoll by any other name". Zoogoer. pp. 14–16.
  22. ^ Maxwell, S., Burbidge, A. A. and Morris, K. (1996) The 1996 Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes. Australasian Marsupial and Monotreme Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland.

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Tiger quoll: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı

The tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), also known as the spotted-tail quoll, the spotted quoll, the spotted-tail dasyure, native cat or the tiger cat, is a carnivorous marsupial of the quoll genus Dasyurus native to Australia. With males and females weighing around 3.5 and 1.8 kg (7.7 and 4.0 lb), respectively, it is the world's second-largest extant carnivorous marsupial, behind the Tasmanian devil. Two subspecies are recognised; the nominate is found in wet forests of southeastern Australia and Tasmania, and a northern subspecies, D. m. gracilis, is found in a small area of northern Queensland and is endangered.

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Dasyurus maculatus ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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El quol tigre (Dasyurus maculatus), también conocido como quol de cola moteada o gato tigre, es una especie de marsupial dasiuromorfo de la familia Dasyuridae nativo de Australia[2]

Taxonomía

Se reconocen dos subespecies:[3]

En la actualidad hay controversias sobre su posible validez.[2]

Características

Mide de 35 a 75 cm de largo y su cola de 25 a 50 cm; pesa de 2 a 3 kg. La hembra es más pequeña que el macho: mientras una hembra pesa unos 4 kg, los machos llegan a 7 kg. Su pelaje apretado es de color castaño y sobre él hay manchas blancas. Las orejas son pequeñas y casi sin pelo.

Se alimenta de aves y también de diversos animales pequeños (otros marsupiales, roedores, reptiles e insectos). Tiene hábitos nocturnos aunque también sale en el día a tomar el sol. Pasa la mayor parte del tiempo en el bosque y hace su madriguera en algún tronco hueco o en pequeñas cuevas o rocas.

El quol tigre tiene el cociente de fuerza de mordida (BFQ) de 179, el más fuerte del mundo después del demonio de Tasmania (Sarcophilus harrisii).[cita requerida]

Reproducción

Tras 21 días de gestación, la hembra pare de dos a seis crías, que permanecen 7 semanas en la bolsa marsupial ventral con abertura posterior, y a las 17 semanas son independientes. La madurez sexual ocurre al año de vida. Puede vivir 4 o 5 años.

Hábitat

Antes de la colonización europea la subespecie del sudeste se extendía desde Queensland por la costa de Nueva Gales del Sur y Victoria hasta Tasmania. Ahora está confinada a cinco áreas protegidas, principalmente en parques nacionales de Queensland y Tasmania y es considerada vulnerable debido a la competencia que le representan los zorros y gatos llevados por los europeos. La subespecie del noreste, que se encontraba también en Papúa Nueva Guinea, vive restringida en áreas de Cairns y Cooktown, y está considerada en peligro de extinción.[1]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. a b Burnett, S. & Dickman, C. (2008). «Dasyurus maculatus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2014.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 10 de julio de 2014.
  2. a b Groves, Colin (2005). «Dasyurus maculatus». En Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. Mammal Species of the World (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. Edgar, R. & C. Belcher (1995), "Spotted-tailed Quoll", in Strahan, Ronald, The Mammals of Australia, Reed Books: 67-69

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Dasyurus maculatus: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

wikipedia ES tarafından sağlandı

El quol tigre (Dasyurus maculatus), también conocido como quol de cola moteada o gato tigre, es una especie de marsupial dasiuromorfo de la familia Dasyuridae nativo de Australia

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Dasyurus maculatus ( Baskça )

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Dasyurus maculatus Dasyurus generoko animalia da. Dasyuromorphia ordenaren barruko ugaztuna da. Dasyurinae azpifamilia eta Dasyuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. Kerr (1792) In Linnaeus 170. or..

Ikus, gainera

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Dasyurus maculatus: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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Dasyurus maculatus Dasyurus generoko animalia da. Dasyuromorphia ordenaren barruko ugaztuna da. Dasyurinae azpifamilia eta Dasyuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Tiikeripussikissa ( Fince )

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Tiikeripussikissa (Dasyurus maculatus) on pussieläimiin kuuluva nisäkäslaji. Tiikeripussikissat elävät Pohjois- ja Itä-Australian sade- ja eukalyptusmetsissä, lisäksi niitä tavataan myös Tasmaniassa.[2]

Piirteet

Tiikeripussikissa painaa 2–3 kiloa, sen ruumis on 40–47 senttiä pitkä ja häntä 34–50 senttiä pitkä. Sen väritys vaihtelee tummanruskeasta vaaleanruskeaan ja sen kehoa ja häntää peittävät valkoiset täplät. Tiikeripussikissan ravintoa ovat pikkunisäkkäät, linnut ja hyönteiset. Eläimen lisääntymisaika on touko-elokuussa, Australian talven aikana. Kantoaika kestää 21 päivää ja pesueessa on enintään viisi poikasta. Poikaset vieroitetaan neljän ja puolen kuukauden ikäisinä ja ne saavuttavat sukukypsyyden ensimmäisen elinvuotensa lopussa.[2]

Suojelu

IUCN on listannut tiikeripussikissan uhanalaisuusluokitukseltaan silmälläpidettäväksi lajiksi.[1] Australian ympäristövirasto luokittelee lisäksi sen pohjoisen alalajin erittäin uhanalaiseksi. Tiikeripussikissan suurimpia uhkia ovat elinympäristön tuhoutuminen ja kilpailu kettujen sekä kissojen kanssa. On myös mahdollista että ketut ja kissat syövät tiikeripussikissoja.[3]

Lähteet

  1. a b Burnett, S. & Dickman, C.: Dasyurus maculatus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 4.8.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b Suuri Eläinkirja. WSOY. ISBN 951-0-22848-6, 1988.
  3. Department of the Environment and Heritage: Tiger Quoll

Aiheesta muualla

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Tiikeripussikissa: Brief Summary ( Fince )

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Tiikeripussikissa (Dasyurus maculatus) on pussieläimiin kuuluva nisäkäslaji. Tiikeripussikissat elävät Pohjois- ja Itä-Australian sade- ja eukalyptusmetsissä, lisäksi niitä tavataan myös Tasmaniassa.

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Chat marsupial à queue tachetée ( Fransızca )

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Dasyurus maculatus

Le chat marsupial à queue tachetée (Dasyurus maculatus) encore appelé dasyure tigre est le plus gros marsupial carnivore de l'Australie.

Il appartient à la famille des Dasyuridae, qui comprend les chats marsupiaux, le diable de Tasmanie et le thylacine. Il y a au total 6 espèces de chats marsupiaux, 4 en Australie et 2 en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée.

Description

 src=
Squelette de chat marsupial à queue tachetée.

Les dasyures tigres ont une fourrure épaisse qui peut aller du fauve clair au brun ou au noir, avec de petites taches blanches sur tout le corps, à l'exception de la queue touffue qui peut présenter une tache blanche à l'extrémité. Ils mesurent entre 35 et 75 cm de long, sans compter une queue pouvant atteindre 50 cm. Les femelles sont plus petites et plus légères que les mâles. Elles pèsent environ 4 kg contre 7 kg pour les mâles.

Biologie

Leur régime alimentaire comprend une grande variété de proies :

  • oiseaux, rongeurs, autres petits marsupiaux, reptiles et insectes.

Ce sont de bons grimpeurs mais ils passent la plupart de leur temps au sol. Leur activité est nocturne, mais ils passent de longues périodes à se chauffer au soleil. Ils nichent dans les bancs de rochers, dans des creux ou de petites grottes.

Reproduction

Les femelles ont une portée par an avec de 4 à 6 petits. La gestation est de 21 jours puis les jeunes restent encore 7 semaines dans la poche marsupiale et deviennent indépendants au bout de 18 semaines. La maturité sexuelle est atteinte vers un an et la durée de vie est comprise entre 4 et 5 ans.

Répartition

 src=
Aires de répartition des 2 sous-espèces:
  • D. maculatus gracilis (au nord)
  • D. maculatus maculatus (au sud)

Galerie

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wikipedia FR

Chat marsupial à queue tachetée: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

wikipedia FR tarafından sağlandı

Dasyurus maculatus

Le chat marsupial à queue tachetée (Dasyurus maculatus) encore appelé dasyure tigre est le plus gros marsupial carnivore de l'Australie.

Il appartient à la famille des Dasyuridae, qui comprend les chats marsupiaux, le diable de Tasmanie et le thylacine. Il y a au total 6 espèces de chats marsupiaux, 4 en Australie et 2 en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée.

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Dasyurus maculatus ( Endonezce )

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Quoll Harimau[2] (Dasyurus maculatus), juga diketahui sebagai Quoll ekor bintik, Quoll bintik, Dasyure berekor bintik atau (dengan tidak tentu) Kucing Harimau, adalah mamalia marsupial karnivora, yang berasal dari Australia. Binatang ini merupakan marsupial karnivora terbesar di daratan Australia.

Taksonomi

Quoll Harimau adalah anggota familia Dasyuridae, yang mencakup banyak mamalia marsupalia karnivora. Binatang ini pertama disebutkan tahun 1792 oleh Robert Kerr, penulis dan penyidik alam Skotlandia, yang tidak tentu menempatkan binatang ini dalam genus Didelphis, yang mencakup beberapa spesies opossum Amerika. Nama spesies, maculatus, termasuk spesies berbintik.[3]

Dua subspesies yang dikenal:[3]

  • D. m. maculatus, ditemukan dari selatan Queensland ke selatan hingga Tasmania
  • D. m. gracilis, ditemukan di suatu populasi terisolir di Queensland utara, dimana binatang ini diklasifikasi sebagai Spesies terancam oleh Departemen Lingkungan dan Warisan Pusaka.

Daftar pustaka

  • Belcher, C. A.; J. P. Darrant. (June 2006) Habitat use by tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Zoology. Vol. 269, Issue 2. pp. 183–190.
  • Belcher et al. (May 2005) Diet of the tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology. Vol. 55, Issue 2. pp. 117-122.
  • Belcher, C. A.; J. P. Darrant. (March 2004) Home range and spatial organization of the marsupial carnivore, Dasyurus maculatus maculatus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Zoology. Vol. 262, Issue 3. pp. 271-280.
  • Belcher, C. A. (1998) Susceptibility of the tiger quoll, Dasyurus maculatus, and the eastern quoll, D. viverrinus, to 1080-poisoned baits in control programmes for vertebrate pests in eastern Australia. Wildlife Research. Vol. 25, Number 1. pp. 33-40.
  • Claridge et al. (12 April 2006) The propensity of spotted-tailed quolls (Dasyurus maculatus) to encounter and consume non-toxic meat baits in a simulated canid-control program. Wildlife Research. Vol. 33, Issue 2. pp. 85-91.
  • Firestone et al. (2000) Variability and differentiation of microsatellites in the genus Dasyurus and conservation implications for the large Australian carnivorous marsupials. Conservation Genetics. Vol. 1, Number 2. pp. 115-133.
  • Firestone, Karen B. (March 2000) Phylogenetic Relationships Among Quolls Revisited: The mtDNA Control Region as a Useful Tool. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. Vol. 7, Number 1. pp. 1-22.
  • Firestone et al. (October 1999) Phylogeographical population structure of tiger quolls Dasyurus maculatus (Dasyuridae: Marsupialia), an endangered carnivorous marsupial. Molecular Ecology. Vol. 8, Issue 10. pp. 1613-1625.
  • Glen, A. S.; Dickman, C. R. (April 2006) Home range, denning behaviour and microhabitat use of the carnivorous marsupial Dasyurus maculatus in eastern Australia. Journal of Zoology. Vol. 268, Issue 4. pp. 347-354.
  • Glen, A . S .; Dickman, C . R . (2006) Diet of the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) in eastern Australia: effects of season, sex and size Journal of Zoology. Vol. 269, Number 2. pp. 241-248.
  • Hesterman et al. (2007) Reproductive endocrinology of the largest Dasyurids: Characterization of ovarian cycles by plasma and fecal steroid monitoring. Part II. The spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus). General and Comparative Endocrinology. In press.
  • Jones et al. (December 2001) Dasyurus maculatus. Mammalian Species. No. 676, pp. 1-9.
  • Jones, M. E. et al. (May 2000) Niche differentiation among sympatric Australian Dasyurid carnivores. Journal of Mammalogy. Vol. 81, Number 2. pp. 434-47.
  • Jones, Menna E.; Leon A. Barmuta. (May 1998) Diet Overlap and Relative Abundance of Sympatric Dasyurid Carnivores: A Hypothesis of Competition. The Journal of Animal Ecology. Vol. 67, No. 3. pp. 410-421.
  • Jones, Menna. (December 1997) Character Displacement in Australian Dasyurid Carnivores: Size Relationships and Prey Size Patterns. Ecology. Vol. 1, No. 8. pp. 2569-2587.
  • Lunney, Daniel; Matthews, Alison. (2001) The contribution of the community to defining the distribution of a vulnerable species, the spotted-tailed quoll, Dasyurus maculatus Wildlife Research Volume 28, Number 5. pp. 537.
  • Murray, Andrew J.; Poore, Robert N. (2004) Potential impact of aerial baiting for wild dogs on a population of spotted-tailed quolls (Dasyurus maculatus) Wildlife Research. Vol. 31, Number 6. pp. 639.
  • Sakai, Tatsuo; E. W. van Lennep. (February 1984) The Harderian Gland in Australian Marsupials. Journal of Mammalogy. Vol. 65, No. 1. pp. 159-162.

Referensi dan pranala luar

  1. ^ Australasian Marsupial & Monotreme Specialist Group (1996). Dasyurus maculatus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Diakses 10 May 2006. Listed as Vulnerable (VU C1+2a v2.3)
  2. ^ Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., ed. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (edisi ke-3). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. hlm. 25. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ a b Edgar, R.; Belcher, C. (1995), "Spotted-tailed Quoll", dalam Strahan, Ronald, The Mammals of Australia, Reed Books, hlm. 67–69
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wikipedia ID

Dasyurus maculatus: Brief Summary ( Endonezce )

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Quoll Harimau (Dasyurus maculatus), juga diketahui sebagai Quoll ekor bintik, Quoll bintik, Dasyure berekor bintik atau (dengan tidak tentu) Kucing Harimau, adalah mamalia marsupial karnivora, yang berasal dari Australia. Binatang ini merupakan marsupial karnivora terbesar di daratan Australia.

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Dasyurus maculatus ( İtalyanca )

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Il quoll tigre (Dasyurus maculatus Kerr, 1792), noto anche come gatto marsupiale a coda macchiata, è un marsupiale carnivoro del genere Dasyurus originario dell'Australia[2]. Con maschi e femmine del peso rispettivamente di 3,5 e 1,8 kg, è il più grande marsupiale carnivoro del continente australiano e il più lungo del mondo (il più pesante, invece, è il diavolo della Tasmania), ed è considerato un superpredatore.

Descrizione

 src=
Scheletro di quoll tigre.

Il quoll tigre è il rappresentante più grande del genere Dasyurus. I maschi e le femmine delle regioni sud-orientali dell'Australia pesano rispettivamente circa 3,5 e 1,8 kg, mentre quelli del Queensland rispettivamente 1,6 e 1,15 kg[3]. I maschi e le femmine della seconda specie più grande di Dasyurus, il quoll occidentale, invece, pesano 1,31 e 0,89 kg[4]. Il quoll tigre ha zampe relativamente corte, ma ha una coda di lunghezza pari a quella del corpo[3]. Ha testa e collo robusti e muso allungato e leggermente arrotondato[3]. Ha cinque dita su ogni piede, e i piedi posteriori sono dotati di alluci ben sviluppati. I lunghi cuscinetti plantari, di colore rosa, sono ricoperti da una serie di pieghe delle pelle, utili per uno stile di vita arboricolo[5]. Infatti, questo animale non è dotato di coda prensile. Il quoll tigre ha un mantello bruno-rossastro ricoperto da macchie bianche, che non muta in base alle stagioni. È l'unica specie di Dasyurus ad avere macchie anche sulla coda. La pelliccia e l'epidermide sono ricoperte da una sostanza oleosa di colore bruno-arancio. La regione ventrale è generalmente grigiastra o bianco crema. Maschi e femmine dell'Australia sud-orientale misurano rispettivamente 93 e 81,1 cm. Quelli del Queensland, invece, 80,1 e 74,2 cm[3].

Biologia

Comportamento

 src=
Quoll tigre nell'Healesville Sanctuary (Victoria).

Il quoll vive in un certo numero di habitat, ma sembra prediligere le foreste umide, come le foreste pluviali e le fitte foreste di eucalipti[5][6]. È arboricolo, ma solo in parte[7], dal momento che l'11% dei suoi spostamenti vengono effettuati al suolo[5].

 src=
Quoll tigre al santuario naturale di Queens Park a Ipswich (Queensland).

I quoll tigre sono generalmente notturni e trascorrono la giornata riposando in tane. Tuttavia, esemplari giovani e femmine con i piccoli possono essere scorti anche durante il giorno e possono uscire allo scoperto anche quando il cielo è coperto[7][8][9]. Le tane dei quoll sono costituite da gallerie sotterranee, caverne, fenditure nella roccia e tronchi cavi e caduti; alcuni stabiliscono la propria dimora sotto case o capanni[5][8][9]. I quoll si spostano camminando e procedendo a piccoli balzi[3]. I sentieri non hanno per loro particolare importanza, sebbene vadano in cerca di cibo e depositino marcature odorose lungo piste e strade. I quoll tigre possono occupare territori di 5,80-8,75 ettari nel caso dei maschi e di 0,90-1,88 ettari in quello delle femmine[3]. La maggior parte degli individui stanziali sono femmine, sebbene nel corso di uno studio maschi e femmine si siano dimostrati sia transienti che residenti[7]. I maschi occupano territori che si sovrappongono tra loro, ma ognuno di essi ha una propria area centrale di almeno 1,28 ettari[9]. I territori delle femmine, invece, si sovrappongono solo in parte[7]. I quoll talvolta condividono le tane durante la stagione riproduttiva[9]. Dopo l'accoppiamento, le femmine si dimostrano aggressive nei riguardi dei maschi, specialmente quando sono prossime al parto. Presso i quoll tigre i segnali olfattivi e uditivi vengono utilizzati più spesso per comunicare di quelli visivi. Si salutano tra loro strofinando il muso, e i maschi annusano il posteriore delle femmine per verificare se sono in estro[3]. Marcano inoltre sé stessi con secrezioni prodotte da bocca e orecchie[10]. Alcune popolazioni hanno latrine comuni, poste generalmente sul greto ciottoloso di torrenti, alla base di falesie e lungo le strade[7].

I quoll tigre non sono generalmente molto vocali, ma varie vocalizzazioni possono essere udite in tutte le interazioni sociali[11]. Quando si trovano a fronteggiare un rivale o qualsiasi altra sorgente di disturbo emettono sbuffi gutturali, colpi di tosse, sibili e gridolini acuti[3]. Una sorta di cp-cp-cp viene prodotto dalle femmine in estro[11]. Le femmine e i propri piccoli comunicano con dei richiami che risuonano come chh-chh e echh-echh, i primi emessi dalle femmine e i secondi dai giovani. I giovani vocalizzano frequentemente mentre combattono per gioco e le loro madri emettono sibili quando i propri piccoli salgono loro sul dorso[3]. Negli scontri, i quoll si minacciano tra loro aprendo la bocca e mettendo in mostra i denti, con le orecchie volte all'indietro e gli occhi socchiusi. Nel corso dei combattimenti i maschi si afferrano e si prendono a morsi[5].

Alimentazione

 src=
Quoll addormentato al Sydney Wildlife World.

Tra le prede del quoll figurano insetti, gamberi, lucertole, serpenti, uccelli, pollame domestico, piccoli mammiferi, ornitorinchi, conigli, opossum arboricoli, tilogali, piccoli wallaby e vombati[3]. Divora anche carcasse di animali più grandi, come canguri, maiali inselvatichiti, vacche e dingo[3][7]. Tuttavia, il quoll tigre non è così saprofago quanto il diavolo della Tasmania[5]. Gran parte delle prede catturate dal quoll sono arboricole[7]. Esso sale in alto sugli alberi e tende agguati notturni a opossum e uccelli[5]. La variabilità della sua dieta lascia ipotizzare che le sue prede base non subiscano danno dagli incendi boschivi[12]. Quando caccia, il quoll segue furtivamente la preda, immobilizzandosi solo quando la sua testa è eretta[3]. In seguito si lancia all'attacco, azzannando la vittima alla base del cranio o alla sommità del collo, a seconda delle dimensioni dell'animale[5]. Le piccole prede vengono tenute immobilizzate a terra con le zampe anteriori e finite con un morso. Quelle più grandi vengono assalite con un balzo e morse al collo[3]. I quoll possono cadere essi stessi preda di diavoli della Tasmania e barbagianni in Tasmania e di dingo e cani sul continente[3]. Talvolta vengono predati anche da aquile cuneate e grossi pitoni. In presenza di una carcassa, i quoll tigre lasciano la precedenza ai diavoli adulti, ma scacciano via gli esemplari più giovani. Purtroppo i quoll sono costretti a dover competere nella caccia con carnivori introdotti dall'uomo, come volpi, gatti ferali e cani selvatici. I quoll tigre sono inoltre ospiti di numerose specie di endoparassiti[3].

Riproduzione

 src=
Quoll al santuario naturale di Queens Park a Ipswich (Queensland).

I quoll tigre hanno una stagione degli amori ben definita, che cade verso la metà dell'inverno (giugno-luglio), sebbene alcune femmine si riproducano anche prima, in aprile[13]. Il comportamento riproduttivo del quoll tigre è unico tra quello delle specie di Dasyurus, poiché le femmine emettono dei vocalizzi quando sono in estro e accettano facilmente di essere montate dai maschi[3]. Inoltre, durante questo periodo, il collo delle femmine si gonfia. Durante l'accoppiamento il maschio tiene ben stretti i fianchi della femmina con le zampe anteriori e le cinge il collo con la bocca[11]. La copula può protrarsi per 24 ore. Le femmine partoriscono tenendo sollevati i quarti posteriori e inarcando la coda[3]. Quando i piccoli sono nel marsupio, essa giace su un fianco. Dopo che i piccoli hanno lasciato la tasca materna, essa ripara nelle tane che ha costruito[3]. Per i primi 50-60 giorni di vita, i piccoli non sono in grado di vedere, quindi fanno affidamento su vocalizzazioni e sul tatto per trovare la madre o i fratellini. Gli occhi si aprono dopo i 70 giorni di età. I piccoli non vengono trasportati sul dorso, ma riposano addossati alla madre[11] e salgono loro addosso quando si sentono minacciati. Raggiungono l'indipendenza dalla madre - e la madre diviene aggressiva nei loro confronti - verso i 100 giorni di età[14].

Distribuzione e habitat

Il quoll tigre è diffuso nelle regioni orientali dell'Australia, dove cadono più di 600 mm di pioggia all'anno[8][15]. In passato era presente in tutto il Queensland sud-orientale, il Nuovo Galles del Sud orientale, il Victoria, l'Australia Meridionale sud-orientale e la Tasmania. Dopo la colonizzazione europea, tuttavia, la popolazione è notevolmente diminuita e l'areale si è frammentato sempre più[16]. Attualmente, nel Queensland sud-orientale, la specie è divenuta piuttosto rara[9]. Nel Victoria, le popolazioni sono diminuite di quasi il 50%[15]. Il restringimento dell'areale non si è fatto così sentire nel Nuovo Galles del Sud, ma anche in questa zona il quoll è raro[15]. Nell'Australia Meridionale la specie, probabilmente, non è mai stata molto numerosa. In Tasmania, invece, è presente perlopiù nelle regioni settentrionali e occidentali, dove le piogge seguono un andamento stagionale[6]. Un tempo il quoll tigre era presente anche sulle isole di Flinders e di King, dalle quali è stato eradicato dall'uomo nel corso del XX secolo, cosicché attualmente non è più presente su nessuna delle isole circostanti la Tasmania[17].

Tassonomia

Il quoll tigre appartiene alla famiglia dei Dasiuridi, che comprende la maggior parte dei marsupiali carnivori. È stato descritto per la prima volta nel 1792 da Robert Kerr, lo scrittore e naturalista scozzese, che lo classificò nel genere Didelphis, che raggruppa varie specie di opossum americani. Il nome specifico, maculatus, si riferisce alle macchie del mantello[18].

Taluni studiosi tendono a riconoscere due sottospecie, non accettate da tutti[18]:

  • D. m. maculatus Kerr, 1792, presente dal Queensland meridionale alla Tasmania;
  • D. m. gracilis Ramsay, 1888, presente in una zona isolata del Queensland nord-orientale ed estremamente minacciata.

Conservazione

Sulla Lista Rossa stilata dalla IUCN il quoll tigre è elencato tra le specie prossime alla minaccia (Near Threatened)[1] mentre il Dipartimento dell'Ambiente dell'Australia classifica la popolazione settentrionale in pericolo di estinzione. La specie, come nella maggior parte dei carnivori, tende a vivere in basse densità e probabilmente soffre la competizione con mesomammiferi carnivori alieni quali la volpe rossa, la faina e popolazioni ferali di gatto domestico[3]. L'uomo contribuisce al declino del quoll con persecuzioni volontarie, collisioni con i veicoli e avvelenamenti tramite fluoroacetato di sodio (1080)[19]. La minaccia più importante è ad ogni modo la perdita di habitat[3]. I biologi conservazionisti australiani stanno portando avanti progetti per la salvaguardia della specie e l'educazione pubblica a favore di essa allo scopo di mitigare tali minacce.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) Burnett, S. & Dickman, C. 2008, Dasyurus maculatus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Dasyurus maculatus, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Jones M. E., Rose R. K., Burnett S., (2001) "Dasyurus maculates", Mammalian Species 676:1-9.
  4. ^ Serena M., Soderquist T., (1995) "Western quoll". Pp. 62-64. In: The mammals of Australia. Second edition (R. Strahan, ed). Australian Museum/Reed Books, Sydney, New South Wales.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Jones M. E., (1995) Guild structure of the large carnivores in Tasmania. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
  6. ^ a b Jones M. E., R. K Rose (1996) Preliminary assessment of distribution and habitat association of the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculates maculatus) and eastern quoll (D. viverrinus) in Tasmania to determine conservation and reservation status. Nature Conservation Branch, Parks and Wildlife Service. Report to the Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement Environment and Heritage Technical Committee, November:1-68.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Burnett S. (2000) The ecology and endangerment of spotted-tailed quoll, Dasyurus maculates. Ph.D. dissertation, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townville, Australia.
  8. ^ a b c Edgar R., Belcher C., (1995) "Spotted-tailed quoll". Pp. 67-69. In: The mammals of Australia. Second edition (R. Strahan, ed). Australian Museum/Reed Books, Sydney, New South Wales.
  9. ^ a b c d e Watt A. (1993) Conservation status and draft management plan for Dasyurus maculates and D. hallucatus in southern Queensland. Report for Queenland Department of Environment and Heritage and The Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, October: 1-132.
  10. ^ Eisnberg J. F., I. Golani. (1977) "Communication in metatheria". Pp. 575-99. In: How animals communicate. (T. A. Sebeok, ed). Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
  11. ^ a b c d Settle G. A. (1978) The quiddity of tiger quoll. Australian Journal of Zoology 9:164-69.
  12. ^ Dawson, J. P.; Claridge, A. W.; Triggs, B.; Paull, D. J. (2007). "Diet of a native carnivore, the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), before and after an intense wildfire". Wildlife Research 34 (5): 342.
  13. ^ Edgar R., Belcher C., (1983) "Spotted-tailed quoll". Pp. 18-19. In: The mammals of Australia. First edition (R. Strahan, ed). Australian Museum/Reed Books, Sydney, New South Wales.
  14. ^ Collins L., Conway K. (1986) "A quoll by any other name". Zoogoer. January–February:14-16.
  15. ^ a b c Mansergh I. (1984) "The status, distribution and abundance of Dasyurus maculates (tiger quoll) in Australia, with particular reference to Victoria". Australian Zoologist 21:109-22.
  16. ^ Maxwell S., A. A. Burbidge, K. Morris. (1996) The action plan for Australian marsupials and monotremes. Report for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Species Survival Commission Australasian Marsupial and Monotreme Specialist Group.
  17. ^ Hope J. H. (1972) "Mammals of the Bass Strait islands". Proceeding of the Royal Society of Victoria 85:163-96.
  18. ^ a b R. Edgar e C. Belcher, Spotted-tailed Quoll, in Ronald Strahan (a cura di), The Mammals of Australia, Reed Books, 1995, pp. 67–69.
  19. ^ Maxwell, S., Burbidge, A. A. and Morris, K. (1996) The 1996 Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes. Australasian Marsupial and Monotreme Specialist Group, IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland.

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Dasyurus maculatus: Brief Summary ( İtalyanca )

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Il quoll tigre (Dasyurus maculatus Kerr, 1792), noto anche come gatto marsupiale a coda macchiata, è un marsupiale carnivoro del genere Dasyurus originario dell'Australia. Con maschi e femmine del peso rispettivamente di 3,5 e 1,8 kg, è il più grande marsupiale carnivoro del continente australiano e il più lungo del mondo (il più pesante, invece, è il diavolo della Tasmania), ed è considerato un superpredatore.

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Dasyurus maculatus ( Latince )

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Dasyurus maculatus, (Kerr anno 1792), (Anglice = tiger quoll; spotted Quoll ), est species Marsupialium carnivorum Australiana et Tasmaniana.

Pinocatheca

Nexus externi

Wikispecies-logo.svg Vide "Dasyurus" apud Vicispecies.
Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Dasyurus maculatus spectant.

Notae

  • Belcher, C. A.; J. P. Darrant. (June 2006) Habitat use by tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Zoology. Vol. 269, Issue 2. pp. 183–190.
  • Belcher et al. (May 2005) Diet of the tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology. Vol. 55, Issue 2. pp. 117-122.
  • Belcher, C. A.; J. P. Darrant. (March 2004) Home range and spatial organization of the marsupial carnivore, Dasyurus maculatus maculatus (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in south-eastern Australia. Journal of Zoology. Vol. 262, Issue 3. pp. 271-280.
  • Belcher, C. A. (1998) Susceptibility of the tiger quoll, Dasyurus maculatus, and the eastern quoll, D. viverrinus, to 1080-poisoned baits in control programmes for vertebrate pests in eastern Australia. Wildlife Research. Vol. 25, Number 1. pp. 33-40.
  • Claridge et al. (12 April 2006) The propensity of spotted-tailed quolls (Dasyurus maculatus) to encounter and consume non-toxic meat baits in a simulated canid-control program. Wildlife Research. Vol. 33, Issue 2. pp. 85-91.
  • Firestone et al. (2000) Variability and differentiation of microsatellites in the genus Dasyurus and conservation implications for the large Australian carnivorous marsupials. Conservation Genetics. Vol. 1, Number 2. pp. 115-133.
  • Firestone, Karen B. (March 2000) Phylogenetic Relationships Among Quolls Revisited: The mtDNA Control Region as a Useful Tool. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. Vol. 7, Number 1. pp. 1-22.
  • Firestone et al. (October 1999) Phylogeographical population structure of tiger quolls Dasyurus maculatus (Dasyuridae: Marsupialia), an endangered carnivorous marsupial. Molecular Ecology. Vol. 8, Issue 10. pp. 1613-1625.
  • Glen, A. S.; Dickman, C. R. (April 2006) Home range, denning behaviour and microhabitat use of the carnivorous marsupial Dasyurus maculatus in eastern Australia. Journal of Zoology. Vol. 268, Issue 4. pp. 347-354.
  • Glen, A . S .; Dickman, C . R . (2006) Diet of the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) in eastern Australia: effects of season, sex and size Journal of Zoology. Vol. 269, Number 2. pp. 241-248.
  • Hesterman et al. (2007) Reproductive endocrinology of the largest Dasyurids: Characterization of ovarian cycles by plasma and fecal steroid monitoring. Part II. The spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus). General and Comparative Endocrinology. In press.
  • Jones et al. (December 2001) Dasyurus maculatus. Mammalian Species. No. 676, pp. 1-9.
  • Jones, M. E. et al. (May 2000) Niche differentiation among sympatric Australian Dasyurid carnivores. Journal of Mammalogy. Vol. 81, Number 2. pp. 434-47.
  • Jones, Menna E.; Leon A. Barmuta. (May 1998) Diet Overlap and Relative Abundance of Sympatric Dasyurid Carnivores: A Hypothesis of Competition. The Journal of Animal Ecology. Vol. 67, No. 3. pp. 410-421.
  • Jones, Menna. (December 1997) Character Displacement in Australian Dasyurid Carnivores: Size Relationships and Prey Size Patterns. Ecology. Vol. 1, No. 8. pp. 2569-2587.
  • Lunney, Daniel; Matthews, Alison. (2001) The contribution of the community to defining the distribution of a vulnerable species, the spotted-tailed quoll, Dasyurus maculatus Wildlife Research Volume 28, Number 5. pp. 537.
  • Murray, Andrew J.; Poore, Robert N. (2004) Potential impact of aerial baiting for wild dogs on a population of spotted-tailed quolls (Dasyurus maculatus) Wildlife Research. Vol. 31, Number 6. pp. 639.
  • Sakai, Tatsuo; E. W. van Lennep. (February 1984) The Harderian Gland in Australian Marsupials. Journal of Mammalogy. Vol. 65, No. 1. pp. 159-162.
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Dasyurus maculatus: Brief Summary ( Latince )

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Dasyurus maculatus, (Kerr anno 1792), (Anglice = tiger quoll; spotted Quoll ), est species Marsupialium carnivorum Australiana et Tasmaniana.

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Grote buidelmarter ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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De grote of vlekstaartbuidelmarter (Dasyurus maculatus) is een roofbuideldier uit het geslacht der buidelmarters (Dasyurus). Het is het grootste roofbuideldier op het Australische vasteland.

Uiterlijk

De grote buidelmarter is de grootste buidelmartersoort en het dier heeft een lichaamslengte van 35 tot 75 cm en een staartlengte van 34 tot 50 cm. Het gewicht kan tot 7.0 kg bedragen. Vrouwelijke dieren zijn over het algemeen kleiner en lichter dan de mannelijke dieren. Net als de overige buidelmarters heeft deze soort een bruine vacht met kleine of grotere witte vlekken. De grote buidelmarter is echter de enige soort waarbij de vlekken ook aanwezig zijn op de staart. De buikzijde is lichter van kleur.

Leefwijze

De grote buidelmarter leeft voornamelijk op de grond, hoewel het een uitstekende klimmer is. Over het algemeen is dit roofbuideldier 's nachts actief en slaapt het overdag in een hol dat bestaat uit een holte in bomen of rotsen of ligt de grote buidelmarter te rusten in de zon. Dit dier voedt zich voornamelijk met insecten en kleine gewervelde dieren als kikkers, hagedissen, kleine vogels, knaagdieren en zelfs kleine wallaby's. Ook aas wordt wel gegeten. De paring bij de grote buidelmarter kan tot acht uur lang duren. Dit roofbuideldier kan tot vijf jaar oud worden.

Leefgebied

De grote buidelmarter leeft in de bossen langs de Australische oostkust van Queensland tot Victoria en Tasmanië. In Tasmanië komt de soort samen met de nauw verwante gevlekte buidelmarter (Dasyurus viverrinus) en de verwante Tasmaanse buidelduivel (Sarcophilus harrisi) voor. Op het Australische vasteland is de grote buidelmarter het grootste roofbuideldier, in Tasmanië zijn de buidelduivel en de zeer waarschijnlijk uitgestorven buidelwolf groter.

Er zijn twee ondersoorten, Dasyurus maculatus gracilis en Dasyurus maculatus maculatus. De eerste ondersoort leeft in de regenwouden van Queensland tussen Cairns en Cooktown en is bedreigd. De tweede ondersoort leeft in de eucalyptusbossen van het zuidoosten van Australië (Zuid-Queensland, Nieuw-Zuid-Wales, Victoria) en Tasmanië, en heeft de status "kwetsbaar".

Dierentuinen

De grote buidelmarter is de algemeenste buidelmartersoort in gevangenschap. Het is bovendien de enige soort die buiten Australië in een dierentuin wordt gehouden. De Amerikaanse dierentuinen Columbus Zoo en Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo hebben de grote buidelmarter in de collectie. In Australië zelf is deze soort onder meer te zien in Taronga Zoo.

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Grote buidelmarter: Brief Summary ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

wikipedia NL tarafından sağlandı

De grote of vlekstaartbuidelmarter (Dasyurus maculatus) is een roofbuideldier uit het geslacht der buidelmarters (Dasyurus). Het is het grootste roofbuideldier op het Australische vasteland.

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Niełaz wielki ( Lehçe )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Niełaz wielki[6] (Dasyurus maculatus) – gatunek torbacza z rodziny niełazowatych (Dasyuridae) występujący w zachodniej części Australii oraz na Tasmanii. W Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych został sklasyfikowany jako „bliski zagrożenia” (NT, ang. near threatened)[5].

Systematyka

Gatunek po raz pierwszy opisał w 1792 roku szkocki zoolog Robert Kerr, nadając mu nazwę Viverra maculata[2]. Jako miejsce typowe odłowu holotypu Kerr wskazał Port Jackson w Nowej Południowej Walii w Australii[2]. Podgatunek D. m. gracilis po raz pierwszy opisał w 1888 roku australijski zoolog Edward Pierson Ramsay, nadając mu nazwę Dasyurus gracilis[7]. Jako miejsce typowe Ramsay wskazał Bellenden Ker Range w Queensland w Australii[7]. Wstępnie rozpoznano dwa podgatunki[8].

Etymologia

Nazwa rodzajowa: gr. δασυς dasus – włochaty; ουρα oura – ogon[9]. Epitet gatunkowy: łac. maculatus – cętkowany, plamisty, od maculare – być cętkowanym, od macula – cętka[10].

Charakterystyka

Niełaz wielki jest największym ze wszystkich niełazów. Samce i samice podgatunku nominatywnego, D. m. maculatus, średnio ważą odpowiednio 3,5 i 1,8 kg, zaś mierzą 930 i 811 mm. Osobniki zaliczane do drugiego podgatunku, D. m. gracilis, są mniejsze i średnio ważą odpowiednio 1,6 i 1,15 kg, a mierzą 801 i 742 mm[8]. Dla porównania samce drugiego co do wielkości niełaza, jakim jest niełaz eukaliptusowy (Dasyurus geoffroii), ważą średnio 1,31 kg, zaś samice 0,89 kg[11].

Niełaz wielki ma cztery dość krótkie[8], pięciopalczaste łapy. Tylne, w przeciwieństwie do przednich, mają w pełni rozwinięte duże paluchy. Gatunek ten ma długie, różowe, prążkowane poduszki na stopach. Jest to przejaw adaptacji do nadrzewnego trybu życia[12]. Ogon jest dłuższy od reszty ciała, nie ma on jednak funkcji chwytnej. Szyja jest gruba, głowa dość duża, a pysk lekko zaokrąglony i wydłużony[8].

Jego umaszczenie nie zmienia się sezonowo. Futro ma barwę czerwonawobrązową z białymi plamkami i wraz ze skórą jest pokryte pomarańczowobrązową wydzieliną. Spodnia strona ciała jest szara lub kremowobiała. Od innych niełazów gatunek ten odróżnia występowanie białych plamek również na ogonie[8].

Występowanie

Gatunek ten zamieszkuje wilgotną część wschodniej Australii, gdzie roczne opady deszczu osiągają 600 mm[13]. Jest dość płochliwy[14]. Dawniej występował na całym obszarze od południowo-wschodniego Queensland, przez wschodnią część Nowej Południowej Walii, Wiktorię, południowo-wschodnią część Australii Południowej, aż do Tasmanii. Niestety europejskie osadnictwo bardzo ograniczyło i pofragmentowało zasięg występowania tego gatunku[15]. Dziś można go spotkać znacznie rzadziej. W Queensland praktycznie nie występuje poza parkami narodowymi[16]. W Wiktorii populacja niełazów wielkich zmalała w ostatnich latach o 50%. W Nowej Południowej Walii spadek był mniejszy, ale i tak są dziś rzadkie na tym obszarze[17]. Gatunek ten, choć występował, nigdy nie był bardzo liczny w Australii Południowej. Na Tasmanii dziś można go spotkać najczęściej na północnej i zachodniej części wyspy[18]. Do XX w. można go było spotkać również na Wyspie Flindersa oraz wyspie King[19].

Preferowany przez niełaza wielkiego habitat to wilgotne lasy deszczowe oraz lasy eukaliptusowe[12][18]. Co prawda gatunek ten prowadzi nadrzewny tryb życia, ale przemieszcza się głównie chodząc po powierzchni ziemi. Tylko 11% dystansu, który pokonuje przez całe życie odbywa się nad ziemią[12].

Ekologia

Pożywienie

Niełaz wielki odżywia się: owadami, rakami, jaszczurkami, wężami, ptakami (w tym drobiem hodowlanym), małymi ssakami, dziobakami, królikami, oposami oraz młodymi kangurowatymi[8]. Czasami jego ofiarą mogą paść także kangury, świnie, bydło, a nawet dingo[8][20]. Poluje głównie nocą[12], choć w szare, deszczowe dni jest aktywny także w ciągu dnia. Ma dobry węch, potrafi tropić ofiarę po zapachu przez wiele kilometrów[14].

Rozmnażanie

Osobniki łączą się w pary między kwietniem a lipcem (czasami nawet do sierpnia[14]). Podczas trwającej nawet do 8 godzin kopulacji samiec ściska lub liże szyję samicy, która pozostaje w lekkim przysiadzie z opuszczoną głową i półprzymkniętymi oczami. Torba lęgowa przekształca się z obszaru z fałdami brzeżnymi w dość głęboką jamę, zawierającą 6 sutków ułożonych w 2 półksiężycowatych rzędach. Ciąża trwa 21 dni, zaś średnia wielkość miotu to 5 młodych[21].

Matka przestaje żywić młode po 7 tygodniach, po 13 tygodniach zachodzą już rozwinięte interakcje między młodymi. Całkowitą samodzielność nabywają po 18 tygodniach. Oboje rodzice chronią miejsce gniazdowania, ale mimo że samiec czasami przynosi jedzenie samicy, kiedy ta opiekuje się młodymi, sam ma niewieli kontakt ze swoim potomstwem. Obie płcie nabywają dojrzałości płciowej w wieku około roku[21].

Przypisy

  1. Dasyurus maculatus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b c Robert Kerr: The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnæus. Containing a complete systematic description, arrangement, and nomenclature, of all the known species and varieties of the mammalia, or animals which give suck to their young. Edinburgh: Printed for A. Strahan, and T. Cadell, London, and W. Creech, 1792, s. 170. [dostęp 2017-04-21]. (ang.)
  3. Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer: Systematisch-summarische Uebersicht der neuesten zoologischen Entdeckungen in Neuholland und Afrika: Nebst zwey andern zoologischen Abhandlungen. Leipzig: im Verlage der Dykischen Buchhandlung, 1793, s. 27. [dostęp 2017-04-21]. (niem.)
  4. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Note sur les espèces du genre dasyure. „Bulletin des sciences par la Société philomathique de Paris”. 3 (81), s. 259, 1803 (fr.).
  5. a b Scott Burnett 2008, Dasyurus maculatus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 [online], wersja 2015.2 [dostęp 2015-07-21] (ang.).
  6. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska-Jurgiel, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 7. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  7. a b Edward Pierson Ramsay. Notes on the fauna of the Bellenden-Ker Ranges. „Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales”. Second Series. 3, s. 1296, 1888 (ang.). [dostęp 2017-04-21].
  8. a b c d e f g Menna Elizabeth Jones, Robert K. Rose, Scott Burnett. Dasyurus maculatus. „Mammalian Species”. 676, s. 1–9, 2001 (ang.). [dostęp 2017-04-17].
  9. Theodore Sherman Palmer: Index Generum Mammalium: A List of the Genera and Families of Mammals. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904, s. 218, seria: North American Fauna. [dostęp 2017-04-21]. (ang.)
  10. J.A. Jobling: Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology. W: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal, D.A. Christie, E. de Juana (redaktorzy). Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 2017. ISBN 84-87334-25-3. [dostęp 2017-04-19]. (ang.)
  11. Western quoll. W: M. Serena, T. Soderquist: The mammals of Australia. Second edition. Australian Museum/Reed Books, 1995, s. 62–64. ISBN 0-207-14454-0. (ang.)
  12. a b c d Menna Elizabeth Jones: Guild structure of the large carnivores in Tasmania. Hobart: University of Tasmania, 1995. [dostęp 2017-04-17]. (ang.)
  13. Spotted-tailed quoll. W: R. Edgar, C. Belcher: The mammals of Australia. Second edition. Australian Museum/Reed Books, 1995, s. 67–69. (ang.)
  14. a b c Jiří Gaisler, Jan Zejda: Ssaki świata. Wyd. I. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Muza, 1997, s. 22–23. ISBN 83-7079-773-3.
  15. S. Maxwell, A.A. Burbidge, K. Morris: The action plan for Australian marsupials and monotremes. Report for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Species Survival Commission Australasian Marsupial and Monotreme Specialist Group, 1996. (ang.)
  16. A. Watt: Conservation status and draft management plan for Dasyurus maculates and D. hallucatus in southern Queensland. Report for Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage and The Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories. 1993, s. 1–132. (ang.)
  17. Ian M. Mansergh. The status, distribution and abundance of Dasyurus maculates (tiger quoll) in Australia, with particular reference to Victoria. „Australian Zoologist”. 21, s. 109–122, 1984 (ang.).
  18. a b Menna Elizabeth Jones, Robert K. Rose: Preliminary assessment of distribution and habitat association of the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculates maculatus) and eastern quoll (D. viverrinus) in Tasmania to determine conservation and reservation status. Nature Conservation Branch, Parks and Wildlife Service. Report to the Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement Environment and Heritage Technical Committee, 1996, s. 1–68. (ang.)
  19. J.H. Hope. Mammals of the Bass Strait islands. „Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria”. 85, s. 163–196, 1972 (ang.).
  20. Scott Burnett: The ecology and endangerment of spotted-tailed quoll, Dasyurus maculatus. James Cook University of North Queensland, 2000. (ang.)
  21. a b Ronald Strahan: The Complete Book of Australian Mammals. Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1983, s. 18. (ang.)
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Niełaz wielki: Brief Summary ( Lehçe )

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Niełaz wielki (Dasyurus maculatus) – gatunek torbacza z rodziny niełazowatych (Dasyuridae) występujący w zachodniej części Australii oraz na Tasmanii. W Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych został sklasyfikowany jako „bliski zagrożenia” (NT, ang. near threatened).

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Gato-tigre ( Portekizce )

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O gato-tigre (Dasyurus maculatus), apesar do nome não é um gato (animal da família dos felinos) mas sim um mamífero marsupial carnívoro, natural da Austrália. Também é conhecido como quoll-de-cauda-pintada. Os machos chegam a pesar 7 kg e as fêmeas 4 kg, dos marsupiais predadores existentes só perde para o diabo-da-tasmânia (Sarcophilus), que, como o próprio nome indica só é encontrado na Tasmânia. É o maior marsupial carnívoro da Austrália continenta.

  • Nome Popular: Gato-tigre ou quoll-de-cauda-pintada
  • Nome Científico: Dasyurus maculatus (Kerr, 1792)
  • Sinônimo do nome científico da espécie: Mustela novaeholandiae; Dasyurus ursinus;

Características

O gato-tigre mede cerca de 35–75 cm de comprimento e tem uma cauda de cerca de 34–50 cm. É também 50% maior do que as outras espécies de quolls. As fêmeas são menores do que os machos: enquanto as fêmeas crescem a quatro quilos, os machos podem atingir até sete quilos. Como outros quolls, esta espécie tem o pelo espesso, marrom ou preto, com pelos mais claro na parte inferior. Pequenas manchas brancas cobrem o corpo, incluindo a cauda peluda, que também podem ter uma ponta branca. Tem um focinho pontudo, com narinas rosea úmida, olhos brilhantes e dentes afiados. Sulcos nas almofadas das patas lhes permitem subir em árvores.

Esta espécie foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1792 por Robert Kerr, o escritor e naturalista escocês, que colocou-a no gênero Didelphis, que inclui várias espécies de gambás americano. O nome da espécie, maculatus, indica que esta espécie é toda manchada.

Hábitos alimentares

Este quoll alimenta-se de uma grande variedade de presas, incluindo: insetos, lagostins, lagartos, pássaros, pequenos mamíferos e anfíbios mas também ataca presas maiores como: lebres, cobras, patos, gansos, ornitorrincos, coelhos, vombats, possums, pademelons, coalas e até wallabies.[1]Eles podem ser vistos se alimentando das carcaças de animais maiores, como cangurus, porcos ferais, gado e dingos.[2]

Predadores

Os quolls, por sua vez, podem ser predados pelo diabo-da-Tasmânia, pela coruja-mascarada-australiana e pelo dingo.[3] Também pode ser predado pela águia-audaz e por grandes pítons.

Características de reprodução

Produz uma ninhada por ano, com 4 ou 6 filhotes. O período de gestação é de cerca três semanas. A bolsa se desenvolve durante a época de reprodução, e é aberta para a cauda. Os filhotes permanecem na bolsa de sua mãe por cerca de sete semanas, e que leva cerca de 18 semanas para se tornarem independentes da mãe. A maturidade sexual é atingida após um ano. O quoll pode viver até 4 ou 5 anos.

Habitat

Florestas tropicais e temperadas, savanas tropicais do leste da Austrália;

Distribuição Geográfica

Leste de Queensland, Leste de Nova Gales do Sul, leste e sul de Victoria, sudeste da Austrália Meridional, Tasmânia.

Subespécies

  • Subespécie: Dasyurus maculatus bowlingi (Spencer e Kershaw, 1910)

Nome popular da subespécie: Gato-tigre da ilha King;

Sinônimo do nome científico da subespécie: Dasyurus bowlingi;

Local: Ilha King, no Estreito de Bass;

  • Subespécie: Dasyurus maculatus gracilis (Ramsay, 1888)

Nome popular da subespécie: Gato-tigre de Queensland;

Sinônimo do nome científico da subespécie: Dasyurus gracilis;

Local: nordeste tropical de Queensland;

  • Subespécie: Dasyurus maculatus maculatus (Kerr, 1792)

Nome popular da subespécie: Gato-tigre da Austrália continental;

Sinônimo do nome científico da subespécie: Dasyurus macrourus; Mustela novaehollandiae;

Local: Nova Gales do sul, Queensland; Austrália Meridional, Victória e Tasmânia;

  • Subespécie: Dasyurus maculatus novaehollandiae? (Meyer, 1793)

Sinônimo do nome científico da subespécie: Mustela novaehollandiae;

Nota: Considerado sinônimo de Dasyurus maculatus;

Local: Nova Gales do sul;

Referências

  1. Jones M. E., Rose R. K., Burnett S., (2001) "Dasyurus maculates", Mammalian Species 676:1–9.
  2. Jones M. E., Rose R. K., Burnett S., (2001) "Dasyurus maculates", Mammalian Species 676:1–9.
  3. Jones M. E., Rose R. K., Burnett S., (2001) "Dasyurus maculates", Mammalian Species 676:1–9.

Fonte

  • Este artigo foi inicialmente traduzido, total ou parcialmente, do artigo da Wikipédia em inglês, cujo título é «Tiger Quoll», especificamente .
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Gato-tigre: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

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O gato-tigre (Dasyurus maculatus), apesar do nome não é um gato (animal da família dos felinos) mas sim um mamífero marsupial carnívoro, natural da Austrália. Também é conhecido como quoll-de-cauda-pintada. Os machos chegam a pesar 7 kg e as fêmeas 4 kg, dos marsupiais predadores existentes só perde para o diabo-da-tasmânia (Sarcophilus), que, como o próprio nome indica só é encontrado na Tasmânia. É o maior marsupial carnívoro da Austrália continenta.

Nome Popular: Gato-tigre ou quoll-de-cauda-pintada Nome Científico: Dasyurus maculatus (Kerr, 1792) Sinônimo do nome científico da espécie: Mustela novaeholandiae; Dasyurus ursinus;
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Dasyurus maculatus ( İsveççe )

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Dasyurus maculatus[2][3] är en pungdjursart som först beskrevs av Robert Kerr 1792. Dasyurus maculatus ingår i släktet pungmårdar och familjen rovpungdjur.[4][5]

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life och Mammal Species of the World.[4][2] Ibland godkänns populationen i nordöstra Queensland som underart, D. m. gracilis, och beståndet på Tasmanien kan likaså vara en underart.[1]

Utseende

Honor är med en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 40,5 till 43 mm en svanslängd av 34 till 44 cm och en vikt av 1,6 till 4 kg mindre än hannar. De senare blir 45 till 51 cm långa, har en 39 till 49 cm lång svans och väger 3 till 7 kg. Arten påminner med sin robusta kropp i viss mån om en mangust. Den har ganska korta extremiteter och har därför mindre bra förmåga att springa. Ovansidan är täckt med mörkbrun till rödbrun päls som har många vita fläckar i varierande storlek.[6] I motsats till andra pungmårdar förekommer ljusa fläckar även på svansen.[7] Huvudet kännetecknas av en spetsig nos med rosa spets.[8]

Utbredning

Pungdjuret förekommer på östra sidan av Kap Yorkhalvön, i en bredare remsa längs kusten av sydöstra Australien och på Tasmanien. Vissa populationer föredrar bergstrakter som är minst 900 meter höga och andra populationer finns i låglandet. Habitatet utgörs främst av fuktiga skogar, buskmarker och hedområden men arten finns även i torra och klippiga regioner.[1]

Ekologi

Dasyurus maculatus går på marken och klättrar i träd. Den jagar mindre och medelstora däggdjur som fåframtandade pungdjur, buskvallabyer, grävlingpungdjur, råttor och flygpungekorrar. Dessutom ingår kräldjur, fåglar och insekter i födan. Denna pungmård äter även kadaver. Bytet dödas med ett bett i halsen eller huvudet.[6]

Individerna vilar på dagen i naturliga jordhålor eller i håligheter i träd och börjar sin jakt vid skymningen. När honan inte är brunstig lever hannar och honor oftast ensam men exemplar som delade sovplats observerades likaså. Dasyurus maculatus har ett ungefär 500 hektar stort revir med stora överlappningar mellan artfränder. Honor med ungar lever däremot skild från andra individer och honor är allmänt aggressivare mot andra honor.[6] Enligt en annan källa varierar honornas territorium mellan 495 och 1110 hektar medan hannar har ett 1755 till 3760 hektar stort revir.[7]

Arten parar sig under den australiska vintern mellan juni och augusti. Efter cirka 21 dagar dräktighet föds omkring fem underutvecklade ungar. De kravlar till moderns pung (marsupium) och diar vid en spene. Ungarna stannar till september eller oktober i pungen och de lever sedan till november eller januari i ett gömställe. Ungdjur lämnar modern i genomsnitt 18 veckor efter födelsen. Könsmognaden infaller efter ett år.[6]

Mindre exemplar blir sällan äldre än två år och större individer når i naturen en ålder av 4 eller 5 år. Den äldsta kända individen i fångenskap blev 6 år och 3 månader gammal.[7]

Individer som känner sig hotade gömmer sig i smala bergssprickor eller de klättrar i träd. Arten faller ibland offer för introducerade rödrävar, tamkatter och hundar samt för människor.[7]

Status

Dasyurus maculatus hotas av landskapsförändringar och av introducerade fiender. Den dödas ibland av gift (stryknin) som egentligen lagts ut för att minska dingons bestånd. Arten förföljas av bönder som vill skydda sina höns och andra burfåglar. Att bara vara på plats hjälper inte mot en pungmård som vill stjäla en fågel. Troligtvis mister flera exemplar livet i trafiken. I delar av utbredningsområdet blev den giftiga agapaddan (Rhinella marina) införd och pungmården kan dö när den äter groddjuret.[1]

Enligt uppskattningar utgörs hela beståndet av 20000 vuxna exemplar samt av ungdjur. På grund av de nämnda hoten minskar populationen lite. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som nära hotad.[1]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d e] 2008 Dasyurus maculatus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ [a b] Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., vols. 1 & 2, Dasyurus maculatus
  3. ^ Nowak, Ronald M. (1991) , Walker's Mammals of the World, vol. 1, 5th ed.
  4. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (13 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Arkiverad från originalet den 18 juni 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120618223324/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/services/res/2011AC_26July.zip. Läst 24 september 2012.
  5. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  6. ^ [a b c d] Menna Jones (31 augusti 2007). ”Spotted-tailed quoll”. ARKive. Arkiverad från originalet den 11 november 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171111153640/http://www.arkive.org/spotted-tailed-quoll/dasyurus-maculatus/. Läst 11 november 2017.
  7. ^ [a b c d] Stephanie Verjinski (2013). ”Spotted-tailed quoll” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dasyurus_maculatus/. Läst 11 november 2017.
  8. ^ Edgar R. & Belcher C. (1995). Dasyurus maculatus, The Australian Museum Complete Book of Australian Mammals. Angus & Robertson, Sydney.

Externa länkar

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Dasyurus maculatus: Brief Summary ( İsveççe )

wikipedia SV tarafından sağlandı

Dasyurus maculatus är en pungdjursart som först beskrevs av Robert Kerr 1792. Dasyurus maculatus ingår i släktet pungmårdar och familjen rovpungdjur.

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life och Mammal Species of the World. Ibland godkänns populationen i nordöstra Queensland som underart, D. m. gracilis, och beståndet på Tasmanien kan likaså vara en underart.

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Квол тигровий ( Ukraynaca )

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Опис

Вперше даний опис тигрового квола у 1792 році. Це найбільш з кволів. Розміри підвидів різняться. Так, самці Dasyurus maculatus maculatus мають довжину тулуба - до 93 см, вагу 3,5 кг, а самиці довжину тулуба - до 82 см 1,8 кг, а самці Dasyurus maculatus gracilis мають довжину тулуба - 90,1 см, важать 1,6 кг, а їх самки в довжину - до 74,5 см, з вагою - 1,5 кг. Хвіст в середньому дорівнює - 50 см він укритий рівномірно білими плямами. Має розвинутий великий палець, стислі подушечки ступнів. У тигрового квола гостробургачті корінні зуби.

Спосіб життя

Живе у лісистих вологих місцевостях поблизу морського узбережжя, особливо в евкаліптових заростях. Полюбляє відпочивати на деревах. Влаштовує барлоги, підземні нори, печери в тріщинах скель, дуплах дерев, порожніх колодах, навіть у будинках або сараях. Веде нічний спосіб життя.

Тигровий квол це небезпечний хижак - харчується комахами, ящірками, птахами, падемелонами, чаплями, дрібними ссавцями, невеличкими рептиліями, посумовими, молодими валабі.

Статевозрілими тигрові кволи стають, коли їм виповнюється 1 рік. Спарювання відбувається у червні-липні, вагітність триває 21 день. Самиця народжує 4-6 дитинчат. Після 18 місяців молоді кволи ведуть самостійне життя.

Розповсюдження

Штати Квінсленд, Новий Південний Уельс, Вікторія (Австралія), деякий района південної Австралії, острів Тасманія.

Джерела

  • Groves, C. (2005). Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M, eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 25. OCLC 62265494. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
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Mèo túi hổ ( Vietnamca )

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Mèo túi hổ (Dasyurus maculatus), là một loài động vật có vú trong chi Mèo túi, họ Dasyuridae, bộ Dasyuromorphia. Loài này được Kerr mô tả năm 1792.[2]

mô tả

Đây là một loài thú có túi ăn thịt bản địa Úc và được coi là một động vật ăn thịt đỉnh. Nó là loài thú có túi ăn thịt lớn nhất lục địa Úc và dài nhất thế giới, với chiều dài thân 40–76 cm, và khối lương tối đa lên tới 7 kg cho con đực trưởng thành và 4 kg cho con cái trưởng thành.

Có hai phân loài mèo túi hổ được công nhận. Phân loài lớn hơn, D. m. maculatus, được tìm thấy trong các khu rừng ẩm ướt của miền đông nam Australia và Tasmania. Con đực và cái có trọng lượng trung bình tương ứng là 3,5 kg và 1,8 kg, với chiều dài trung bình là 930 mm và 811 mm. Phân loài phía bắc D. m. gracilis, có kích thước nhỏ hơn, có khối lượng trung bình khoảng 1,6 kg với con đực và 1,2 kg với con cái, với chiều dài trung bình tương ứng là 801 mm và 742 mm, được tìm thấy trong một khu vực nhỏ phía bắc bang Queensland và có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng.

Phân bố

Mèo túi hổ được tìm thấy ở miền đông Úc, nơi có lượng mưa hơn 600 mm mỗi năm. Trong quá khứ, mèo túi hổ đã có mặt trên khắp vùng đông nam Queensland, qua phía đông New South Wales, Victoria, miền đông nam Nam Úc và Tasmania. Tuy nhiên hiện nay mèo túi hổ đã trở nên rất hiếm trong hầu hết các vùng.

Mèo túi hổ sống trong nhiều môi trường, nhưng có vẻ thích rừng ẩm ướt như rừng nhiệt đới và rừng bạch đàn. Chúng sống trên cây, nhưng cũng thường xuyên đi lại trên mặt đất.

Lối sống

Mèo túi hổ thường hoạt động về đêm và nghỉ ngơi vào ban ngày trong hang. Tổ của chúng có thể là hang ngầm, hang động, khe đá, hốc cây, các hố rỗng, hoặc dưới các ngôi nhà hoặc nhà kho. Lãnh thổ con đực khoảng 580-875 ha và 90-188 ha cho con cái.

Mèo túi hổ sinh sản theo mùa. Chúng giao phối trong giữa mùa đông (tháng Sáu/ tháng Bảy), nhưng con cái có thể sinh sản vào đầu tháng Tư. Việc giao phối có thể kéo dài tới 24 giờ.

Săn mồi

Con mồi của mèo túi hổ bao gồm côn trùng, tôm càng, thằn lằn, rắn, chim, gia cầm, động vật có vú nhỏ, thú mỏ vịt, thỏ, thú có túi sống trên cây, kangaru pademelon, kangaru wallabi nhỏ, và gấu túi wombat. Chúng có thể ăn xác chết con mồi lớn hơn như như kangaru, heo rừng, bò và chó hoang dingo nhưng không nhiều.

Phần lớn con mồi của mèo túi hổ là sống trên cây. Chúng có thể leo lên cây và săn các loài thú có túi possum và các loài chim vào ban đêm. Chúng tấn công con mồi bởi một vết cắn vào hộp sọ hoặc trên gáy, tùy thuộc vào kích thước của con mồi. Nó giữ con mồi nhỏ bằng chân trước rồi cắn. Với những con mồi lớn, nó nhảy và bám trên lưng rồi cắn cổ.

Kẻ thù

Mèo túi hổ cũng có thể bị giết bởi quỷ Tasmania, cú mặt nạ Tasmania, chó dingo hoặc chó trong lục địa Úc. Nó cũng có thể là con mồi của đại bàng đuôi nhọn và trăn lớn. Chúng có thể nhường các con quỷ Tasmania trưởng thành, nhưng sẽ đuổi những con chưa trưởng thành khỏi xác động vật. Chúng cũng phải cạnh tranh với các loài ăn thịt được đưa tới như cáo, mèo, và những con chó hoang.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Burnett, S. & Dickman, C. (2008). Dasyurus maculatus. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 12 năm 2008. Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as near threatened
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Dasyurus maculatus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). tr. 170. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

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Mèo túi hổ: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

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Mèo túi hổ (Dasyurus maculatus), là một loài động vật có vú trong chi Mèo túi, họ Dasyuridae, bộ Dasyuromorphia. Loài này được Kerr mô tả năm 1792.

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Пятнистохвостая сумчатая куница ( Rusça )

wikipedia русскую Википедию tarafından sağlandı
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Сумчатые
Семейство: Хищные сумчатые
Вид: Пятнистохвостая сумчатая куница
Международное научное название

Dasyurus maculatus (Kerr, 1792)

Синонимы Подвиды
  • Dasyurus maculatus gracilis (Ramsay, 1888)
  • Dasyurus maculatus maculatus (Kerr, 1792)
Ареал изображение
D.m. gracilis и D.m. maculatus.
Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 552609NCBI 9281EOL 323726FW 234430

Пятнистохвостая сумчатая куница[1], или исполинская сумчатая куница[2], или тигровая кошка[2] (лат. Dasyurus maculatus) — второй по величине сумчатый хищник после тасманского дьявола и самый крупный сумчатый хищник материковой Австралии. Длина её тела около 60—75 см, хвоста — 50 см и веса до 7 кг. Окрас меха тёмно-коричневый, от других видов она отличается наличием белых пятен на хвосте (а не только на теле).

В настоящее время пятнистохвостая сумчатая куница встречается в виде двух изолированных популяций — в северном Квинсленде (возле Кэрнса и Куктауна) и на восточном побережье от южного Квинсленда до Тасмании. Её обычные места обитания — влажные дождевые леса и прибрежные заросли вдоль побережья. Это ночные животные, которые ведут одиночный образ жизни. Примерно десятую часть своего времени они проводят, лазая по деревьям или среди поваленных стволов нижнего яруса леса. Рацион состоит главным образом из кроликов и других некрупных млекопитающих (2/3 их рациона), птиц, птичьих яиц и рептилий. Однако благодаря своим размерам и силе исполинская сумчатая куница охотится и на более крупных животных: цапель, древесных поссумов и даже молодых кенгуру-валлаби. Является пищевым конкурентом тасманского дьявола, который часто отбивает у тигровых кошек добычу. В свою очередь исполинские сумчатые куницы поедают падаль, остающуюся после трапез динго. Иногда разоряют птичники.

Размножаются один раз в год, в начале зимы, однако, потеряв потомство, самки спариваются повторно. После беременности продолжительностью 21 день рождается 4—6 детёнышей. Через 7—10 недель самка оставляет детёнышей в убежище, пока охотится. При необходимости сменить логово, самка переносит их на спине. К концу ноября, когда детёнышам исполняется 18 недель, они уже полностью самостоятельны. Половой зрелости достигают в возрасте 1 года. В неволе живут до 3—4 лет.

Вид внесён в Красную книгу МСОП со статусом «Находящиеся в состоянии, близком к угрожаемому».

Примечания

  1. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 434. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
  2. 1 2 Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 14-15. — 10 000 экз.
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Пятнистохвостая сумчатая куница: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

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Пятнистохвостая сумчатая куница, или исполинская сумчатая куница, или тигровая кошка (лат. Dasyurus maculatus) — второй по величине сумчатый хищник после тасманского дьявола и самый крупный сумчатый хищник материковой Австралии. Длина её тела около 60—75 см, хвоста — 50 см и веса до 7 кг. Окрас меха тёмно-коричневый, от других видов она отличается наличием белых пятен на хвосте (а не только на теле).

В настоящее время пятнистохвостая сумчатая куница встречается в виде двух изолированных популяций — в северном Квинсленде (возле Кэрнса и Куктауна) и на восточном побережье от южного Квинсленда до Тасмании. Её обычные места обитания — влажные дождевые леса и прибрежные заросли вдоль побережья. Это ночные животные, которые ведут одиночный образ жизни. Примерно десятую часть своего времени они проводят, лазая по деревьям или среди поваленных стволов нижнего яруса леса. Рацион состоит главным образом из кроликов и других некрупных млекопитающих (2/3 их рациона), птиц, птичьих яиц и рептилий. Однако благодаря своим размерам и силе исполинская сумчатая куница охотится и на более крупных животных: цапель, древесных поссумов и даже молодых кенгуру-валлаби. Является пищевым конкурентом тасманского дьявола, который часто отбивает у тигровых кошек добычу. В свою очередь исполинские сумчатые куницы поедают падаль, остающуюся после трапез динго. Иногда разоряют птичники.

Размножаются один раз в год, в начале зимы, однако, потеряв потомство, самки спариваются повторно. После беременности продолжительностью 21 день рождается 4—6 детёнышей. Через 7—10 недель самка оставляет детёнышей в убежище, пока охотится. При необходимости сменить логово, самка переносит их на спине. К концу ноября, когда детёнышам исполняется 18 недель, они уже полностью самостоятельны. Половой зрелости достигают в возрасте 1 года. В неволе живут до 3—4 лет.

Вид внесён в Красную книгу МСОП со статусом «Находящиеся в состоянии, близком к угрожаемому».

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斑尾虎鼬 ( Çince )

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二名法 Dasyurus maculatus
科尔英语Robert Kerr (writer), 1792 斑尾袋鼬活动范围
斑尾袋鼬活动范围
亚种
  • 塔斯马尼亚斑尾袋鼬 D. m. maculatus
  • 北昆士兰斑尾袋鼬 D. m. gracilis

斑尾虎鼬英语:Tiger quoll學名Dasyurus maculatus),又称带斑袋鼬斑尾袋鼬斑点袋鼬虎猫,是澳大利亚本土一种隶属袋鼬属的肉食性有袋类动物。雄性和雌性的平均体重分别为3.5公斤和1.8公斤。斑尾袋鼬是澳大利亚大陆上体型最大的肉食性有袋动物,也是世界现存体型最长的肉食性有袋动物(塔斯马尼亚袋獾是全世界体型最大的肉食性有袋动物)。

分类

斑尾袋鼬是袋鼬科英语Dasyuridae家族的成员。袋鼬科包括绝大多数的肉食性有袋类哺乳动物。这种袋鼬于1792年经苏格兰作家、自然学家罗伯特·科尔英语Robert Kerr (writer)发现。当时他将斑尾袋鼬归入于负鼠目。其物种学名 maculatus 意思即为“有斑点”[3]

目前已知斑尾袋鼬有两个亚种[3],分别为:

  1. 发现于昆士兰州南部和塔斯马尼亚岛的塔斯马尼亚斑尾袋鼬
  2. 发现于昆士兰州北部的濒危亚种,即北昆士兰斑尾袋鼬

描述

 src=
斑尾袋鼬骨骼标本

斑尾袋鼬是袋鼬中体型最大的一类。雄性塔斯马尼亚斑尾袋鼬的平均体重为3.5公斤,雌性为1.8公斤。雄性北昆士兰斑尾袋鼬的平均体重为1.6公斤,雌性为1.15公斤[4]。作为比较,体型仅次于斑尾袋鼬的西部袋鼬英语Western quoll,其雄性平均体重为1.31公斤,雌性为0.89公斤[5]

斑尾袋鼬四肢较短,尾巴与头身等长。其头部及颈部宽厚,口鼻细长及偏圆形[4]。斑尾袋鼬前后四肢各有五只脚趾,其后脚大拇指极为发达。为适应爬树习性,斑尾袋鼬的足底肉垫呈脊状隆起[6],以弥补其尾部不适于抓握英语Prehensile tail的构造。

斑尾袋鼬是袋鼬类动物中,唯一一种尾部也与躯干一样带有斑点的物种。斑尾袋鼬通常拥有红褐色的毛皮和白色的斑点,而且颜色不会随季节变更而改变。斑尾袋鼬的毛皮上附有黄褐色的油。其腹部呈浅灰色或奶白色。雄性塔斯马尼亚斑尾袋鼬的平均身长为930毫米,雌性则为811毫米。而北昆士兰斑尾袋鼬的雄性和雌性的平均身长则分别为801毫米和742毫米[4]

分布及生态区域

 src=
斑尾袋鼬,拍摄于澳大利亚维多利亚州希尔斯维尔野生动物保护区

斑尾袋鼬多被发现于年降雨量超过600毫米的澳大利亚东部地区[3][7]。在历史上,斑尾袋鼬曾活动于整个昆士兰州东南部、新南威尔士州东部、维多利亚州、南澳东南部和塔斯马尼亚岛[8]。欧洲人开始在澳大利亚定居和殖民后,袋鼬在澳大利亚大陆的栖息环境受到严重摧毁。如今,斑尾袋鼬在昆士兰州东南部,除国家公园以外的其他地区极为罕见;而在维多利亚州,斑尾袋鼬的数量亦减少了将近50%[7]。虽然斑尾袋鼬在新南威尔士州的分布数量下降并不严重,但仍属稀少[7]。斑尾袋鼬现时主要在有季节性降雨的塔斯马尼亚州北部和西部活动[9]。另外,斑尾袋鼬曾一度在弗林德斯岛和国王岛上出没,但自20世纪以来,斑尾袋鼬已不在塔斯马尼亚的近海岛屿上出现[10]

 src=
摄于澳大利亚昆士兰州伊普斯威奇市皇后公园内的野生动物保护区的斑尾袋鼬

斑尾袋鼬的栖息地虽多样化,但它们似乎更倾向于生活在雨林或桉树林附近的湿润森林[6][9]。它们有11%的时间在树上行动。斑尾袋鼬会捕食昆虫、小龙虾、蜥蜴、蛇、鸟类、家养家禽和小型哺乳类动物,例如:鸭嘴兽、兔子、树栖负鼠、小型沙袋鼠、小袋鼠和袋熊。它们也会捕食体型较大的动物,例如:袋鼠、野猪、牛和澳大利亚土狗[4][11]。但与袋獾相比,斑尾袋鼬的捕食量较少[6]

斑尾袋鼬大多会捕食栖息在树上的生物[11]。因为其捕食的生物种类繁多[12],所以较不受森林大火的影响。斑尾袋鼬会在夜间爬到树的高处,捕食负鼠和鸟类[6]。斑尾袋鼬捕猎时会跟踪猎物,在恰当的时候停下,并咬向猎物的头盖骨底部或颈部最上端。斑尾袋鼬会根据猎物的体积大小决定撕咬位置。如遇到小型猎物,斑尾袋鼬会先用前爪将猎物按住,随后再咬向猎物。如遇到大型猎物,斑尾袋鼬会先跳起,抓住猎物的后背,然后咬向猎物颈部。

在塔斯马尼亚地区,斑尾袋鼬是袋獾和面具猫头鹰英语Australian masked owl的猎物。而在澳大利亚大陆地区,斑尾袋鼬则是澳洲土狗和犬类,又或是楔尾雕和巨蟒的猎食对象。与此同时,斑尾袋鼬也会与包括狐狸、猫和野狗在内的外来物种相对抗。斑尾袋鼬也是许多体内寄生虫的携带体[4]

生命周期

 src=
一只在澳大利亚悉尼野生动物园英语Wild Life Sydney內睡觉的斑尾袋鼬

斑尾虎鼬是夜行动物,日间则在巢中休息。然而,幼兽或带着幼兽的雌兽也可能在日间出现,并在无光的环境下离巢[3][13][11]。与其他袋鼬一样,斑尾虎鼬行走时遵从一定的步法。牠们不十分着重留下或追踪痕迹,不过牠们也懂得沿道路搜集和用鼻嗅出记号[4]

斑尾虎鼬会以多种不同的地方为巢,包括地穴、山洞、石隙、树洞、橫在地上的空心木,以及人类建築物(如居所或棚)之下[6][3][13]。雄性斑尾虎鼬的栖息范围在580−875公顷之间,而雌性斑尾虎鼬的栖息范围则介乎90−188公顷[4]。绝大部份定居的斑尾虎鼬均为雌性,但根据一项族群研究,不论是雄性还是雌性的斑尾虎鼬都有游猎者和定居者[11]。雄性斑尾虎鼬的栖息范围会互相交集,但牠们各自有一个至少 128 公顷大的核心活动范围[13],至于雌性斑尾虎鼬的栖息范围则较少交集[11]。在繁殖季节时,有些斑尾虎鼬会共用一巢[13]。交配过后,雌性会对雄性较具攻击性,尤以分娩前后为甚。

与其他袋鼬相比,斑尾虎鼬较常以气味或声音通讯,而较少使用视觉。牠们打招呼时,以鼻子相触;雄性会嗅雌性的尾部以探知雌性是否发情[4]。斑尾虎鼬口部及耳內的分泌也有助同类分辨其身分[14]。有些斑尾虎鼬群体会有公共厕所,其他则没有。这些厕所的位置通常在岩石较多的小河床、悬崖底部、道路旁边等等[11]

 src=
一只用后脚站立的斑尾袋鼬。此图片摄于摄于澳大利亚昆士兰州伊普斯威奇市皇后公园野生动物保护区

斑尾虎鼬之间交流通讯时会有叫声,但一般不发出过多音量[15]。當牠们受骚扰或准备打斗时,会发出呼气、咳嗽、嘶叫或尖叫[4]。雌性发情时会发出“嗫嗫”的声音[15],而母兽与幼兽对话时会分别发出“呿呿”(母兽)或“嘎嘎”(幼兽)的声音。根据研究,幼兽多于打斗时发出声晌,而母兽则会于幼兽爬上她的身上时发出“嘶嘶”声[4]。当遇到敌对者时,斑尾虎鼬会以咧咀互相威胁,并会把耳朵移后和瞇起眼睛。雄性打斗时会互相抓、咬[6]

斑尾虎鼬的繁殖季节在每年冬季(六、七月),但雌性最早可於四月作好繁殖的准备[16]。相比其他袋鼬,斑尾虎鼬的繁殖习性別具一格,因為其雌性会在发情時发出声晌,而且牠们也较容易接受雄性對牠們的行动[4]。此外,雌性的颈部也会在發情時膨脹。雄性在交配時会以前肢抓住雌性的身旁,並用口颔住雌性的颈[15]。斑尾虎鼬的交配过程可长达24小时。雌性分娩的时候,会翘起臀部并捲起尾巴[4]。幼兽最初会在母亲的育幼袋中,而母兽在这段时期会侧睡。而在幼兽离开后,母兽会留在自己建造的巢里[4]。幼兽在生命最初的 50 至 60 天不能视物,故须依靠听觉和触觉去寻找其母亲及兄弟姊妹。这种依赖在牠们出生 70 天后因为可以视物而停止。母兽不会背着幼兽活动,但幼兽会靠着母亲休息[15]或在受惊时依附牠。到了幼兽出生 100 天后,母兽会对幼兽呈现攻击性,而幼兽也开始较独立地生活[17]

保育状况

斑尾虎鼬被收录于国际自然保护联盟红色名录之中,状态为“近危”[2]澳大利亚环境与能源部英语Department of the Environment and Energy则把斑尾虎鼬列为濒危物种[18]。由于斑尾虎鼬在特定的气候和栖境才能存活,加上牠们的生存所需空间大、分布密度低、容易与入侵物种构成竞争和寿命较短,人们认为牠们的存续容易受威胁[4]。其中,对其栖境的破坏是现时斑尾虎鼬面对的最大威胁[4]。另外,人类捕猎、交通意外、以及在田野中施放1080号杀虫剂英语Sodium fluoroacetate也可能直接导致斑尾虎鼬的死亡率上升[8]。保育者正透过族群监测、公众教育等手段,协助保存斑尾虎鼬。他们亦有意保护栖境及减少1080号杀虫剂对环境的影晌。位于塔斯马尼亚岛西北部的狂河国家公园英语Savage River National Park是其中的一个例子[19]

参考资料

除另行注明外,所有参考资料均为英文。

  1. ^ Groves, Colin. Wilson, D. E., and Reeder, D. M. (eds), 编. Mammal species of the world 3rd edition. Johns Hopkins University Press. 16 November 2005: 25. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (link)
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Burnett, S.; Dickman, C. Dasyurus maculatus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Edgar R., Belcher C., (1995) "Spotted-tailed quoll". Pp. 67-69. In: The mammals of Australia. Second edition (R. Strahan, ed). Australian Museum/Reed Books, Sydney, New South Wales.
  4. ^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 Jones M. E., Rose R. K., Burnett S. Dasyurus maculates. Mammalian Species (American Society of Mammalogists). 2001, 676: 1–9.
  5. ^ Serena M., Soderquist T. R. Strahan, 编. Western quoll. The mammals of Australia (Australian Museum/Reed Books). 1995: 62–64.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Jones M. E. Guild structure of the large carnivores in Tasmania (Ph. D.论文). University of Tasmania. 1995.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Mansergh I. The status, distribution and abundance of Dasyurus maculates (tiger quoll) in Australia, with particular reference to Victoria. Australian Zoologist. 1984, (21): 109–122.
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Recovery Plan - Spotted-tailed Quoll (SE mainland+Tas). Action Plan for Australian Marsupials and Monotremes. Wildlife Australia. 1996-12 [2017-05-14]. ISBN 0-6422-1395-X.
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Jones M. E., R. K Rose. Preliminary assessment of distribution and habitat association of the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculates maculatus) and eastern quoll (D. viverrinus) in Tasmania to determine conservation and reservation status. Report to the Tasmanian Regional Forest Agreement Environment and Heritage Technical Committee. Nature Conservation Branch, Parks and Wildlife Service: 1–68. 1996-11.
  10. ^ Hope, J. H. Mammals of the Bass Strait islands. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. 1972, (85): 163–196.
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Burnett S. The ecology and endangerment of spotted-tailed quoll, Dasyurus maculates (Ph. D.论文). James Cook University of North Queensland.
  12. ^ Dawson, J. P.; Claridge, A. W.; Triggs, B.; Paull, D. J. Diet of a native carnivore, the spotted-tailed quoll (Dasyurus maculatus), before and after an intense wildfire. Wildlife Research. 2007, 34 (5): 342. doi:10.1071/WR05101.
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Watt A. (1993) Conservation status and draft management plan for Dasyurus maculates and D. hallucatus in southern Queensland. Report for Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage and The Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories, October: 1-132.
  14. ^ Eisnberg J. F., I. Golani. (1977) "Communication in metatheria". Pp. 575-99. In: How animals communicate. (T. A. Sebeok, ed). Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Settle G. A. (1978) The quiddity of tiger quoll. Australian Journal of Zoology 9:164-69.
  16. ^ Edgar R., Belcher C., (1983) "Spotted-tailed quoll". Pp. 18-19. In: The mammals of Australia. First edition (R. Strahan, ed). Australian Museum/Reed Books, Sydney, New South Wales.
  17. ^ Collins L., Conway K. (1986) "A quoll by any other name". Zoogoer. January–February:14-16.
  18. ^ Dasyurus maculatus maculatus (Spot-tailed Quoll, Spotted-tailed Quoll, Tiger Quoll). Australian Government Department of the Environment and Energy. [2017-05-14].
  19. ^ Savage River National Park and Savage River Regional Reserve Management Plan 2001 (Draft). Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service: 23,57. 2001 [2017-05-07].

外部连结

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维基百科作者和编辑

斑尾虎鼬: Brief Summary ( Çince )

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斑尾虎鼬(英语:Tiger quoll;學名:Dasyurus maculatus),又称带斑袋鼬、斑尾袋鼬、斑点袋鼬或虎猫,是澳大利亚本土一种隶属袋鼬属的肉食性有袋类动物。雄性和雌性的平均体重分别为3.5公斤和1.8公斤。斑尾袋鼬是澳大利亚大陆上体型最大的肉食性有袋动物,也是世界现存体型最长的肉食性有袋动物(塔斯马尼亚袋獾是全世界体型最大的肉食性有袋动物)。

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호랑이쿠올 ( Korece )

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호랑이쿠올 또는 호랑이주머니고양이(Dasyurus maculatus)는 주머니고양이과에 속하는 유대류의 일종이다. 오스트레일리아의 토착종으로 식육동물 쿠올의 일종이다. 오스트레일리아 대륙에서 가장 큰 종이고 세계에서 가장 긴 현종하는 식육류 유대류 종(가장 큰 종은 태즈메이니아데빌)이다. 2종의 아종이 알려져 있으며, 승명아종(D. m. maculatus)은 오스트레일리아 남동부와 테즈메이니아의 습지 숲에서 발견되고, 북부 아종(D. m. gracilis)은 퀸즐랜드 주 북부의 작은 지역에서 발견되며 멸종위기종이다.

분류

호랑이쿠올은 대부분의 식육류 유대류 포유류를 포함하고 있는 주머니고양이과에 속한다. 1792년 스코틀랜드 작가 겸 박물학자인 로버트 커(Robert Kerr)가 처음 기술했으며, 여러 종의 아메리카 주머니쥐가 속해 있는 주머니쥐속(Didelphis)으로 분류했다. 학명 마쿨라투스(maculatus)는 반점이 있는 종을 의미한다.[3]

2종의 아종이 알려져 있다.[3]

  • D. m. maculatus - 퀸즐랜드 주 남부부터 남쪽으로 테즈메이니아 주 지역까지 발견.
  • D. m. gracilis - 퀸즐랜드 주 북동부 지역에서 고립된 개체군으로 발견되며, 환경유산보호부에서 멸종위기종으로 분류.

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 25쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Dasyurus maculatus”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2008년 12월 28일에 확인함.
  3. Edgar, R.; Belcher, C. (1995). 〈Spotted-tailed Quoll〉. Strahan, Ronald. 《The Mammals of Australia》. Reed Books. 67–69쪽.
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호랑이쿠올: Brief Summary ( Korece )

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호랑이쿠올 또는 호랑이주머니고양이(Dasyurus maculatus)는 주머니고양이과에 속하는 유대류의 일종이다. 오스트레일리아의 토착종으로 식육동물 쿠올의 일종이다. 오스트레일리아 대륙에서 가장 큰 종이고 세계에서 가장 긴 현종하는 식육류 유대류 종(가장 큰 종은 태즈메이니아데빌)이다. 2종의 아종이 알려져 있으며, 승명아종(D. m. maculatus)은 오스트레일리아 남동부와 테즈메이니아의 습지 숲에서 발견되고, 북부 아종(D. m. gracilis)은 퀸즐랜드 주 북부의 작은 지역에서 발견되며 멸종위기종이다.

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