El petrell caragrís (Pterodroma gouldi) és ocell marí de la família dels procel·làrids (Procellariidae), d'hàbits pelàgics que habita als Oceans del Sud, criant a l'illa del Nord de Nova Zelanda.
Ha estat considerat una subespècie del petrell alagran, però recentment han estat considerades espècie diferents, arran els treballs de Gill et al. (2010).[1]
El petrell caragrís (Pterodroma gouldi) és ocell marí de la família dels procel·làrids (Procellariidae), d'hàbits pelàgics que habita als Oceans del Sud, criant a l'illa del Nord de Nova Zelanda.
Ha estat considerat una subespècie del petrell alagran, però recentment han estat considerades espècie diferents, arran els treballs de Gill et al. (2010).
The grey-faced petrel (Pterodroma gouldi) is a petrel endemic to the North Island of New Zealand. In New Zealand it is also known by its Māori name ōi and (along with other species such as the sooty shearwater) as a muttonbird.[2]
This species was formerly treated as a subspecies of the great-winged petrel (Pterodroma macroptera) but has been recognized as a separate species since 2014.[1] Research published in 2016 supports the conclusion that P. gouldi should be treated as a separate species.[3]
Grey-faced petrels are large birds, with a body length of 42–45 cm and weighing on average 550 grams (19 oz).[4] They have a dark black-brown colouration, similar to that of the black-footed albatross, with a black bill and pale grey to buff feathers at the base of the bill and throat. The wings are long and enable a buoyant style of flight.[1] Grey-faced petrels are easily confused with Great-winged petrel (Pterodroma macroptera) where their ranges overlap in the Tasman Sea, as these species are morphologically very similar.
The grey-faced petrel breeds only in the north of North Island, New Zealand. Colonies are largely found on offshore islands, although small remnant populations exist on the mainland at several sites, and birds are successfully breeding in areas with sufficient control of invasive mammalian predators such as rats, cats, and stoats. The largest breeding colony is found on Moutohora Island, with an estimated 95,000 breeding pairs.[5] Outside of the breeding season, individuals range over the subtropical southwest Pacific Ocean, including Australia and Norfolk Island, keeping mainly in the area between 25 and 50 degrees south. Vagrants may occasionally enter Antarctic waters.[1]
The first grey-faced petrels begin returning to the colonies from mid-March but most birds don't start cleaning out their breeding burrows until April. Courtship peaks from late-April to mid-May. The breeding pair then depart on a pre-laying exodus that ranges from 50-70 days for females as they form their large single egg. The first eggs are laid from mid-June but laying peaks in the first 10 days of July, with the last eggs laid in late July.[6] Incubation lasts for about 55 days, a responsibility shared by both parents - swapping over about every 17 days.[6] Males do two long shifts and females one long shift and typically return close to egg hatching. Chicks are left alone in burrows by day from 1-3 days of age. The parents may travel distances of up to 600 km in order to feed their offspring.[7] The chick will be fed by the parents for about 120 days before fledging in December or January.[6] After breeding the adults mostly migrate across to the seas off eastern and southern Australia to carry out their annual feather moult.
Grey-faced petrels typically hunt squid, fish, and crustaceans, but will sometimes scavenge this food.[7] Grey-faced petrels mostly hunt at night, and as most of their prey are bioluminescent, it is suggested that they use these light cues to hunt.[7][8]
Grey-faced petrels have a considerably large population and range, and so are listed as least concern by the IUCN.[1] Furthermore, it is listed as Not Threatened under the New Zealand Threat Classification System due to population increases.[9] One of the largest threats to grey-faced petrels is at breeding grounds, where they are predated on by introduced mammals such as Norway rats.[10] Unattended eggs and young/weak chicks are particularly susceptible to predation, which can impact breeding success rates at colonies.[10] Furthermore, burrowing animals such as rabbits can compete and interfere with grey-faced petrel burrows, which may lead to the birds abandoning them.[10] However, pest eradication projects, such as on Moutohora Island, have allowed some of these colonies to flourish.[5][10]
Town lights have been known to attract some young grey-faced petrels, possibly confusing the artificial light for bioluminescent prey.[8]
In New Zealand some Māori iwi, such as Ngāti Awa and the Hauraki iwi, have customary rights to harvest grey-faced petrel chicks.[11] In the middle of the 20th century, a rahui (ban) on harvesting was put in place by these iwi due to declining population numbers.[12] However, in light of population recoveries, harvesting has started to resume.[11] Research has been undertaken to identify safe harvest numbers that will not harm colony populations.[11][12]
The grey-faced petrel (Pterodroma gouldi) is a petrel endemic to the North Island of New Zealand. In New Zealand it is also known by its Māori name ōi and (along with other species such as the sooty shearwater) as a muttonbird.
El petrel carigrís u ōi en idioma maorí (Pterodroma gouldi)[2] es una especie de ave procelariforme de la familia Procellariidae que se reproduce en la isla Norte de Nueva Zelanda.[3] El nombre científico de la especie conmemora ornitólogo inglés John Gould.[4]
La especie fue descrita científicamente por el ornitólogo anglo neocelandés Frederick Hutton en 1869 como Aestrelata gouldi.[5] Fue tratada anteriormente como una subespecie del petrel aligrande (Pterodroma macroptera) pero fue reconocida como una especie separada en 2014.[1] Una investigación publicada en 2016 respalda la conclusión de que P. gouldi debe ser reconocida como especie distinta.[6]
Solo se reproduce en el norte de la isla Norte de Nueva Zelanda. Las colonias de cría se encuentran en gran parte en islas costeras, aunque existen pequeñas poblaciones en varios sitios de la isla principal, y se reproducen con éxito en áreas con control de depredadores invasores como ratas, gatos y armiños. La colonia reproductora más grande se encuentra en la isla Moutohora, con un estimado de 95 000 parejas reproductoras.[7] Fuera de la temporada de cría, los individuos se extienden al suroeste subtropical del océano Pacífico, incluidas Australia y la isla Norfolk, manteniéndose principalmente en el área de entre 25 y 50 grados sur. Aves vagabundas pueden ocasionalmente entrar en aguas antárticas.[1]
El petrel carigrís u ōi en idioma maorí (Pterodroma gouldi) es una especie de ave procelariforme de la familia Procellariidae que se reproduce en la isla Norte de Nueva Zelanda. El nombre científico de la especie conmemora ornitólogo inglés John Gould.
De grijsmaskerstormvogel (Pterodroma gouldi) is een vogel uit de familie van de stormvogels en pijlstormvogels (Procellariidae).
Deze stormvogel broedt op diverse plaatsen langs de noordkust van het Noordereiland van Nieuw-Zeeland. De vogels beginnen te broeden in februari, in de zuidelijke winter in kleine kolonies op rotsige hellingen tot op 400 m boven zeeniveau. Buiten de broedtijd zwerven de vogels rond op volle zee, zowel in de de Grote Oceaan als in de Indische Oceaan en (minder frequent) Atlantische Oceaan tussen 25° en 50° zuiderbreedte. Hun voornaamste voedsel is pijlinktvissen.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe grijsmaskerstormvogel (Pterodroma gouldi) is een vogel uit de familie van de stormvogels en pijlstormvogels (Procellariidae).
Gouldpetrell[2] (Pterodroma gouldi) är en fågel i familjen liror inom ordningen stormfåglar.[3]
Fågeln häckar på öar utanför Nordön i Nya Zeeland.[3] Vintertid förekommer den i Tasmanhavet och sydvästra Stilla havet.[3] Tidigare behandlades den som underart till långvingad petrell (Pterodroma macroptera) och vissa gör det fortfarande.[4]
IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.[1]
Fågelns svenska trivialnamn och det vetenskapliga artnamnet hedrar den engelske förläggaren, entreprenören, naturforskaren och konstnären John Gould (1804-1881).[5]
Wikispecies har information om Pterodroma gouldi.
Gouldpetrell (Pterodroma gouldi) är en fågel i familjen liror inom ordningen stormfåglar.
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