Comprehensive Description
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Prochilodus argenteus Agassiz, 1829
Prochilodus argenteus Agassiz in Spix and Agassiz, 1829:63, pl. 38 [type locality: S. Francisci (= Brazil, Rio Saão Francisco), restricted herein to Brazil, Minas Gerais, Januária, Rio São Francisco; neotype locality: Brazil, Bahia, Rio Desidério, São Desidério, near Barreiras].—Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1850:71 [Rio San-Francisco (=Rio São Francisco)].—Lütken, 1875b: 189 [in part, specimens from Rio das Velhas; not synonymy of P. costatus].—Cope, 1878:686 [cited as similar to P. cephalotes].—Eigenmann and Oglc, 1907:5 [cited similarity to P. beani].—Eigenmann, 1910:424 [in listing of South American fishes; in part, not synonymy of Prochilodus costatus]; 1912:271 [purported similarity to P. maripicru noted]; 1917:23 [equivalence of Curimata Marcgrave to P. argenteus].—Steindachner, 1915:21 [in part, specimens from Rio São Francisco at Barra and Sambaiba, not cited specimens from Pamahyba (=Rio Pamaiba)].—Azevedo and Vieira, 1938:8, unnumbered figure facing page 9 [ecology, feeding, growth, reproduction, anatomy].—Angelescu and Gneri, 1949:175 [feeding, based upon Azevedo and Vieira, 1938].—Travassos, 1952:225 [as type specics of Prochilodus].—Braga, 1961:20 [Brazil, Pernambuco, Rio Moxoto].—Gćry, 1963:392 [request to International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]; 1977:222 [in part, not synonymy of P. costatus and P. lacustris into P. argenteus; not occurrence of P. argenteus in Rio Pamahyba (=Parnaíba), Brazil].—Lowe-McConnell, 1964:121 [possible total spawner, based upon literature information]; 1975:219 [fecundity]; 1987, table 11.3 [number of ova].—International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1966:41 [opinion involving available names for synonyms of species].—Roberts, 1973b:214 [sound production during spawning migrations].—Nomura, 1984:54 [Brazil, common name].—Pauls and Bcrtollo, 1984:787 [karyotype].—Petrere, 1985:7 [importance in Amazonian fishery]; 1989:8 [economic importance].—Bertollo et al., 1986:156, table 1 [karyotype].—Nakatani et al., 2001:182, figs, 51, 52 [descriptions of eggs and larval stages].—Alves and Pompeu, 2001:82, 184 [Brazil, basin of Rio das Velhas].—[Not Günther, 1864:294; Lütken, 1875b: 189; Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891:48; Perugia, 1891:640; Pearson, 1937b: 109; Bertoni, 1939:59; Ringuelet, 1975:72; Lopez et al., 1987:18.]
Pacu argenteus.—Agassiz in Spix and Agassiz, 1829:63 [as synonym of Prochilodus argenteus].—Müller and Troschel, 1844:84 [Brazil]; 1845:8 [Brazil].
Prochilodus steindachneri [not of Fowler, 1906].—Fowler, 1941:171 [in part, Brazil, Rio São Francisco; not Ceará, Rio Salgado, lcó]; 1950:224 [in part, Brazil, Rio São Francisco; not Ceará, Rio Salgado, lcó].—Nomura, 1984:54 [Brazil, common name].
Salmo marggravii.—Fowler, 1950:215 [in part, as synonym of type species of Prochilodus Agassiz in Spix and Agassiz, 1829 (=Prochilodus argenteus); name suppressed by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1966: opinion 772)].
Prochilodus marggravii.—Fowler, 1950:220 [in part, name suppressed by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1966: opinion 772)]; 1975:359 [literature compilation, not synonymy of P. costatus].—Mago-Leccia, 1972:47 [use of caudal-fin pigmentation to discriminate groups of species].—Britski et al., 1984:59 [Brazil, Rio São Francisco]; 1986:59 [Brazil, Rio São Francisco].—Menin and Mimura, 1991:229 [details of epibranchial anatomy].—Santos and Barbieri, 1991:5 [age and growth].—Menin and Mimura, 1992:507 [buccopharyngeal anatomy]; 1993:253 [stomach anatomy].—Sato and Godinho, 1999:404, 411, table 17.3 [Brazil, Rio São Francisco; biology and ecology].—[Not Godoy, 1987:180 (incorrect synonymy into Prochilodus platensis).]
Prochilodus margravei.—Ringuelet ct al., 1967:204 [Río de La Plata basin; biological data; unjustified emendation of name suppressed by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1966: opinion 772)].—Nomura, 1984:54 [Brazil, common name].
Prochilodus brevis [not of Steindachner, 1874].—Nomura, 1984:54 [Brazil, common name].
Prochilodus margravii.—Pauls and Bertollo, 1984:787 [unjustified emendation of name suppressed by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1966: opinion 772); karyotype].—Bertollo et al., 1986:156, table 1 [karyotype].
Prochilodus marggravi.—Géry et al., 1987:438 [incorrect spelling of name suppressed by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1966: opinion 772)].
DIAGNOSIS.—Prochilodus argenteus differs from P. mariae, P. brevis, P. rubrotaeniatus, P. lacustris, and P. nigricans in having a hyaline caudal fin rather than having the dark, irregular, wavy bar-like patterns present on the caudal-fin lobes in those five species. Within the group of Prochilodus species with hyaline caudal fins, P. argenteus differs from P. vimboides in the number of scales along the lateral line (45 to 51 versus 34 to 39, respectively); from Prochilodus britskii in the number of horizontal rows of scales between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line (10 or 11 versus 6 or 7, respectively) and in the number of horizontal rows of scales around the caudal peduncle (17 to 22 versus 13 or 14, respectively); from P. costatus in the number of horizontal rows of scales between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line (10 or 11, 11 rows most frequent, versus 8 or 9, 9 rows most frequent, respectively); from P. hartii in the number of horizontal rows of scales between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line (10 or 11 versus 6 to 8, respectively) and in the number of scales along the lateral line (45 to 51 versus 40 to 43, respectively); from P. lineatus in the number of horizontal rows of scales between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line (10 or 11, 11 rows most frequent, versus 7 to 10, 9 rows most frequent and 10 relatively rare, respectively; Figure 33), the number of median predorsal scales (17 to 22, 18 and 19 most frequent and 20 and 21 almost as frequent, versus 14 to 20, 16 scales most frequent and 19 to 21 scales relatively infrequent, respectively; Figure 34), the number of scales along the lateral line (45 to 51, 48 most frequent, versus 44 to 50, 47 scales most frequent, respectively), and the number of vertebrae (42 or 43, 42 most frequent, versus 42 to 44, 43 most frequent, respectively); from P. magdalenae in the presence of wavy, dark, longitudinal stripes along the body (stripes absent in P. magdalenae), in the number of scales between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line (10 or 11 versus 8 or 9, respectively), and the number of vertebrae (42 to 44 versus 39 to 41, respectively); and from P. reticulatus in the presence of wavy, dark, longitudinal stripes along the body (stripes absent in P. reticulatus), in the number of horizontal rows of scales between the dorsal-fin origin and the lateral line (10 or 11 versus 7 to 9, respectively), the number of vertebrae (42 to 44 versus 38 to 40, respectively), the number of scales along the lateral line (45 to 51, 48 most frequent, versus 41 to 45, 43 most frequent, respectively), and the number of median predorsal scales (17 to 22, 18 most frequent, versus 11 to 18, 13 most frequent, respectively).
DESCRIPTION.—Morphometric and meristic data for Prochilodus argenteus presented in Table 5. Body relatively high and transversely compressed. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head gently concave. Predorsal profile of body convex. Body profile posteroventrally inclined at dorsal-fin base. Profile ranging from gently convex to straight in region from posterior of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin and concave along caudal peduncle. Predorsal portion of body with slight median ridge. Postdorsal portion of body transversely obtusely rounded. Ventral profile of body moderately convex from tip of lower jaw to posterior of anal- fin base. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle concave. Prepelvic region transversely flattened proximate to pelvic-fin insertion. Distinct keel present between pelvic-fin insertion and anus.
Character A B
Morphometrics
1. Standard length 237.0 57.6–436.5
2. Greatest body depth 37.0 35.4–44.0
3. Predorsal length 47.7 44.9–51.9
4. Dorsal-fin base length 18.8 17.6–19.9
5. Dorsal fin to adipose in distance 25.4 21.7–26.8
6. Dorsal fin to caudal fin distance 47.3 37.0–50.0
7. Prepelvic length 50.7 46.9–57.1
8. Preanal distance 77.6 73.6–82.3
9. Snout to anal-fin insertion 80.0 77.6–83.9
10. Anal-fin base length 11.7 9.6–14.8
11. Caudal-peduncle length 13.1 11.2–14.8
12. Dorsal-fin length 31.9 27.3–40.1
13. Pectoral-fin length 19.2 16.3–22.6
14. Pelvic-fin length 18.4 13.9–24.0
15. Least caudal-peduncle height 13.2 11.5–14.6
16. Head length 28.5 22.8–35.9
17. Snout length 44.4 35.6–46.5
18. Bony orbital diameter 23.2 17.7–30.4
19. Postorbital length 39.2 35.4–43.8
20. Interorbital width 53.6 47.8–58.6
21. Mouth width 44.5 42.9–49.2
Meristics
Lateral-line scales 44 45–51
Scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 10 10–11
Scale rows between anal-fin origin and lateral line 6 6–8
Scale rows between pelvic-fin insertion and lateral line 8 7–9
Rows of scales around caudal peduncle 18 17–22
Median predorsal scales 20 17–22
Median scales between dorsal and adipose fins 14 13–17
Vertebrae 43 42–44
Inner row teeth, upper jaw 22 15–25
Inner row teeth, lower jaw 11 8–14
Head profile pointed. Snout length greater than horizontal width of orbit. Nares of each side of head close to each other; anterior nares circular, posterior nares crescent shaped. Adipose eyelid present but poorly developed; eyelid most highly developed anteriorly, but with major portion of eye uncovered. Lips fleshy, moderately developed, and forming oral disk when protracted.
Functional teeth in two rows in each jaw. All teeth movably implanted in flesh that overlies jaws. All teeth of similar size and spoon shaped except when worn down. Inner tooth series in each jaw with 15 to 25 teeth on left side of upper jaw and 8 to 14 teeth on left side of lower jaw. Outer row of teeth in each jaw with approximately 83 teeth on each side of upper jaw and approximately 72 teeth on each side of lower jaw in neotype. Upper and lower lips bordered by numerous globular, fleshy papillae.
Scales spinoid. Scales in middorsal series between posterior of dorsal-fin base and adipose-fin origin similar in form to those of adjoining regions of body. Lateral line with 45 to 51 (35.7% of specimens with 48) pored scales; 10 or 11 (64.3% of specimens with 11) horizontal rows of scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line; 7 to 9 (60.7% of specimens with 8) horizontal rows of scales between pelvic-fin insertion and lateral line; 6 to 8 (75.0% of specimens with 7) horizontal rows of scales between anal-fin origin and lateral line; 17 to 22 (50.0% of specimens with 18 or 19) median predorsal scales; 13 to 17 (39.3% of specimens with 14) scales in middorsal series between posterior of dorsal-fin base and adipose-fin origin; 17 to 22 (85.7% of specimens with 18) horizontal rows of scales around caudal peduncle.
Dorsal fin preceded by small, anteroventrally bifurcate, procumbent spine somewhat triangular in lateral view. Dorsal-fin rays (including procumbent spine) iii, 10 [iii, 10]; anal-fin rays ii,8 or iii,8 (iii,8 most frequent) [ii,8]; pectoral-fin rays i, 13 to 16 (i,14 most frequent) [i, 14]; pelvic-fin rays i,8 [i,8]; principal caudal-fin rays 10/9 [10/9].
Vertebrae 42 to 44 (57.1% of specimens with 42).
Dorsal fin truncate and slightly pointed distally; three anterior branched rays longest and subequal. Dorsal-fin origin located closer to tip of snout than to caudal-fin base. Greatest length of adipose fin approximately two-thirds of horizontal width of orbit. Adipose-fin origin located along vertical that passes through middle of anal-fin base. Pectoral fin distally pointed. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin reaching posteriorly almost to pelvic-fin insertion. Pelvic fin falcate. Pelvic-fin origin located along vertical that passes approximately through anterior one-fourth of dorsal-fin base. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin reaching posteriorly approximately two-thirds of distance between pelvic-fin insertion and anus. Axillary scale present, its length approximately two-thirds of greatest length of pelvic fin. Posterior unbranched and anterior branched rays of anal fin longest and subequal. Caudal fin moderately bifurcate.
COLORATION IN ALCOHOL.—Ground coloration silvery yellow or brownish yellow, with dorsal portions of body and head darker. Lateral surface of body with 5 to 17 (most frequently 12) vertical, dark, diffuse, patches between rear of head and caudal fin. Patches with approximate overall form of narrow isosceles triangles with apexes positioned in center of ventrolateral portion of body and bases along dorsomedial region of body. Patches well developed in juveniles and small adults; indistinct or absent in large individuals. Lateral surface of body with approximately 5 to 15 (most frequently 12) dark, wavy, horizontal stripes along dorsal and ventral margins of exposed portions of scales. Approximately 5 to 7 (most frequently 5) wavy stripes above, and 0 to 8 (most frequently 6) stripes below, lateral line. Patch of black or brown chromatophores forming irregular, dark patch on upper one-half of opercle.
Dorsal fin with 4 to 10 irregular dark stripes beginning at anterior margin of fin and extending across fin approximately parallel to fin base. Adipose fin with small, diffuse, dark spots and with fin margin finely bordered with black. Pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal fins dusky. Iris golden yellow, with diffuse dusky areas on dorsal and ventral portions.
DISTRIBUTION.—Prochilodus argenteus was originally endemic to, and widely distributed through, the Rio São Francisco basin of eastern, Brazil (Figure 30, dots). The species was subsequently introduced into various river basins of northeastern Brazil by the Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas (DNOCS). One lot examined but not indicated on the distribution map (ANSP 75489) from Ceará, Icóo, Rio Salgado apparently represents a sample of such an introduced population.
COMMON NAME.—Curimatã, curimatã-pacu (Brazil).
COMPARISONS.—As indicated in the “Diagnosis,” above, Prochilodus argenteus of the Rio São Francisco basin of eastern Brazil unequivocally differs in one or more features from all congeners with the exception of P. lineatus of the Rio de La Plata and Rio Paraíba do Sul basins. The two nominal forms, although demonstrating some overlap in the number of median predorsal scales and in the number of horizontal rows of scales between the lateral line and the dorsal-fin origin, nonetheless demonstrate pronounced differences in the modal counts for these values (see Figure 34 for median predorsal scales). In light of those differences and the allopatry of the nominal forms, we recognize them as distinct species in this study.
MATERIAL EXAMINED.—70 specimens (24, 57.6–436.5 mm SL).
NEOTYPE.—BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Desidério, Município de São Desidério, near Barreiras, collected by M.A. Castarolli and J. Camargo, 2–6 May 1985, MZUSP 28778, 1 (1, 237.0, neotype of Prochilodus argenteus; designated herein).
BRAZIL. Bahia: Barra, Rio São Francisco, NMW 56605, 2 (2, 232.8–298.6); NMW 56606, 4 (2, 72.2–78.6); NMW 56641, 1 (1, 316.8); NMW 56643, 3 (2, 189.2–287.3); NMW 56725, 4 (2, 57.6–74.1); NMW 56854:1–2, 2 (1, 85.6–87.7). Confluence of Rio Grande with Rio São Francisco, Barra, FMNH 92992, 1 (181.0). Penedo, mouth of Rio São Francisco, FMNH 78098, 1 (110.0); FMNH 92293, 1 (129.3); FMNH 92994, 1 (74.5); FMNH 93007, 1 (100.6). Rio Desidério, Município de Sáo Desidério, near Barreiras, MZUSP 55638, 1 (231.5; collected with neotype and formerly MZUSP 28778, neotype lot, in part). Rio São Francisco, MZUSP 2040, 1 (1, 180.0). Ceará: Icó, Rio Salgado (this lot probably represents an introduction into that region of P. argenteus by the Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas, DNOCS, and is not shown on the distribution map, Figure 30), ANSP 75489, 1 (1, 87.1) [1R]. Propriá, Rio São Francisco, MZUSP 21519, 1 (1, 172.2). Minas Gerais: Riacho and Lago de Mocambinho, right margin of Rio São Francisco, Município de Manga (14°46′S, 43°56′W), MZUSP 41278, 2 (cleared and counterstained for bone and cartilage); MZUSP 42073, 4 (84.3–147.7). Rio São Francisco and tributaries, vicinity of Usina Hidrelétrica Formoso project, MZUSP 39740, 6 (223.6–319.7). Três Marias, Rio São Francisco, MZUSP 21453, 2 (2, 278.0–322.0); MZUSP 21717, 4 (4, 203.0–246.0); MZUSP 42673, 1 (1, 122.2). Rio São Francisco, between Guaicuí and Januária, MCZ 20162, 2 (172.9–173.0); MCZ 20290, 1 (93.4). Rio das Velhas, upriver of Belo Horizonte, BMNH 1925.6.9:2, 1 (436.5). Pernambuco: Jatobá, Rio São Francisco, ANSP 75488, 4(1, 78.6–90.6) [1R]. Temporary lagoon along Rio São Francisco, 9.6 km from Juazeiro, FMNH 76363, 2 (197.2–225.4). Lago Coripo or Carijós, near Santa Maria da Boa Vista, Rio São Francisco, UMMZ 147404, 5 (1, 125.9–165.1) [2R]; USNM 161329, 9 (105.6–304.0). Samambaia (approximately 25 km N of Ibimirim), NMW 56644, 2(1, 69.0–70.5).
- bibliyografik atıf
- Castro, Ricardo M. C. and Vari, Richard P. 2004. "Detritivores of the South American fish family Prochilodontidae (Teleostei:Ostariophysi:Characiformes) : a phylogenetic and revisionary study." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-189. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.622
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