Comprehensive Description
(
İngilizce
)
Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology tarafından sağlandı
Prochilodus hartii Steindachner, 1874
Prochilodus hartii Steindachner, 1874:533, pl. 5 [type locality: Rio Jequitinhonha, Rio Pardo und Rio Parahyba (=Brazil, Rio Jequitinhonha, Rio Pardo, and Rio Paraíba do Sul), restricted herein to Brazil, Bahia, Rio Jequitinhonha, Belmonte].—Cope, 1878:685 [contrasted with P. hartii].—Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1891:48 [in listing of South American fishes].—Eigenmann, 1907b:768 [lateral-line scale count]; 1910:424 [in listing of South American fishes].—Magalhães, 1931:111 [in part, not synonymy into Prochilodus reticulatus].—Fowler, 1941:171 [brief redescription]; 1950:218 [literature compilation in part; not cited occurrence in Rio Paraíba do Sul]; 1975:359 [Brazil, Rio Jequitinhonha and Bardo (= Pardo), not cited occurrence in Rio Parahyba (=Paraíba)].—Mago-Leccia, 1972:47 [use of caudal-fin pigmentation to group species].—[Not Fowler, 1950:218 (citation for São Paulo); Géry, 1977:219 [(Brazil), Rio Parahyba (= Paraíba)].
Prochilodus cf. hartii.—Godinho et al., 1999:415, 418, 421, tables 18.1, 18.2, / 18.4 [Brazil, Rio Jequitinhonha; common name; habitat; biological information].
DIAGNOSIS.—Prochilodus hartii differs from P. brevis, P. lacustris, P. mariae, P. nigricans, and P. rubrotaeniatus in its lack of dark, irregular, wavy, bar-like patterns on the caudal-fin lobes that are present in those five species. Within the group of Prochilodus species with hyaline caudal fins, P. hartii differs from P. vimboides in the number of lateral-line scales (40 to 43, 41 most frequent, versus 34 to 39, 37 most frequent, respectively); from Prochilodus britskii in the number of teeth in the inner tooth row on each side of the upper jaw (21 to 28 versus 10 to 13, respectively) and in the number of teeth in the inner tooth series of each side of the lower jaw (13 to 18 versus 6 or 7, respectively); from P. argenteus, P. costatus, and P. lineatus in the number of scales along the lateral line (40 to 43, 41 most frequent, versus the range of 44 to 51 in these three species in combination); from P. reticulatus in the number of teeth in the inner row of teeth in the lower jaw (13 to 18, 14 most frequent, versus 8 to 12, 10 most frequent, respectively) and in the number of horizontal rows of scales around the caudal peduncle (14 to 16, 14 and 15 most frequent, versus 16 to 18, 18 most frequent, respectively); and from P. magdalenae in the number of horizontal rows of scales around the caudal peduncle (14 to 16, 14 and 15 most frequent, versus 17 to 19, 18 most frequent, respectively) and in the number of scales along the lateral line (40 to 43, 41 most frequent, versus 43 to 46, 44 most frequent).
DESCRIPTION.—Morphometric and meristic data for Prochilodus hartii presented in Table 9. Body comparatively high, transversely compressed. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of head gently concave. Predorsal profile of body convex; posteroventrally inclined along dorsal-fin base; gently convex from posterior of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin, and concave along caudal peduncle. Predorsal portion of body with slight median ridge. Postdorsal region of body obtusely rounded transversely. Ventral profile of body convex from tip of lower jaw to posterior of anal-fin base. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle concave. Prepelvic region transversely flattened proximate to pelvic-fin insertion. Moderately developed median keel present between pelvic-fin insertion and anus.
Head profile pointed. Mouth terminal. Snout length greater than horizontal width of orbit. Nares of each side of head close to each other; anterior nares circular, posterior nares crescent shaped. Adipose eyelid present but poorly developed; most developed anteriorly, but with greater part of eye uncovered. Lips fleshy, moderately developed, and forming oral disk when protracted.
Functional teeth in two rows in each jaw. All teeth movably implanted in flesh that overlies jaws. All teeth of similar size, with exposed portions spoon shaped except when worn down. Inner tooth series in each jaw with 21 to 28 teeth on left side of upper jaw and 13 to 18 teeth on left side of lower jaw. Outer row of teeth in each jaw with approximately 132 teeth on each side of upper jaw and approximately 100 teeth on each side of lower jaw in lectotype. Upper and lower lips bordered by numerous globular, fleshy papillae.
Scales spinoid. Scales in middorsal series between posterior of dorsal-fin base and adipose-fin origin similar in form to those of adjoining regions of body. Lateral line with 40 to 43 (46.7% of specimens with 41) pored scales; 6 to 8 (85.7% of specimens with 7) horizontal rows of scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line; 5 to 7 (86.7% of specimens with 6) horizontal rows of scales between pelvic-fin insertion and lateral line; 5 or 6 (86.7% of specimens with 5) horizontal rows of scales between anal-fin origin and lateral line; 12 to 16 (50.0% of specimens with 14) median predorsal scales; 12 to 15 (43.3% of specimens with 14) scales in middorsal series between posterior of dorsal-fin base and adipose-fin origin; 14 to 16 (46.7% of specimens with 14 and 15) horizontal rows of scales around caudal peduncle.
Dorsal fin preceded by small, but well-developed, anteriorly bifurcate, procumbent spine. Dorsal-fin rays (including procumbent spine) iii, 10 [iii,10]; anal-fin rays iii,8 or 9 (iii,8 most frequent) [iii,8]; pectoral-fin rays i,13 to 15 (i,14 most frequent) [i, 14]; pelvic-fin rays i,8 or 9 (i,8 most frequent) [i,8]; principal caudal-fin rays 10/9 [10/9].
Vertebrae 37 to 40 (66.7% of specimens with 40).
Dorsal fin truncate, slightly pointed distally; posterior unbranched and anterior branched longest and subequal. Dorsal-fin origin located closer to tip of snout than to caudal-fin base. Greatest length of adipose fin approximately equal to horizontal width of orbit. Adipose-fin origin located along vertical that passes through middle of anal-fin base. Pectoral fin distally pointed. Tip of adpressed pectoral fin reaching posteriorly approximately three-fourths of distance between pectoral-fin and pelvic-fin insertions. Pelvic fin falcate. Pelvic-fin insertion located along vertical that passes through middle of dorsal-fin base. Tip of adpressed pelvic fin reaching posteriorly approximately two-thirds of distance between pelvic-fin insertion and anus. Axillary scale present, its length approximately one-third of greatest length of pelvic fin. Posterior unbranched and anterior branched anal-fin rays longest and subequal. Caudal fin bifurcate.
COLORATION IN ALCOHOL.—Ground coloration silvery yellow or brownish yellow, with dorsal portion of body and head darker. Lateral surface of body typically uniformly pigmented and lacking vertical patches of dark pigmentation; rarely with approximately 15 diffuse and irregular, dark, vertical patches of pigmentation between head and caudal-fin base. Pigmentation patches formed of alternating fields of highly irregular and diffuse melanophores. Small and medium-sized individuals with 7 to 10 (most frequently 8 or 9) dark, wavy, horizontal stripes along dorsal and ventral margins of exposed portions of scales. Three to 5 (most frequently 4 or 5) wavy stripes above lateral line and 3 to 4 (most frequently 4 or 5) wavy stripes below. Field of black chromatophores forming dark mark of irregular shape on upper one-half of opercle. Largest examined specimens without wavy stripes apparent on lateral surface of body, perhaps as consequence of layer of guanine that overlies that region.
Dorsal fin with 5 to 10 (most frequently 5) irregular, dark stripes beginning at anterior margin and extending across fin approximately parallel to base of fin. Adipose fin with dorsal margin finely bordered by black pigmentation. Pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal fins dusky. Iris yellowish gold, with diffuse, dusky areas on dorsal and ventral portions.
COLORATION IN LIFE.—(Based upon color transparencies of recently collected specimens from the Rio Jequitinhonha photographed by the first author). Dark pigmentation as described above. Ground coloration silvery, with dorsal portion of head and body darker, especially the head. All fins with reddish ground coloration, with posterior portions of pelvic and anal fins more intensely red and with interradial membranes of anal fin and all of caudal fin somewhat dusky. Iris golden yellow.
DISTRIBUTION.—Prochilodus hartii is known only from the Rio Pardo and Rio Jequitinhonha basins of eastern Brazil (Figure 43, dots).
COMMON NAME.—Grumexa or grumecha, curimatã, papa-terra (Brazil).
COMPARISONS.—As noted in the “Diagnosis,” Prochilodus hartii is unequivocally distinguished from all congeners by various meristic, morphometric, and pigmentary features.
MATERIAL EXAMINED.—43 specimens (30, 91.6–333.8 mm SL).
BRAZIL. Bahia: Rio Jequitinhonha, Belmonte, MCZ 20042, 3(1, 125.6–136.6); MCZ 20043, 2(2, 293.1–303.7) [1R]; MCZ 20044, 2(2, 128.7–156.0) [1R]; MZUSP 2799, 10(10, 91.6–124.0); MZUSP 42685, 2 (cleared and counterstained for bone and cartilage); NMW 56645, 1(1, 259.5, lectotype of Prochilodus hartii) [1R]; NMW 56646:1–4, (4, 121.2–235.7, paralectotypes of Prochilodus hartii) [4R]; NMW 56648, 1 (1, 245.8, paralectotype of Prochilodus hartii) [1R]. Rio Pardo, Canavieiras, MCZ 20047, 2 (1, 189.0–195.3); NMW 56647, 1(1, 333.8, paralectotype of Prochilodus hartii) [1R]. Rio Pardo, near Itapetininga, MZUSP 42676, 1(1, 173.4) [1R]. Minas Gerais: Rio Jequitinhonha, Salto da Divisa, MZUSP 42677, 3(3, 244.8–300.0) [3R]; USNM 319769, 1(270.2) [1R]. Rio Araçuaí, MCZ 20045, 3(1, 210.2) [1R]; MCZ 20159, 2(1, 122.4–128.8). Rio Ribeirão, tributary of Rio Jequitinhonha, approximately 4–5 km ESE of Jordania (15°54′S, 40°10′W), USNM 318129, 3 (86.7–91.8); USNM 318135, 2(94.1–100.9).
- bibliyografik atıf
- Castro, Ricardo M. C. and Vari, Richard P. 2004. "Detritivores of the South American fish family Prochilodontidae (Teleostei:Ostariophysi:Characiformes) : a phylogenetic and revisionary study." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-189. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.622
这是一篇關於魚類的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
