Kallima inachus, auch Indischer Blattschmetterling oder einfach Indisches Blatt[1] genannt, ist ein Schmetterling aus der Familie der Edelfalter (Nymphalidae).
Die Flügelspannweite dieses sehr gut getarnten Falters beträgt zwischen 90 und 120 Millimeter andere Quellen nennen 85 bis 95 Millimeter[2]. Er ist deshalb so gut getarnt, da seine Unterseite eine hellbraune Äderung mit einem weißen Schimmelfleck auf dem Vorderflügel aufweist und er damit aussieht wie ein welkes Blatt. Ebenso verläuft über beide Flügel eine Mittelrippe und am Hinterflügel ein Sporn, welcher aussieht wie ein Blattstängel. Beides verstärkt den Eindruck noch mehr. Dieser Tatsache verdankt er auch seinen deutschen Namen. Des Weiteren sind die Flügel recht eckig und laufen an den Vorderflügeln spitz zu. Die Oberseite ist bunt gefärbt mit einem breiten braunen, orangefarbenen und blauen Streifen und einem Augenfleck auf jedem Vorderflügel. Auf dem Hinterflügel ist er bläulich schimmernd. Zwischen den Generationen der Trocken- und Regenzeit gibt es Unterschiede in Form und Färbung. Während der Regenzeit sind die Falter im Allgemeinen kleiner aber kräftiger gefärbt.[3] Der Körper ist von oben gesehen schwarz und von unten braun. Es gibt keine Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern.[2] Allerdings sind die Weibchen in der Regel etwas größer als die Männchen und unterseits eher rötlicher gefärbt.[3]
Der Körper der Raupe ist schwarz mit elf roten Stacheln auf jedem Segment[3] und gelblichen Haaren.
Die Puppe hat einen einfachen blassbraun gefärbten Körper mit schieferfarbenen Bereichen. Der Brustkorb ist leicht gekielt und läuft am Bauch und dem Rücken konisch zusammen.[3]
Er ist ein kräftiger und schneller Flieger. Man sieht ihn hauptsächlich an faulenden Früchten von denen er sich ernährt[4][1]. Baumharz lockt ihn ebenso an wie Schlamm-Pfützen an denen man die Art beobachtet hat.[3] Morgens kommen die Falter aus ihrem Nachtquartier und setzen sich mit dem Kopf nach unten an niedrige Stämme oder Laubhaufen. Dort breiten sie dann ihre Flügel aus, um sich zu sonnen. Sie sonnen sich tagsüber oft auf lichtbeschienenen Waldstellen, wo sie mit halb geöffneten Flügeln auf dem Laub sitzen. Man kann sie dort nur sehr schwer erkennen und sie werden oft von vorbeilaufendem Wild aufgeschreckt. Trotz ihrer guten Tarnung werden sie doch öfters von Vögeln attackiert, welche es hauptsächlich auf die beiden Augenflecke auf den Vorderflügeln abgesehen haben. Fehlende Flügelteile in diesem Bereich belegen das.[5] Bei Angriffen von Vögeln oder anderen Räubern lässt er sich einfach auf den Boden fallen und verharrt dort bewegungslos, so dass der Angreifer den Schmetterling nicht mehr finden kann.[3]
Die Art bildet zwei Generationen pro Jahr aus, eine in der Regenzeit und eine weitere während der Trockenperiode. Diese fliegen von April bis Oktober, manchmal auch noch bis Dezember.[3]
In der chinesischen Stadt Chongqing dauerte eine Generation etwa 50 Tage vom Ei bis zum Falter. Nach ca. 6 Tagen schlüpft die Raupe aus dem Ei. Die Lebensspanne der Raupe dauert dann ca. 36 Tage und durchläuft 5, manchmal auch 6 Stadien, bis sie sich verpuppt. Nach ca. 10 Tage schlüpft der Falter. Ideal für eine erfolgreiche Zucht sind Temperaturen von 22 bis 31,5 °C und einer relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit von 48 bis 98 %. Dies verringert die Zeit auf 16 bis 23 Tage.[3]
Pro Weibchen werden im Schnitt 245 Eier abgelegt.[3]
Die Raupen fressen an Brennnesselgewächsen (Urticaceae) der Gattung Girardinia und an Akanthusgewächsen (Acanthaceae)[4]: Hygrophila salicifolia, Lepidagathis formosensis und Strobilanthes-Arten (auf Sri Lanka Nillu genannt[6]) wie Strobilanthes capitatus, Strobilanthes flaccidifolius, Strobilanthes glandulifera, Strobilanthes pentastemonoides, Strobilanthes tashiroi sowie an Polygonum orientale und Pfirsich (Prunus persica).[2][3]
Die Art bewohnt sonnenreiche[1] Stellen in Regenwäldern sowie bewaldete Flussufer. Ihr Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich vom Westen her kommend über Pakistan, die indischen Bundesstaaten Jammu und Kaschmir bis nördlich in niedrige Lagen des Himalaya weiter über die westlich gelegene Region des Garhwal des indischen Bundesstaates Uttarakhand nach Osten über das Gebiet Kumaon bis ins westliche Bengalen, den indischen Bundesstaaten Sikkim und Arunachal Pradesh sowie weitere Bundesstaaten im Nordosten. Ebenso verbreitet ist die Art in den südlicheren Bundesstaaten Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa und Andhra Pradesh entlang des zentralen indischen Hochlandes der Westghats südlich bis zum Shiva-Tempel Bhimashankar im Sahyadri-Gebirge. Im Osten ist sie in der Gebirgskette der Ostghats nur nördlich des Flusses Godavari anzutreffen.[3] Außerdem besiedelt die Art Nepal, Bhutan und Bangladesch.[3] In Südostasien lebt sie in Burma[1] bis zum Tenasserim-Gebirge, in Thailand, Laos und im Westen Malaysias[5] sowie in Vietnam.[3] Sie kommt in der Volksrepublik China und Taiwan,[1] und sogar in Japan vor.[2][4]
In der Regel lebt die Art in Höhen von ca. 100 bis 800 Metern.[5] In dicht bewaldetem, hügeligem Gelände mit starken Regenfällen kommt sie auch in Höhen von 1800 bis 2400 Metern vor. Es wurde beobachtet, dass sie in der indischen Region Kumaon in tropischem Laubwald zwischen 400 und 1400 Metern ebenso heimisch ist.[3]
Es werden mehrere Unterarten unterschieden.[2][3]
Er ist häufig anzutreffen in seinem Verbreitungsgebiet. In Indien ist er nicht selten, während er in China eher selten anzutreffen ist.[3]
Kallima inachus, auch Indischer Blattschmetterling oder einfach Indisches Blatt genannt, ist ein Schmetterling aus der Familie der Edelfalter (Nymphalidae).
Kallima inachus, the orange oakleaf, Indian oakleaf or dead leaf, is a nymphalid butterfly found in Tropical Asia from India to Japan. With wings closed, it closely resembles a dry leaf with dark veins and is a commonly cited example of camouflage.
The butterfly wings are shaped like a leaf when in the closed position. When the wings are closed, only the cryptic underside markings are visible, which consists of irregular patterns and striations in many shades of biscuit, buff, browns, yellow, and black. The veins are darkened and resemble the veins of a leaf. The resemblance to a dried leaf, a masquerade, is extremely realistic and gives the genus its common names, the oakleaf or dead leaf.[2]
When the wings are open, the forewing exhibits a black apex, an orange discal band and a deep blue base. There are two white oculi, one along the margin of the apical black band, and the other bordering the orange and deep blue areas. The hindwing is more uniformly blue but diffused with brown patches along the termen.
Male and female butterflies are similar except that the female is generally larger and has the apex of the forewing protrude to form a longer point. Females also tend to be more reddish on the underside and the yellow mottled markings tend to be paler. The butterfly exhibits polyphenism, i.e. there are specific dry-season and wet-season forms which differ in colouration and size; the wet-season form tends to be smaller.[3]
The wingspan of the butterfly ranges from 85 to 110 millimetres (3.3 to 4.3 in).[4]
Detailed description as given in Bingham (1905).[5]
The forewing discoidal cell, interspace 1a, 1 to near apex, basal half of 2, and extreme bases of 3 and 4 rich violet blue, the borders of the discocellulars and the interspaces of veins 2, 3 and 4 are black, spread diffusely outwards in interspaces 1a and 1. A very broad oblique discal orange band from costa to apices of interspaces 1 and 2, this orange band is sprinkled with bluish black scales; apical third of wing velvety purpurescent (purple) black; a hyaline (glass-like) transverse spot near middle of interspace 2, and a subtriangular similar small preapical spot. Hindwing more uniform violescent blue; the costal margin and apex very broadly brown, somewhat densely irrorated (sprinkled) with dusky violescent black scales; dorsal margin brown; a ridge of long brownish hairs along vein 1 spreading on to the dorsal margin. Forewings and hindwings crossed by a subterminal dusky zigzag line commencing about the middle of interspace 3 in the forewing, and most conspicuous on the hindwing.
Underside very closely resembles a dry leaf; ground colour very variable, but usually some shade of brown (rusty, greyish, and yellowish browns being the most common), always with scattered dark dots or little dark patches having the appearance of fungus-like or lichenous growths so common on dead leaves in the tropics. When the insect closes its wings over its back the likeness to a dead leaf is most striking, and is heightened by a straight transverse, narrow, dark band running from the apex of the forewing to the tornus of the hindwing, often with oblique narrower similar bands or lines given off from it, all simulating very closely the midrib and lateral veins of a leaf. The hindwing in all specimens has a more or less obsolescent or faint series of postdiscal ocelli, traces of which are also apparent on the forewing. Antennae dark brown; head, thorax, and abdomen dark violescent brown; beneath, the palpi, thorax and abdomen paler earthy brown.
Smaller than the dry-season form, but very similar to it. The colours are richer and darker, and the orange discal band more broadly bordered with black on the inner side. On the underside some of the specimens from areas of heavy rainfall have the ground colour very dark ochraceous brown.
Dry-season at Sattal
The orange oakleaf is found in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar, down to Tenasserim Hills.[4] In Southeast Asia it occurs in southern China, Thailand, Laos, Taiwan, and Vietnam.[6] It has been also recorded from Pakistan in 2000.
In India, the butterfly flies in the Himalayas at low elevations, from Jammu and Kashmir, through Garhwal and Kumaon to West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and other states of the northeast. It is also found in central and peninsular India; it flies in Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh; i.e. along the central Indian highlands to Pachmarhi and Amarkantak, the Western Ghats south to Bhimashankar, and in the Eastern Ghats north of the river Godavari.[4][5][7]
The status of the butterfly in India is "not rare",[4] while in China, the butterfly is considered "rare".[8]
The orange oakleaf is encountered up to an altitude of 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) in the hills;[4] though Mark Alexander Wynter-Blyth records it as being encountered up to 8,000 feet (2,400 m) in regions of heavy rainfall in thickly forested mountainous and hilly regions.[9] In the Kumaon Himalayas, K. inachus has been recorded to inhabit tropical deciduous forest between 400 and 1,400 metres (1,300 and 4,600 ft) and subtropical evergreen forest above 1,200 metres (3,900 ft).[10] In a survey of Chongqing municipality, China carried out from 1998 to 2004, K. inachis was found to inhabit moist broad-leaf forests.[11]
The orange oakleaf is a powerful flier and usually flies in dense forests with good rainfall, amongst undergrowth and along stream beds. It is attracted to tree sap and over-ripe fruit, and is also known to mud-puddle.[4]
Much pursued by birds, when in danger the orange oakleaf flies erratically, soon dropping down into the foliage and occupying a stationary pose with wings closed, so that the birds are very often quite unable to find them. In such a pose, the butterfly resembles a dried leaf and is perfectly camouflaged.[9][12]
The natural enemies of the orange oakleaf include birds, ants, spiders, wasps (including Trichogramma species), and some bacteria.[13]
In the Himalayas, the butterfly is multivoltine and flies from April to October.[10][14] Kehimkar (2009) records the butterfly on the wing in India from April to December.[4]
In Chongqing one generation has been recorded as taking about 50 days from egg to imago. The egg period lasted about 6 days, the larval period 36 days, and involved 5 to 6 instars (usually 5) and with the pupation lasting about 10 days.[11] The caterpillars bred successfully at temperatures of 22 to 31.5 °C (71.6 to 88.7 °F) and relative humidity of 48 to 98%. The larval period could be reduced from 36 days in natural conditions to 16.8 to 23 days in captive breeding.[11]
In another study in China, in the Emei mountains (altitude 450 to 1,200 metres (1,480 to 3,940 ft)), the butterfly has three generations a year in which the first and second generations predominate. Most of the second generation, along with a few of the third and sometimes the first generation, go through the winter as diapaused adults. Most second generation adults diapause in early July.[13]
Butterflies of the first generation, reared in captivity in the Emei mountain study, completed their life cycle in 45 to 54 days, with eggs taking 4 to 6 days, caterpillars 21 to 36 days and pupation 10 to 15 days. The breeding took place in temperatures between 26.4 and 28.2 °C (79.5 and 82.8 °F) and humidity of 63.2% to 84.7% on average.[13]
Investigations in an artificial climate chamber reveal that photoperiod and temperature play a role in the larval development and survival rate of the larvae of K. inachus. Photoperiods affect the development period of larvae at 20 °C (68 °F) but not at 25 °C (77 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F). As temperature increased from 20 °C to 25 °C and 30 °C, the developmental periods of larvae reduced under the same photoperiod to 31.7 to 36.0 days, 26.37 to 27.4 days and 21.0 to 21.5 days, respectively.[15]
Increasing temperature also made an increase in the survival rate under different photoperiods. The survival rate of larvae at 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C was 80%–92%, 75%–95%, and 55%–85%, respectively. The low survival rate at 30 °C under most photoperiod gradients requires that artificial breeding of K. inachus be done below this temperature.[15]
The larvae are polyphagous, feeding on plants from many families. The list of food plants include:
In captive breeding in a net garden, females have been recorded to lay 245.7 eggs on average. This has been increased to 279.8 eggs per female by supplementing nutrition.[17]
The late stage caterpillar is velvety black, covered with rather long yellowish hair. It has a large number of reddish spines; eleven on each segment, with one dorsal, two subdorsal and three lateral on each side.[18]
The pupa is simple. It has a gently keeled thorax. The abdomen displays a series of small conical points dorsally. The colour is light brownish and the pupa is embellished with slaty irrorations.[18]
The butterfly is considered to be rare in China and consequently much research in its captive breeding has been done.[11][13][15][17] The mitochondrial DNA has been sequenced and found to be 15,183 base pair in size.[8] In addition, the butterfly has been a subject in research on diapause.[19][20]
Kallima inachus, the orange oakleaf, Indian oakleaf or dead leaf, is a nymphalid butterfly found in Tropical Asia from India to Japan. With wings closed, it closely resembles a dry leaf with dark veins and is a commonly cited example of camouflage.
L'espèce Kallima inachus ou Papillon feuille[1] ou Papillon-feuille de Boisduval est un insecte lépidoptère de la famille des Nymphalidae.
Il existe pour cette espèce plusieurs sous-espèces :
Asie du Sud-Est, présent de l'Inde en passant par la péninsule indochinoise jusqu'au sud de la Chine et à Taïwan.
Ce papillon a une envergure de 9 à 12 cm. Il a de jolies couleurs bleu-violet et jaune-orange.
C'est un insecte diurne. Il vit dans les forêts tropicales.
Lorsqu'il est posé sur une feuille, les ailes fermées, le Kallima inachus a l'apparence d'une feuille morte. Ce cas de mimétisme homotypique explique son nom vernaculaire de « papillon-feuille »[2].
La chenille est noire avec de longs poils jaunes et des épines rouges. Elle se développe et se nourrit sur des Girardinia (ortie de l'Himalaya...) et des Strobilanthes, entre autres[3].
Ce papillon figure sur une émission du Laos de 1986 (valeur faciale : 4 k). Voir aussi Guinée Equatoriale de 1976 Y&T 104E (valeur faciale : 8 Ekuele) et timbre-poste du Japon de 1959 (valeur faciale : 13 Cents).
L'espèce Kallima inachus ou Papillon feuille ou Papillon-feuille de Boisduval est un insecte lépidoptère de la famille des Nymphalidae.
Kallima inachus est species papilionis in familia nymphalidis Asiae tropicae inventa, ab India ad Iaponiam. Cum alis suis clausis, ut folium siccum cum venis obscuris videt, funtio dissimulationis speciei.
Kallima inachus est species papilionis in familia nymphalidis Asiae tropicae inventa, ab India ad Iaponiam. Cum alis suis clausis, ut folium siccum cum venis obscuris videt, funtio dissimulationis speciei.
Kallima inachus is een vlinder uit de familie Nymphalidae.[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1836 door Jean Baptiste Boisduval.
De glimmend blauwe bovenzijde van de vleugels vertoont een oranje band. De bruine onderzijde vertoont veel gelijkenis met een dor blad met hoofdnerf. Aan de achtervleugels bevindt zich een staartje, dat de steel van het blad voorstelt. Ze worden ook wel bladvlinders genoemd.
De vlinder drinkt het sap van rottende vruchten.
Deze vlindersoort komt voor in India, Pakistan, Myanmar, China en Taiwan in regenwouden langs rivieroevers.
Kallima inachus is een vlinder uit de familie Nymphalidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1836 door Jean Baptiste Boisduval.
Kallima inachus Boisduval, 1836[3] é uma espécie de inseto da ordem Lepidoptera; uma borboleta da família Nymphalidae e subfamília Nymphalinae com subespécies que se distribuem pela região dos Himalaias,[1] Índia,[2] China, Japão (localidade tipo: Okinawa), Taiwan, Indochina e península Malaia.[1] Macho e fêmea são muito semelhantes, mas fêmeas geralmente são maiores e mais avermelhadas na parte inferior. Esta borboleta também exibe polifenismo, ou seja, existem formas de estação seca e de estação chuvosa que diferem na sua coloração e tamanho, com as de estação chuvosa tendendo a ser menores.[4] É caracterizada por apresentar asas de um azulado metálico, com uma faixa contínua, de amarelo-escura a laranja, e áreas enegrecidas no ápice das asas anteriores, com duas pontuações brancas em cada asa anterior (a maior delas numa mancha circular bem característica, entre a área amarela e azul), vista por cima;[5] e com padronagem de folha seca em vista inferior, variando muito de um inseto para outro[6] (não havendo duas borboletas que possuam exatamente o mesmo tom de cor; algumas marcadas com pintas, como folhas em decomposição);[7] contendo tons de creme, amarelo, castanho e negro e com áreas mais escurecidas que lembram as nervuras de uma folha. A semelhança desta "borboleta-folha" com uma folha seca é extremamente realista e lhes dá sua denominação vernácula, em inglês: Orange Oakleaf, Indian Oakleaf ou Dead Leaf (na tradução para o português, "folha-de-carvalho-laranja", "folha-de-carvalho-indiana" ou "folha-morta").[1][2][4][5][6] Suas lagartas se alimentam de plantas dos gêneros Girardinia (família Urticaceae), Polygonum (família Polygonaceae), Prunus (família Rosaceae; pessegueiro), Acanthus, Hygrophila, Lepidagathis e Strobilanthes (família Acanthaceae).[1][8]
Vista inferior de K. inachus; ilustrações da página 48 de Colouration in animals and plants (1886).[9]
Kallima inachus vive principalmente em florestas latifoliadas de altitudes entre 500 a 1.200 metros.[10] De manhã os adultos descem de seus locais de descanso, durante a noite, para se acomodar em uma postura de cabeça para baixo em caules lenhosos ou em vegetação baixa. Se a luz do sol for fraca, geralmente se posicionam com as suas asas completamente abertas para absorvê-la. Em repouso, de asas fechadas, são praticamente impossíveis de se detectar devido à sua camuflagem incrivelmente eficaz.[6] Voam ao solo para alimentar-se de frutos caídos, em fermentação, sendo atraídos por pêra, maçã, banana, melancia, laranja e caqui; podendo também ingerir a seiva de árvores exsudadas ou esterco como nutrientes suplementares, ocasionalmente visitando flores. Em muitas áreas, as populações selvagens diminuíram drasticamente com o aumento da destruição e fragmentação de seus habitats.[10]
Vista inferior de K. inachus; pousada, extraindo nutrientes em banana fermentada.
Kallima inachus Boisduval, 1836 é uma espécie de inseto da ordem Lepidoptera; uma borboleta da família Nymphalidae e subfamília Nymphalinae com subespécies que se distribuem pela região dos Himalaias, Índia, China, Japão (localidade tipo: Okinawa), Taiwan, Indochina e península Malaia. Macho e fêmea são muito semelhantes, mas fêmeas geralmente são maiores e mais avermelhadas na parte inferior. Esta borboleta também exibe polifenismo, ou seja, existem formas de estação seca e de estação chuvosa que diferem na sua coloração e tamanho, com as de estação chuvosa tendendo a ser menores. É caracterizada por apresentar asas de um azulado metálico, com uma faixa contínua, de amarelo-escura a laranja, e áreas enegrecidas no ápice das asas anteriores, com duas pontuações brancas em cada asa anterior (a maior delas numa mancha circular bem característica, entre a área amarela e azul), vista por cima; e com padronagem de folha seca em vista inferior, variando muito de um inseto para outro (não havendo duas borboletas que possuam exatamente o mesmo tom de cor; algumas marcadas com pintas, como folhas em decomposição); contendo tons de creme, amarelo, castanho e negro e com áreas mais escurecidas que lembram as nervuras de uma folha. A semelhança desta "borboleta-folha" com uma folha seca é extremamente realista e lhes dá sua denominação vernácula, em inglês: Orange Oakleaf, Indian Oakleaf ou Dead Leaf (na tradução para o português, "folha-de-carvalho-laranja", "folha-de-carvalho-indiana" ou "folha-morta"). Suas lagartas se alimentam de plantas dos gêneros Girardinia (família Urticaceae), Polygonum (família Polygonaceae), Prunus (família Rosaceae; pessegueiro), Acanthus, Hygrophila, Lepidagathis e Strobilanthes (família Acanthaceae).
Vistas inferiores e vista superior de K. inachus.
Vista inferior de K. inachus ssp. formosana, de Taiwan.
Vista inferior de K. inachus; ilustrações da página 48 de Colouration in animals and plants (1886).
Вид названо на честь давньогрецького річкового бога Інаха, першого царя Аргоса, який відновив Арголіду після Всесвітнього потопу.
Kallima inachus поширений у Південній та Південно-Східній Азії, на півдні Китаю і на Тайвані.[1]
Розмах крил 85-110 мм. Верхня сторона крил синього кольору з металевим відблиском і помаранчевими смужками. Нижня сторона крил світло коричневого забарвлення. Коли метелики сідають на гілку і складають крила, то стають схожими на сухе листя з виразною серединною жилкою і подобою черешка, який утворений хвостиками заднього крила.[2][3]
Кормовими рослина гусені є Girardinia diversifolia, Polygonum orientale, Prunus persica, Dicliptera chinensis, Hygrophila salicifolia, Lepidagathis formosensis, Ruellia capitataus, Rostellularia pracumbens, Strobilanthes.[4]
Bướm lá khô (danh pháp khoa học: Kallima inachus) là một loài bướm đặc trưng cho việc lẩn tránh kẻ thù bằng các hình thức ngụy trang, thuộc chi Kallima, họ Nymphalidae.
Bướm lá khô sinh sống ở châu Á từ Ấn Độ đến Nhật Bản. Với cánh khép lại loài bướm này trông giống một lá khô với các ven tối và là một ví dụ tốt về cách thức ngụy trang.
Loài bướm rất đặc trưng ngụy trang lẩn tránh kẻ thù, khi chúng đậu khép cánh lại, mặt dưới cánh giống hệt như một chiếc lá khô. Với phần đuôi cánh sau kéo dài như một chiếc cuống lá và một đường màu nâu kéo dài đến chót cánh trước tạo thành gân chính của lá. Mặt trên cánh trước có một mảng màu cam ở giữa cánh, chót cánh màu đen với một chấm trắng nhỏ, phần còn lại của cánh trước và cánh sau có màu xanh lam rất rõ. Sải cánh: 85 – 110 mm.
Loài này chủ yếu sống trong các khu rừng thường xanh, thường gặp những cá thể đơn lẻ trong các bụi cây Calamus rậm rạp thuộc họ Cau (Arecaceae), chúng cũng hay hút chất lỏng ở các quả thối thuộc giốngFicus. Khi bị động chúng bay lên rất cao và bay sâu vào các bụi rậm, do cánh của chúng rất giống với một chiếc lá khô nên rất khó quan sát. Thức ăn của sâu non được ghi nhận là trên một số cây song, mâyCalamus thuộc họ Cau (Arecaceae).
Trên thế giới loài phân bố ở Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Asam, Miến Điện, Nam Trung Quốc, Thái Lan, Lào.
Phụ loài là Kallima inachus inachus phân bố ở miền Bắc, còn phụ loài Kallima inachus siamensis phân bố ở miền Nam Việt Nam.
Loài sống gắn liền với các thảm thực vật, vì vậy việc phá rừng có thể ảnh hưởng đến sự tồn tại của loài.
(tiếng Việt)
Bướm lá khô (danh pháp khoa học: Kallima inachus) là một loài bướm đặc trưng cho việc lẩn tránh kẻ thù bằng các hình thức ngụy trang, thuộc chi Kallima, họ Nymphalidae.
Bướm lá khô sinh sống ở châu Á từ Ấn Độ đến Nhật Bản. Với cánh khép lại loài bướm này trông giống một lá khô với các ven tối và là một ví dụ tốt về cách thức ngụy trang.
Латинское название Kallima inachus (Doyère, 1840) NCBI 311037
Kallima inachus (лат.) — вид дневных бабочек из семейства нимфалид, ставший хрестоматийным примером покровительственной окраски (мимикрии)[1]. Видовое название дано в честь в честь в древнегреческого речного бога Инаха, первого царя Аргоса, восстановившего Арголиду после Всемирного потопа.
Размах крыльев 60-110 мм. Верхняя сторона крыльев ярко окрашенная в синие цвета с металлическим блеском и оранжевыми полосками. Нижняя сторона крыльев очень изменчива и по своей окраске похожа на сухой лист с отчетливой срединной жилкой и подобием черешка, образованного хвостиками заднего крыла. Когда бабочки садятся на ветку и складывают крылья, то визуально принимают вид сухого листа: короткими выростами задних крыльев бабочка упирается в ветку, и они представляют сходство с черешком; рисунок же и цвет задней стороны сложенных крыльев в такой степени напоминают цвет и жилкование засохшего листа, что на близком расстоянии бабочку чрезвычайно трудно отличить от листьев[2].
Развивается два поколения за год — в сухой и влажный сезон. Второе поколение отличается меньшим размером и более тёмной окраской нижней стороны крыльев. Время лёта с апреля по октябрь-декабрь в зависимости от участка ареала[3][4].
Гусеницы — полифаги, в число их кормовых растений входят: Girardinia diversifolia, Polygonum orientale, Персик, Dicliptera chinensis, Hygrophila salicifolia, Lepidagathis formosensis, Ruellia capitataus, Rostellularia pracumbens, Стробилянт[5][6].
Обитает в Индии, Непале, Бутане, Бангладеш и Мьянме, вплоть до холмов Тенэссерим[7]. В Юго-Восточной Азии встречается в южном Китае, Таиланде, Лаосе, Тайване и Вьетнаме. Также вид был зарегистрирован в Пакистане в 2000 году[8].
Kallima inachus (лат.) — вид дневных бабочек из семейства нимфалид, ставший хрестоматийным примером покровительственной окраски (мимикрии). Видовое название дано в честь в честь в древнегреческого речного бога Инаха, первого царя Аргоса, восстановившего Арголиду после Всемирного потопа.
枯葉蛺蝶(學名:Kallima inachus),又名木葉蝶、樹葉蝶等。屬於蛺蝶科,分布在熱帶亞洲地區,從印度到日本皆可見。枯葉蝶是非常精巧的偽裝動物,當枯葉蝶合上翅膀時,其外觀看起來就像一片枯葉。但翼的內面是有金屬光澤的亮麗藍色與橘色。
本種有數個亞種,北起日本沖繩、八重山群島,南至印度北方、尼泊爾的東亞地區,海拔2000公尺以下的淺山丘熱帶林皆可見。在台灣的族群被視為是特有亞種。越冬成蟲的產卵期在三月左右,直至十月皆可見;以夏季七、八月份數量最多。
本種為大型種,成蟲多見於潮濕的森林,好吸食樹液、腐敗的果實;飛翔相當迅速。前翅長約 42 ~ 45 毫米,以類似枯葉而聞名,顏色、形狀無一不像,連葉脈、角度,甚至是破損處也都唯妙唯肖。翅背面底色為有金屬光澤的深藍色,前翅中央有一橙色斑帶,邊緣有黑色波紋,波紋中有一白色斑點。後翅外緣也有波狀細線。
翅腹面底色多為褐色、黃褐色、紅褐色等,依品種差異而有不同。有的亦散布著枯黃色、苔綠色斑點。前翅頂內側至後緣中央及後翅前緣中央至後翅尾突有一深色直條紋,擬似葉脈的中肋。
成蟲多將卵產在大樹、巨石或寄主植物附近,卵呈綠色球狀,表面有十數條縱稜。幼蟲為五齡或六齡,體為黑色,體表有棘刺;中齡幼蟲棘刺呈黑色,終齡幼蟲為紅色。蛹為懸蛹,底色褐色,各腹節有尖銳的圓錐狀突起。
枯葉蛺蝶(學名:Kallima inachus),又名木葉蝶、樹葉蝶等。屬於蛺蝶科,分布在熱帶亞洲地區,從印度到日本皆可見。枯葉蝶是非常精巧的偽裝動物,當枯葉蝶合上翅膀時,其外觀看起來就像一片枯葉。但翼的內面是有金屬光澤的亮麗藍色與橘色。
コノハチョウ(木の葉蝶・Kallima inachus)は、チョウ目(鱗翅目)・タテハチョウ科に分類されるチョウの一種。翅の裏面が枯葉のように見えることからこの名があり、隠蔽擬態をする代表的な昆虫の一つに挙げられる。沖縄県指定天然記念物(1969年)、準絶滅危惧(NT)(環境省レッドリスト)。
成虫の前翅長は45-50mm。翅の裏面は枯葉に非常によく似た模様を持つ。模様は個体変異が多く、1匹ずつ模様が異なると言ってもよい。さらに前翅の先端は広葉樹の葉先のように尖り、後翅の後端は葉柄のように細く突出する。一方、翅の表側は藍色で、前翅に太い橙色の帯が入り、裏側とは対照的な鮮やかな配色である。
翅の裏側が枯葉に似るため、擬態の典型例としてよく知られている昆虫である。
暗い熱帯雨林内に生息する。成虫は1年のうちに数回発生を繰り返し、ほぼ年中見られる。この種を含め、タテハチョウ科はあまり花には訪れず、樹液や腐った果実、獣糞などにやって来て汁を吸う。
幼虫はキツネノマゴ科のオキナワスズムシソウ、セイタカスズムシソウ、オギノツメなどを食草とする。
擬態ではないとする説もある。「もしも枯葉に似せた姿を擬態として用いるならば、枯葉を背景に羽根の裏を見せるか、枯れ枝に葉のような姿で止まるべきだと考えられるが、この蝶は葉の上で翅を広げるか、太い幹に頭を下に向けて止まるため、枯葉に似せる意味がないだろう」と云った議論があり、実際にこの擬態が発揮される状況は少ない、というのである[1]。
インド北部からヒマラヤ、インドシナ半島、中国、台湾、先島諸島から沖縄諸島、奄美群島の沖永良部島と徳之島にかけて分布する。コノハチョウ属(Kallima 属)の中では最も広い分布域を持つ。分布域内でいくつかの亜種に分かれており、日本に分布するものは亜種 K. i. eucerca Fruhstorfer, 1898 とされる。宮崎県以南で見られる。
沖縄県内では天然記念物指定のため採集できない。
コノハチョウ属(Kallima 属)はインド、東南アジア地域を中心に10種が知られる。
また、属が異なるが以下の2種類も翅裏が枯れ葉状で、和名に「コノハ」とつく。これらは迷チョウとしてまれに記録される。