Leersia hexandra Sw.

Die moerasgras^[1] (Leersia hexandra Sw.) is 'n plant wat inheems aan Suid-Afrika is en wat in alle provinsies behalwe die Noord-Kaap voorkom.^[2]

Moerasgras het 'n pantropiese voorkomsgebied, ongeveer tussen 30 grade noord en suid. Dit kom veral in moerasse op kleigrond voor. In Suid-Amerika is dit die gunstelingkos van die kapibara Hydrochoerus capybara. Dit is goed vir beweiding en baie smaaklik wanneer dit jonk is.

Dit is 'n skarrelende meerjarige plant met blare wat 5 – 13 mm wyd en 40 – 60 cm lank word. Die blare is heldergroen en onaangenaam om te hanteer, wat die naam moerashaakblaar verklaar. Dit is naverwant aan rys en sy stekeltjies lyk ook baie soos rys, maar hulle is veel kleiner, ru en het vir grasse 'n ongewone kleur wat 'n bietjie baksteenrooi of oranje uitsien.^[3] Dit het risome en uitlopers en groei dikwels in digte matte. Die stingels se knope is omkring deur kort hare. Die plant kan soms drywende eilande vorm en groei in water tot 1,8 m diep. Hierdie eilandjies bied dekking aan klein vissies. In rysvelde kan dit 'n onkruid word.^[4]

Fotogalery

• Groeiwyse

• Bloeiwyse

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• Stekeltjies

• Knopie

Verwysings

Leersia hexandra is a species of grass known by the common names southern cutgrass, clubhead cutgrass, and swamp rice grass.^[3] It has a pantropical distribution.^[4] It is also an introduced species in many regions, sometimes becoming invasive, and it is an agricultural weed of various crops,^[3] especially rice.^[5] It is also cultivated as a forage for livestock.^[6]

Description

This species is a perennial grass growing from rhizomes and stolons. The hollow stems are decumbent and creeping and root easily where their nodes contact the substrate. They produce erect shoots that can exceed one meter tall.^[3][7] It is an aquatic or semi-aquatic grass, and the erect stem parts may float in water.^[8] These stems can grow densely in aquatic habitat and become matted, forming what are often referred to as "carpets".^[3][5][9]

The leaf sheath has a fleshy base covered in white hairs and the ligule can be stiff and dry,^[3] becoming "papery".^[10] The leaves have sharp-pointed blades up to 30 centimeters long which are flat or rolled, the edges sometimes rolling at night or when the blade dries.^[3] The blades are sometimes hairless,^[8] but are usually coated in very rough hairs, making them so rough to the touch that they are "unpleasant to handle".^[6] They also have very sharp edges,^[10] and the midrib has backward-facing, spiny hairs that give it a cutting edge. The "retrorsely spinulose midrib of the leaf can inflict most painful lacerations".^[9]

The panicle is narrow or spreading and erect or nodding, and up to about 12 centimeters long. The branches are almost fully lined with overlapping spikelets each up to half a centimeter long.^[3] The spikelets may be greenish or purplish in color,^[7] or sometimes tinged with orange or brick red.^[6] They are surrounded by white or purplish bracts that have characteristic comb-like hairs along their greenish nerves.^[3] The flower has six stamens.^[7] After the spikelets fall, the panicle branches have a zig-zag shape.^[6] Fertile seed is rarely produced and the grass commonly reproduces vegetatively by sprouting from the rhizome or the nodes on the stem.^[3] Large stands of the grass are often clones.^[5]

This grass looks very similar to rice and other species of the genus Oryza. It is a member of the rice tribe Oryzeae and sometimes grows in rice paddies.^[5]

Ecology

This plant grows in shallow freshwater habitat and on wet and moist land. It can be found in marshes, swamps, ponds, irrigation ditches, flooded rice fields, and on other moist agricultural land and floodplains. It is mostly tropical, but it can grow in some temperate climates.^[3] It can persist for a time in drier conditions during drought.^[6]

The grass provides food and shelter for animals. Many water birds feed on it.^[10] In Tanzania it is a dominant plant in the swamps where the shoebill (Balaeniceps rex) and wattled crane (Bugeranus carunculatus) build their nests.^[11] On the Llanos of Colombia and Venezuela it is the second most important food of the resident herds of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), composing up to 29% of their diet.^[6]

It is one of the two host plants of the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), the other being cultivated rice. While it has been observed on many other plant species, it can only complete its life cycle on cutgrass or rice. There are two strains of the planthopper, one that only lays eggs on rice and one that favors cutgrass; the rice strain does not effectively reproduce on cutgrass and vice versa, even when sympatric. While they can be crossed in laboratory tests, the two strains do not interbreed in the wild.^[12]

As a weed

Spikelets

The grass is a weed of several crops, including tea, rubber, maize, and sugarcane, but especially rice. It is a relative of the rice plant and it thrives in paddy fields. Its vegetation "carpets" clog irrigation waterways, causing flooding and erosion. It hosts many rice pests, including the brown planthopper, the green planthopper (Nilaparvata bakeri), the green rice leafhopper (Nephotettix malayanus), the rice gall midge (Orseolia oryzae), and the moth Helcystogramma arotraeum.^[5] It hosts the rice stem nematode, which causes ufra disease of rice.^[5] It is susceptible to many plant viruses that infect rice plants, such as rice grassy stunt virus, rice transitory yellowing virus, and rice tungro virus.^[13] It is susceptible to bacteria and fungi such as pathogenic Xanthomonas oryzae, which causes leaf blight of rice, and Cochliobolus miyabeanus, which causes brown spot.^[5]

Uses

Despite its sharp leaf edges, the grass is palatable to cattle and it is maintained as a pasture grass on swampy land and cut for hay.^[6]

This species is a hyperaccumulator of heavy metals, with the ability to take up large amounts of chromium, copper, and nickel from water and soil.^[14] Its ability to absorb chromium in particular has been described as "extraordinary".^[15][16] It is considered to be a potential agent of phytoremediation in efforts to clean up metal-contaminated soils and water.^[15] Targets could include industrial wastewater, such as that discharged from electroplating factories,^[14] and the contaminated soils around such facilities.^[15]

References

Leersia hexandra est une espèce de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae (Graminées), sous-famille des Oryzoideae, à répartition pantropicale.

C'est une plante herbacée, vivace, rhizomateuse, subaquatique, pouvant atteindre 90 cm de haut. Cette espèce a été introduite dans de nombreuses régions, devenant parfois une plante envahissante. C'est aussi une mauvaise herbe dans différentes cultures^[1], en particulier le riz^[2]. Elle est également cultivée comme plante fourragère pour le bétail^[3].

Liste des sous-espèces

Selon Tropicos (3 septembre 2016)^[4] (Attention liste brute contenant possiblement des synonymes) :

• sous-espèce Leersia hexandra subsp. grandiflora (Döll) Roseng., B.R. Arrill. & Izag.
• sous-espèce Leersia hexandra subsp. hexandra

Notes et références

O Capim-andrequicé (Leersia hexandra) é um planta herbácea da família das gramíneas, nativa do Brasil, especialmente dos estados do Ceará, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná e do Mato Grosso. Tal espécie possui folhas lanceoladas e inflorescências em panículas eretas, pubescentes. A forragem é de qualidade regular quando nova, tendo ainda raízes com qualidades diuréticas. Também é conhecido simplesmente pelo nome de andrequicé ou grama-boiadeira, por ser uma vegetação dos terrenos alagados.^[1]

Sinonímia

• Asprella australis (R.Br.) Roem. & Schult.
• Asprella hexandra (Sw.) P.Beauv.
• Asprella hexandra (Sw.) Roem. & Schult.
• Asprella mexicana (Kunth) Roem. & Schult
• Homalocenchrus angustifolius Kuntze
• Homalocenchrus hexandrus (Sw.) Kuntze
• Hygroryza ciliata (Retz.) Nees ex Steud.
• Leersia abyssinica Hochst. ex A.Rich.
• Leersia aegyptiaca Fig. & De Not.
• Leersia angustifolia Munro ex Prod.
• Leersia australis R.Br.
• Leersia capensis Müll.Hal.
• Leersia ciliaris Griff.
• Leersia ciliata (Retz.) Roxb.
• Leersia contracta Nees
• Leersia dubia F.Aresch.
• Leersia elongata Willd. ex Trin.
• Leersia glaberrima Trin.
• Leersia gouinii E.Fourn.
• Leersia gracilis Willd. ex Trin.
• Leersia griffithiana Müll.Stuttg.
• Leersia luzonensis J.Presl
• Leersia mauritiaca Salzm. ex Trin.
• Leersia mexicana Kunth
• Leersia parviflora Desv.
• Oryza australis A.Braun ex Schweinf.
• Oryza hexandra (Sw.) Döll
• Oryza mexicana (Kunth) Döll
• Pharus ciliatus Retz.
• Pseudoryza ciliata (Retz.) Griff.

Referências

Leersia hexandra là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Hòa thảo. Loài này được Sw. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1788.^[3]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Liên kết ngoài

• Phương tiện liên quan tới Leersia hexandra tại Wikimedia Commons
• Dữ liệu liên quan tới Leersia hexandra tại Wikispecies

Bài viết chủ đề Họ Hòa thảo này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.

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李氏禾（学名：Leersia hexandra）为禾本科假稻属下的一个种。

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