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Associations ( İngilizce )

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Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid
solitary larva of Conops flavipes is endoparasitoid of adult of Bombus lapidarius

Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid
solitary larva of Conops quadrifasciata is endoparasitoid of adult of Bombus lapidarius

Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid
solitary larva of Physocephala rufipes is endoparasitoid of adult of Bombus lapidarius

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Animal / sequestrates
female of Psithyrus rupestris takes over nest of Bombus lapidarius
Other: sole host/prey

Animal / parasitoid / endoparasitoid
solitary larva of Sicus ferrugineus is endoparasitoid of adult of Bombus lapidarius

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Čmelák skalní ( Çekçe )

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Čmelák skalní (Bombus lapidarius L.) je hojný druh čmeláka. V České republice patří mezi chráněné druhy.

Rozmnožování

Patří do druhové skupiny pollen storres, tzn. že dělnice ukládají pyl a med do zvláštních voskových nádob. Z uskladněných zásob později dělnice krmí larvy podobně, jak to vidíme u včel.[1]

Vlastnosti

Matka je velká 20 – 23 mm, tělo má černé a konec zadečku ohnivě červený. Stejně jsou zbarveny i dělnice. Samec má navíc žluté čelo a předohruď. V přírodě se nejvíce objevuje v době květu hluchavek. Hnízdí v početných koloniích o několika stech jedincích nejčastěji pod zemí, ale obsadí i vhodný nadzemní úkryt.

Odkazy

Externí odkazy

Reference

  1. PTÁČEK, Vladimír. U nás žijící druhy čmeláků. Včelařství, časopis ČSV. 2013, roč. 66, čís. 4, s. 145. ISSN 0042-2924.

Literatura

  • PTÁČEK, Vladimír. U nás žijící druhy čmeláků. Včelařství, časopis ČSV. 2013, roč. 66, čís. 3, s. 109. ISSN 0042-2924.
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Čmelák skalní: Brief Summary ( Çekçe )

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Čmelák skalní (Bombus lapidarius L.) je hojný druh čmeláka. V České republice patří mezi chráněné druhy.

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Steinhummel ( Almanca )

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Steinhummel

Die Steinhummel (Bombus lapidarius) ist eine Art der Hummeln (Bombus). Sie wurde 2005 zum Insekt des Jahres in Deutschland und Österreich gekürt.[1]

Merkmale

Steinhummeln erreichen eine Körperlänge von 12 bis 16 Millimetern (Arbeiterin), 14 bis 16 Millimetern (Drohne) bzw. 20 bis 22 Millimetern (Königin). Sie sind größtenteils schwarz, das Ende des Hinterleibs ist braunrot. Männliche Steinhummeln haben eine gelbe Binde auf der Brust. Ihre Nester legen sie unter Steinhaufen oder Mauern an, worauf sich der Name bezieht. Sie können sich jedoch auch im Stroh von Ställen oder in verlassenen Vogelnestern befinden. Ein durchschnittlicher Staat besteht aus etwa 100 bis 200 Arbeiterinnen. Steinhummeln bevorzugen den Nektar von verschiedenen Kleearten und Taubnesseln.

Schutz

In Mitteleuropa gehört die Steinhummel zwar zu den häufigsten und bekanntesten Hummelarten, es gibt allerdings einige seltenere Arten, die ihr im Aussehen ähneln.

Belege

Einzelnachweise

  1. Westrich, Paul (2005): Die Steinhummel Bombus lapidarius (Linnaeus 1758) (Hym., Apidae) - Das Insekt des Jahres 2005. - Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte 49: 1-13. (PDF-Datei, 1,14 MB)

Literatur

  • Horst Leisering, Michael Lohmann: Großer Naturführer in Farbe. Compact Verlag, München 1998, ISBN 3-8174-5229-2.
  • Eberhard von Hagen, Ambros Aichhorn: Hummeln. bestimmen, ansiedeln, vermehren, schützen. Fauna Verlag, Nottuln 2003, ISBN 3-935980-28-0.

Weblinks

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Steinhummel: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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Die Steinhummel (Bombus lapidarius) ist eine Art der Hummeln (Bombus). Sie wurde 2005 zum Insekt des Jahres in Deutschland und Österreich gekürt.

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Bombus lapidarius ( İskoçça )

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Bombus lapidarius is a species of bumbee in the subgenus Melanobombus.

References

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Bombus lapidarius: Brief Summary ( İskoçça )

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Bombus lapidarius is a species of bumbee in the subgenus Melanobombus.

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Bombus lapidarius ( İngilizce )

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Bombus lapidarius is a species of bumblebee in the subgenus Melanobombus. Commonly known as the red-tailed bumblebee, B. lapidarius can be found throughout much of Central Europe. Known for its distinctive black and red body, this social bee is important in pollination.[2]

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The red-tailed bumblebee is a part of the order Hymenoptera, family Apidae, and the genus Bombus, which includes many species including Bombus terrestris , Bombus lucorum, and Bombus hypnorum.[3]

Description and identification

Worker female
Drone
Worker female
Red-tailed cuckoo bumblebee parasitizes the nests of the red-tailed bumblebee

The red-tailed bumblebee is typically distinguished by its black body with red markings around the abdomen. Worker females and the queen look similar, except the queen is much larger than the worker females. Males typically have both the red and black coloration along with a yellow band around the abdomen and yellow markings on the face. Further, B. lapidarius tend to have a medium-sized proboscis, which is significant in that it allows the species to be a good pollinator.[4] These bees do not typically form extensive or complex colonies.[5] Nests usually only contain a few hundred bees, at most.[6] An average colony consists of about 100 to 200 worker bees.[6]

Distribution and habitat

Bombus lapidarius is often found throughout Europe, including Britain and Ireland as well as parts of Greece,[7] Germany, Sweden and Finland.[8] This species typically has a fairly wide distribution. As described in the foraging patterns section, they can fly over 1500 meters to better forage for food. They typically are found in temperate regions. Further, colonies are often found in open terrain.[5]

B. lapidarius nests have been found in many different habitats, but the bees typically prefer open terrain as opposed to more heavily forested landscapes.[9]

Colony cycle

Red-tailed bumblebees typically appear in the summer months of June, July, and August.[10] Colonies are initiated via the queen, where workers and males follow roles to keep the colony thriving. Though there is a hierarchy between the queen and the rest of the colony, there does not appear to be a hierarchy between the workers themselves.[11]

Behavior

Brood

Social bees, including Bombus lapidarius, are able to produce a great deal of heat due to contraction of their thoracic flight muscles. They are then able to use this heat to help warm and incubate their brood. This also allows them to help regulate the temperature of the nest generally.[12]

Courtship behavior

Red-tailed bumblebee males utilise sexual pheromones to attract females. Males will fly around and mark spots with the pheromone compounds (Z)-9-hexadecenol and hexadecanal via their labial gland. These secretions are highly species specific, thus likely greatly reduce inter-species mating. B. lapidarius typically fly and secrete above the treetops, which are more affected by the effects of the wind and the sun. Therefore, this species typically has to secrete more pheromone than other species to be effective.[13] Further, these compounds were found in trace amounts in the air around the areas that individuals had scent marked.[14] Different populations differing in location (specifically Southern Italy, the Balkans, and Centre-Eastern Europe) have experienced genetic differentiation in pheromone composition.[2]

Pheromones

Chemicals are often emitted from the bees via the cephalic labial gland, called pheromones. B. lapidarius pheromones are believed to be “precopulatory signals”, or are used in an attempt to attract mates. These secreted signals are species-specific.[15] These pheromones are often copied by cuckoo species, described in further detail in the parasite subsection.[16] Queen red-tailed bumblebees also appear to secrete pheromones. Functionally, these pheromones appear to inhibit ovarian development in worker bees. Although it is still unclear what the true function of the queen’s pheromones are, the pheromones that are secreted are chemically quite different than those of the workers.[17]

Sex allocation

As the red-tailed bumblebee is a member of the Hymenoptera order, the bee displays interesting sex allocation tactics. Studies have suggested that workers control sex allocation, not the queen.[18] As such, Hymenoptera are known for having haploid males and diploid females.[19]

Foraging patterns

B. lapidarius has been found to be a fairly dominant species in foraging and have been found to travel as far as 1750 meters to forage for resources such as Phacelia tenuifolia.[10] however, it appears that individual bumblebees vary greatly in distance traveled in foraging efforts. Although there were differences in foraging for each individual bee as well as for each species, studies suggest that B. lapidarius are willing to travel very large distances. In fact, these bees appear to be able to travel 11.5 kilometers away from their nests.[10] One study extensively studied foraging behavior in B. lapidarius. In an almost barren, treeless basin in Germany, the study found nests of the red-tailed bumblebee as well as two other Bombus species within one hundred meters of each other. Each species had equal resource availability. Researchers marked the foraging bees, with almost 80% of all of the foraging bees eventually marked for study.[10] It was found that foraging time was greatest at around a five hundred meter radius around the nest, but time decreased as distance increased past the five hundred meter mark. Further, flight distance was very different among different individuals, reinforcing the idea that specific bees are bred for specific jobs, and that some are more skilled than others. Outside of the differences between individual bees, differences between species were found as well.[10] B. lapidarius, for example, was found to typically be foraging around the five hundred meter radius mark, but some individuals ranged much farther than this, reaching distances as far as 1,500 meters away from the nest. Further, the red-tailed bumblebee displayed high “patch fidelity”, indicating that an individual bee was likely to return to a specific location. This species of bee thus can loosely be described as a “long distance forager”, but does not travel as far as some other Bombus species, so it is typically described as having an intermediate foraging distance. Further, the study noted that body size appeared to be a factor in how far a bee might be willing to travel and concluded that understanding of foraging distance would differ most between species, and therefore foraging distance appears to be described on the species level.[10]

Males and workers

Males have been found to travel a much greater range than workers.[20] This behavior may help lead to greater genetic variation, as populations appear to be diverse and avoid inbreeding. Workers, in comparison, tend to stay closer to the nest. Workers are often invested in cell building within the nest.[11] Furthermore, B. lapidarius workers do not appear to have a hierarchy between them, which differs from many other species. Workers typically build cells, while the queen asserts her dominance over each egg cell. However, as B. lapidarius workers often eat the queen’s eggs, as described in the parasite subsection, this decreases the queen’s dominance over her workers. Further, workers that are more aggressive were found to be more likely to have ovaries, as well.[11]

Diet

Red-tailed bumblebees typically eat pollen and nectar.[13] Workers will sometimes attempt to eat the eggs that the queen has laid.[11] The queen makes a valiant effort to prevent this from happening, but the workers are frequently successful in this attempt. Though the queen would not attempt to hurt or injure workers engaging in this activity, she does threaten them with her mandible or sometimes hits the workers with her head.[11] Though this is not well understood, it provides an interesting question for further study.

Further, bees are found to move between specific species of flower, but ignore other species that could be equally as rewarding. One study showed that these bees will stay at a particular flower or food source longer with increased levels of nectar available. However, time at any particular flower did not change with different levels of pollen.[21]

Interaction with other species

Parasites

Bombus lapidarius often experiences parasites, including different species from the Psithyrus subgenus which attempt to usurp its nest.[15] All cuckoo bumblebee species lack a worker caste - instead the female queen cuckoo bee invades the nest of a host species and lay her eggs there. These cuckoo bees utilize different mechanisms via chemical recognition systems, including mimicry and repulsion, to invade B. lapidarius nests. By mimicking both physical traits as well as chemical secretions, cuckoos have evolved to mimic B. lapidarius species in particular. Typically, species avoid cuckoo parasitism by emitting complex hydrocarbons.[15] These hydrocarbons are how species such as the red-tailed bumblebee recognize each other. However, cuckoos are able to copy these hydrocarbons in order to introduce themselves into a host colony. However, if cuckoos do not match the B. lapidarius traits in these ways, parasitism can still be achieved via repulsion. Cuckoos can produce a worker repellent, thus again allowing the parasitic species to survive within the group. Hosts either raise these cuckoos as their own, or cuckoos invade and become a part of the B. lapidarius colony. Occasionally, Psithyrus queens eat B. lapidarius eggs if her own brood is becoming nutritionally deficient.[15]

Mutualism

Red-tailed bumblebees are very important for pollination for many different species of flower and crops.[22] Further, B. lapidarius was found to forage and pollinate at higher temperatures than other Bombus species.[23] This is important for understanding when and where pollination will most likely occur.

Human importance

Stings

This species is a type of bumblebee, and thus has the ability to sting.[2]

Agriculture

This bee is a very important part of pollination. For many species of plant, such as species of Viscaria, only bees and butterflies have proboscides long enough to pollinate effectively.[24] For example, studies show B. lapidarius was more numerous and had a higher feeding density than other species studied.[24] Further, Bombus lapidarius is important in pollinating many other species, including Centaurea scabiosa.[25] A study found that though Apis mellifera was also involved in pollination of this species, B. lapidarius greatly outnumbers Apis and other bee species in number and importance in pollination. Though initially attracted to flowers by the color, the scent is what drives attention as the bees approach flowers. it has been suggested that some individuals are better able to interpret differences in scent in the flowers than others.[25] It has been suggested that these differences in ability developed evolutionarily as different types of bees developed specific roles within the colony. How long a bee stays at a particular flower seems to be connected to behavior, as it appeared the bees assumed low pollen reward, despite increased pollen levels in experiments.[26] However, the amount of pollen transferred in a visit from B. lapidarius was only affected by the amount of pollen in the flower that individual was at. Further, it appeared that variation in duration of visits to different flowers was related to differences in foraging speed, not differences in how well the bee was able to remove nectar.[26] Bees will typically forage in patches, but show no clear directionality in their foraging. Further, pollinating bees will usually visit the nearest neighboring plants, thus gene flow between plants tends to be pretty limited.[27] Other experiments also indicated that body size is an important factor in how bumblebees pollinate. It would appear that size affects how often the bee will visit flowers as well as how well the bee could pollinate. Smaller bees seem to pollinate more effectively than larger bees. Yet, there did not appear to be a correlation between floral display size and body size. Therefore, it was suggested that bumblebees of all different sizes respond in the same way to floral display size.[28]

Conservation status

Red-tailed bumblebees rank among the most common and most recognized bumblebees of Central Europe, but rarer species have similar appearances, such as Bombus ruderarius.

This species is widespread across Ireland, though some evidence indicates that the species is declining in agricultural grasslands.[29] It is considered Near Threatened in Ireland.[30]

Further, it has been suggested that different species of bumblebee understand their surroundings according to different scales. This leads to important implications for conservation - the differences in species action is significant in understanding resource range and differences in foraging areas. Understanding of these concepts is vital in conservation efforts in order to help create an environment that is good for many different bee species.[31] Thus, these bees specifically are very important to agriculture, as they are so important in pollination. Therefore, conservation of B. lapidarius is important to understand.

References

  1. ^ ITIS Report
  2. ^ a b c Lecocq, Thomas (December 2013). "Scent of a break-up: phylogeny and reproductive trait differences in the red-tailed bumblebee ("Bombus lapidarius")". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13 (263): 263. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-263. PMC 4219352. PMID 24295171.
  3. ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Bombus lapidarius". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-22.
  4. ^ Jennerson, Ola (November 1993). "Insect flower visitation frequency and seed production in relation to patch size of Viscara vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae)". OIKOS. 68 (2): 283–292. doi:10.2307/3544841. JSTOR 3544841.
  5. ^ a b Svensson, Birgitta (February 2000). "Habitat preferences of nest-seeking bumble bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in an agricultural landscape". 77 (3). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ a b Schultze-Motel, P (January 1991). "Heat loss and thermoregulation in a nest of a bumblebee Bombus Lapidarius (Hymenoptera, Apidae)". Thermochimica Acta. 193: 57–66. doi:10.1016/0040-6031(91)80174-h.
  7. ^ Anagnostopoulos, Ioannis Th. (2005). "The bumblebee fauna of Greece: An annotated species list including new records for Greece (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini)" (PDF). Linzer Biologische Beiträge. 37 (2): 1013–1026.
  8. ^ Martin, Stephen (May 2010). "Host specific social parasites (Psithyrus) indicate chemical recognition system in bumblebees". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 36 (8): 855–863. doi:10.1007/s10886-010-9805-3. PMID 20509042. S2CID 4794525.
  9. ^ Schultze-Motel, P. (January 1991). "Heat loss and thermoregulation in a nest of the bumblebee Bombus lapidarius (Hymenoptera, Apidae)". Thermochimica Acta. 193: 57–66. doi:10.1016/0040-6031(91)80174-h.
  10. ^ a b c d e f Walther-Hellwig, K. (2000). "Foraging habitats and foraging distances of bumblebees, Bombus spp. (Hym., Apidae), in an agricultural landscape". Journal of Applied Entomology. 124 (7–8): 299–306. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0418.2000.00484.x. S2CID 86301677.
  11. ^ a b c d e Free, J.B. (1969). "The Egg-Eating Behaviour of Bombus lapidarius L.". Behaviour. 35 (3): 313–317. doi:10.1163/156853969x00288.
  12. ^ Schultze-Motel, P (1994). "Correlation of Sound Generation and Metabolic Heat Flux in the Bumblebee Bombus Lapidarius". Journal of Experimental Biology. 187 (1): 315–318. doi:10.1242/jeb.187.1.315. PMID 9317879.
  13. ^ a b Ayasse, M (January 2001). "Mating behavior and chemical communication in the order hymenoptera". Annual Review of Entomology. 46: 31–78. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.31. PMID 11112163.
  14. ^ Bergman, Peter (May 1997). "Scent Marking, Scent Origin, and Species Specificity in Male Premating Behavior of Two Scandinavian Bumblebees". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 23 (5): 1235–1251. doi:10.1023/b:joec.0000006461.69512.33. S2CID 6108989.
  15. ^ a b c d Martin, Stephen (August 2010). "Host Specific Social Parasites (Psithyrus) Indicate Chemical Recognition System in Bumblebees". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 36 (8): 855–863. doi:10.1007/s10886-010-9805-3. PMID 20509042. S2CID 4794525.
  16. ^ Bergman, Peter (September 1996). "Labial gland marking secretion in males of two Scandinavian cuckoo bumblebee species (genus Psithyrus)". Chemoecology. 7 (3): 140–145. doi:10.1007/bf01245966. S2CID 25426749.
  17. ^ Cahlikova, Lucie (February 2004). "Exocrine Gland Secretions of Virgin Queens of Five Bumblebee Species (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Bombini)". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 59 (7–8): 582–589. doi:10.1515/znc-2004-7-824. PMID 15813384. S2CID 2974345.
  18. ^ Chapuis, Michel (May 1999). "Testing kin selection with sex allocation data in eusocial Hymenoptera". Heredity. 82 (5): 473–478. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6885340. PMID 10383666.
  19. ^ Cook, James (July 1995). "Sex determination and population biology in the hymenoptera". Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 10 (7): 281–286. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89095-3. PMID 21237037.
  20. ^ Wolf, Stephan (January 2012). "Spatial and temporal dynamics of the male effective population size in bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)". Population Ecology. 54 (1): 115–124. doi:10.1007/s10144-011-0285-2. S2CID 16631612.
  21. ^ Cresswell, James (1999). "The influence of nectar and pollen availability on pollen transfer by individual flowers of oil-seed rape (Brassica napus) when pollinated by bumblebees (Bombus lapidarius)". Journal of Ecology. 87 (4): 670–677. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00385.x.
  22. ^ Knight, M (April 2005). "An interspecific comparison of foraging range and nest density of four bumblebee (Bombus) species". Molecular Ecology. 14 (6): 1811–1820. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02540.x. PMID 15836652. S2CID 3960645.
  23. ^ Corbet, Sarah (1993). "Temperature and the pollinating activity of social bees". Ecological Entomology. 18: 17–30. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1993.tb01075.x. S2CID 83650111.
  24. ^ a b Jennersten, Ola (November 1993). "Insect Flower Visitation Frequency and Seed Production in Relation to Patch Size of Viscaria vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae)". OIKOS. 68 (2): 283–292. doi:10.2307/3544841. JSTOR 3544841.
  25. ^ a b Lack, Andrew (November 1976). "Competition for Pollinators and Evolution in Centaurea". The New Phytologist. 77 (3): 787–792. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1976.tb04675.x.
  26. ^ a b Cresswell, James (1999). "The influence of nectar and pollen availability on pollen transfer by individual flowers of oil-seed rape (Brassica napus) when pollinated by bumblebees (Bombus lapidarius)". Journal of Ecology. 87 (4): 670–677. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00385.x.
  27. ^ Rasmussen, I (February 1992). "Gene flow inferred from seed dispersal and pollinator behaviour compared to DNA analysis of restriction site variation in a patchy population of Lotus corniculatus L.". Oecologia. 89 (2): 277–283. Bibcode:1992Oecol..89..277R. doi:10.1007/bf00317228. PMID 28312883. S2CID 24788921.
  28. ^ Stout, Jane Catherine (November 1999). "Does size matter? Bumblebee behaviour and the pollination of Cytisus scoparius L. (Fabaceae)". Apidologie. 31: 129–139. doi:10.1051/apido:2000111.
  29. ^ http://www.npws.ie/en/media/NPWS/Publications/Redlists/Media,4860,en.pdf
  30. ^ Fitzpatrick, U., T.E. Murray, A. Byrne, R.J. Paxton & M.J.F. Brown (2006) Regional red list of Irish Bees. Report to National Parks and Wildlife Service (Ireland) and Environment and Heritage Service (N. Ireland).
  31. ^ Westphal, Catrin (August 2006). "Bumblebees experience landscapes at different spatial scales: possible implications for coexistence". Oecologia. 149 (2): 289–300. Bibcode:2006Oecol.149..289W. doi:10.1007/s00442-006-0448-6. PMID 16758219. S2CID 32175986.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bombus lapidarius.
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Bombus lapidarius: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı

Bombus lapidarius is a species of bumblebee in the subgenus Melanobombus. Commonly known as the red-tailed bumblebee, B. lapidarius can be found throughout much of Central Europe. Known for its distinctive black and red body, this social bee is important in pollination.

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Kivikimalane ( Estonyaca )

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Kivikimalane (Bombus lapidarius) on mesilaslaste sugukonda kuuluv putukas.

Ta on Eestis arvatud III kaitsekategooriasse (2012).

Eestis on ta sage[1].

Kivikimalaste pesa asub enamasti kivide all[1].

Pildid

Viited

  1. 1,0 1,1 M. Chinery, 2005. Euroopa putukad (tõlkinud ja kohandanud Teder, T. & Tammaru, T). Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. Lk 252

Välislingid

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Kivikimalane: Brief Summary ( Estonyaca )

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Kivikimalane (Bombus lapidarius) on mesilaslaste sugukonda kuuluv putukas.

Ta on Eestis arvatud III kaitsekategooriasse (2012).

Eestis on ta sage.

Kivikimalaste pesa asub enamasti kivide all.

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Kivikkokimalainen ( Fince )

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Kivikkokimalainen (Bombus lapidarius) on kimalaisiin kuuluva punamusta mesipistiäislaji.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Kivikkokimalaisen kuningattaret ja työläiset ovat kirkkaanpunaista takaruumiin kärkiosaa lukuun ottamatta täysin mustia. Koirailla pään etuosassa ja usein myös keskiruumiin etuosassa on keltaista karvaa. Työläisten ja koiraiden ruumiin pituus on 10–16 mm. Kuningattaret ovat huomattavasti kookkaampia pituudeltaan 20–25 mm.[1]

Levinneisyys

Kivikkokimalainen on Euroopan yleisimpiä kimalaislajeja. Etelä-Euroopassa se on kuitenkin vuoristolaji. Levinneisyys ulottuu Pohjois-Marokosta Britteinsaarille, idässä Kaukasukselle ja Siperian poikki Japaniin. Pohjoismaissa levinneisyysalue yltää napapiirin tuntumaan.[2][3] Suomessa se on etelä- ja keskiosissa erittäin yleinen, mutta harvinaistuu pohjoista kohti. Pohjoisimmat havainnot ovat Etelä-Lapista.[1]

Elinympäristö ja elintavat

Kivikkokimalainen elää hyvin monenlaisissa ympäristöissä ja se on merkittävä erityisesti hedelmäpuiden pölyttäjänä. Ne käyvät mielellään etenkin voikukilla, pietaryrtillä ja ohdakkeilla. Pesä on yleensä maassa, vanhassa hiirenkolossa, mutta joskus korkealla kuten linnunpöntössä tai rakennuksen ullakolla. Kivikkokimalaisen tiedetään myös vallanneen pesäpaikkoja mantukimalaiselta. Yhdyskunta on usein suuri ja siihen kuuluu 100–300 yksilöä.[1][3]

Lähteet

  1. a b c Seppo Parkkinen, Juho Paukkunen & Ilkka Teräs: Suomen kimalaiset. Jyväskylä: Docendo, 2018. ISBN 978-952-291-454-5. s. 66, 79, 80, 116
  2. Pierre Rasmont & Stéphanie Iserbyt: Atlas of the European Bees: genus Bombus (englanniksi) (viitattu 28.4.2018)
  3. a b Artsdatabanken (norjaksi) (viitattu 28.4.2018)

Aiheesta muualla

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Kivikkokimalainen: Brief Summary ( Fince )

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Kivikkokimalainen (Bombus lapidarius) on kimalaisiin kuuluva punamusta mesipistiäislaji.

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Bombus lapidarius ( Fransızca )

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Bombus lapidarius, le bourdon des pierres ou bourdon lapidaire ou cul-brun, est une espèce d'insectes hyménoptères de la famille des Apidae (de Apis: abeille), du genre Bombus et du sous-genre Melanobombus.

Description

Cette espèce est noire à l'exception des segments 4 à 6 de l'abdomen orange vif. Sa taille est variable selon les catégories mais plutôt petite :

  • reine 20 à 22 mm ;
  • ouvrière 12 à 16 mm ;
  • mâle 14 à 16 mm (bande jaune sur le thorax).
 src=
Pollinisation par un bourdon des pierres (Bombus lapidarius).
 src=
Pollinisation, sur un Laiteron piquant. En Estonie.

Ce taxon présente une langue plutôt courte.

Période de vol

Avril à octobre.

Habitat

Prairies et champs fleuris.

Ils peuvent construire un nid entre les pierres disjointes des anciens murs de pierre (de relativement vastes espaces peuvent se trouver entre certaines pierres, et les anciens mortiers ne contenant que très peu d'agent liant sont facilement "rongés" par l'insecte).

 src=
Bombus lapidarius

Distribution

Commun dans toute l'Europe.

Mœurs

Les nids peuvent comporter jusqu'à 300 ou 400 individus. Comportement très voisin de Bombus pratorum.

Confusion possible

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Bombus lapidarius: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

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Bombus lapidarius, le bourdon des pierres ou bourdon lapidaire ou cul-brun, est une espèce d'insectes hyménoptères de la famille des Apidae (de Apis: abeille), du genre Bombus et du sous-genre Melanobombus.

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Bumbóg earr-rua ( İrlandaca )

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Is feithid í an bhumbóg earr-rua. Ball d'fhine na Apidae atá ann.


Ainmhí
Is síol ainmhí é an t-alt seo. Cuir leis, chun cuidiú leis an Vicipéid.
Má tá alt níos forbartha le fáil i dteanga eile, is féidir leat aistriúchán Gaeilge a dhéanamh.


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Steenhommel ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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De steenhommel (Bombus lapidarius) is een hommel die in Centraal Europa algemeen voorkomt in natuurlijke en agrarisch open landschappen. Is ook regelmatig te zien in stadstuinen. De vrouwtjes van de steenhommel zijn op het eind van het achterlijf na bijna helemaal zijdeachtig zwart behaard. Het eind van het achterlijf is helderrood gekleurd. De mannetjes van de steenhommel hebben een brede kraag, een lichtgele snuit en vaak een lichtgele band over het borststuk, maar ze zijn goed te onderscheiden van de weidehommel aan de vorm van hun copulatieapparaat. De grashommel lijkt op de steenhommel, maar heeft rode in plaats van zwarte haren aan de achterpoten en is veel zeldzamer en wordt alleen in Zeeland regelmatig gezien. Andere soorten als de Limburgse hommel (Bombus pomorum), de bol-oog (Bombus confusus) en de waddenhommel (Bombus cullumanus) lijken ook veel op de steenhommel.

De steenhommel heeft een korte tong en is te vinden op vele plantensoorten. Vroeg in het jaar vooral op wilg en klein hoefblad. Daarna veel op paardenbloem. Later in het jaar op witte dovenetel, zenegroen, hondsdraf, witte klaver, koolzaad en distel. Het nest zit onder stenen, in muurspleten of in schuren en stallen, maar ze worden ook wel ondergronds aangetroffen. Een volgroeide kolonie van de steenhommel bestaat uit zo'n 100 tot 300 werksters. De koningin is 22-26, de werkster 12-16 en het mannetje 14-16 mm lang. De nestzoekende koninginnen zijn te zien van midden maart tot eind mei, de werksters van eind april tot eind september en de jonge koninginnen en mannetjes van eind juli tot begin oktober.

Deze soort wordt als enige geparasiteerd door de koekoekshommel Bombus (Psithyrus) rupestris (Rode Koekoekshommel), waarvan de koningin een sterke gelijkenis vertoont met B. lapidarius.

Externe links

 src=
Mannetje van steenhommel op bloeiende grote centaurie
Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Bombus lapidarius van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Steenhommel: Brief Summary ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

wikipedia NL tarafından sağlandı

De steenhommel (Bombus lapidarius) is een hommel die in Centraal Europa algemeen voorkomt in natuurlijke en agrarisch open landschappen. Is ook regelmatig te zien in stadstuinen. De vrouwtjes van de steenhommel zijn op het eind van het achterlijf na bijna helemaal zijdeachtig zwart behaard. Het eind van het achterlijf is helderrood gekleurd. De mannetjes van de steenhommel hebben een brede kraag, een lichtgele snuit en vaak een lichtgele band over het borststuk, maar ze zijn goed te onderscheiden van de weidehommel aan de vorm van hun copulatieapparaat. De grashommel lijkt op de steenhommel, maar heeft rode in plaats van zwarte haren aan de achterpoten en is veel zeldzamer en wordt alleen in Zeeland regelmatig gezien. Andere soorten als de Limburgse hommel (Bombus pomorum), de bol-oog (Bombus confusus) en de waddenhommel (Bombus cullumanus) lijken ook veel op de steenhommel.

De steenhommel heeft een korte tong en is te vinden op vele plantensoorten. Vroeg in het jaar vooral op wilg en klein hoefblad. Daarna veel op paardenbloem. Later in het jaar op witte dovenetel, zenegroen, hondsdraf, witte klaver, koolzaad en distel. Het nest zit onder stenen, in muurspleten of in schuren en stallen, maar ze worden ook wel ondergronds aangetroffen. Een volgroeide kolonie van de steenhommel bestaat uit zo'n 100 tot 300 werksters. De koningin is 22-26, de werkster 12-16 en het mannetje 14-16 mm lang. De nestzoekende koninginnen zijn te zien van midden maart tot eind mei, de werksters van eind april tot eind september en de jonge koninginnen en mannetjes van eind juli tot begin oktober.

Deze soort wordt als enige geparasiteerd door de koekoekshommel Bombus (Psithyrus) rupestris (Rode Koekoekshommel), waarvan de koningin een sterke gelijkenis vertoont met B. lapidarius.

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Steinhumle ( Norveççe )

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Bombus lapidarius (male) - Centaurea scabiosa - Keila.jpg

Steinhumle (Bombus lapidarius) (Linnaeus) er en vanlig humle i hager og på dyrket mark. Imidlertid blir den ikke så ofte funnet ute i skog og mark. Humlearten har ganske kort tunge.

Hos steinhumla er det stor størrelsesforskjell mellom arbeidere og dronninger. Det er normalt ingen problemer å skille dronningen på grunn av den helt klare forskjellen i størrelse.

Kjennetegn

Steinhumlen er en vakker kullsort humle med dyp rød bakkroppsspiss. Hannene har imidlertid noe gul behåring på brystet og helt foran på hodet. Steinhumla kan forveksles med Tyvhumlen Bombus wurfleini som imidlertid er langt kraftigere bygget enn steinhumla.

Størrelse

Målene kan variere, og særlig lengden er unøyaktig da bakkroppen kan trekkes sammen eller strekkes ut.

Dronninger: Lengde 20-22 mm, Vingespenn: 37-40 mm
Arbeidere: Lengde 12-16 mm, Vingespenn: 24-30 mm
Hanner: Lengde 14-16 mm, Vingespenn: 27-30 mm

Bolet

Bolet til steinhumla ligger svært ofte nede i bakken i gamle musebol. Men den kan også slå seg ned i fuglekasser. Steinhumla sine bol utmerker seg ofte at når bolene blir store blir de omgitt av et vokstak som kan minne om en stein. Derav trolig navnet steinhumle.

Utbredelse

Vi finner steinhumlen stort sett i kyststrøkene i Sør-Norge nordover til Sognefjorden på Vestlandet. Men det forekommer spredte funn til langt opp i Trøndelag.

Litteratur

Eksterne lenker

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Steinhumle: Brief Summary ( Norveççe )

wikipedia NO tarafından sağlandı
Bombus lapidarius (male) - Centaurea scabiosa - Keila.jpg

Steinhumle (Bombus lapidarius) (Linnaeus) er en vanlig humle i hager og på dyrket mark. Imidlertid blir den ikke så ofte funnet ute i skog og mark. Humlearten har ganske kort tunge.

Hos steinhumla er det stor størrelsesforskjell mellom arbeidere og dronninger. Det er normalt ingen problemer å skille dronningen på grunn av den helt klare forskjellen i størrelse.

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Trzmiel kamiennik ( Lehçe )

wikipedia POL tarafından sağlandı
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Trzmiel kamiennik (Bombus lapidarius) — gatunek owada z rodziny pszczołowatych. Zaliczany do pszczół właściwych, plemienia trzmielowatych (Bombini).

Wygląd

Całe ciało czarno owłosione, tylko ostatnie pierścienie odwłoka porośnięte czerwonymi włoskami. Samiec ma poza tym na przodzie tułowia żółty pierścień. Długość ciała wynosi 10–22mm.

Występowanie

Trzmiela kamiennika można spotkać w całej Europie, w Polsce pospolity. Głównie na łąkach, ale także w ogrodach. Gniazda zakłada w norach małych ssaków, ptasich gniazdach, budkach lęgowych, szczelinach skał oraz pod kamieniami (stąd jego nazwa).

Pokarm

Zapylają kwiaty o głęboko osadzonych nektarnikach m.in. kwiaty koniczyny, jasnoty, szałwii, tojadu. Żywi się nektarem kwiatów, stwierdzono że żywi się nektarem aż 248 gatunków kwiatów.

Uwagi

Trzmiel kamiennik buduje podobne gniazda jak trzmiel ziemny. W przeciwieństwie jednak do niego przykrywa całe gniazdo cienkim woskowym sklepieniem. Robotnice są w pobliżu gniazda dość agresywne, a mocniej zaniepokojone przechodzą zwykle do ataku.[potrzebny przypis] W Polsce żyje kilka bardzo podobnych, ale wyraźnie rzadszych gatunków trzmieli, które można odróżnić od trzmiela kamiennika tylko na podstawie cech mikroskopowych.

Ochrona

Trzmiel kamiennik jak i pozostałe trzmiele w Polsce podlega częściowej ochronie gatunkowej[2][3].

Zobacz też

Przypisy

  1. Bombus lapidarius, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Na podstawie Rozporządzenia Ministra Środowiska z dnia 6 października 2014 r. w sprawie ochrony gatunkowej zwierząt (Dz.U. 2014 poz. 1348).
  3. Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 16 grudnia 2016 r. w sprawie ochrony gatunkowej zwierząt (Dz. U. z 2016 r., poz. 2183). [dostęp 2017-01-16]..

Bibliografia

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Trzmiel kamiennik: Brief Summary ( Lehçe )

wikipedia POL tarafından sağlandı

Trzmiel kamiennik (Bombus lapidarius) — gatunek owada z rodziny pszczołowatych. Zaliczany do pszczół właściwych, plemienia trzmielowatych (Bombini).

Wygląd

Całe ciało czarno owłosione, tylko ostatnie pierścienie odwłoka porośnięte czerwonymi włoskami. Samiec ma poza tym na przodzie tułowia żółty pierścień. Długość ciała wynosi 10–22mm.

Występowanie

Trzmiela kamiennika można spotkać w całej Europie, w Polsce pospolity. Głównie na łąkach, ale także w ogrodach. Gniazda zakłada w norach małych ssaków, ptasich gniazdach, budkach lęgowych, szczelinach skał oraz pod kamieniami (stąd jego nazwa).

Pokarm

Zapylają kwiaty o głęboko osadzonych nektarnikach m.in. kwiaty koniczyny, jasnoty, szałwii, tojadu. Żywi się nektarem kwiatów, stwierdzono że żywi się nektarem aż 248 gatunków kwiatów.

Uwagi

Trzmiel kamiennik buduje podobne gniazda jak trzmiel ziemny. W przeciwieństwie jednak do niego przykrywa całe gniazdo cienkim woskowym sklepieniem. Robotnice są w pobliżu gniazda dość agresywne, a mocniej zaniepokojone przechodzą zwykle do ataku.[potrzebny przypis] W Polsce żyje kilka bardzo podobnych, ale wyraźnie rzadszych gatunków trzmieli, które można odróżnić od trzmiela kamiennika tylko na podstawie cech mikroskopowych.

Ochrona

Trzmiel kamiennik jak i pozostałe trzmiele w Polsce podlega częściowej ochronie gatunkowej.

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Stenhumla ( İsveççe )

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Stenhumla (Bombus lapidarius) är en insekt i överfamiljen bin (Apoidea).

Utbredning

Humlan är vanlig i hela Europa[2], och en av de vanligaste arterna på kulturmark i södra Sverige. Den har ökat under senare tid och dragit sig norrut upp till området kring Siljan och vid kusten upp till Umeå[3]. Den är även vanlig längs finska kusten upptill Bottenviken[4].

Utseende

Stenhumlan är en medelstor humla; drottningen blir 18 till 20 millimeter lång, arbetaren 14 till 17 millimeter och hanen 15 till 18 millimeter[5]. Humlan är svart med röd bakkroppsspets. Hanen har dessutom en smal gul halskrage och gul nos. Honan är betydligt större än både arbetarna och hanarna.[4]

Ekologi

Boet inrättas ofta i övergivna fågelbon[4] eller sorkbon under jord. Den kan också bygga bo under stenar, i murar, under eller i hus; i isoleringsmaterial i väggar eller på vindar.[5] Stenhumlan bildar stora samhällen med 100 till 400 individer.[6].

Arten förekommer i många olika biotoper som odlad mark, bland växtlighet vid vägkanter, trädgårdar, villabebyggelse och i städer.[3] Den kan flyga relativt långt för att skaffa näring, upp till 1,5 km.[6] Favoritväxter är vitklöver, harklöver, monke, fruktträd, maskros, fibblor, olika ärtväxter, plister, lejongapsväxter, labiater, tistlar och väddklint.[3] Arten sparar inte bara honung utan även pollen i boet.[7]

De övervintrade honorna kommer fram i mars, arbetarna från april, medan könsdjuren (ungdrottningar och hanar) flyger mellan juli och tidigt i oktober.[8]

Hanarna är så kallade patrullerare, som flyger på 1 till 2 meters höjd längs en bestämd bana, upptill 100 m lång, där de avsätter feromoner på höga objekt som vass och rapsplantor för att locka till sig parningsvilliga honor. Flera hanar kan ofta flyga efter varandra längs samma bana.[7]

Snylthumla

Arten parasiteras av stensnylthumlan, som tar över boet för att föda upp sin egen avkomma.[3]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] Melanobombus (på engelska). Natural History Museum, London. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/bombus/ml.html. Läst 12 januari 2015.
  2. ^ ”"Steinhummel" · Bombus lapidarius (på tyska). Wildbienen. http://www.wildbienen.de/b-lapida.htm. Läst 30 april 2017.
  3. ^ [a b c d] ”Stenhumla Bombus lapidarius. Artdatabanken, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet. http://www.artdata.slu.se/Humlor/las-lapidarius.htm. Läst 9 november 2012.
  4. ^ [a b c] Holmström, Göran (2007). Humlor - Alla Sveriges arter. Västerås: Östlings Bokförlag Symposion AB. sid. 88-89. ISBN 978-91-7139-776-8
  5. ^ [a b] ”Steinhummel - Bombus lapidarius (på tyska). Wildbienen. http://www.wildbienen.de/b-lapida.htm. Läst 8 november 2012.
  6. ^ [a b] Goulson, Dave (2010) (på engelska). Bumblebees: behaviour, ecology, and conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. sid. 177. ISBN 978-0-19-955307-5
  7. ^ [a b] Benton, Ted (2006) (på engelska). Bumblebees. London: HarperCollins. sid. 363-364. ISBN 0-00-717451-9
  8. ^ M Edwards. Bombus lapidarius (Linnaeus,1758)” (på engelska). Bees Wasps & Ants Recording Society. http://www.bwars.com/bee/apidae/bombus-lapidarius. Läst 30 april 2017.
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Stenhumla: Brief Summary ( İsveççe )

wikipedia SV tarafından sağlandı

Stenhumla (Bombus lapidarius) är en insekt i överfamiljen bin (Apoidea).

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Джміль кам'яний ( Ukraynaca )

wikipedia UK tarafından sağlandı

Поширення

Вся позатропічна Євразія[1].

Вид поширений по всій території України[2].

Короткий опис імаго

Середньохоботковий[3]. Великі джмелі довжиною 24-27 мм[1].

Особливості біології та місця проживання

Гніздиться з ранньої весни, в основному підземно, охоче заселяє штучні гнізда і утворюючи нерідко дуже великі родини[3]. Широкий полілект. Відмічений на рослинах родин бобові та березкові[4].

Галерея

Див. також

Посилання

  1. а б Красная книга Республики Мордовия. В 2 томах. Том 2: Животные / Сост. В. И. Астрадамов. — Саранск: Мордов. кн. изд-во, 2005. — 336 с.
  2. Konovalova I. B. The Bumble Bees of Ukraine: Species Distribution and Floral Preferences // Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. — 2010. — Vol. 2010 (2009). — P. 44-54.
  3. а б Гребенников B.C. Шмели опылители клевера. —М.: Россельхозиздат, 1984. — 62 с.
  4. Кадермятова Д. М. К изучению фауны шмелей в (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Apidae) и их трофических связей в лисостепи средного поволжья (Ульяновской области) // Фундаментальные исследования.— 2014. — № 12. — С. 312–316.



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Bombus lapidarius ( Vietnamca )

wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

Bombus lapidarius là một loài ong trong họ Apidae. Loài này được Linnaeus miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1758.[1]

Chú thích

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết phân họ Ong mật này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.


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Bombus lapidarius: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

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Bombus lapidarius là một loài ong trong họ Apidae. Loài này được Linnaeus miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1758.

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Каменный шмель ( Rusça )

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Латинское название Bombus lapidarius Linnaeus, 1761

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ITIS 714942 NCBI 30192

Каменный шмель[1] (лат. Bombus lapidarius) — вид шмелей.

Описание

Самки 20—23 мм, рабочие 12—16 мм и самцы 14—16 мм. Самки чёрные с красно-оранжевым кончиком брюшка. У самцов клипеус и грудь с желтоватыми волосками. Усики самок и рабочих 12-члениковые, у самцов 13-члениковые. Гнёзда часто устраивает под старыми кучами камней. Гнёзда могут включать до 300 или 400 шмелей. Летает с апреля до сентября.

Распространение

Евразия.

Систематика

Первоначально Карл Линней описал это вид под названием Apis lapidaria Linnaeus (= Bombus lapidarius (Linnaeus)). Относится к подроду Melanobombus Dalla Torre, 1880, чьим типовым видов обозначен в 1943 году (Sandhouse, 1943)[2].

Примечания

  1. Стриганова Б. Р., Захаров А. А. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных: Насекомые (латинский-русский-английский-немецкий-французский) / Под ред. д-ра биол. наук, проф. Б. Р. Стригановой. — М.: РУССО, 2000. — С. 305. — 1060 экз.ISBN 5-88721-162-8.
  2. BUMBLE BEES
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Каменный шмель: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

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Каменный шмель (лат. Bombus lapidarius) — вид шмелей.

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