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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

AnAge articles tarafından sağlandı
Maximum longevity: 11 years (wild)
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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AnAge articles

Behavior ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Indigo buntings use vocalizations and visual cues to communicate. Only male indigo buntings sing. Each male has one complex song that it sings, during the breeding season to advertise occupancy of a territory to other males and to attract females. Males may also court females by performing displays, such as the display in which a male struts in circles in front of a female with his wings spread and his head crouched.

Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliyografik atıf
Zumberg, R. 1999. "Passerina cyanea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerina_cyanea.html
yazar
Rishauna Zumberg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Conservation Status ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Indigo buntings appear to be increasing in geographic range and density. They are protected under the U.S. Migratory Bird Act, but not under CITES or the U.S. Endangered Species Act.

Indigo buntings are occasionally killed for sport and food. They are also a popular cage bird in Europe and Mexico. (Payne, 1992)

US Migratory Bird Act: protected

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Zumberg, R. 1999. "Passerina cyanea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerina_cyanea.html
yazar
Rishauna Zumberg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Benefits ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

There are no known adverse affects of indigo buntings on humans.

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Zumberg, R. 1999. "Passerina cyanea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerina_cyanea.html
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Rishauna Zumberg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Benefits ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

There is apparent aesthetic importance of songbirds like the Indigo bunting to bird watchers and listeners. This brightly colored species is commonly kept as a cage bird (Britannica, 1986).

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Zumberg, R. 1999. "Passerina cyanea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerina_cyanea.html
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Rishauna Zumberg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Associations ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Perching birds (order Passeriformes) as a group play an important role in the earth's ecosystems. They consume many varieties and amounts of food and serve as food for others and hosts for parasites (Britannica, 1986). Indigo buntings affect the populations of the insects they eat, and help distribute seeds of the plants whose berries they eat. They also host at least one parasite; hippoboscid flies (Payne 1992).

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

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Zumberg, R. 1999. "Passerina cyanea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerina_cyanea.html
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Rishauna Zumberg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Trophic Strategy ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

During the breeding season, indigo buntings eat small spiders and insects, seeds of grasses and herbs, and berries. Major food items taken include caterpillars, grasshoppers, bugs, beetles, seeds and berries. In winter, indigo buntings eat small seeds, buds, and some insects. Their main food in winter is small seeds of grasses. They also frequent feeders, and eat the seeds of rice in rice fields. Indigo buntings do not appear to drink frequently, and may obtain sufficient water from their diet. (Payne 1992)

Indigo buntings feed alone during the breeding season and in flocks during the winter. They do not appear to store food for later consumption. (Payne 1992)

Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Zumberg, R. 1999. "Passerina cyanea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerina_cyanea.html
yazar
Rishauna Zumberg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Distribution ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea) breed throughout eastern North America from the Great Plains eastward, south of the coniferous forest region. There are also some breeding populations in the western United States, including Utah, Arizona and California. Indigo buntings winter in the coastal regions of Mexico, Central America, northern South America and the Caribbean.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )

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Zumberg, R. 1999. "Passerina cyanea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerina_cyanea.html
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Rishauna Zumberg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Habitat ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Indigo buntings breed in brushy and weedy habitats along the edges of farmed land, woods, road, power lines, railways and riparian habitats. They also breed in clearings in open deciduous woodlands, in weedy or abandoned agricultural fields, and in swamps. During migration they look for open grasslands and leafy trees similar to those in their winter habitat. In winter, indigo buntings choose open habitats, such as weedy fields, citrus orchards, savannas, weedy croplands and low second growth (Payne 1992).

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest

Wetlands: swamp

Other Habitat Features: agricultural ; riparian

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Zumberg, R. 1999. "Passerina cyanea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerina_cyanea.html
yazar
Rishauna Zumberg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Life Expectancy ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Indigo buntings can live up to 10 years in the wild.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
10 (high) years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
111 months.

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
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Zumberg, R. 1999. "Passerina cyanea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerina_cyanea.html
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Rishauna Zumberg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Morphology ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Adult male indigo buntings are brilliant blue during the breeding season, with a darker almost purple crown. Females and young are brown with buff wingbars and only a tinge of blue on their tail and shoulders. Indigo buntings are small birds, from 11.5 cm to13 cm long and weighing 12 to 18 g. They have short, conical beaks and black or gray legs and feet. (Payne 1992, Robbins, Bruun and Zim 1983)

Range mass: 12 to 18 g.

Range length: 11.5 to 13 cm.

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Zumberg, R. 1999. "Passerina cyanea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerina_cyanea.html
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Rishauna Zumberg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Associations ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Although predation of adult indigo buntings surely occurs, specific predators have not been identified. Brooding females, eggs and young are vulnerable to predation from climbing predators, including raccoons, opossum, red fox, feral cats, blue jays and blue racers.

When a predator approaches a nest, adult buntings may feign injury and make a chip-chip-chip call to distract the predator and lure them away from the nest. They do not mob predators.

Known Predators:

  • Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana)
  • red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
  • feral cats (Felis silvestris)
  • blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata)
  • blue racers (Coluber constrictor)
  • raccoons (Procyon lotor)
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Zumberg, R. 1999. "Passerina cyanea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerina_cyanea.html
yazar
Rishauna Zumberg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Reproduction ( İngilizce )

Animal Diversity Web tarafından sağlandı

Indigo buntings are socially monogamous. However, pairs only associate until incubation begins, and may switch partners within a single breeding season. Fertilizations outside of a breeding pair are not uncommon and approximately 15% of males have more than one mate.

Males do not sing often in courtship, but they do follow their mate around during the nest building and laying periods, often chasing other males away.

Mating System: monogamous

Indigo buntings breed between May and September, with most activity occurring June through August. They may raise more than one brood per season, and may switch nests or mates between broods. The female chooses the nest site and builds the nest, which may take up to eight days. Nests are built in shrubs in fields or at the edges of woods, roadsides and railways. They are constructed of leaves, grasses, stems and strips of bark. After the nest is complete, the female lays 1 to 4 (usually 3 or 4) white eggs. One egg is laid each day, soon after sunrise. The female begins incubating after the last egg is laid. Incubation lasts for 11 to 14 (usually 12 to 13) days.

The female broods the altricial chicks for the first few days after they hatch. She also feeds the chicks insects and removes their fecal sacs from the nest. The chicks leave the nest 8 to 14 days after hatching, and become independent about 3 weeks after fledging. Indigo buntings are sexually mature at one year old.

Breeding interval: Indigo buntings breed between May and September, with most activity occurring June through August.

Breeding season: Indigo buntings may raise more than one brood per season, and may switch nests or mates between broods.

Range eggs per season: 1 to 4.

Average eggs per season: 3.5.

Range time to hatching: 11 to 14 days.

Average time to hatching: 12-13 days.

Range fledging age: 8 to 14 days.

Average time to independence: 3 weeks.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 (low) years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 (low) years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous

Average eggs per season: 4.

The male does not generally help with incubation or raising the chicks. The female chooses the nest site and builds the nest. She broods the altricial chicks for the first few days after they hatch, feeds them insects and removes their fecal sacs from the nest. The chicks leave the nest 8 to 14 days after hatching, and become independent about 3 weeks after fledging.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Zumberg, R. 1999. "Passerina cyanea" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerina_cyanea.html
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Rishauna Zumberg, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Passerina cyanea

DC Birds Brief Summaries tarafından sağlandı

A small (5 ½ inches) bunting, the male Indigo Bunting is most easily identified by its bright blue body, dark wings and tail, and small conical bill. The female Indigo Bunting is brownish gray on top and pale brown below. Male Indigo Buntings resemble females during their autumn molt, taking on brown feathers in place of the bright blue plumage they wore during the breeding season. The Indigo Bunting breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada south to central Florida and Texas. This species also breeds locally west of the plains as far as California and the southwest. In winter, Indigo Buntings may be found in south Florida, southern Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. Indigo Buntings breed in forest edges and clearings of open deciduous woodlands. During the winter, this species may be found in tropical grassland and scrubland. Indigo Buntings primarily eat insects during the summer, adding seeds and berries to their diet in the winter. In appropriate habitat, Indigo Buntings may be seen foraging for food in shrubs and low tree branches. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of paired notes vaguely recalling that of a finch. Indigo Buntings are primarily active during the day.

Threat Status: Least Concern

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Smithsonian Institution
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Reid Rumelt

Passerina cyanea ( İngilizce )

EOL authors tarafından sağlandı

A small (5 ½ inches) bunting, the male Indigo Bunting is most easily identified by its bright blue body, dark wings and tail, and small conical bill. The female Indigo Bunting is brownish gray on top and pale brown below. Male Indigo Buntings resemble females during their autumn molt, taking on brown feathers in place of the bright blue plumage they wore during the breeding season. The Indigo Bunting breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada south to central Florida and Texas. This species also breeds locally west of the plains as far as California and the southwest. In winter, Indigo Buntings may be found in south Florida, southern Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. Indigo Buntings breed in forest edges and clearings of open deciduous woodlands. During the winter, this species may be found in tropical grassland and scrubland. Indigo Buntings primarily eat insects during the summer, adding seeds and berries to their diet in the winter. In appropriate habitat, Indigo Buntings may be seen foraging for food in shrubs and low tree branches. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of paired notes vaguely recalling that of a finch. Indigo Buntings are primarily active during the day.

Referans

  • Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea). The Internet Bird Collection. Lynx Edicions, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Passerina cyanea. Xeno-canto. Xeno-canto Foundation, n.d. Web. 20 July 2012.
  • Payne, Robert B. 2006. Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/004
  • eBird Range Map - Indigo Bunting. eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, N.d. Web. 20 July 2012.

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Smithsonian Institution
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Rumelt, Reid B. Passerina cyanea. June-July 2012. Brief natural history summary of Passerina cyanea. Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
yazar
Robert Costello (kearins)
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EOL authors

Diagnostic Description ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

INBio tarafından sağlandı
Localidad del tipo: in Carolina = Carolina del Sur.
Depositario del tipo:
Recolector del tipo:
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INBio, Costa Rica
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Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
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The Nature Conservancy
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INBio

Diagnostic Description ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

INBio tarafından sağlandı
Mide 12 cm. y pesa 13.5 grs. Es relativamente pequeño, más delgado que la mayoría de los semilleros, con un tono general anteado; los machos generalmente presentan algo de azul y las hembras son mucho menos listadas por debajo que la hembra de "brea (Volatinia jacarina). El macho adulto, en época de invierno es café leonado por encima, y por debajo es café anteado que se desvanece a blanco en el abdomen. Es más o menos mezclado con azul, especialmente en la rabadilla, hombros y la parte de abajo. Las alas y la cola son negruzcas, con bordes azul verdoso, y una mezcla café en las coberteras alares y las secundarias. Durante la época de cría es azul profundo, más o menos verdoso, con un tinte violeta en la cabeza y el pecho y el área loreal negra. El pico es color cuerno grisáceo con los rami plateados, y las patas son fuscas. La hembra es café leonado por encima, con las alas y la cola fuscas con bordes de café a gris azulado. Los hombros están teñidos de azul y las 2 barras alares son anteadas e indistintas. Por debajo es anteado con el costado y el pecho más oscuros, donde presentan un leve listado fusco que se va tornando blanco en el abdomen. El pico es color cuerno oscuro, más amarillento en la base. El ejemplar macho inmaduro es como la hembra adulta, pero con un tinte azul más fuerte en la rabadilla, la cola y los hombros. Por debajo es más blanco y opaco y las plumas de la región inferior con la base gris azulada, lo cual le brinda un aspecto listado o moteado oscuro sobre la mayor parte de las zonas inferiores. La hembra es similar a la adulta, pero con poco o nada de tinte azul, y por debajo es más blanca, con un listado fusco más extenso y un leve listado en la espalda. La mayor parte de los individuos jóvenes mudan al plumaje invernal de adulto poco después de llegar a sus terrenos de invernación.

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INBio, Costa Rica
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Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
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The Nature Conservancy
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INBio

Trophic Strategy ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

INBio tarafından sağlandı
En el invierno se desplazan y siguen la fructificación de las gramíneas, especialmente del "zacate Guinea" (Panicum maximum). Se alimentan sobre el suelo o arrancan la semillas directamente de la inflorescencias del zacate. Asimismo, consumen insectos pequeños y bayas.

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INBio, Costa Rica
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Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
düzenleyici
The Nature Conservancy
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INBio

Distribution ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

INBio tarafından sağlandı
Distribucion en Costa Rica: Es una especie migratoria y residente de invierno, de distribución amplia y común,en forma esporádica en ambas laderas, entre comienzos y mediados de octubre y fines de abril. La mayor abundancia ocurre en las regiones más secas del lado del Pacífico y el Valle Central, aunque a medida que avanza la estación seca se desplaza a áreas más húmedas. Se localiza desde el nivel del mar hasta los 1500 m.. Ha sido comunicada su presencia en el Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, pero se estima que en esta zona su presencia es accidental .


Distribucion General: Se reproduce en el sureste de Canadá, el este y la parte central de E.U.A. Invierna desde la parte central de México hasta el noroeste de Colombia y las Antillas Mayores.

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INBio, Costa Rica
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Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
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The Nature Conservancy
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INBio

Behavior ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

INBio tarafından sağlandı
En ocasiones se les observa solitarios o en grupos pequeños, aunque con más frecuencia forman bandadas de 20 individuos o más.

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INBio, Costa Rica
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Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
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The Nature Conservancy
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INBio

Cyclicity ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

INBio tarafından sağlandı
Es una especie migratoria neártica (ver Distribución en Costa Rica).

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INBio, Costa Rica
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Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
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The Nature Conservancy
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INBio

Habitat ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

INBio tarafından sağlandı
Frecuentan cultivos enmalezados, bordes de sabana, campos agrícolas recién cosechados y áreas de crecimiento secundario joven y parcialmente despejadas.

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INBio, Costa Rica
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Luis Humberto Elizondo C.
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The Nature Conservancy
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INBio

Passerina cyanea ( Asturyasça )

wikipedia AST tarafından sağlandı
Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

.


'''Passerina cyanea ye una especie d'ave del este, centru y suroeste de Norteamérica, qu'envierna nes Grande Antilles, Les Bahames, y Centroamérica hasta Panamá y dacuando hasta'l norte de Suramérica. Pertenez a la familia Cardinalidae del orde Passeriformes.

Nomes

En llatín Passerina deriváu de passer “páxaru o gorrión” y cyanea “azulosa”. En Cuba conozse como azulexu. En Costa Rica conozse como viudita.

Hábitat

Prefier los montes pocu mestos, aprovecha tamién los plantíos d'árboles exóticos y zones con parrotales. Averar a les zones urbanes. con ello péscase-yos rápido

Descripción

Mide cerca de 13 cm de llargu. El picu ye curtiu, de forma cónica. El machu col so plumaxe de reproducción en primavera y branu ye azul índigo. Cuando envierna nos países del sur, ye castañu con delles plumes azules esvalixaes, más abondoses na rabadilla. La fema y el mozu son de color castañu nel envés, pembaxo ye más claru col pechu con un rayáu llixeru y les nales llixeramente barreadas de castañal. Arrexuntar en bandaes pequeñes. Comen granes, pequeños frutos ya inseutos, de cutiu nel suelu.

Nial

Añeren de mayu a setiembre n'Estaos Xuníos y Canadá. Faen el so nial a relativamente baxu altor, en parrotales trupos o árboles baxos asitiaos nos cantos de tierres cultivaes, carreteres, y otros ambientes modificaos pol home, y tamién n'escamplaes de montes caducifolios y en banzaos. Construyir con fueyes, paja tallo y cachos de corteza. Ponen de 1 a 4 güevos blancos.

Machu (enriba) y fema (embaxo)

Ave de xaula

Passerina cyanea ye unu de los páxaros qu'en Cuba cácense más comúnmente pa enxaular. Atrapar con xaules trampa con un mecanismu de trampolín, sobre'l que se ponen frutes de granes coloraes o más conocíu en Cuba como "Cundiamor" ente otros, que se funde al posase l'ave. Amás la xaula inclúi una seición onde se zarra un ave una que cante- como señuelo p'atraer a los sos conxéneres a la trampa.

Tamién en Méxicu atrapar pa enxaular, pero como son bien aríscos (bien nerviosos), tiénse-yos que cubrir la xaula de primeres con un pañu finu por que se acostume meyor a la vida en cautiverio, pero tienen un cantar bien formoso, anque nun lo amuesen dende'l principiu, pos tien que pasar un tiempu por que se acostume a la vida en xaula.

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. BirdLife International. «Passerina cyanea» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2010.4.
  • Garrido, O.H.; Kirkconnell, A. (2000). Birds of Cuba. Helm Field Guides, Londres. 253 pp.

Enllaces esternos

Protonotaria-citrea-002 edit.jpg Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Wikipedia authors and editors
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wikipedia AST

Passerina cyanea: Brief Summary ( Asturyasça )

wikipedia AST tarafından sağlandı
Passerina cyanea Map marker icon – Nicolas Mollet – Birds – Nature – white.png Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

.


'''Passerina cyanea ye una especie d'ave del este, centru y suroeste de Norteamérica, qu'envierna nes Grande Antilles, Les Bahames, y Centroamérica hasta Panamá y dacuando hasta'l norte de Suramérica. Pertenez a la familia Cardinalidae del orde Passeriformes.

lisans
cc-by-sa-3.0
telif hakkı
Wikipedia authors and editors
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ortak site
wikipedia AST

Passerell blau ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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El passerell blau[1] (Passerina cyanea) és un ocell de la família dels cardinàlids (Cardinalidae) que habita boscos decidus i poc espessos, arbusts i conreus del sud-est de Canadà, meitat oriental dels Estats Units i cap al sud-oest fins al sud-est de Califòrnia. Passa l'hivern a les Bahames, Antilles, sud de Mèxic i Amèrica Central

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Passerell blau Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Fitxa del passerell blau a Birdguides Rev. 20/01/2013 (anglès)
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Passerell blau: Brief Summary ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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El passerell blau (Passerina cyanea) és un ocell de la família dels cardinàlids (Cardinalidae) que habita boscos decidus i poc espessos, arbusts i conreus del sud-est de Canadà, meitat oriental dels Estats Units i cap al sud-oest fins al sud-est de Califòrnia. Passa l'hivern a les Bahames, Antilles, sud de Mèxic i Amèrica Central

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Bras goleulas ( Galce )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Bras goleulas (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: breision goleulas) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Passerina cyanea; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Indigo bunting. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1] Dyma aderyn sydd i'w gael yng ngwledydd Prydain ac mae i'w ganfod yng Nghymru.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. cyanea, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Teulu

Mae'r bras goleulas yn perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Bras Brewer Spizella breweri Bras coed Spizella arborea
Spizella-arborea-002 edit2.jpg
Bras llwydaidd Spizella pallida
Spizella pallida4 edit.jpg
Bras meysydd Spizella pusilla
FieldSparrow23.jpg
Bras Pigddu Spizella passerina
Spizella-passerina-015 edit.jpg
Bras Worthen Spizella wortheni Bras yr Eira Plectrophenax nivalis
Plectrophenax nivalis1.jpg
Cardinal cribgoch Paroaria coronata
Bird Dario Niz (5).jpg
Cardinal pigfelyn Paroaria capitata
Yellow-billed cardinal (Paroaria capitata).JPG
Pila mynydd penllwyd Phrygilus gayi
Phrygilus gayi.jpg
Pila mynydd Periw Phrygilus punensis
Phrygilus punensis -near Cusco, Peru-8.jpg
Pila telorus bronwinau Poospiza thoracica
Poospiza thoracica Bay-chested Warbling-finch.jpg
Pila telorus llygatddu’r Dwyrain Poospiza nigrorufa
Poospiza nigrorufa siete vestidos (2).jpg
Pila telorus tingoch Poospiza lateralis
Microspingus (Poospiza) lateralis - Buff-throated warbling-finch; Campos do Jordão, São Paulo, Brazil.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Bras goleulas: Brief Summary ( Galce )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Bras goleulas (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: breision goleulas) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Passerina cyanea; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Indigo bunting. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Breision (Lladin: Emberizidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes. Dyma aderyn sydd i'w gael yng ngwledydd Prydain ac mae i'w ganfod yng Nghymru.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. cyanea, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

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Papežík indigový ( Çekçe )

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Papežík indigový (Passerina cyanea) je drobný zpěvný pták, vzhledem a způsobem života podobný pěnkavám. V teplých měsících žije v Severní Americe východně od Skalistých hor a jižně od Velkých jezer, přezimuje ve Střední Americe a Karibiku. Pták je dlouhý 11 až 15 centimetrů včetně ocásku, rozpětí křídel má okolo 20 cm. Je šedohnědě zbarvený, samečci dostávají v období rozmnožování jasně modré peří. Jako všichni zrnožraví ptáci má krátký a silný kuželovitý zobák. Je poměrně hojný (počet jedinců se odhaduje na 28 milionů), obývá převážně řídké lesy a křoviny, vyskytuje se i v blízkosti lidských obydlí, živí se hmyzem nebo semeny a bobulemi rostlin. V zajetí se dožívá až osmi let. Poměrně často se kříží s příbuzným papežíkem lazurovým. Dvakrát do roka vyvede pár papežíků tři až čtyři mláďata. Do hnízd papežíků často klade svá vejce hnízdní parazit vlhovec hnědohlavý.

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]

Externí odkazy

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Papežík indigový: Brief Summary ( Çekçe )

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Papežík indigový (Passerina cyanea) je drobný zpěvný pták, vzhledem a způsobem života podobný pěnkavám. V teplých měsících žije v Severní Americe východně od Skalistých hor a jižně od Velkých jezer, přezimuje ve Střední Americe a Karibiku. Pták je dlouhý 11 až 15 centimetrů včetně ocásku, rozpětí křídel má okolo 20 cm. Je šedohnědě zbarvený, samečci dostávají v období rozmnožování jasně modré peří. Jako všichni zrnožraví ptáci má krátký a silný kuželovitý zobák. Je poměrně hojný (počet jedinců se odhaduje na 28 milionů), obývá převážně řídké lesy a křoviny, vyskytuje se i v blízkosti lidských obydlí, živí se hmyzem nebo semeny a bobulemi rostlin. V zajetí se dožívá až osmi let. Poměrně často se kříží s příbuzným papežíkem lazurovým. Dvakrát do roka vyvede pár papežíků tři až čtyři mláďata. Do hnízd papežíků často klade svá vejce hnízdní parazit vlhovec hnědohlavý.

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Indigofink ( Almanca )

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 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet. Gelb: Brutgebiet. Blau: Überwinterungsgebiet

Der Indigofink (Passerina cyanea) ist ein nordamerikanischer Singvogel aus der Familie der Kardinäle.

Merkmale

Beim 15 cm langen Indigofink haben die Geschlechter unterschiedliche Gefieder. Im Prachtkleid hat das blau gefärbte Männchen einen dunklen Schwanz, dunkle blaugeränderte Flügelfedern und einem schwarzen Zügelstreif. Im braunen Schlichtkleid zeigt es blaugeränderte Federn und einen weißlichen Bauch und Schwanzunterseite. Das Weibchen hat ein braunes Federnkleid mit fein gestreifter Brust und gelbbraunen Flügelstreifen.

Der Ruf ist ein scharfes „tsick“.

Vorkommen

Im Sommer findet man den Indigofink in Südostkanada und der Osthälfte der USA, wo er offene, lichte Wälder besiedelt. Er überwintert in der Karibik und in Mittelamerika, nur selten kommt er im Winterhalbjahr auch im nördlichen Südamerika vor.[1] In die Brutgebiete kehrt er zwischen Mitte April und Anfang Juni zurück. Der Herbstzug findet zwischen Mitte September und Mitte Oktober statt.

Auf den Britischen Insel kommen einige aus Gefangenschaft entflohene Indigofinken vor.

Verhalten

Der Indigofink sucht am Boden und auf Sträuchern und Bäumen nach Samen, Knospen, Beeren, Insekten und Spinnen. Nach der Brutzeit zieht er in Schwärmen nach Süden und orientiert sich nach den Sternen.

Fortpflanzung

Das schalenförmige Nest wird aus Blättern, Zweigen und Gräsern meist in Bodennähe auf niedrigen Büschen oder Bäumen gebaut und mit dünnen Pflanzenfasern, Federn und Tierhaaren ausgepolstert. Das Gelege besteht aus blassblauen 3 bis 4 Eiern.

Im westlichen Verbreitungsgebiet paart sich der Indigofink auch mit dem Lazulifink.[2]

Literatur

  • Jonathan Alderfer (Hrsg.): Complete Birds of North America, National Geographic, Washington D.C. 2006, ISBN 0-7922-4175-4

Einzelbelege

  1. Alderfer, S. 603
  2. Paul A. Johnsgard: Great Wildlife of the Great Plains. University Press of Kansas, 2003, ISBN 0-7006-1224-6, S. 119
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Indigofink: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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 src= Verbreitungsgebiet. Gelb: Brutgebiet. Blau: Überwinterungsgebiet

Der Indigofink (Passerina cyanea) ist ein nordamerikanischer Singvogel aus der Familie der Kardinäle.

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Indigo bunting ( İngilizce )

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The indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea) is a small seed-eating bird in the cardinal family, Cardinalidae. It is migratory, ranging from southern Canada to northern Florida during the breeding season, and from southern Florida to northern South America during the winter. It often migrates by night, using the stars to navigate. Its habitat is farmland, brush areas, and open woodland. The indigo bunting is closely related to the lazuli bunting and interbreeds with the species where their ranges overlap.

The indigo bunting is a small bird, with a length of 11.5–13 cm (4.5–5.1 in). It displays sexual dimorphism in its coloration; the male is vibrant blue in the summer, with brightly colored plumage during the breeding season to attract a mate. It is brown during the winter months, while the female is brown year-round. Nest-building and incubation are done solely by the female. The diet of the indigo bunting consists primarily of insects during the summer months and seeds during the winter months.

Taxonomy

Illustration of male and female indigo bunting between 1910 and 1914.

The indigo bunting is included in the family Cardinalidae, which is made up of passerine birds found in North and South America, and is one of seven birds in the genus Passerina.[2] It was originally described as Tanagra cyanea by Linnaeus in his 18th-century work, Systema Naturae. The current genus name, Passerina, is derived from the Latin term passer for true sparrows and similar small birds,[3] while the species name, cyanea, is Latin for cyan, the color of the male's breeding plumage.[4]

The indigo bunting is a close relative of the lazuli bunting and interbreeds with the species where their ranges overlap, in the Great Plains.[5] They were declared to form a superspecies by the American Ornithologists' Union in 1983.[6] However, according to sequencing of the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene of members of the genus Passerina, it was determined that the indigo bunting and lazuli bunting are not, in fact, sister taxa. The indigo bunting is the sister of two sister groups, a "blue" (lazuli bunting and blue grosbeak) and a "painted" (rose-bellied bunting, orange-breasted bunting, varied bunting, and painted bunting) clade. This genetic study shows these species diverged between 4.1 and 7.3 million years ago. This timing, which is consistent with fossil evidence, coincides with a late-Miocene cooling, which caused the evolution of a variety of western grassland habitats. Evolving to reduce size may have allowed buntings to exploit grass seeds as a food source.[7]

Description

Juvenile male indigo bunting at Smith Oaks Sanctuary, High Island, Texas

The indigo bunting is a smallish songbird, around the size of a small sparrow. It measures 11.5–15 cm (4.5–5.9 in) long, with a wingspan of 18–23 cm (7.1–9.1 in).[8][9] Body mass averages 14.5 g (0.51 oz), with a reported range of 11.2–21.4 g (0.40–0.75 oz).[10] During the breeding season, the adult male appears mostly a vibrant cerulean blue. Only the head is indigo. The wings and tail are black with cerulean blue edges. In fall and winter plumage, the male has brown edges to the blue body and head feathers, which overlap to make the bird appear mostly brown. The adult female is brown on the upperparts and lighter brown on the underparts. It has indistinct wing bars and is faintly streaked with darker markings underneath.[11] The immature bird resembles the female in coloring, although a male may have hints of blue on the tail and shoulders and have darker streaks on the underside. The beak is short and conical. In the adult female, the beak is light brown tinged with blue, and in the adult male the upper half is brownish-black while the lower is light blue.[12] The feet and legs are black or gray.[13]

First years and adult males are distinguishable through close observations of the skull and its degree of ossification. Juvenile skulls have a slightly pinkish color that gives under pressure due to its singular layer. Adults instead have a double layer skull, which gives more resistance when applying pressure. First year birds also tend to have a fleshy, yellow gape in the corner of the mouth, apparent in all months except October and November. When comparing males to females that both have brown molt, increased wing length and weight typically indicate a bunting is a male.[14]

As indicated by data collected from Charles H. Blake from his banding experiments in Hillsborough, NC, the Indigo Bunting has a weighted annual survival rate of 0.585. Using his own methods (Blake 1967, p. 5) and a pool of 25 indigo buntings captured and observed, it was determined that approximately two out of twenty-five indigo buntings should live up to six years. Using the calculated annual rate of six-year-old birds obtained (2/25 = 0.08), an annual rate of 0.656 was calculated, 12% higher than the annual rate of 0.585, leading to the 1 out of 25 statistic. The oldest recorded bunting was at least 13 years and 3 months old.[15] However, not much emphasis should be placed on these values since the pool of individuals is small, where any individual can affect the weighted average.[16]

Distribution and habitat

The habitat of the indigo bunting is brushy forest edges, open deciduous woods, second growth woodland, and farmland.[17] Increases in population size have been seen in the event of forest clearings and development of land into farms.[18] The breeding range stretches from southern Canada to Maine, south to northern Florida and eastern Texas, and westward to southern Nevada. The winter range begins in southern Florida and central Mexico and stretches south through the West Indies and Central America to northern South America.[9] It has occurred as a vagrant in Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Denmark, Ecuador, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Serbia and the United Kingdom.[19]

Ecology and behavior

Vocalizations

The indigo bunting communicates through vocalizations and visual cues. A sharp chip! call is used by both sexes, and is used as an alarm call if a nest or chick is threatened. A high-pitched, buzzed zeeep is used as a contact call when the indigo bunting is in flight.[20] The song of the male bird is a high-pitched buzzed sweet-sweet chew-chew sweet-sweet, lasting two to four seconds, sung to mark his territory to other males and to attract females. Each male has a single complex song,[13] which he sings while perched on elevated objects, such as posts, wires, and bush-tops.[21] In areas where the ranges of the lazuli bunting and the indigo bunting overlap, the males defend territories from each another.[22]

Migration

Migration takes place in April and May and then again in September and October.[9] Previous research indicates that towards the end of August there is a spike in migration, indicated by a rapid surge of captures in the last ten days of August. Migration activities peak in late September and fall off rapidly as October approaches. Only a small percentage of buntings remain as summer residents instead of migrating (7.2% of banded birds in Burke's observation).[16]

The Indigo Bunting often migrates during the night, using the stars to navigate.[23] This is not an unusual proposal, for many other birds such as the blackcaps or red-backed shrikes were used to test if birds have orientated migratory behavior or Zugunruhe. Research indicates that Indigo Buntings placed in funnel cages outside on cloudless autumn nights or in artificial planetariums made more southern directional choices. When introduced to increasingly overcast nights, many bunting's abilities to distinctively make southern directional changes decreased, possibly indicating a negative correlation between Zugunruhe and cloud coverage. When in the artificial planetarium scenario and in the presence of a magnetic field similar to Earth's, birds were unable to orientate themselves in a no-star environment, indicating that past hypotheses supporting that birds use geophysical clues as well may be incorrect.[24]

Indigo Buntings do not rely on individual stars or the general brightness of groups of stars, but instead use them as clues in navigation. Prior experiments removing certain constellations and stars (Big Dipper, Cassiopeia or Polaris) from the sky had minimal effect on Zugunruhe. Indigo Buntings do use the northern sky to help navigate both in the fall and in the spring. It was thought that the bunting has an internal clock, being able to compensate for the movement of stars. However, temporal compensation for stellar motion is not a part of their migratory methods.[25]

In captivity, since it cannot migrate, it experiences disorientation in April and May and in September and October if it cannot see the stars from its enclosure.[9]

While debate has occurred over the years about how birds migrate near the Gulf of Mexico, Indigo Buntings migrate to South America by flying both over the Gulf of Mexico and around the Gulf of Mexico, with a majority of buntings choosing the trans-Gulf path. Past evidence indicated that Indigo Buntings did not have a high enough fat content to travel across the Gulf, but that evidence is misleading since most of those birds supporting that study were immature, not having a high body fat content.[18]

Since Indigo Buntings and many other birds are at their lightest after mating season, questions arose whether increases in overall weight were attributed to fat or other faucets such as water weight, or carbohydrates. Research indicates that most if not all weight gain are a gain in fat content.[18]

Quantitative methods of estimating flight range instead look at metabolic rates of the bunting and how much fat it has to use as fuel. Research indicates that the metabolic rate of a lean 13 g (0.46 oz) Indigo Bunting is 0.64 kcal/hour. With an average speed of 20 mph, 5 extra grams of fat (47.5 kcal of energy) extends a bunting's range to six hundred and eighty-eight miles (1,107 km). 19 g (0.67 oz) is equivalent to eight hundred and twenty-six miles (1,329 km). Given that the trip across the Gulf of Mexico from Florida is approximately six hundred miles (966 km), Buntings weighing at least 18 g could make the trip without any stops.[18]

Breeding

Indigo Bunting nest and egg laying.

These birds are generally monogamous but not always faithful to their partner. In the western part of their range, they often hybridize with the lazuli bunting. Nesting sites are located in dense shrub or a low tree, generally 0.3–1 m (0.98–3.28 ft) above the ground, but rarely up to 9 m (30 ft).[22] The nest itself is constructed of leaves, coarse grasses, stems, and strips of bark, lined with soft grass or deer hair and is bound with spider web. It is constructed by the female, who cares for the eggs alone.[22] The clutch consists of one to four eggs, but usually contains three to four. The eggs are white and usually unmarked, though some may be marked with brownish spots, averaging 18.7 mm × 13.7 mm (0.74 in × 0.54 in) in size.[26] The eggs are incubated for 12 to 13 days and the chicks are altricial at hatching.[9] Chicks fledge 10 to 12 days after hatching. Most pairs raise two broods per year, and the male may feed newly fledged young while the females incubate the next clutch of eggs.[27]

The brown-headed cowbird may parasitize this species.[8] Indigo buntings abandon their nest if a cowbird egg appears before they lay any of their own eggs, but accept the egg after that point. Pairs with parasitized nests have less reproductive success. The bunting chicks hatch, but have lower survival rates as they must compete with the cowbird chick for food.[28]

Diet

The indigo bunting forages for food on the ground or in trees or shrubs.[22] In winter, it often feeds in flocks with other indigo buntings, but is a solitary feeder during the breeding season.[13] During the breeding season, the species eats insects, seeds and berries, including caterpillars, grasshoppers, spiders, beetles, and grass seeds. The seeds of grasses are the mainstay of its diet during the winter, although buds, and insects are eaten when available. The young are fed mainly insects at first, to provide them with protein.[22] The indigo bunting does not drink frequently, generally obtaining sufficient water from its diet.[13]

Predators and parasites

Indigo bunting nests are vulnerable to a variety of climbing and flying predators, including Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), domestic cat (Felis catus), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), eastern racer (Coluber constrictor) and raccoon (Procyon lotor).[22] The bird is also susceptible to parasitism by louse flies.[29]

Conservation status

The criteria for a change in conservation status are a decline of more than 30% in ten years or over three generations.[19] The species is classified as being of least concern according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, with an estimated range of 5,900,000 km2 (2,300,000 sq mi) and a population of 28 million individuals. Global population trends have not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for a population decline warranting an upgrade in conservation status.[19]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Passerina cyanea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22723951A132171198. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22723951A132171198.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Passerina cyanea". Integrated Taxonomic Information Systems. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
  3. ^ Whitaker, William. "Passer". Words by William Whitaker. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
  4. ^ Payne, Robert B. (February 4, 2020). "Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), version 1.0". Birds of the World. doi:10.2173/bow.indbun.01 – via birdsoftheworld.org.
  5. ^ Sharpe, Roger S.; W. Ross Silcock; Joel G. Jorgensen (2001). Birds of Nebraska: Their Distribution and Temporal Occurrence. University of Nebraska Press. p. 430. ISBN 0-8032-4289-1.
  6. ^ Campbell, Robert Wayne (2001). The Birds of British Columbia. UBC Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-7748-0621-4.
  7. ^ Klicka, J; Fry AJ; Zink RM; Thompson CW (April 2001). "A Cytochrome-b Perspective on Passerina Bunting Relationships" (PDF). The Auk. 118 (3): 610–623. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2001)118[0610:ACBPOP]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 407700. Retrieved 14 July 2008.
  8. ^ a b Terres, J. K. (1980). The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. New York, NY: Knopf. pp. 290. ISBN 0-394-46651-9.
  9. ^ a b c d e "Indigo Bunting". All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2003. Archived from the original on 2006-04-13. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
  10. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  11. ^ Gough, Gregory (2003). "Passerina cyanea". USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Archived from the original on 2021-11-13. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
  12. ^ "Passerina cyanea". Audubon Society. 2003. Archived from the original on 2008-06-10. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
  13. ^ a b c d Zumberg, R (1999). "Passerina cyanea". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Archived from the original on 2021-11-13. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
  14. ^ Johnston, David W. (1967). "The Identification of Autumnal Indigo Buntings". Bird-Banding. 38 (3): 211–214. doi:10.2307/4511386. ISSN 0006-3630. JSTOR 4511386.
  15. ^ "Indigo Bunting Overview, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Archived from the original on 2021-11-13. Retrieved 2021-03-09.
  16. ^ a b Blake, Charles H. (1969). "Notes on the Indigo Bunting". Bird-Banding. 40 (2): 133–139. doi:10.2307/4511557. ISSN 0006-3630. JSTOR 4511557.
  17. ^ Sibley, Charles Gald; Burt Leavelle Monroe (1991). Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press. p. 775. ISBN 0-300-04969-2.
  18. ^ a b c d Johnston, David W. (1965). "Ecology of the Indigo Bunting in Florida". Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences. 28 (2): 199–211. ISSN 0015-3850. JSTOR 24314739.
  19. ^ a b c "Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) - BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org. Archived from the original on 2021-11-13. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  20. ^ Eliott, Lang (2004). Know Your Bird Sounds. Stackpole Books. p. 23. ISBN 0-8117-2964-8.
  21. ^ Kaufman, Kenneth (2001). Birds of North America. HMCo Field Guides. p. 366. ISBN 0-618-13219-8.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Kaufman, Kenneth (2001). Lives of North American Birds. HMCo Field Guides. p. 569. ISBN 0-618-15988-6.
  23. ^ Emlen, Stephen T. (October 1967). "Migratory Orientation in the Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea – Part II: Mechanism of Celestial Orientation" (PDF). The Auk. 84 (4): 463–489. doi:10.2307/4083330. JSTOR 4083330. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
  24. ^ Emlen, Stephen T. (1967). "Migratory Orientation in the Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea: Part I: Evidence for Use of Celestial Cues". The Auk. 84 (3): 309–342. doi:10.2307/4083084. ISSN 0004-8038. JSTOR 4083084.
  25. ^ Emlen, Stephen T. (1967-10-01). "Migratory Orientation in the Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea. Part II: Mechanism of Celestial Orientation". The Auk. 84 (4): 463–489. doi:10.2307/4083330. JSTOR 4083330.
  26. ^ Harrison, Hal H. (2001). A Field Guide to Western Birds' Nests. HMCo Field Guides. p. 231. ISBN 0-618-16437-5.
  27. ^ Fergus, Charles (2000). Wildlife of Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Stackpole Books. pp. 316–317. ISBN 0-8117-2899-4.
  28. ^ Johnsgard, Paul A. (1997). The Avian Brood Parasites: Deception at the Nest. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 349. ISBN 0-19-511042-0.
  29. ^ Payne, R. (1992). The Birds of North America (no 4).

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Indigo bunting: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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The indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea) is a small seed-eating bird in the cardinal family, Cardinalidae. It is migratory, ranging from southern Canada to northern Florida during the breeding season, and from southern Florida to northern South America during the winter. It often migrates by night, using the stars to navigate. Its habitat is farmland, brush areas, and open woodland. The indigo bunting is closely related to the lazuli bunting and interbreeds with the species where their ranges overlap.

The indigo bunting is a small bird, with a length of 11.5–13 cm (4.5–5.1 in). It displays sexual dimorphism in its coloration; the male is vibrant blue in the summer, with brightly colored plumage during the breeding season to attract a mate. It is brown during the winter months, while the female is brown year-round. Nest-building and incubation are done solely by the female. The diet of the indigo bunting consists primarily of insects during the summer months and seeds during the winter months.

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Passerina cyanea ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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El azulejo índigo (Passerina cyanea),[2]​ también conocido como arrocerito índigo, azulillo índigo, azulillo norteño, azulito norteño (Colombia y Costa Rica), colorín azul (México), escribano índigo (Ecuador), gorrión azul, pape azulejo o simplemente azulejo,[3]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Cardinalidae propia del este, centro y suroeste de Norteamérica, que pasa el invierno en las Grandes Antillas, Bahamas, y Centroamérica hasta Panamá y a veces hasta el norte de Sudamérica.

Tiene un parecido con su pariente cercano Passerina Caerulea, aunque este último es un poco más grande, posee un pico más grueso y tiene un azul menos intenso que Passerina Cyanea.

Nombres

En latín Passerina derivado de passer “pájaro o gorrión” y cyanea “azulosa”. En Cuba se conoce como azulejo. En Costa Rica se conoce como "indre"

Hábitat

Prefiere los bosques poco densos, aprovecha también las plantaciones de árboles exóticos y zonas con arbustos. Se acerca a las zonas urbanas.

Descripción

Mide cerca de 13 cm de largo. El pico es corto, de forma cónica. El macho con su plumaje de reproducción en primavera y verano es azul índigo. Cuando inverna en los países del sur, es castaño con algunas plumas azules dispersas, más abundantes en la rabadilla. La hembra y el macho joven son de color castaño en el dorso, por abajo es más claro con el pecho con un rayado ligero y las alas ligeramente barreadas de castaño. Se agrupa en bandadas pequeñas. Comen semillas, pequeños frutos e insectos, a menudo en el suelo.

Nido

Anidan de mayo a septiembre en Estados Unidos y Canadá. Hacen su nido a relativamente baja altura, en arbustos densos o árboles bajos situados en los bordes de tierras cultivadas, carreteras, y otros ambientes modificados por el hombre, y también en claros de bosques caducifolios y en pantanos. Lo construyen con hojas, pajas tallos y pedazos de corteza. Ponen de 1 a 4 huevos blancos.

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Macho (arriba) y hembra (abajo)

Véase también

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2009). «Passerina cyanea». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 13 de abril de 2011.
  2. De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2012). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Decimosexta parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Thraupidae a Icteridae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 59 (1): 157-166. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 3 de julio de 2015.
  3. Azulillo Índigo Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus, 1766) en Avibase.
  • Garrido, O.H.; Kirkconnell, A. (2000). Birds of Cuba. Helm Field Guides, Londres. 253 pp.

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Passerina cyanea: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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El azulejo índigo (Passerina cyanea),​ también conocido como arrocerito índigo, azulillo índigo, azulillo norteño, azulito norteño (Colombia y Costa Rica), colorín azul (México), escribano índigo (Ecuador), gorrión azul, pape azulejo o simplemente azulejo,​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Cardinalidae propia del este, centro y suroeste de Norteamérica, que pasa el invierno en las Grandes Antillas, Bahamas, y Centroamérica hasta Panamá y a veces hasta el norte de Sudamérica.

Tiene un parecido con su pariente cercano Passerina Caerulea, aunque este último es un poco más grande, posee un pico más grueso y tiene un azul menos intenso que Passerina Cyanea.

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Passerina cyanea ( Baskça )

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Passerina cyanea Passerina generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Cardinalidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
  2. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

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Passerina cyanea: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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Passerina cyanea Passerina generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Cardinalidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Indigokardinaali ( Fince )

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Indigokardinaali,[2] aikaisemmalta nimeltään indigopeippo[3] (Passerina cyanea) on kardinaalien heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.

Tuntomerkit

Indigokardinaali on 11,5–13 cm pitkä. Vanhalla koiraalla on kesäpuvussa sininen höyhenpuku, tumma ohjas ja vaalean siniharmaa alanokka. Talvipuvussa sininen väri peittyy suurimmaksi osaksi ruskeiden höyhentenkärkien alle. Naaraalla ja nuorella koiraalla on heikosti viiruinen punertavan harmaanruskea yläpuoli, kellertävän ruskeanharmaa alapuolisekä epäselvärajaisia harmaita läikkiä rinnassa. Indigokardinaalin kutsuääni on terävä ”tsik”.[4]

Levinneisyys

Indigokardinaalia tavataan pesivänä Kanadan eteläosissa, Yhdysvalloissa ja Meksikon pohjoisosissa sekä talvehtivana Väli-Amerikassa. Lajin populaatio on hyvin suuri, mutta sen kannankehitys on laskeva. Sen ei kuitenkaan uskota olevan vaarassa, ja se on luokiteltu elinvoimaiseksi.[1]

Euroopassa indigokardinaali on harvinainen harhailija. Suurin osa Euroopan havainnoista koskee luultavasti häkkikarkulaisia.[4] Indigokardinaali on tavattu Suomessakin, mutta havaintojen ei ole todettu koskevan luonnonvaraisia lintuja.[5]

Lähteet

  1. a b c BirdLife International: Passerina cyanea IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 12.12.2013. (englanniksi)
  2. Väisänen, R. A.; Högmander, H.; Björklund, H.; Hänninen, L.; Lammin-Soila, M.; Lokki, J. & Rauste, V.: Maailman lintujen suomenkieliset nimet. 2., uudistettu painos. Helsinki: BirdLife Suomi ry, 2006. Teoksen verkkoversio.
  3. Palmén, Ernst & Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Eläinten maailma, Otavan iso eläintietosanakirja. 5. Sydän–Öljykala, s. 2083. Helsinki: Otava, 1975. ISBN 951-1-02059-5.
  4. a b Svensson, Lars: Lintuopas - Euroopan ja Välimeren alueen linnut, s. 406. Otava, 2010. ISBN 978-951-1-21351-2.
  5. RK:n hyväksymät havainnot Suomesta BirdLife Suomi. Viitattu 6.9.2013.
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Indigokardinaali: Brief Summary ( Fince )

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Indigokardinaali, aikaisemmalta nimeltään indigopeippo (Passerina cyanea) on kardinaalien heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.

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Passerin indigo ( Fransızca )

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Passerina cyanea

Le Passerin indigo (Passerina cyanea), aussi appelé passerine indigo[Information douteuse], est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Cardinalidae. C'est un petit oiseau, long d'une douzaine de centimètres. Il présente un fort dimorphisme sexuel apparent au niveau de sa coloration, le mâle étant d'un bleu éclatant en été et de couleur brune pendant les mois d'hiver, tandis que la femelle est brune toute l'année. Le mâle affiche ce plumage aux couleurs vives pendant la saison de reproduction pour attirer une partenaire. La femelle se charge seule de la construction du nid et de l'incubation. Le régime alimentaire du Passerin indigo se compose principalement d'insectes pendant les mois d'été et de graines pendant les mois d'hiver.

Le Passerin indigo est migrateur, s'étalant du Sud du Canada jusqu'au Nord de la Floride pendant la saison de reproduction, et descendant en hiver dans le Sud de la Floride, aux Grandes Antilles et en Amérique centrale. Il migre souvent de nuit, en utilisant les étoiles pour s'orienter. Il vit sur les terres agricoles et les zones de broussailles et de bois ouverts. Le Passerin indigo est très proche du Passerin azuré (P. amoena) et s'hybride avec cette espèce là où leurs aires de répartition se chevauchent. L'espèce est considérée comme « de préoccupation mineure » par l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature.

Description

Le Passerin indigo est un oiseau chanteur de petite taille, mesurant 11,5 à 15 cm de long, avec une envergure de 18-23 cm[2],[3]. Il pèse de 11,2 à 21,4 g, avec une moyenne de 14,5 g[4]. Pendant la saison de reproduction, le mâle adulte a le plumage d'un bleu profond, avec une calotte plus sombre qui tend vers le violet, une mandibule inférieure gris-bleu pâle et des lores foncés[5]. Les ailes et la queue sont noires avec des bords bleus. En plumage d'automne et d'hiver, le mâle est semblable à la femelle, mais conserve souvent quelques plumes bleues[5]. La femelle adulte est brun foncé sur les parties supérieures et d'un brun plus clair sur les parties inférieures. Ses bandes alaires sont indistinctes et elle est légèrement striée de sombre au-dessous[6]. L'oiseau immature ressemble à la femelle, mais les mâles peuvent avoir des touches de bleu sur la queue et sur les scapulaires, et des traits plus sombres sur le dessous. Le bec est court et conique. Chez la femelle adulte, le bec est marron clair teinté de bleu, et chez le mâle adulte la moitié supérieure est brun-noir tandis que la partie inférieure est bleu clair[7]. Les pattes et les doigts sont noirs ou gris[8].

Écologie et comportement

Communication

Photographie d'un oiseau bleu chantant sur une branche
Mâle chantant depuis un perchoir.

Le Passerin indigo communique vocalement et visuellement. Un fort tchip !, ou tsik[5], est émis par les deux sexes, et utilisé comme un signal d'alarme si un nid ou un poussin est menacé. Un zeeep aigu et bourdonnant est utilisé comme cri de contact lorsque le Passerin indigo est en vol[9]. Le chant de l'oiseau mâle est un sweet-sweet chew-chew sweet-sweet bourdonnant et aigu durant de deux à quatre secondes, et émis pour signaler son territoire à d'autres mâles et pour attirer les femelles. Chaque mâle a son propre chant complexe, qu'il chante depuis un perchoir élevé, comme un poteau, des fils ou le sommet d'un buisson[10]. Dans les zones où la répartition du Passerin azuré chevauche celle du Passerin indigo, les mâles des deux espèces défendent leur territoire face aux mâles de l'autre espèce[11].

Alimentation

Le Passerin indigo cherche sa nourriture au sol ou dans les arbres et les arbustes[11]. En hiver, il se nourrit souvent en groupe avec d'autres membres de son espèce, mais se nourrit en solitaire durant la saison de reproduction[8]. Au cours de la saison de reproduction, il consomme des insectes (chenilles, criquets, araignées), des graines (graminées) et des baies. Les graines de graminées sont le pilier de son régime alimentaire pendant l'hiver, bien que les bourgeons et les insectes entrent dans son repas lorsqu'ils sont disponibles. Les jeunes sont dans un premier temps principalement nourris d'insectes, qui leur fournissent des protéines[11]. Le Passerin indigo ne boit pas fréquemment, obtenant généralement suffisamment d'eau à partir de son alimentation[8].

Reproduction

Photographie d'un nid formé par des brindilles de bois contenant des œufs
Nid et ponte de Passerin indigo.

Les Passerins indigo sont généralement monogames, mais ne sont pas toujours fidèles à leur partenaire. Dans la partie occidentale de leur aire de répartition, ils s'hybrident avec le Passerin azuré. Leur nid est construit dans un arbuste ou dans un arbre bas au feuillage dense, généralement de 30 cm à un mètre au-dessus du sol, mais plus rarement jusqu'à 9 m[11]. Le nid est constitué de feuilles, d'herbes, de tiges et de morceaux d'écorce, tapissé d'herbe tendre ou de poils et fixé par des toiles d'araignée. Il est construit par la femelle, qui s'occupe également seule des œufs[11]. La ponte compte de un à quatre œufs, habituellement trois à quatre. Ils sont blancs et le plus souvent sans marques, même si certains peuvent être tachés de brunâtre, avec une taille moyenne de 18,7 × 13,7 mm[12]. Les œufs sont couvés pendant 12 à 13 jours et les poussins sont nidicoles[3]. Les poussins quittent le nid 10 à 12 jours après l'éclosion. La plupart des couples élèvent deux couvées par an, et le mâle peut nourrir les jeunes à l'envol tandis que la femelle couve la ponte suivante[13].

Le Vacher à tête brune (Molothrus ater) peut parasiter les couvées de cette espèce[2]. Le Passerin indigo abandonne son nid si un œuf de vacher y apparaît avant qu'il n'ait pondu ses propres œufs, mais accepte l'œuf après cela. Les couples et les nids parasités ont un plus faible succès reproducteur. Les poussins du passerin éclosent, mais ont des taux de survie plus faible puisqu'ils entrent en concurrence avec le petit vacher au moment d'être nourris par les parents[14]. Dans une étude américaine, 10 % des oisillons bagués sont revenus nicher de 1 à 2 km de leur site de naissance[15]. Dans la nature, l'espèce peut vivre jusqu'à dix ans[8].

Prédateurs et parasites

Le nid du Passerin indigo est vulnérable à toutes sortes de prédateurs grimpeurs ou volants, comme l'Opossum de Virginie (Didelphis virginiana), le Renard roux (Vulpes vulpes), le Chat sauvage (Felis silvestris), le Geai bleu (Cyanocitta cristata), la Couleuvre agile (Coluber constrictor) ou le Raton laveur (Procyon lotor)[8]. L'oiseau est l'hôte de divers parasites, comme les mouches de la famille des Hippoboscidae[15].

Répartition et habitat

Carte présentant les zones de répartition décrites dans le texte qui suit.
Répartition du Passerin indigo sur le continent américain :
  • Zones de reproduction
  • Zones de migration
  • Zones d'hivernage

Le Passerin indigo vit aux lisières des forêts broussailleuses, dans les forêts décidues ouvertes, dans les forêts secondaires et sur les terres agricoles[16]. Ses zones de nidification s'étendent du Sud du Canada jusqu'au Maine, au sud jusqu'au Nord de la Floride et l'Ouest du Texas, et vers l'ouest jusqu'au Sud du Nevada. Les zones d'hivernage commencent dans le Sud de la Floride et le centre du Mexique et s'étendent vers le sud à travers les Antilles et l'Amérique centrale jusqu'au Nord de l'Amérique du Sud[3]. Il est erratique à Antigua-et-Barbuda, la Barbade, aux îles Sous-le-Vent, en Équateur et à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon, ainsi qu'au Danemark, en Allemagne, en Islande, en Irlande, aux Pays-Bas, en Serbie, au Monténégro et au Royaume-Uni[1]. On l'a enregistré en Europe en toutes saisons mais surtout en été, et certaines observations pourraient correspondre à des oiseaux échappés de captivité[5]. La migration a lieu en avril et mai, puis à nouveau en septembre et octobre. Le Passerin indigo migre souvent de nuit, s'aidant des étoiles pour se diriger[17]. En captivité, où il ne peut migrer, il subit une désorientation pendant ces mois s'il ne peut pas voir les étoiles depuis sa cage[3].

Taxinomie et systématique

Le Passerin indigo fait partie de la famille des Cardinalidae, qui se compose de passereaux d'Amérique du Nord et du Sud, et est l'un des sept oiseaux du genre Passerina[18]. Il a été initialement été décrit en 1766 sous le protonyme de Tanagra cyanea par le naturaliste suédois Carl von Linné dans son ouvrage Systema Naturae. Le nom du genre actuel, Passerina, est dérivé du terme latin passer désignant les moineaux et autres petits oiseaux, tandis que la dénomination spécifique, cyanea, est le féminin du mot latin cyaneus qui signifie « cyan » ou « bleu foncé ». Aucune sous-espèce n'est distinguée[18],[19].

Le Passerin indigo est très proche du Passerin azuré (P. amoena), et s'hybride avec lui là où leurs aires de répartition se chevauchent, dans les Grandes Plaines[20]. Ils étaient considérés comme formant une super-espèce par l'Union américaine d'ornithologie (AOU) en 1983[21]. Le séquençage du gène du cytochrome b de membres du genre Passerina a cependant démontré que le Passerin indigo et le Passerin azuré ne sont pas des taxons frères. Le Passerin indigo est le frère de deux groupes frères, le groupe « bleu » (Passerin azuré et Guiraca bleu (P. caerulea)) et le groupe « peint » (Passerin à ventre rose (P. rositae), Passerin arc-en-ciel (P. leclancherii), Passerin varié (P. versicolor) et Passerin nonpareil (P. ciris)). Cette étude génétique montre que ces espèces ont divergé entre 4,1 et 7,3 millions d'années. Cette date, compatible avec les preuves fossiles, coïncide avec un refroidissement de la fin du Miocène, qui a provoqué l'évolution d'une grande variété d'habitats dans les prairies de l'Ouest. L'évolution vers de plus petites tailles a peut-être permis aux passerins d'exploiter des graines de graminées comme source de nourriture[22].

Menaces et conservation

Le Passerin indigo est considéré comme espèce de « préoccupation mineure » par l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature. Sa distribution couvre près de 5 900 000 km2 et sa population compte environ 28 000 000 individus, dont 10 000 000 matures. Les tendances démographiques n'ont pas été quantifiées, mais l'espèce ne semble pas approcher les seuils de déclin de population justifiant une mise à jour du statut de conservation, c'est-à-dire une baisse de plus de 30 % sur dix ans ou sur trois générations[1]. L'espèce figure sur la liste de la convention concernant les oiseaux migrateurs.

Annexes

Références taxinomiques

Notes et références
  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
  1. a b et c Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature.
  2. a et b (en) John Kenneth Terres, The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds, New York, Knopf, 1980 (ISBN 0-394-46651-9), p. 290.
  3. a b c et d (en) All About Birds, « Indigo Bunting », Cornell Lab of Ornithology (consulté le 12 octobre 2012).
  4. (en) John B. Dunning Jr., CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, CRC Press, 1992, 384 p. (ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5, lire en ligne).
  5. a b c et d (fr) Lars Svensson (trad. du suédois par Guilhem Lesaffre et Benoît Paepegaey, ill. Killian Mullarney et Dan Zetterström), Le guide ornitho : Le guide le plus complet des oiseaux d'Europe, d'Afrique du Nord et du Moyen-Orient : 900 espèces, Paris, Delachaux et Niestlé, coll. « Les Guides du Naturaliste », août 2010, 446 p. (ISBN 978-2-603-01695-4), p. 406-407.
  6. (en) Gregory Gough, « Indigo bunting Passerina cyanea », USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 2003 (consulté le 12 octobre 2012).
  7. (en) « Passerina cyanea », Audubon Society, 2003 (consulté le 12 octobre 2012).
  8. a b c d et e Animal Diversity Web.
  9. (en) Lang Eliott, Know Your Bird Sounds, Stackpole Books, 2004, 80 p. (ISBN 0-8117-2964-8, lire en ligne), p. 23.
  10. (en) Kenneth Kaufman, Birds of North America, HMCo Field Guides, 2001 (ISBN 0-618-13219-8, lire en ligne), p. 366.
  11. a b c d et e (en) Kenneth Kaufman, Lives of North American Birds, HMCo Field Guides, 2001 (ISBN 0-618-15988-6, lire en ligne), p. 569.
  12. (en) Hal H. Harrison, A Field Guide to Western Birds' Nests, HMCo Field Guides, 2001, 279 p. (ISBN 0-618-16437-5, lire en ligne), p. 231.
  13. (en) Charles Fergus, Wildlife of Pennsylvania and the Northeast, Stackpole Books, 2000 (ISBN 0-8117-2899-4, lire en ligne), p. 316-317.
  14. (en) Paul A. Johnsgard, The Avian Brood Parasites : Deception at the Nest, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997, 409 p. (ISBN 0-19-511042-0, lire en ligne), p. 349.
  15. a et b (en) R. Payne, « Indigo Bunting », dans A. Poole, P. Stettenheim et F. Gill, The Birds of North America (no 4), 1992.
  16. (en) Charles Gald Sibley et Burt Leavelle Monroe, Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World, New Haven/London, Yale University Press, 1991, 1111 p. (ISBN 0-300-04969-2, lire en ligne), p. 775.
  17. (en) Stephen T. Emlen, « Migratory Orientation in the Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea - Part II: Mechanism of Celestial Orientation », The Auk, American Ornithologists' Union, vol. 84, no 4,‎ octobre 1967, p. 463-489 (lire en ligne).
  18. a et b Congrès ornithologique international.
  19. Alan P. Peterson.
  20. (en) Roger S. Sharpe, W. Ross Silcock et Joel G. Jorgensen, Birds of Nebraska : Their Distribution & Temporal Occurrence, University of Nebraska Press, 2001, 520 p. (ISBN 0-8032-4289-1, lire en ligne), p. 430.
  21. (en) Robert Wayne Campbell, The Birds of British Columbia, UBC Press, 2001 (ISBN 0-7748-0621-4), p. 184.
  22. (en) John Klicka, Adam J. Fry, Robert M. Zink et Christopher W. Thompson, « A Cytochrome-b Perspective on Passerina Bunting Relationships », The Auk, American Ornithologists' Union, vol. 118, no 3,‎ juillet 2001, p. 610-623 (DOI ).
La version du 10 septembre 2013 de cet article a été reconnue comme « bon article », c'est-à-dire qu'elle répond à des critères de qualité concernant le style, la clarté, la pertinence, la citation des sources et l'illustration.

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Passerin indigo: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

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Passerina cyanea

Le Passerin indigo (Passerina cyanea), aussi appelé passerine indigo[Information douteuse], est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Cardinalidae. C'est un petit oiseau, long d'une douzaine de centimètres. Il présente un fort dimorphisme sexuel apparent au niveau de sa coloration, le mâle étant d'un bleu éclatant en été et de couleur brune pendant les mois d'hiver, tandis que la femelle est brune toute l'année. Le mâle affiche ce plumage aux couleurs vives pendant la saison de reproduction pour attirer une partenaire. La femelle se charge seule de la construction du nid et de l'incubation. Le régime alimentaire du Passerin indigo se compose principalement d'insectes pendant les mois d'été et de graines pendant les mois d'hiver.

Le Passerin indigo est migrateur, s'étalant du Sud du Canada jusqu'au Nord de la Floride pendant la saison de reproduction, et descendant en hiver dans le Sud de la Floride, aux Grandes Antilles et en Amérique centrale. Il migre souvent de nuit, en utilisant les étoiles pour s'orienter. Il vit sur les terres agricoles et les zones de broussailles et de bois ouverts. Le Passerin indigo est très proche du Passerin azuré (P. amoena) et s'hybride avec cette espèce là où leurs aires de répartition se chevauchent. L'espèce est considérée comme « de préoccupation mineure » par l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature.

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Passerina cyanea ( İtalyanca )

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Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus, 1766), in italiano zigolo indaco, è un piccolo uccello della famiglia Cardinalidae.[2] Diffuso dal Canada al Venezuela,[1] è un uccello migratore riconoscibile per il colore blu del suo piumaggio, da cui il nome.

Descrizione

Aspetto

Il dimorfismo sessuale è marcato: la femmina è marrone, il maschio è blu-turchese con le ali e la coda bruni. Zampe e becco in entrambi i sessi sono quasi neri.[3]

Biologia

Riproduzione

La femmina depone tra le 2 e le 5 uova di colore bianco-verdastre che cova per 14 giorni. Dopo tre settimane i novelli lasciano il nido, ma restano sotto le cure dei genitori per altri 10 giorni.[3]

Distribuzione e habitat

Vive nelle regioni orientali degli Stati Uniti, in Messico e in tutta l'America centrale. Riprodotto e allevato in cattività è un animale molto resistente al freddo e può svernare all'aperto. Sono in grado di fare il bagno anche a −2 °C e rimangono in piena efficienza fino a temperature inferiori a −10 °C.[3]

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) BirdLife International (2012), Passerina cyanea, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Cardinalidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 4 novembre 2014.
  3. ^ a b c Gismondi, Elisabetta., Il grande libro degli uccelli da gabbia e da voliera, Nuova ed, G. De Vecchi, [1997], ISBN 88-412-0571-7, OCLC 955707611. URL consultato il 4 ottobre 2020.

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Passerina cyanea: Brief Summary ( İtalyanca )

wikipedia IT tarafından sağlandı

Passerina cyanea (Linnaeus, 1766), in italiano zigolo indaco, è un piccolo uccello della famiglia Cardinalidae. Diffuso dal Canada al Venezuela, è un uccello migratore riconoscibile per il colore blu del suo piumaggio, da cui il nome.

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Indigogors ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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Vogels
 src=
vrouwtje

De indigogors (Passerina cyanea) is een kleine zaadetende zangvogel uit de familie van de kardinaalachtigen (Cardinalidae).

Kenmerken

De indigogors is een kleine vogel, met een lengte van ongeveer 11,5 tot 13 centimeter. Het onderscheid tussen de geslachten is vooral te zien aan de hand van de kleur. Het mannetje is tijdens de zomer fel blauw gekleurd, en tijdens de winter bruiner van kleur. Het vrouwtje is het volledige jaar bruin van kleur. Het mannetje gebruikt zijn zomerse kleurverandering om een partner te lokken.

Leefwijze

Het voedsel van de indigogors bestaat voornamelijk uit insecten tijdens de zomer, en zaden tijdens de winter.

Voortplanting

Het bouwen van het nest en het uitbroeden van de eitjes zijn taken die door het vrouwtje uitgevoerd worden.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Het is een trekvogel die tijdens het broedseizoen voorkomt van het zuiden van Canada tot het noorden van Florida, en tijdens de winter van het zuiden van Florida tot het noorden van Zuid-Amerika. De trek vindt voornamelijk 's nachts plaats, waarbij deze vogel gebruikmaakt van de sterrenhemel om te navigeren. De indigogors leeft in landbouwgebied, struikgebieden en open graslanden. Hij is nauw verwant aan de lazuligors (Passerina amoena) en kruisingen met deze laatste kunnen voorkomen, daar waar beide vogels hun leefgebieden met elkaar overlappen.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Indigogors: Brief Summary ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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 src= vrouwtje

De indigogors (Passerina cyanea) is een kleine zaadetende zangvogel uit de familie van de kardinaalachtigen (Cardinalidae).

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Indigospurv ( Norveççe )

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Indigospurv (vitenskapelig navn Passerina cyanea) er en fugl.

Eksterne lenker

ornitologistubbDenne ornitologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .
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Indigospurv: Brief Summary ( Norveççe )

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Indigospurv (vitenskapelig navn Passerina cyanea) er en fugl.

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Łuszczyk indygowy ( Lehçe )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Łuszczyk indygowy, łuszczak indygo (Passerina cyanea) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kardynałów (Cardinalidae), wcześniej zaliczany do łuszczaków (Fringillidae) lub trznadlowatych (Emberizidae).

Występowanie

Łuszczak indygo żyje we wschodnie części USA, w Meksyku oraz w Ameryce Środkowej. Ptak ten zamieszkuje skraje lasów oraz zadrzewienia śródpolne.

Pokarm

Łuszczak indygo odżywia się owadami, nasionami, owocami oraz jagodami.

 src=
Łuszczak indygo

Przypisy

  1. Passerina cyanea, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) (ang.). IBC: The Internet Bird Collection. [dostęp 2013-07-13].
  3. Passerina cyanea. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
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Łuszczyk indygowy: Brief Summary ( Lehçe )

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Łuszczyk indygowy, łuszczak indygo (Passerina cyanea) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kardynałów (Cardinalidae), wcześniej zaliczany do łuszczaków (Fringillidae) lub trznadlowatych (Emberizidae).

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Passerina cyanea ( Romence; Moldovaca )

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Indigo bivalve (Passerina cyanea) este o pasăre mâncătoare de sămânță în familia Cardinalidae sau cardinal. Este migratoare, variind de la sudul Canadei până la Florida de Nord în timpul sezonului de reproducere și de la sudul Floridei până la nordul Americii de Sud în timpul iernii. Adesea migrează noaptea, folosind stelele pentru a naviga. [3] Habitatul său este terenul agricol, zonele cu perii și pădurile deschise. [4] Inflorescenta indigo este strâns legată de lazuli și interbreeds cu speciile în cazul în care gamele lor se suprapun.

Indigo bunting este o pasăre mică, cu o lungime de 11.5-13 cm (4.5-5.1 in). Afișează dimorfismul sexual în colorarea sa; masculul este un albastru vibrant în vară și o culoare maro în timpul lunilor de iarnă, în timp ce femela este maro pe tot parcursul anului. Barbatul are un penaj luminos colorat în timpul sezonului de reproducere pentru a atrage un partener. Construcția cuiburilor și incubarea sunt realizate exclusiv de către femeie. Dietul indigo bunting constă în principal din insecte în timpul lunilor de vară și semințe în timpul lunilor de iarnă.

Referințe

Legături externe

Commons
Wikimedia Commons conține materiale multimedia legate de Passerina cyanea
Wikispecies
Wikispecies conține informații legate de Passerina cyanea
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Passerina cyanea: Brief Summary ( Romence; Moldovaca )

wikipedia RO tarafından sağlandı

Indigo bivalve (Passerina cyanea) este o pasăre mâncătoare de sămânță în familia Cardinalidae sau cardinal. Este migratoare, variind de la sudul Canadei până la Florida de Nord în timpul sezonului de reproducere și de la sudul Floridei până la nordul Americii de Sud în timpul iernii. Adesea migrează noaptea, folosind stelele pentru a naviga. [3] Habitatul său este terenul agricol, zonele cu perii și pădurile deschise. [4] Inflorescenta indigo este strâns legată de lazuli și interbreeds cu speciile în cazul în care gamele lor se suprapun.

Indigo bunting este o pasăre mică, cu o lungime de 11.5-13 cm (4.5-5.1 in). Afișează dimorfismul sexual în colorarea sa; masculul este un albastru vibrant în vară și o culoare maro în timpul lunilor de iarnă, în timp ce femela este maro pe tot parcursul anului. Barbatul are un penaj luminos colorat în timpul sezonului de reproducere pentru a atrage un partener. Construcția cuiburilor și incubarea sunt realizate exclusiv de către femeie. Dietul indigo bunting constă în principal din insecte în timpul lunilor de vară și semințe în timpul lunilor de iarnă.

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Indigofink ( İsveççe )

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Indigofink[2] (Passerina cyanea) är en nordamerikansk fågel i familjen kardinaler inom ordningen tättingar.[3]

Utbredning och systematik

Indigofinken är en flyttfågel som häckar i Kanada och USA och övervintrar så långt söderut som Stora Antillerna, Colombia och Venezuela.[3] Den är en sällsynt gäst i Europa, men troligen rör sig de allra flesta fynden om förrymda burfåglar, bland annat det enda svenska fyndet i Tynderö, Medelpad 28 april den första maj 1989.[4] Det har dock gjorts över 50 fynd i Azorerna, vilket tyder på att en viss andel trots allt har ett ursprung från Nordamerika.[5]

 src=
Utbredningsområde
Häckningsområde (sommar)
Område där arten vanligtvis uppträder under flytten
Vinterkvarter

Släktskap

I Nordamerika hybridiserar indigofinken ofta med lazulifinken (Passerina amoena) där deras utbredningsområden möts. Forskning tyder på att de är varandras närmaste släktingar, men utgör två skilda arter.[6][7][8]

Fältkännetecken

Utseende

Indigofinken är en liten finkliknande fågel, 11,5–13 centimeter lång. Könen skiljer sig kraftigt åt i utseendet. Medan hanen är lysande coelinblå med indigoblått huvud och svart stjärt med coelinblå kanter är honan enhetligt brunfärgad, något ljusare under än ovan, med ett otydligt vingband och svagt streckad under. Hanen antar dock en brun fjäderdräkt vintertid. Näbben är kort och konisk. Honans näbb är ljusbrun med en blå nyans, medan hanens övre näbbhalva är brunsvart och den undre ljusblå.[9] Fötterna och benen är svarta eller grå.[10]

Läte

Indigofinkens varningsläte är ett skarpt tjipp!, medan kontakt- och flyktlätet är ett högfrekvent surrande zeeep.[11] Sången är likaså högfrekvent och surrande två till fyra sekunder lång ramsa: suit-suit tjiu-tjiu suit-suit. Hanen sjunger ofta från en sittplats i busktoppar och på stolpar.[12]

Ekologi

 src=
Indigofinkens bo.

Indigofinken trivs buskiga skogskanter, öppen lövskog, fält och ungskog.[13] Den bygger sitt bo i en tät buske eller lågt träd, oftast mellan tre decimeter och en meter över marken. Honan bygger boet av löv, gräs, kvistar och bark, och fodrar det med mjukare gräs eller hår från vitsvanshjort. Hon lägger oftast tre till fyra vita ägg och ruvar dem ensam i 12–13 dagar.[14][15] De flesta par lägger två kullar och hanen kan mata nykläckta ungar samtidigt som honan ruvar nästa kulls ägg.[16]

Brunhuvad kostare parasiterar ofta på indigofinken,[17] som överger boet ifall kostaren lägger sitt ägg innan indigofinken lagt sina. Indigofinkarnas ägg kläcks, men ungarna har svårare att klara sig i konkurrens med kostarens unge.[18]

Föda

Indigofinken söker efter föda på marken eller i träd och buskar.[19] Under häckningssäsong födosöker den på egen hand efter insekter, frön och bär. Under vinten födosöker den gärna i flock, då oftast på jakt efter frön, men också knoppar och insekter om de finns tillgängliga. Indigofinken dricker inte regelbundet, utan får tillräckligt med vatten från födan.[10]

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population, men tros minska i antal, dock inte tillräckligt kraftigt för att den ska betraktas som hotad.[1] IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c] Birdlife International 2012 Passerina cyanea Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-08-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11
  4. ^ Indigofink, Sveriges ornitologiska förenings raritetskatalog.
  5. ^ Tarsiger.com Fynd av indigofink i Västpalearktis
  6. ^ Carling, M.D., and R.T. Brumfield (2008), Integrating Phylogenetic and Population Genetic Analyses of Multiple Loci to Test Species Divergence Hypotheses in Passerina Buntings, Genetics 178, 363-377.
  7. ^ Carling, M.D., and R.T. Brumfield (2009), Speciation in Passerina buntings: introgression patterns of sex-linked loci identify a candidate gene region for reproductive isolation, Mol. Ecol. 18, 834-847.
  8. ^ Carling, M.D., I.J. Lovette, and R.T. Brumfield (2010), Historical Divergence and Gene Flow: Coalescent Analyses of Mitochondrial, Autosomal and Sex-Linked Loci in Passerina Buntings, Evolution 64, 1762-1772.
  9. ^ Passerina cyanea. Audubon Society. 2003. http://www.audubon.org/bird/BoA/F15_G4b.html. Läst 29 juli 2008.
  10. ^ [a b] Zumberg, R (1999). Passerina cyanea. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Passerina_cyanea.html. Läst 12 juli 2008.
  11. ^ Eliott, Lang (2004). Know Your Bird Sounds. Stackpole Books. sid. 23. ISBN 0-8117-2964-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=F_8UJLFw8SkC&pg=PA23
  12. ^ Kaufman, Kenneth (2001). Birds of North America. HMCo Field Guides. sid. 366. ISBN 0-618-13219-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=eEty2_87bSkC&pg=PA366
  13. ^ Sibley, Charles Gald; Burt Leavelle Monroe (1991). Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. Yale University Press. sid. 775. ISBN 0-300-04969-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk-vyrNVAccC&pg=PA775
  14. ^ Harrison, Hal H. (2001). A Field Guide to Western Birds' Nests. HMCo Field Guides. sid. 231. ISBN 0-618-16437-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=uSSl_f83LFEC&pg=RA1-PA231
  15. ^ ”Indigo Bunting”. All About Birds. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 2003. http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Indigo_Bunting_dtl.html. Läst 12 juli 2008.
  16. ^ Fergus, Charles (2000). Wildlife of Pennsylvania and the Northeast. Stackpole Books. sid. 316–317. ISBN 0-8117-2899-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=T4gLRnplhVwC&pg=PA316
  17. ^ Terres, J. K. (1980). The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. New York, NY: Knopf. sid. 290. ISBN 0-394-46651-9
  18. ^ Johnsgard, Paul A. (1997). The Avian Brood Parasites: Deception at the Nest. Oxford: Oxford University Press. sid. 349. ISBN 0-19-511042-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=hhhRGJNqQhIC&pg=PA349
  19. ^ Kaufman, Kenneth (2001). Lives of North American Birds. HMCo Field Guides. sid. 569. ISBN 0-618-15988-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=JhJwsTkYkoIC&pg=PT75

Externa länkar

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Indigofink: Brief Summary ( İsveççe )

wikipedia SV tarafından sağlandı

Indigofink (Passerina cyanea) är en nordamerikansk fågel i familjen kardinaler inom ordningen tättingar.

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Passerina cyanea ( Vietnamca )

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Passerina cyanea là một loài chim trong họ Cardinalidae.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Sẻ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Passerina cyanea: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

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Passerina cyanea là một loài chim trong họ Cardinalidae.

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Индиговый овсянковый кардинал ( Rusça )

wikipedia русскую Википедию tarafından sağlandı

Инди́говый овся́нковый кардина́л[1] (лат. Passerina cyanea) — североамериканская певчая птица из семейства кардиналовых.

Описание

Индиговый овсянковый кардинал длиной 15 см, самец и самка имеют разное оперение. В брачном наряде у окрашенного в синий цвет самца тёмный хвост, тёмные с синей каймой перья крыльев и чёрная полоса уздечки. В зимнем оперении имеет перья с синей каймой и белёсые живот и низ хвоста. У самки бурое оперение с четкими полосами на груди и жёлто-коричневыми полосами на крыльях. Призывный крик — резкое «цик».

Распространение

Летом обитает в юго-восточной Канаде и восточной половине США, где заселяет открытые, светлые леса. Зимует в Вест-Индии и в Центральной Америке. На Британских островах встречаются сбежавшие с неволи особи.

Поведение

Индиговый овсянковый кардинал ищет на земле, на кустах и деревьях семена, почки, ягоды, насекомых и пауков. По прошествии периода гнездования стаи птиц отправляются на юг, ориентируясь по звёздам.

Размножение

Гнездо в форме чаши строит из листьев, веток и травы в большинстве случаев ближе к земле на низких кустах или деревьях, выстилая его тонкими растительными волокнами, перьями и шерстью животных. Кладка состоит из 3—4 бледно-голубых яиц. В западной области распространения индиговый овсянковый кардинал спаривается также с лазурным овсянковым кардиналом.

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 406. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
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Индиговый овсянковый кардинал: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

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Инди́говый овся́нковый кардина́л (лат. Passerina cyanea) — североамериканская певчая птица из семейства кардиналовых.

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ルリノジコ ( Japonca )

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ルリノジコ ルリノジコ 保全状況評価[1] LEAST CONCERN
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 鳥綱 Aves : スズメ目 Passeriformes : ショウジョウコウカンチョウ科
Cardinalidae : Passerina : ルリノジコ P. cyanea 学名 Passerina cyanea 和名 ルリノジコ 英名 Indigo Bunting  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ルリノジコに関連するメディアがあります。

ルリノジコ (学名Passerina cyanea)は、スズメ目ショウジョウコウカンチョウ科に分類される鳥類の一種。

分布[編集]

アメリカ大陸

Sibley分類体系上の位置[編集]

シブリー・アールキスト鳥類分類
ホオジロ亜科 Emberizinae

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ Passerina cyanea (Species Factsheet by BirdLife International)
執筆の途中です この項目は、鳥類に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますポータル鳥類 - PJ鳥類)。
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ルリノジコ: Brief Summary ( Japonca )

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ルリノジコ (学名Passerina cyanea)は、スズメ目ショウジョウコウカンチョウ科に分類される鳥類の一種。

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