Protoxaea gloriosa (Fox 1893)

Protoxaea gloriosa (Fox)

Adults of this species are active in late summer and fall. Females visit Larrea for pollen primarily in the morning, the principal period of activity being between 0730 and 0930 (1.5–3.5 hours after sunrise). Before, after, and during this time, some females visit the flowers for nectar only. Also near midday, nesting, pollen-storing females return to Larrea for nectar only. The periodicity of nectar flights relates to burrow activity and the necessity, in this species, for storing large quantities of nectar, in addition to pollen, in the cells. During midday nectar flights, females move very rapidly from plant to plant, rarely visiting more than one or two flowers on an individual, although poising very briefly in front of several others (rejecting because of lack of nectar?). Alternate pollen sources for this species are primarily Solanum elaeagnifolium, S. rostratum, Cassia bauhiniodes, Calliandra schottii, and Kallstroemia grandiflora (Linsley and Cazier, 1972).

Males of this species visit Larrea for nectar in the morning (0800–1000) when their massed sleeping aggregations break up, from time to time during the day while maintaining territories (1100–1400), and again before aggregating for the night (1530–1700). When in territory in front of or between two Larrea plants, they face away from plant, darting out to chase or strike any flying object that comes within range (quite similar to the behavior of males of Caupolicana). Under heavy overcast skies, females start collecting pollen later in the day and continue to do so beyond the usual period when the sun is bright.

Both sexes, when foraging, primarily visit the upper and outer portions of the Larrea plant, a behavior that greatly facilitates collecting but which also permits the bee an opportunity for rapid escape, if disturbed. Our Larrea samples are from a number of localities in southern Arizona, New Mexico, and Sonora.

Protoxaea gloriosa (Fox)

Megacilissa gloriosa Fox, 1893:421:422 [New Mexico: Las Cruces].

Oxaea gloriosa.—Cockerell, 1898:70 [New Mexico: Mesilla Valley].—Friese 1898:85, 86, [New Mexico: Las Cruces, Mesilla].

Protoxaea gloriosa.—Cockerell and Porter, 1899:411.—Crawford, 1915:578, [Texas: Sabinal, females at flowers of Salvia sp. and S. pitcheri; males, Barstow].—Cockerell, 1926:80, [Arizona: Baboquivari Mountains]; 1934b: 153 [Texas: Bexar County].—Rozen, 1951:142, 148, pl. 2: fig. 5.—Linsley and Michener, 1962:386–388, figs., [Southern Arizona and western New Mexico; females taking pollen from flowers of Kallstroemia californica, Solanum elaeagnifolium, and S. rostratum; also present at flowers of Baccharis glutinosa, Larrea tridentata, Asclepias subverticillata, Hoffmanseggia jamesii, Melilotus alba, and Medicago sativa; Mexico: Chihuahua, at flowers of Tamarix gallica].—Linsley and Cazier, 1963:8, figs. 3–5 [Arizona: 1 mile east of Douglas, females taking pollen from the flowers of Solanum and nectar from flowers of Asclepias, Verbesina, and Larrea; males taking nectar from the flowers of Verbesina, Asclepias, and Lepidium],—Rozen, 1964:223–230, 12 figs.—Linsley and Cazier, 1972:1–25 [Arizona: Douglas, Portal; females taking pollen from the flowers of Cassia bauhinioides, Kallstroemia grandiflora, Solanum elaeagnifolium, S. rostratum, and Calliandra schottii].—Cazier and Linsley, 1974:1:20, [New Mexico: 2 miles north of Rodeo, females taking pollen and nectar from the flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora; males taking nectar from the same plant].—Hurd and Linsley, 1975:27, [Southern Arizona, New Mexico and Sonora, females taking pollen from the flowers of Larrea tridentata, Solanum elaeagnifolium, S. rostratum, Cassia bauhinioides, Calliandra schottii, and Kallstroemia grandiflora].

Protoxaea gloriosa pallida Cockerell, 1934b: 153, [Texas: Bexar County].—Linsley, 1951:1086, [Texas]. [New synonymy.]

Oxaea tristis Gribodo, 1894:278–280, [Mexico: Durango].— Friese, 1898:83, [Mexico: Durango]. [New synonymy.]

LOCATION OF TYPES.—Protoxaea gloriosa, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; P. gloriosa pallida, American Museum of Natural History, New York; P. tristis, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, “Giacomo Doria,” Genoa, Italy.

GEOGRAPHIC RANGE (Map 1).—Southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas) and adjacent northern Mexico (Baja California, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Tamaulipas).

MALE.—Length 14–18. Length of forewing, including tegula, 13–16 mm. Head and body black, metasomal terga feebly metallic blue green, most evident on impunctate apical margins; antennae dark reddish brown above, redder below on apical flagellar segments; mandibles mahogany red, nearly black apically; clypeus black, narrowly edged with red apically; wings dissimilar in coloration, forewings hyaline basally, heavily infuscated apically with brownish black, which reflect violaceous tints in bright light, hind wing hyaline scarcely infuscated apically; wing veins reddish brown, darker apically; tegulae testaceous; legs black on coxae, trochanters, femora, and much of tibiae; tibiae apically and tarsal segments yellow or reddish yellow; tibial spurs testaceous; claws dark mahogany red, blackened medially.

Vestiture of head chiefly ochraceous, paler and whiter on hind margins, turning to fulvo-ochraceous on face above ocelli and on vertex (older specimens chiefly or entirely whitish or white); thorax thickly clothed dorsally with fulvo-ochraceous to fulvous pubescence (whiter in older specimens), paling to ochraceous or white on thorax behind and to ochraceous on sides and ventrally (whiter in older specimens); legs entirely pale pubescent, mostly ochraceous basally turning to fulvous on tarsi; pubescence of first metasomal tergum consisting of very long, erect, ochraceous to whitish plumose hairs, thickest laterally and on ventrally exposed surfaces; pubescence on second metasomal tergum similar in color to that on first tergum, but shorter, chiefly erect, and pale ochraceous or whitish on basal surface of disc medially, much shorter, mostly decumbent, directed posteriorly and situated laterally, forming a subapical transverse band of ochraceous pubescence; metasomal terga III–V clothed with short, ochraceous to yellowish pubescence (whitish or white in older specimens), chiefly disposed laterally, but forming subapical band, which at sides consists of much longer and frequently whitish hairs; pubescence on metasomal tergum VI much longer than that on preceding terga, chiefly yellow, ochraceous, or yellowish white (white in older specimens), hairs at sides becoming white or nearly so; metasomal tergum VII with pubescence disposed laterally as posteriorly projecting tufts of plumose hairs, similar in size and color to that on tergum VI; metasomal sterna thickly clothed with moderately long ochraceous or yellowish hairs (whitish in older specimens), those situated apically on sterna longer and disposed mainly as transverse bands of pubescence.

Eyes moderately converging above, separated on vertex by much more than minimum distance between hind ocelli and also by more than minimum distance between rims of antennal sockets, but less than distance across hind ocelli; clypeus densely and confluently punctured on sides, punctures on median surface larger and coarser, and well separated; supraclypeal area densely, finely, and confluently punctured, punctures much smaller and more crowded than those on adjacent median surface of clypeus; frontal carina short, narrowly triangular in outline, nearly as long as maximum diameter of median ocellus, deeply excavated throughout its length; middle tibiae longer than basitarsi (65:60); punctation on metasomal terga I–VI dense, crowded, separated by about puncture width or less, extending posteriorly well onto marginal depressions with punctures on tergum I larger than those on succeeding terga; structure of seventh metasomal tergum (Figures 25, 29, 33), seventh and eighth metasomal sterna (Figures 26, 27, 30, 31, 34, 35), and genitalia (Figures 28, 32, 36) as illustrated.

FEMALE.—Length 17–22 mm. Length of forewing, including tegula, 15–17 mm. Head and body black; metasomal terga scarcely to feebly metallic blue green with some purplish tints evident in bright light and most evident on impunctate apical margins; antennae dark reddish brown to brownish black, somewhat paler below, and apex of scape narrowly reddened; mandibles chiefly mahogany red to nearly red basally, darkening to black apically; clypeus black, occasionally reddened somewhat apically; wings dissimilar in coloration, forewings hyaline tinged with yellowish on basal third, heavily infuscated with brownish black on apical two-thirds and rather strongly violaceous in bright light, hind wings mainly hyaline except for some slight infuscation apically; wing veins reddish brown to black; tegulae testaceous; legs mostly reddish yellow, but coxae and trochanters black and femora stained or marked in part with black; tibial spurs reddish yellow; claws dark mahogany red, medially marked with black.

Vestiture of head chiefly moderately long and mostly ochraceous on face, sometimes paler about antennal sockets and above ocelli near vertex: hind margins of head thickly clothed with ochraceous pubescence, paling to white on propodeum; legs entirely pale pubescent, chiefly ochraceous, somewhat paler on hind femora; scopal hairs of hind legs mostly ochraceous, usually intermixed with some paler, nearly white hairs; discal surface of first metasomal tergum clothed with long, erect pale (mostly white) plumose hairs; discal surfaces of metasomal terga II–IV before glabrous margins, clothed with very short, erect, ochraceous hairs, thickest and longest at sides, which are replaced on extreme sides and ventrally exposed surfaces of terga I and II by scopae consisting of long, densely plumose, mainly whitish hairs and ventroapically on terga III and IV with long tufts of ochraceous plumose hairs; metasomal tergum V apically traversed by a thick fringe of long, posteriorly directed, plumose hairs, characteristically and uniformly ochraceous or yellowish, but occasionally turning to white on extreme sides; metasomal tergum VI densely clothed on either side of pygidial plate with moderately long, reddish yellow hairs, rarely turning to white at extreme sides; scopal hairs of metasomal sterna I–III ochraceous, other surfaces of metasomal sterna II–VI thickly clothed with rather short to long, posteriorly directed, ochraceous pubescence; extreme sides of metasomal sterna II–V with long tufts of ochraceous to whitish plumose hairs projecting posteriorly from under overlapping tergal surfaces.

Eyes scarcely diverging below (55:57), clypeus closely and finely punctate on sides, punctures on median surface larger and somewhat less crowded; supraclypeal area densely and confluently punctured except at sides and above; frontal carina narrowly triangular in outline, short, longer than diameter of median ocellus, deeply excavated throughout length; discal surfaces before marginal depressions of metasomal terga I–V densely and finely punctured, those on tergum I separated by mostly twice or more their diameters and those on succeeding terga by less or about their diameters.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—United States. Arizona: Cochise County: Apache, 2, VIII–8–72, on flowers of Kallstroemia sp. (G. and K. Eickwort, CU); , VIII-10–72 (G. and K. Eickwort, CU). Apache, 4 mi SE, 3, , VIII-18–64, on flowers of Hoffmameggia densiflora (C. D. Michener, KU). Apache, 2 mi S, , VIII-3–74 (S. Szerlip, CIS). Apache, 9–5 mi SW, , VIII-8–59, on flowers of Baccharis glutinosa (H. E. Evans, CU). Benson, , VII–27–54, on flowers of Prosopis sp. (G. D. Butler, UA). Bernardino, , VII-24–62, on flowers of Verbesina encelioides, 1717 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS). Bisbee, 6 mi SW, , VII-26–73, on flowers of Menodora scabra, 0915–0930 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ); 47 , VIII–5–75, most females collecting pollen from flowers of Cassia wislizenii, 0545–1050 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Bowie, 5, VII–19–56, on flowers of Medicago sativa (A. Telford, UA). Bowie, 8 mi S, , VIII–22–67 (E. I. Schlinger, UCR). Bowie Junction, , VIII–6–54 (F. G. Werner, UA). Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, , VIII–6–24 (E. P. Van Duzee, CAS). Cascabel, 3 mi NW, , VII–17–60, on flowers of Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyanum, (J. E. Gillaspy, CAS). Cave Creek Ranch, 2, , VIII–2 to 4–69 (E. G. Linsley, CIS). Double Adobe, 17 , 26 , VIII–9–75, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora, 0830–0900 MST (E. G. and J. M. Linsley, CIS). Cochise Stronghold, Dragoon Mountains, , VIII–5–55 (G. D. Butler, UA). Douglas, , VII-22–26 (W. W. Jones, PHT); , VIII–25–26 (W. W. Jones, PHT); , VIII–15–40 (W. W. Jones, CIS); , VIII–26–64 (J. G. Rozen, AMNH); , VIII–9–75, on flowers of Acacia angustissima, 1300–1330 MST (P. D. Hurd, A. E. and M. M. Michelbacher, CIS); 2 , VIII–10–75, on flowers of Acacia angustissima, 0830–0900 MST (P. D. Hurd, A. E. and M. M. Michelbacher, CIS). Douglas, 3 mi E, 2 , VIII–5–75, collecting pollen from flowers of Cassia wislizenii, 0520-0700 MST (E. G. and J. M. Linsley, CIS). Douglas, 3.6–3.8 mi E, 46 , VIII–3–75, most females collecting pollen from flowers of Cassia wislizenii, 0530–1000 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJS); 47 , VIII–4–75, same data, except 0515–0530 (T. J. Zavortink, TJS). Douglas, 4.0–4.1 mi E, , VIII–2–75, on flowers of Menodora scabra, 0730–0745 (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Douglas (about 4.2 mi SW of road to Rucker Canyon Recreation Area), 2 , VIII–19–69, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora, 0800–0830 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Douglas, 8 mi NE, VIII–11–40, freshly dead by roadside (P. H. Timberlake, PHT). Douglas, 16 mi NE, 2, VIII–23–62 (J. G. Rozen, M. Statham and S. J. Hessel, AMNH). Douglas, 1 mi E, . VII–16–62 (M. A. Cazier, CIS); , VII–20–62, sleeping in flowers of Conyza coulteri, 1845 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 23, VII–21–62, on flowers of Asclepias subverticillata, 1315 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); , VII–23–62, on flowers of Verbesina encelioides (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 4, VII–26–62 (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 23, VII–26–62, on flowers of Asclepias subverticillata (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 12, 2, VII–26–62, on flowers of Asclepias subverticillata, 0935–0940 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); , VII–26–62, on flowers of Lepidium lasiocarpum, 0937 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 3, , VII–26–62, in copulo, 0947 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 11 , , VII–26–62, on flowers of Verbesina encelioides, 0942–1025 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); , VII–26–62, on flowers of Lepidium lasiocarpum, 1031 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 53, , VII–26–62, on flowers of Asclepias subverticillata, 1030–1037, MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 23, VII–26–62, 1040–1125 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); , VII–26–62, on flowers of Verbesina encelioides, 1040–1125 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 6 , VII–26–62, on flowers of Asclepias subverticillata, 1125–1135 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 73, VII–26–62, on flowers of Verbesina encelioides, 1130–1138 (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 8 , VII–26–62, on flowers of Lepidium lasiocarpum, 1130–1138 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 12 , VII–26–62, 1140 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); , VII–26–62, on flowers of Lepidium lasiocarpum, 1540 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 123, VII–26–62, on flowers of Conyza coulteri, 1542 (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 19 , VII–26–62, sleeping cluster on Conyza coulteri, 1547 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 2 , VII–26–62, sleeping on Conyza coulteri, 1550 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 4 , VII–26–62, on flowers of Conyza coulteri, 1623 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); , VII–26–62, on flowers of Ascelpias subverticillata, 1648 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 2 , VII–26–62, on flowers of Lepidium lasiocarpum, 1655–1700 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 3, VII–26–62, 1755 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); . VII–26–62, sleeping in flower of Argemone platyceras, 1755 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 3, VII–27–62, hovering about one foot above ground in open area and knocking scarabs down as they flew over and also a Ptiloglossa was knocked off flower of Larrea (No holes in ground), 1215–1230 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 3 , VII–27–62, on flowers of Lepidium lasiocarpum, 1249 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 6 , VII–27–62, sleeping cluster on Conyza coulteri, 1645 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 10 , VII–27–62, on flowers of Lepidium lasiocarpum, 1700–1730 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 3 , VII–27–62, inside seed pod of Datura quercifolia, 1900 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 5 , VII–27–62, inside seed pod of Datura quercifolia, 1910 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 73 , VII–27–62, sleeping cluster on seed pod of Datura quercifolia (started clustering at 1730 MST), 1915 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 39 , VII–27–62, sleeping cluster on seed pod of Datura quercifolia (started clustering at 1735 MST), 1920 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); , VIII–4–62, on flowers of Solanum elaeagnifolium 0705–0715 (M. A. Cazier, CIS); , VIII–4–62, on flowers of Solanum rostratum, 0952 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 3 , VIII–7–62, on flowers of Solanum rostratum, 0905–1117 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 2, VIII–8–62, on flowers of Solanum elaeagnifolium, 0622 and 0652 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); . VIII–9–62, on flowers of Solanum elaeagnifolium, 0705–0715 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); , VIII–9–62, on flowers of Condalia sp., 0952 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); , VIII–10–62, on flowers of Condalia sp. (M. A. Cazier, CIS) , VIII–11–62, on flowers of Solanum elaeagnifolium, 0632–0645 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); , VIII–11–62, on flowers of Hoffmanseggia densiflora, 0710 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS), , VIII–11–62, on flowers of Solanum rostratum, 0714 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); , , VIII–15–62, mating on flowers of Conyza coulteri, 0907 MST (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 15 , VIII–17–62, on flowers of Solanum elaeagnifolium, 0600–0930 MST (M. A. Cazier and E. G. Linsley, CIS); 5, VIII–17–62, on flowers of Solanum rostratum, 0600–0900 MST (M. A. Cazier and E. G. Linsley, CIS); 5 , VIII–18–62, on flowers of Solanum elaeagnifolium, 0540–0740 MST (M. A. Cazier and E. G. Linsley, CIS); 22 , VIII–18–62, on flowers of Solanum rostratum, 0650–0900 MST (M. A. Cazier and E. G. Linsley, CIS); , VIII–19–62, on flowers of Verbesina encelioides (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 3 , VIII–20–62, on flowers of Solanum rostratum (M. A. Cazier, CIS); 8 , VIII–17–67, on flowers of Solanum rostratum, 0640–0940 MST (M. A. Cazier and E. G. Linsley, CIS). Douglas, 3.7 mi E, 4,400 ft, , IX–2–74, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora 1130–1145 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Douglas, 8 mi E, , VIII–8–58 (P. D. Hurd, CIS). Douglas Station, , VII–27 to 31–70 (W. F. Brewton, GEB). Dry Canyon Sands Ranch, SE and Whetstone Mountains, 3 , VIII–10–52 (H. B. Leech and J. W. Green, CAS); 23, same data, but at flowers of Aloysia wrightii (H. B. Leech and J. W. Green, CAS). Elfrida, 2 , VII–27–54, on flowers of Medicago saliva (G. D. Butler, UA). Hereford, , 1954 (W. M. Mann, USNM). Huachuca Mountains, , VIII–28–03 (Oslar CU). Mescal, , VIII–28–27 (R. H. Beamer, KU); , VIII–30–53, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora (G. D. Butler, UA). Pearce, 2 , VII–27–54, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora (G. D. Butler, UA). Pearce, 6 mi N, , VIII–6–55, on flowers of Lepidium sp. (G. D. Butler and Z. Noon, UA). Pearce (east), , 2 , VIII–7–63 (J. G. and B. L. Rozen, AMNH). Pearce, 6 mi E, 16 , VII–28–55 (G. Butler and F. Werner, UA); 10 , VIII–28–55, on flowers of Mimosa sp. (G. Butler and F. Werner, UA). Pearce, 5 mi S, 7 , VII–28–55 (G. Butler and F. Werner, UA); 3 , VII–28–55, on flowers of Acacia angustissima (G. Butler and F. Werner, UA). Portal, , VII–24–54 (R. M. Bohart. UCD); , I–13–61 (A. E. Michelbacher, CIS). Portal, 1 mi N, 22 , 27 , VIII–2 to 5–72, on flowers of Larrea trídentata, 0650–1529 MST (E. G. and J. M. Linsley, CIS). Portal, 2 mi N, 8, VIII–16–70, on flowers of Cassia bauhinioides, 0520–0640 MST (E. G. Linsley, CIS); 38 , VIII–17–70, on flowers of Cassia bauhinioides, 0640–0820 MST (E. G. Linsley. CIS); 46 . VIII–19–70, on flowers of Cassia bauhinoides, 0600–0740 (E. G. Linsley, CIS); 34 , VIII–21–70, on flowers of Cassia bauhinioides, 0540–0750 MST (E. G. Linsley, CIS). Portal, 25 mi N, , VII–25–61, 0925 MST (E. G. Linsley, CIS); , , VII–26–61, in copulo, 0845 MST (E. G. Linsley, CIS); , , VII–27–61 (E. G. Linsley, CIS); 9, , VII–27–61, on flowers of Baccharis sp. (E. G. Linsley, CIS); 7, , VII–51–61 (E. G. Linsley. CIS). Portal, B mi NE, , VIII–8–59 (E. G. Linsley, CIS). Portal, 2 mi NE, 2 , VIII–1–59, on flowers of Baccharis sp. (M. Statham, AMNH); , VIII–4–59, on flowers of Baccharis glutinosa (M. A. Cazier, AMNH). Portal, 2.5 mi NE, , , VIII–9–59 (M. A. Cazier, M. Statham, AMNH). Portal, 2, VIII–21–70 (J. G. and K. C. Rozen, AMNH); 3 , VIII–21–70, on flowers of Cassia sp., 0510–0630 MST (J. G. and K. C. Rozen, AMNH). Portal, 2.6 mi. E., 5 , VIII–15–72, on flowers of Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana, 0945–1045 MST (T. J. Zavortink TJZ). Portal, 4 mi E, , VIII–28–71 (J. Doyen, CIS). Portal, 0.7 mi W, 2 , VIII–3–72, on flowers of Baileya multiradiata, 0850–0950 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ); , VII–27–73, on flowers of Menodora scabra, 0900–0915 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Portal, 1.7 mi NW, 2 , VIII–8–72, on flowers of Baccharis sp., 0745–0830 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Portal, 2 mi NW, 2 , VIII–11–75, on flowers of Menodora scabra, 0900–0930 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Portal, 2.9 mi NW, 5,300 ft., , VIII–6–72, on flowers of Aloysia wrightii, 1530–1630 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Portal, 12.9 mi NW, 5,300 ft, , VIII–6–72, on flowers of Mentzelia sp., 1530–1630 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Portal, 6.2 mi NNW, 3 , 4 , VIII–3–72, on flowers of Larrea tridentata, 0510–0710 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). San Bernardino Ranch 3750 ft, (F. T. Snow, CAS). San Simon (21 mi N Portal), 14 , VIII–20–69, ex bird nest in Yucca elata, 1250–1255 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Sierra Vista, 4 mi SE, 3 , 2, VIII–11–75, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora, 1130–1200 MST (P. D. Hurd, A. E. and M. M. Michelbacher, CIS). Skeleton Canyon, 6 mi SE Apache, , IX–4–58, on flowers of Solanum sp. (P. D. Hurd, CIS). Southwestern Research Station, 2 , , VII–24–56, on flowers of Melilotus alba (C. and M. Cazier, AMNH); VII–24–56, on flowers of Melilotus alba (E. Ordway, CIS); 3 , VII–26–56, on flowers of Meliotus alba (E. Ordway, PHT); 2 , VII–27–56 (E. Ordway, PHT); , VIII–28–56, on flowers of Melilotus alba (E. Ordway, AMNH); , VII–30–56, on flowers of Melilotus alba (E. Ordway, PHT); 4 , 2 , VII–22–66 (R. G. Beard. CU); 5 , 3 , VIII-3-66 (C. R. Kovacic and D. R. Miller., UCD); , , VII–20–69 (L. L. Pechuman, CU). Tombstone, , VIII–13–40, on flowers of Larrea tridentata (P. H. Timberlake, PHT). Willcox, 17 mi NW, 2 , , VII–19–69 (A. E. and M. M. Michelbacher, CIS). Willcox, 21 mi SSW, 4500 ft, 3 , IX–1–74, on flowers of Cassia leptocarpa, 0945–1000 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Willcox Dry Lake. 4200 ft. , IX–2–74. on flowers of Dalea scoparia, 0730–0745 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Gila County: Calva Junction, 3 , 10 . VIII–15–58, on flowers of Caillardia pulchella (E. G. Linsley. CIS). Globe, 2 , 38 , VIII–29–64, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora (C. D. Michener, KU). Graham County: Graham Mountains, 3500–4500 ft. , , VIII–18–54 (R. M. Bohart. UCD). Safford. 2. VII–29–54, on flowers of Medicago sativa (G. D. Butler, UA). Safford, 17 mi S. 4 . VIII–17–72. on flowers of Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana, 0840–0940 MST and 10 , on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora 0840–0940 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Snowline Ranch, Mt. Graham, , VIII–21–52 (E. J. Taylor, UCDV Maricopa County: Aguila. 2 mi W. , on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora (P. H. Timberlake. PHT). Pima County: Arivaca. 7.5 mi W, , VII–31–52, on flowers of Verbesina enrelinides (H. B. Leech and J. W. Green CAS). Ajo, SO mi SE, . VII–30–66 (D. R. Miller, UCD). Baboquivari Mountains, , VIII–15–24 (O. C. Poling, PHT). Continental, 7 , 5. VIII–2 to 4–59, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora (K. V. Krombein, USNM); , VII–31–66 (D. R. Miller, UCD); , VIII–1–72, on flowers of Cassia sp., 0715–0815 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Continental, 5.2 mi N, 3 , VIII–11–69, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora, 1200–1230 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Continental, 6 mi ESE, 2, VIII–24–64, on flowers of Kallstroemia sp. (J. C. Bequaert and F. Werner, UA). Continental, 6.7 mi SE, 8, 6, VIII–12–69, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora 0945–1045, MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Continental, 7 mi SE, , VIII–17–66 (J. G. and B. L. Rozen, AMNH). Continental, 8 mi E, 4 , VIII–13–55, sleeping on Thurberia sp. (R. A. Flash, PHT); , VIII-14–55, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora (R. A. Flash, PHT). Kits Peak (near), Baboquivari Mountains, 3600 ft, , VIII–7 to 9–16 (AMNH). Marana, , 3 , VIII–14–53, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora (F. E. Todd, UA); , VIII–25–53, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora (F. E. Todd, CIS). Marana, 3 mi W, 3, 2, IX–13–62, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora (J. C. Bequaert, UA). Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mountains, , IX–1–55, on flowers of Acacia angustissima (G. D. Butler, UA). Sahuarita, 0.8 mi E, 11 , VIII–11–69, on flowers of Larrea tridentata, 0700–0930 MST (T. J. Zavortink TJZ). Sahuarita, 1.9 mi SW, 3, VIII–11–69, on flowers of Larrea tridentata, 1000–1130 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Sahuarita, 3 mi E, , VII–31–63 (V. L. Vesterby, UCD). Santa Rita IBP Site, , (UA). Santo Rita Ranger Res., , 14 , VIII–29–64, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora (J. C. Bequaert, UA). Santa Rita Mountains, , VII–26–25 (USNM); , VIII–18–68 (R. M. Bohart, UCD). Three Points, 5 mi W, , VIII–18–63 (F. Werner UA). Tucson, 2, VIII–14 to 17–16 (AMNH); , , VIII–16–33 (J. Russell, KU); , IX–4–39 (R. H. Crandall, UA); , , VIII–28–51, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora (C. D. MacNeill, CIS); , VIII–10–63 (V. L. Vesterby, UCD); 16 , 13 , VIII–5–11–73, on flowers of Larrea tridentata, 0600–1259 MST (E. G. and J. M. Linsley, CIS). Tuscon, 6 mi SW, , VIII–26–68, on flowers of Kallstroemia sp. (R. W. Thorp, UCD). Tucson, 10 mi N, , 2 , VIII–8–54, on flowers of Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (F. G. Werner, UA). Tucson Mountains, , IV–VIII-55 (G. D. Butler, UA). Final County: Eloy, 4 mi S, , VII–14–53 (T. R. Haig, UCD). Eloy, 11 mi SE, , VII–16–53 (T. R. Haig, UCD). Oracle, 14 mi E, , VII–27–24 (J. O. Martin, CAS). Picacho Pass, 2 , 4, VIII–27–54, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora (P. H. Timberlake, PHT). Santa Cruz County: Amado, , VII–23–57 (G. D. Butler, UA). Amado, 4 mi S, 13 . 12 , VIII–10–75, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora, 0900–0930 MST (E. G. and J. M. Linsley, CIS). Madera Canyon, 4 , VII–31–66 (D. R. Miller, UCD); , VII–31–66 (C. R. Kovacic, UCD). Nogales, , VII–21–03 (Oslar, CAS). Nogales, 30 mi N, 4, VII–31–72, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora, 0730–0930 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Nogales International Airport, 26 , VIII–7–75, collecting pollen from flowers of Desmanthus cooleyi, 0730–0830 MST (P. D. Hurd, A. E. and M. M. Michelbacher, CIS); 2, same data, except 1100 MST (CIS). Patagonia, , VIII–24–53 (G. D. Butler and F. G. Werner, UA); 12, VIII–29–54, on flowers of Solanum rostratum (P. H. Timberlake, PHT). Patagonia, 9 mi NE, , VIII–27–55 (H. A. Scullen, GEB). Patagonia 5 mi W, , 3 , VIII–25–55, on flowers of Acacia angustissima (UA). Pena Blanca Lake, , VIII–17–74, on flowers of Acacia angustissima, 0930–0945 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ); 6 , 8 , VIII–18–74, on flowers of Kallslroemia grandiflora, 0845–1130 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ); 4 , 3 , VIII–20–74, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora, 0830–1145, MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Pena Blanca Lake, 5.3 mi W, 4700 ft, VII–29–72, on flowers of Acacia angustissima, 1115–1215 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ); 4, VIII–10–74, on flowers of Cassia leptocarpa, 0700–0730 MST (E. G. and J. M. Linsley, CIS). Ruby, , VIII–15–61 (J. C. Bequaert, UA); 8 , VIII–16–61 (J. C. Bequaert, UA). Sonoita, 7.6 mi E, , VIII–15–55. on flowers of Croton corymbulosus (P. H. Timberlake, PHT).

New Mexico. Bernalillo County: Albuquerque, 2 , VII–23–50 (R. H. Beamer, KU); , VII–27–50 (P. P. Cook, KU). Isleta, , VII–17–52, on flowers of Melilotus alba (R. H. and L. D. Beamer, W. E. LaBerge, and C. Liang, KU). Chaves County: Roswell, 5 mi S, , VII–22–52 (R. H. and L. D. Beamer, W. E. La Berge, and C. Liang, KU). Roswell, 10 mi W, , , VII–22–52, on flowers of Hoffmanseggia jamesii (R. H. and L. D. Beamer, W. E. LaBerge, and C. Liang, KU); , VII–22–52, on flowers of Larrea tridentata (R. H. and L. D. Beamer, W. E. La Berge, and C. Liang, KU). Dona Ana County: Hatch, 8 , VII–16–52, on flowers of Medicago saliva (R. H. and L. D. Beamer, W. E. La Berge, and C. Liang, KU). Las Cruces, , VIII–21 (T. Townsend, ANSP); 13 , VIII–1927, on flowers of Gossypium sp. (R. C. Stockdale, USNM); 2 , VII–15–52, on flowers of Lygodesmia juncea (R. H. and L. D. Beamer, W. E. La Berge, and C. Liang, KU); , VIII–4–66 (R. L. Brumley, UCD); , , VIII–15–67 (R. M. Bohart, UCD). Las Cruces, 5 mi NE, , VIII–4–66 (R. L. Brumley, UCE). Las Cruces, 5 mi E, 2 , VII–15–52 (R. H. & L. D. Beamer, W. E. La Berge, and C. Liang, KU). Mesilla, 5 mi S, , IX–4–57, on flowers of Sphaeralcea sp. (P. Gerhardt, PHT). Mesilla Valley , (AMNH). Eddy County: Carlsbad, 3, VII–11–42 (E. C. Van Dyke, CAS). Carlsbad, 5 mi N, , VIII–14–50 (J. W. Mac Swain, CIS); , IX–21–56 (J. W. MacSwain, CIS). Hwy. 137, 7 mi W Jet Hwy 285 at Rocky Arroyo, , VII–30–72 (S. L. Szerlip, CIS). Hidalgo County: Las Animas, 17.5 mi NNE, 3 , 2 , VIII–22–72, on flowers of Larrea tridentata, 0545–1045 MST (R. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Animas 1.4 mi E, 2 , VIII–11–72, on flowers of Hoffmanseggia densiflora 0630–0730 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ); 11 , VIII–11–72, on flowers of Solanum elaeagnifolium, 0630–0750 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Animas, 5.5 mi E, 4 , VIII–11–72, on flowers of Solanum elaeagnifolium, 0800–0830 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Animas, 10 mi SW, 10 , VIII–11–72, on flowers of Larrea tridentata, 0530–0600 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Antelope Pass, 123 , VIII–8 to 10–72, on flowers of Larrea tridentata, 0630–1359 MST (E. G. Linsley, CIS). Cienega Lake, 13 mi N Rodeo, 14 , 3 , VIII–3–71, on flowers of Tamarix sp. (J. T. Doyen, CIS). Granite Pass, 24, 22, VIII–19 to 20–72, on flowers of Larrea tridentata, 0700–1329 MST (E. G. and L. M. Linsley, M. A. Cazier, and T. J. Zavortink, CIS). Lordsburg, 3 mi NE, 2 , VIII–21–71 (R. F. Denno and E. E. Grissell, UCD). Lordsburg, 5 mi NE, , VIII–21–71 (R. F. Denno and E. E. Grissell, UCD). Road Forks, 4 mi S, 2, , VIII–20–67 (J. G. Rozen and G. Kreuger, AMNH). Rodeo, , VIII–1–58 (P. M. Marsh, UCD); 2, VIII–3–59 (H. E. Evans, CU); 3, 3, VIII–5–59 (H. E. Evans, CU); , VII–23–60 (M. A. Cazier, AMNH); 5 , VIII–12–69 (J. G. and K. C. Rozen, AMNH); 2 , VIII–6–72 (G. Eickwort, CU). Rodeo, 1 mi N, , VIII–18–70 (J. G. Rozen, AMNH); , VIII–23–70 (J. G. Rozen, AMNH); 2, VIII–25–70 (J. G. Rozen, AMNH); , VIII–30–70 (J. G. Rozen, AMNH); Rodeo, 2 mi N, , VII–29–59, on flowers of Asclepias subverticillata (E. G. Linsley, CIS); 115, 146 , VIII–14–74, on flowers of Kallstroemia grandiflora, females 0800–1130 MST, males 0800–1400 MST (E. G. and J. M. Linsley, CIS). Rodeo, 8 mi N, , VIII–13–69 (J. G. and K. C. Rozen, AMNH). Rodeo, 11 mi N, , VIII–19–68 (J. G. Rozen and M. Favreau, AMNH). Rodeo, 16–20 mi N, , VIII–18–71 (J. G. Rozen and M. Favreau, AMNH). Rodeo, 20 mi N, 3, 4 , VIII–3–66 (R. L. Brumley and D. R. Miller, UCD). Rodeo, 1 mi S, 18 , VIII–3–59, sleeping in cluster, 1550 MST (E. G. Linsley, CIS). Rodeo, 1.5 mi S, 7 , 4 , VII–24–59, on flowers of Asclepias subverticillata (E. G. Linsley, CIS); 3 , , VIII–6–59, on flowers of Asclepias subverticillata (E. G. Linsley, CIS). Rodeo, 1 mi SW, , VIII–4–72, on flowers of Psilostrophe tagetina, 1200–1230 MST (T. J. Zavortink, TJZ). Rodeo, 1 mi W, , VIII–10–60 (J. E. Gillaspy, CAS). Luna County: Deming, , IX–3–27 (J. C. Bradley, CU). Deming, 5 mi E, , , VIII–13–63, on flowers of Asclepias sp (J. G. Rozen, AMNH). Deming, 7 mi E, 3, VIII–4–66 (D. R. Miller, UCD). Rockhound State Park, , VIII–1–72 (G. C. Eickwort, CU). Otero County: High Rolls, 6 mi W, , VI–11–70 (W Apperson, GEB). Organ, 3 mi E, 3, VII–26–57 (C. W. O’Brien, UA). Sierra County: Elephant Butte, 5 mi W, , 11 , VIII–8–73, on flowers of Larrea tridentata, 0730–0859 MST (E. G. and J. M. Linsley, CIS). Hot Springs, , VII–22–50, on flowers of Solidago occidentalis (W. J. Arnold, KU). Socorro County: Bernardo, , VII–24–70 (W. Apperson, GEB); , VIII–1–70 (W. Apperson, GEB). San Antonio, 20 mi SSW, 20, 5, VIII–18–62 (J. G. and B. L. Rozen, AMNH).

Texas: Pecos River, 2, (J. C. Bequaert, MCZ). Bexar County: , VI–18–30 (H. B. Parks, USNM); , VI–19–30 (H. B. Parks, USNM); , VI–21–30 (H. B. Parks, TAM); , VI–24–30 (H. B. Parks, TAM); 2 , VI–26–50 (H. B. Parks, TAM); , IX–25–30 (H. B. Parks, TAM); VI–4–31 (H. B. Parks, TAM); 3, VII–1–31 (H. B. Parks, MCZ, TAM, U Colo); , 7, VII–10–31 (H. B. Parks, TAM); , VII–20–31 (H. B. Parks, TAM); , IX–10–31 (H. B. Parks, TAM); 2 . IX–15–31 (H. B. Parks, TAM); , VI–26–32 (H. B. Parks, TAM); , , IX–21–32 (H. B. Parks, TAM); , IX–16–56 (TAM). Ft. Sam Houston, , VII–19–52 (M. S. Wasbauer, AMNH). San Antonio, , (USNM). Brewster County: 2, VI–27–55, on flowers of Larrea tridentata (A. H. Alex. TAM). Alpine, , VI–3–42 (E. C. Van Dyke, CAS); , VII–1–42 (E. C. Van Dyke, CAS). Big Bend National Park, , VII–16–50 (R. F. Smith, AMNH). Chisos Mountains, Big Bend National Park, 3, 2, on flowers of Aloysia lycioides (J. C. Bequaert, MCZ). Cov. Springs (6 mi W) Big Bend National Park, , VII–16–50 (R. F. Smith, AMNH). Lajitas, 3 mi W, , X–2–60, on flowers of Tamarix sp. (J. E. Gillaspy, CAS). Santa Elena Canyon, Big Bend National Park, , VIII–25–67 (R. C. Gardner and C. R. Kovacic, UCD); , VIII–26–67 (R. C. Gardner and C. R. Kovacic, UCD). Terlingua, . VII–19–50 (R. F. Smith, AMNH). Dimrait County: 5, VII–7–34, “swarmed on mesquite” (S. E. Jones, TAM); , X–2–34 (TAM). Caurina, , VI–10–8 (M. A. Carier, AMNH). El Paso County: El Paso, , VII–14–42 (E. C. Van Dyke, CAS); 2, 4, VIII–15–51 (H. E. Evans, KU). Frio County: , VII–19–01 (G. P. Engelhardt, AMNH). Frio State Park, 5 , VI–28–48 (H. E. Evans, CU). Harris County: Balesville, , VI–28–10 (USNM). Hidalgo County: 2 , V–13–33 (J. W. Monk, TAM). Jeff Davis County: Ft. Davis, 21 mi W, 2, VII–22- to 25–56 (E. G. Matthews, CU). Jim Wells County: Alice, , VI–22–30 (J. O. Martin, CAS). Kleberg County: Kingsville, 2, (C. T. Reed, MCZ); , X–20–72 (J. M. Bogart, GEB). Medina County: 3, VI–26–55, on flowers of Helianthus annuus (A. H. Alex, TAM). Pecos County: Ft. Stockton, , VII–5– (J. C. Bequaert, MCZ). Presidio County: Chinati Mountains, 25 mi NW Presidio, 4400 ft, , VI–25–68 (J. E. Hafernik, TAM). Plata, 3 , 3 , VIII–24–69 (Board and J. E. Hafernik, TAM). Presidio, 3 mi N, , IX–1–66 (C. L. Cole, TAM). Presidio, 58 mi E, 2, IX–8–71 (R. F. Denno and E. E. Grissell, UCD). Shatter, 4 , VII–18–65 (J. C. Schaffner, TAM); , VI–5–68 (J. E. Hafernik, TAM); 2 , VIII–21–69 (Board and J. E. Hafernik, TAM). Reeves County: Pecos, 16 , VII-1938 (H. Sellers USNM). Uvalde County: Garner State Park, , VI–29–56 (H. E. Evans and E. G. Matthews, CU). Sabinal, , VI–10–10, on flowers of Salvia sp. (F. C. Pratt, USNM); , VI–13–10, on flowers of Salvia pitcheri (F. C. Pratt, USNM). Uvalde, , VI–15–30 (J. O. Martin, CAS); , VIII–6–33 (TAM). Val Verde County: Del Rio, , VII–7–38 (J. Russell, KU); , , VII–8–38 (L. W. Hepner, KU). Devil’s River near Del Rio, , VI–16–32 (J. O. Martin, CAS). Ward County: Barstow, , VIII–11–05 (A. W. Morrill, USNM); 3 , VI–28–72, on flowers of Medicago saliva (GEB).

Mexico. Baja California; Canipole, , X–2–41 (E. S. Ross and G. E. Bohart, CAS).

Chihuahua: Casas Grandes, , VII–24–71 (D. W. Davis, GEB). Chihuahua, 2, VIII–12–51 (H. E. Evans, KU). Chihuahua, 16 mi SE, , VIII–11–47 (W. J. Gertsch, David Rockefeller Mexican Expedition, AMNH). Chihuahua, 20 mi SE, , VII–13–64, on flowers of Parkinsonia aculeata (J. A. Chemsak, CIS). Chihuahua, 3 , , VII–9–54 (J. W. MacSwain, CIS). 6 , same data (E. I. Schlinger, CIS). Ciudad Camargo, 4 mi N, , VII–29–67 (K. C. Gardner, C. R. Kovacic and K. Lorenzen, UCD). Ciudad Camargo, 42 mi SW, 4900 ft, 2, VII–15–47 (C. D. Michener, David Rockefeller Mexican Expedition, AMNH). Hildalgo del Parral, 2, , VIII–10–67 (R. C. Gardner, C. R. Kovacic, and K. Lorenzen, UCD); , VIII–15–67 (R. C. Gardner, C. R. Kovacic, and K. Lorenzen, UCD). Jimenez, 10 mi N, 5 , 9, IX–21–70, on flowers of Solarium sp. (G. E. and R. M. Bohart, GEB, UCD). Jimenez, 18 mi W, , VIII–10–51, on flowers of Baccharis sp. (P. D. Hurd, CIS). Las Delicias, 14 , , VII–15–47, one male at flowers of Cevallia sinuata (C. D. Michener, David Rockefeller Mexican Expedition, AMNH); 3, 2, VII–11–51 (H. E. Evans, KU); 2, 6, same date, on flowers of Casuarina sp. (P. D. Hurd, CIS). Moctezuma, 22, 3, VII–4–54 (E. I. Schlinger, CIS). Meoqui, 6 mi NE, 15, 4, IX–2–50 (R. F. Smith, AMNH). Ricardo Flores Magon, , , VIII–15–52 (J. D. Lattin, CIS). Rio Conchos, Ciudad Camargo, 4, , VII–17–52 (J- D. Lattin, CIS).

Coahuila: La Gloria (South of Mondova), 3300 ft, , VII–24–47 (M. A. Cazier, David Rockefeller Mexican Expedition, AMNH). San Juan de Sabinas, 1160 ft, , V–22–52 (P. S. Chraphwy, KU). San Pedro, 5 mi W, 4, VII–20–55 (J. Connors, CAS).

Durango: Canutillo, 8 mi S, , VIII–9–51 (H. E. Evans, KU): 3. . VIII–9–51, on flowers of Guardiola tulocarpa (P. D. Hurd, CIS, , Genova). La Quebrada, 2 , VII–20–47 (C. D. Michener, David Rockefeller Mexican Expedition, AMNH). San Juan del Rio, 5200 ft, 2 , , VIII–30–47 (C. D. Michener, David Rockefeller Mexican Expedition, AMNH. KU). Yerbanis, Cuencame Dist. 6700 ft, , VIII–19–42, on flowers of Lippia ligustrina (C. D. Michener, David Rockefeller Mexican Expedition, AMNH).

Nuevo Leon: Vallecillo, 4, VI–2 to 5–51 (H. E. Evans, KU); 13 , same date (P. D. Hurd, CIS).

Sinaloa: Los Mochis, 2, VIII–9–22 (C. T. Dodds, CIS, KU).

Sonora: Agua Prieta, , V–17–44 (W. W. Jones, CIS); , VIII–13–46 (W. W. Jones, PHT). Guaymas, 5 , VI–12–62 (D. H. Janzen, CIS); , VIII–31–68 (R. W. Thorp, UCD). Hermosillo, 3.5 mi S, 2, VIII–3–73, on flowers of Larrea tridentata, 0930–0959 MST (E. G. and J. M. Linsley, A. E. and M. M. Michelbacher, and J. A. Chemsak, CIS). Hermosillo, 10 mi S, 5, VII–18–54 (M. A. Cazier, W. J. Gertsch, and Bradts, AMNH). Hermosillo, 20 mi N, , VIII–13–59 (W. L. Nutting and E. G. Werner, UA).

Tamaulipas: Padilla, , , VI–15–53, on flowers of Cevallia sinuata (University of Kansas Mexican Expedition, KU).

Protoxaea gloriosa, the glorious protoxaea, is a species of bee in the family Andrenidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

Protoxaea gloriosa là một loài Hymenoptera trong họ Andrenidae. Loài này được Fox mô tả khoa học năm 1893.

Международное научное название

Protoxaea gloriosa (Fox, 1893)

Синонимы
Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 655893NCBI 205814EOL 1046885

Protoxaea gloriosa (лат.) — вид перепончатокрылых насекомых из семейства андренид (Andrenidae). Распространён на юге США (Аризона, Нью-Мехико и Техас) и в северной половине Мексики (Нижняя Калифорния, Чиуауа, Коауила, Дуранго, Нуэво-Леон, Синалоа, Сонора и Тамаулипас)^[2][3].

Описание

Длина тела самца 14—18 мм; длина переднего крыла 13—16 мм. Длина тела самки 17—22 мм; длина переднего крыла 15—17 мм^[2].

Экология

Влага первых летних дождей (в конце июля или раннем августе) на юго-востоке Аризоны и западе Нью-Мехико является ключевым фактором для стимулирования вылупления развившегося эмбриона из яйца. Как и у многих других одиночных пчёл у данного вида первыми из яиц появляются самцы, на несколько дней раньше самок. Появившиеся пчёлы тотчас приступают к поисками нектара. Они посещают одиночные цветки неподалёку и если пищи на цветках достаточно, то они остаются на них по нескольку минут. Предпочтение для добычи нектара самцы отдают следующим цветкам: Koeberlinia spinosa, Baccharis glutinosa, Asclepias subverticillata, Kallstroemia grandiflora и Larrea tridentata, а также Casuarina, Lepidium lasiocarpum, Acacia angustissima, Mimosa, Prosopis glandulosa, Caesalpinia jamesii, Hoffmanseggia glauca, Parkinsonia aculeata, Medicago sativa, Melilotus alba, Croton, Condalia, Gossypium, Sphaeralcea, Tamarix gallica, Tamarix ramosissima, Cevallia sinuata, Mentzelia, Menodora scabra, Asclepias subverticillata, Aloysia gratissima, Aloysia wrightii, Salvia azurea, Conyza coulteri, Solidago occidentalis, Guardiola tulocarpus, Helianthus annuus, Verbesina encelioides, Baileya multiradiata, Gaillardia pulchella, Psilostrophe tagetina, Lygodesmia juncea^[2].

Самки активны на открытых пространствах, которые расположены близ одного или более видов низко растущих растений, таких как Cassia bauhinioides и Kallstroemia grandiflora, оба являются объектами опыления ля самок, а также Ephedra trifurea, Lycium, Gutierrezia microcephala и Cucurbita foetidissima — не являются объектами опыления^[2]. Самки опыляют следующие растения: Acacia angustissima, Desmanthus cooleyi, Prosopis glandulosa, Cassia bauhinioides, Cassia leptocarpa, Cassia wislizenii, Kallstroemia grandiflora, Larrea tridentata, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Solatium rostratu; нектар они собирают с Casuarina, Koeberlinia spinosa, Lepidium montanum, Acacia angustissima, Prosopis glandulosa, Caesalpinia jamesii, Hoffmanseggia glauca, Dalea scoparia, Medicago sativa, Nelilotus alba, Kallstroemia grandiflora, Larrea tridentata, Cevallia sinuata, Menodora scabra, Asclepias subverticillata, Aloysia gratissima, Salvia azurea, Baccharis glutinosa, Conyza coulteri, Guardiola tulocarpus, Verbesina encelioides, Gaillardia pulchella^[4].

Самцы территориальные насекомые. Они имеют свои патрулируемые участки. Если на этом участки самец заметит другого самца из своего рода Protoxaea, то он атакует непрошеного гостя и часто схватившись за соперника они вместе падают на землю. Хотя некоторым самкам позволено собирать пыльцу на охраняемых территории самцов^[2]. Самцы прогоняют не только других самцов со своей территории, но даже других более крупных посетителей цветков — насекомых (в том числе и бабочек), и даже птиц. Но при этом игнорируют мелких пчёл и ос^[2][4].

Естественные враги

Перепончатокрылые рода Triepeolus (из семейства настоящих пчёл) обычно откладывают свои яйца в гнёзда Protoxaea gloriosa в штатах Аризона и Нью-Мехико^[2].

Примечания

Protoxaea gloriosa (лат.) — вид перепончатокрылых насекомых из семейства андренид (Andrenidae). Распространён на юге США (Аризона, Нью-Мехико и Техас) и в северной половине Мексики (Нижняя Калифорния, Чиуауа, Коауила, Дуранго, Нуэво-Леон, Синалоа, Сонора и Тамаулипас).