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Nicrophorus tomentosus ( Almanca )

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Nicrophorus tomentosus ist eine Art der Totengräber (Nicrophorus) aus der Familie der Aaskäfer (Silphidae). Er ist östlich der Rocky Mountains in Nordamerika weit verbreitet.

Merkmale

Die Käfer werden 12 bis 17 Millimeter lang. Die Deckflügel (Elytren) und der Halsschild sind glänzend schwarz gefärbt und besitzen gelborangefarbene Streifen auf den Deckflügeln sowie gelbe Streifen unterhalb der nach unten gebogenen Kanten. Auf dem Pronotum und auf der Unterseite des Brustabschnitts ist eine Behaarung aus goldenen Härchen ausgebildet, die dem Käfer den amerikanischen Namen „Gold-necked Carrion Beetle“ verliehen hat. Ein Geschlechtsdimorphismus existiert nicht.

Vorkommen

Der Käfer kommen in der Nearktis in weiten Teilen Nordamerikas östlich der Rocky Mountains in Kanada und den Vereinigten Staaten vor. Er lebt vor allem in Weidegebieten und offenen Wäldern.

Lebensweise

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Nicrophorus tomentosus

Wie alle Totengräber lebt auch diese Art von Aas und in diesem lebenden Fliegenlarven. Sie sind nachtaktiv und verstecken sich während des Tages. Bei Störungen wirft sich der Käfer auf den Rücken und brummt mit seinen Deckflügeln wie eine Hummel. Durch die bienenähnliche Färbung und das Geräusch werden viele potenzielle Fressfeinde abgeschreckt.

Die Käfer nutzen Kadaver von kleinen Säugetieren und Vögeln als Eiablageplatz. Dafür vergraben sie gemeinsam den Kadaver und paaren sich in ihm. Danach beseitigen sie Haare oder Federn und formen aus dem Fleisch kleine Kugeln, in denen das Weibchen die Eier ablegt. Die Elterntiere bleiben bis zur Verpuppung, die häufig in Nebentunneln stattfindet, bei den Larven und fliegen dann aus um neue Kadaver zu suchen.

Literatur

  • Lorus Milne, Margery Milne: Field Guide to Insects and Spiders. National Audubon Society, Chantacleer Press, 1980; S. 550. ISBN 0-394-50763-0.

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Nicrophorus tomentosus: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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Nicrophorus tomentosus ist eine Art der Totengräber (Nicrophorus) aus der Familie der Aaskäfer (Silphidae). Er ist östlich der Rocky Mountains in Nordamerika weit verbreitet.

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Nicrophorus tomentosus ( İngilizce )

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Nicrophorus tomentosus (gold-necked carrion beetle or tomentose burying beetle) is a species of burying beetle that was described by Friedrich Weber in 1801.[1][2] The beetle belongs to the family Silphidae which are carrion beetles. The beetles have sensitive antennae that contain olfactory organs. Thus, the beetle can locate dead animals (carcass), and then as the name suggests, can bury them.[3] However, unlike other burying beetles, N. tomentosus does not completely bury these brood carcasses. They instead dig a shallow hole under the carcass and cover it with leaf litter.[4] Recognition of these beetles can be distinguished by its black color with orange markings on the wing covers (elytra).[5]

Classification

The genus name, Nicrophorus, means “death carrier”; tomentosus means "covered in short hair", referring to the pronotum.[5]

Description

There are several characteristics that differentiate Silphidae from other families. One characteristic is that N. tomentosus is about 11.2–19.0 millimeters in length. It also has a pair of striations on its fifth abdominal tergum. They also have a very large scutellum which can sometimes be as wide as its head.[6] The segments of its antennae are all black, clubbed at the ends, and contain olfactory organs. The flight pattern of N. tomentosus is similar to that of a bumble bee. Its elytral epipleuron is completely black except for symmetrical orange splotches. The pronotum is also covered with a thick patch of golden yellow setae which sets it apart from other nicrophorus in its genus.[3]

Habitat and distribution

N. tomentosus are found in areas where there are carcasses. Carcasses can range anywhere from dead rodents to birds. Thus, forests, woodlands, shrub land, and sandy prairies are common areas where these beetles predominately thrive. The distribution of N. tomentosus is worldwide. However, in the western hemisphere it is located in the United States excluding the southeast region, and southern Canada that is east of the Rocky Mountains. N. tomentosus are seasonal. Thus they are only found in the months May through October, primarily in the months of July and August.[5]

Life cycle

The mating of the male and female N. tomentosus can begin anytime after a food source is found and buried. Mating is not particular to the carcass and can take place anywhere around it. When the eggs are laid they are then deposited into the nearby soil at a time at least twelve hours from the discovery of the carcass. Once the eggs hatch, after about four days, the larvae move towards the carcass to a feeding hole that was made by the parents. Both parents then feed the larvae regurgitated food for about six to eight days when the larvae are fully developed. The fully developed N. tomentosus then repeat the cycle after locating a new carcass and mate.[7]

Recently, N. tomentosus was found to be one of at least two burying beetles which can breed in the forest canopy.[8]

Anatomy

The basic anatomy of the N. tomentosus is broken up into three separate functional body regions: the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. The entire body wall of N. tomentosus is called the exoskeleton. This tough outer layer provides strong protection and different areas where muscles can attach and provide movement. Their harder outer layer is made of cuticle yet the skin is broken up into many different hardened plates that are separated by sutures. This allows flexible movement and doesn’t cause it to move rigidly.

The head houses the brain, eyes, antennae, and mouth parts. The eyes are compound eyes which are lens-like in appearance and have a pixel-like reception. They are made up of thousands of little receptors called ommatidia. The antennae are covered with many chemical receptors and act as sensory organs. N. tomentosus has a mandible for chewing its food.

The thorax is the center of movement. It is separated into three different regions: the prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. It is heavily scleratized which provides extra support and acts as an anchor for moving parts. It is also divided into three different sections. The notum is the top most or dorsal area, the sternum is the lower or ventral side, and the pleuron is the sides where the legs are attached. The thorax is also the location of the wings. The N. tomentosus has a special hard shell like outer wings that protects and covers the delicate membranous hind wings that only emerge during flight. The thorax also houses the dorsal brain and ventral nervous system.

The abdomen is the last body region or the posterior area on the N. tomentosus. It houses the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive systems. The spiracles, which are external openings that allow the N. tomentosus to breathe, are also found along the sides on the abdomen and are divided up into each segment.[2]

Diet

The diet of the N. tomentosus consists of small vertebrate animals. These include and are not limited to rats, moles, voles, and other rodents that the parents happen to find. Once the body is found the male and female remove any hair or feathers and roll the carcass into a ball. In order to preserve the carcass it is sprayed with a secretion from the anus because size and condition of the carcass determines how many eggs can be laid. The young eat regurgitated food from both parents and straight from the carcass.[9] While feeding, the parents will protect the young from competitors and other burying beetles. The female will stay until the larvae are fully developed and then leave for another carcass.[10]

Interesting facts

This burying beetle exudes a very striking color pattern and displays very interesting behavior patterns. The behavior that these beetles are most noted for is the way they bury small vertebrate carcasses. This is done to ensure the survival of their offspring. These beetles put much time into their parental care. The males are just as involved as the females. The adult beetles stay and protect their eggs until they pupate and if the female dies the male will step in and pick up the extra workload. Another interesting feature of the burying beetles is the presence of a club. A club is an end segment of their antennae that is enlarged and flattened. This aids in the detection of odors emitted from decaying carcasses. When a suitable carcass is found the adult beetles will spread antibiotic secretions over it to remove bacteria and fungi. Also is if the carcass is large then sharing will occur between two male or female pairs or uneven numbers of females and males.[11]

Research

There have been several studies performed on N. tomemtosus in relation to its breeding habits. One major study was carried out to see how competition between flies and N. tomentosus would affect the brood size. What was discovered from these studies was that the existence or lack of oviposition by flies had an effect on the brood size of N. tomentosus present on the carcass. The fewer number of flies present on a decaying carcass the larger the brood size raised by the N. tomentosus beetles. Also the number of adult beetles present affected the brood size. The more female beetles present, the larger the number of young reared. Female beetles have a constraint on how many eggs they can lay due to timing however, male beetles do not have such a constraint and can impregnate several females. The one thing that wasn’t affected by the presence or absence of flies on a carcass was the amount of parental care administered.[9]

References

  1. ^ Sikes, Derek S.; Madge, Ronald B.; Newton, Alfred F. (August 29, 2002). "A catalog of the Nicrophorinae (Coleoptera: Silphidae) of the world". Zootaxa. 65 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.65.1.1. ISBN 0-9582395-1-7.
  2. ^ a b Jason H. Byrd & James L. Castner (2001). Forensic Entomology: the Utility of Arthropods in Legal Investigations. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-8120-1.
  3. ^ a b W. W. Hoback, D. G. Snethen & M. L. Brust (April 5, 2005). "Carrion beetles of Nebraska". University of Nebraska at Kearney. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
  4. ^ "Nicrophorus tomentosus, Sexton Beetle". Insects of West Virginia: Dragonflies, Beetles, Flies, Leafhoppers of the Mountain State. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2009.
  5. ^ a b c "Nicrophorus tomentosus". The Collaboratory Project. Northwestern University. Archived from the original on July 14, 2004. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
  6. ^ Derek S. Sikes, Stephen T. Trumbo & Stewart B. Peck (February 7, 2005). "Silphidae Latreille 1807. Large carrion and burying beetles". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved September 15, 2010.
  7. ^ Michelle Pellissier Scott & S. Carmen Panaitof (2004). "Social stimuli affect juvenile hormone during breeding in biparental burying beetles (Silphidae: Nicrophorus)". Hormones and Behavior. 45 (3): 159–167. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2003.09.012. PMID 15047010.
  8. ^ Lowe, Amanda; Randy Lauff (2012). "Arboreal Burials in Nicrophorus spp. (Coleoptera: Silphidae)". Psyche. 2012: 1–6. doi:10.1155/2012/578650.
  9. ^ a b Michelle Pellissier Scott (1994). "Competition with flies promotes communal breeding in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus tomentosus". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 34 (5): 367–373. doi:10.1007/bf00197007. JSTOR 4600954.
  10. ^ Michelle Pellissier Scott (1997). "Reproductive dominance and differential ovicide in the communally breeding burying beetle Nicrophorus tomentosus". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 34 (5): 313–320. doi:10.1007/s002650050347.
  11. ^ Gordon Ramel (September 29, 2008). "Gordon's Burying Beetles Page". The Earth Life Web. Retrieved March 19, 2009.
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Nicrophorus tomentosus: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı

Nicrophorus tomentosus (gold-necked carrion beetle or tomentose burying beetle) is a species of burying beetle that was described by Friedrich Weber in 1801. The beetle belongs to the family Silphidae which are carrion beetles. The beetles have sensitive antennae that contain olfactory organs. Thus, the beetle can locate dead animals (carcass), and then as the name suggests, can bury them. However, unlike other burying beetles, N. tomentosus does not completely bury these brood carcasses. They instead dig a shallow hole under the carcass and cover it with leaf litter. Recognition of these beetles can be distinguished by its black color with orange markings on the wing covers (elytra).

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Nicrophorus tomentosus ( Fransızca )

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Nicrophorus tomentosus est une espèce d'insectes coléoptères, un nécrophore.

Synonymes

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Nicrophorus tomentosus: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

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Nicrophorus tomentosus est une espèce d'insectes coléoptères, un nécrophore.

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Nicrophorus tomentosus ( Lehçe )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Nicrophorus tomentosusgatunek chrząszcza z rodziny omarlicowatych.

Chrząszcz o ciele długości od 11,2 do 19 mm. Ma czułki o czarnych buławkach. Przedplecze ma prawie kwadratowe, o szeroko rozszerzonych brzegach bocznych i brzegu podstawowym, opatrzone wklęśnięciem poprzecznym na przodzie, czarne i gęsto porośnięte długimi włoskami barwy żółtej. Na każdej pokrywie występują dwie poprzeczne plamy barwy pomarańczowej, zwykle sięgające szwu, niekiedy po bokach lub pośrodku połączone. Epipleury pokryw pomarańczowe. Przód przednich bioder porastają szczecinki o długości połowy tych na barkach. Zapiersie i metepimeron porastają żółte włoski[1].

Owad padlinożerny, ale imagines zjadają również larwy muchówek na padlinie. W przeciwieństwie do większości grabarzy nie zakopują padliny, lecz tworzą pod nią płytki dołek i zakrywają ściółką. Występują w lasach, zakrzewieniach jak i na terenach otwartych. Zimuje jako trzecie stadium larwalne[1].

Gatunek nearktyczny. Rozprzestrzeniony od południowej części Kanady położonej na wschód od Gór Skalisty po prawie całe Stany Zjednoczone (bez południowych części Florydy i Teksasu)[1].

Przypisy

  1. a b c Brett C. Ratcliffe: The Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera:Silphidae) of Nebraska. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of nebraska state Museum, 1996, seria: Bulletin of the Nebraska State Museum.
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Nicrophorus tomentosus: Brief Summary ( Lehçe )

wikipedia POL tarafından sağlandı

Nicrophorus tomentosus – gatunek chrząszcza z rodziny omarlicowatych.

Chrząszcz o ciele długości od 11,2 do 19 mm. Ma czułki o czarnych buławkach. Przedplecze ma prawie kwadratowe, o szeroko rozszerzonych brzegach bocznych i brzegu podstawowym, opatrzone wklęśnięciem poprzecznym na przodzie, czarne i gęsto porośnięte długimi włoskami barwy żółtej. Na każdej pokrywie występują dwie poprzeczne plamy barwy pomarańczowej, zwykle sięgające szwu, niekiedy po bokach lub pośrodku połączone. Epipleury pokryw pomarańczowe. Przód przednich bioder porastają szczecinki o długości połowy tych na barkach. Zapiersie i metepimeron porastają żółte włoski.

Owad padlinożerny, ale imagines zjadają również larwy muchówek na padlinie. W przeciwieństwie do większości grabarzy nie zakopują padliny, lecz tworzą pod nią płytki dołek i zakrywają ściółką. Występują w lasach, zakrzewieniach jak i na terenach otwartych. Zimuje jako trzecie stadium larwalne.

Gatunek nearktyczny. Rozprzestrzeniony od południowej części Kanady położonej na wschód od Gór Skalisty po prawie całe Stany Zjednoczone (bez południowych części Florydy i Teksasu).

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