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Distribution ( İngilizce )

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Nomascus leucogenys is better known as the white-cheeked gibbon. This species is found only in Southeast Asia. They primarily populate Laos, Vietnam, and Southern China. In Vietnam, N. leucogenys is found to the southwest of the Song Ma and Song Bo Rivers. A close relative, Nomascus concolor, is found northeast of the Song Ma River and northeast of the Song Bo River. The geographical separation is crucial to distinguishing these two gibbon species because N. leucogenys and N. concolor are extremely similar in appearance.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

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Boyd, T. 2006. "Nomascus leucogenys" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_leucogenys.html
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Başlıksız ( İngilizce )

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A great deal of molecular research has been done recently on Hylobates phylogeny and greater ape phylogeny. There are four discrete divisions of lesser apes and these four subgenera include Bunopithecus, Hylobates, Symphalangus, and Nomascus. These are monophyletic groups. Before there was thorough DNA evidence, all white crested gibbons were considered members of a single species Hylobates concolor. Chromosomal evidence that is available today allows scientists to distinguish the white cheeked gibbon as a member of the subgenus Nomascus, which are characterized by having a diploid number of 52 chromosomes. Nomascus is found from southern China to southern Vietnam, and is found on Hainan Island. Fur coloration, anatomical data, and vocal data are also used to identify different species of gibbons. Within the subgenus Nomascus, there are four separate species that include N. concolor, N. gabriellae, N. sp. cf. nasutus, and N. leucogenys. White-cheeked gibbons have therefore been re-named Nomascus leucogenys. There are also subspecies within each species. For example, recent DNA evidence has distinguished Nomascus leucogenys leucogenys as the northern white-cheeked gibbon and Nomascus leucogenys siki as the southern white-cheeked gibbon. Due to the recent taxonomic advancements using DNA, it is not clear what species is being discussed in much of the older literature.

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Boyd, T. 2006. "Nomascus leucogenys" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_leucogenys.html
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Behavior ( İngilizce )

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Nomascus leucogenys individuals signal territory by using vocalizations. They also use vocalizations in mating behaviors. In order to signal aggression, N. leucogenys resort to the common threat of opening their mouth wide to show their teeth. White-cheeked gibbons spend much of their time grooming and playing. Grooming and playing allow individual gibbons to form bonds. It is also likely that chemical cues, such as pheromones, are used to communicate reproductive state.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Other Communication Modes: duets

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Boyd, T. 2006. "Nomascus leucogenys" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_leucogenys.html
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Conservation Status ( İngilizce )

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Nothing is known about the conservation status of Nomascus leucogenys, but members of the related species Nomascus concolor are endangered due to deforestation, logging, hunting and military activities.

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered

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Boyd, T. 2006. "Nomascus leucogenys" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_leucogenys.html
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Benefits ( İngilizce )

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There is no known evidence that Nomascus leucogenys effect humans in a negative manner. This is also true for members of the related species Nomascus gabriellae.

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Boyd, T. 2006. "Nomascus leucogenys" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_leucogenys.html
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Benefits ( İngilizce )

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Miles and Caldecott (2005) reported that Nomascus concolor are kept as pets in Vietnam when infants are plucked from their mothers. As the infant enters adulthood they become a problem and are often abandoned by their owners. They are also kept at zoos around the world. It is unclear whether these authors studied Nomascus concolor or Nomascus leucogenys.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; research and education

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Boyd, T. 2006. "Nomascus leucogenys" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_leucogenys.html
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Associations ( İngilizce )

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Nomascus leucogenys are known to be excellent seed dispersers because they eat fruit. They drop seeds when they eat and when they excrete.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

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Boyd, T. 2006. "Nomascus leucogenys" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_leucogenys.html
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Trophic Strategy ( İngilizce )

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Nomascus leucogenys are primarily frugivorous. They especially enjoy eating the pulp of fruits. They are important seed dispersers for some plants. In general, N. leucogenys eat and forage with their family. Unlike other primates that spend half of the day foraging and the other half of the day slumbering, white-cheeked gibbons search for food throughout the day. Early in the morning, they forage high in the canopy. When the sun begins to heat the canopy, they retreat to lower trees in the understory. They are frugivores, but along with fruit, white-cheeked gibbons also eat leaves, flowers, and insects. The type of food that they eat depends on precipitation. When there is a great deal of precipitation, fruit is plentiful and they do not have to travel far to find food. Conversely, they travel great distances in search of food when there is little rainfall.

Animal Foods: insects

Plant Foods: leaves; fruit; flowers

Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )

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Boyd, T. 2006. "Nomascus leucogenys" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_leucogenys.html
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Habitat ( İngilizce )

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Nomascus leucogenys live in the canopy of subtropical rainforests. White-cheeked gibbons hardly ever descend to the forest floor.

Range elevation: 300 to 600 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

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Boyd, T. 2006. "Nomascus leucogenys" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_leucogenys.html
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Life Expectancy ( İngilizce )

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The average lifespan of Nomascus leucogenys in the wild is twenty-eight years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
28 years.

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Boyd, T. 2006. "Nomascus leucogenys" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_leucogenys.html
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Morphology ( İngilizce )

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Nomascus leucogenys are not sexually dimorphic in size. Both males and females grow to weigh an average of 5.7 kg. Likewise, both sexes reach similar lengths, from 45 to 63 cm long. White-cheeked gibbons are, however, dimorphic in fur color. All infants are born with cream-colored fur. At two years of age, the infants' fur changes from cream to black, and they develop white patches on their cheeks. At sexual maturity, males stay black with white cheeks. Females turn back to the original cream color and they lose the majority of their white cheek color. Like all species of gibbons, white-cheeked gibbons do not have tails. They have exceptionally long forelimbs and hindlimbs. Their bodies are built for an arboreal lifestyle. They have an opposable hallux and an opposable pollex. This makes grasping food and holding branches easy. Furthermore, their hands are hook shaped, facilitating brachiation. The body of N. leucogenys is small and they have a remarkably upright posture. Their molar teeth are bunodont and their canines are large and showy. The dental formula is 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3. Nomascus leucogenys was considered a subspecies of crested gibbon, N. concolor, until 1989. The main difference between the two species is the “mohawk” tuft at the top of the head of N. leucogenys.

Average mass: 5.7 kg.

Range length: 45 to 63 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes colored or patterned differently

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Boyd, T. 2006. "Nomascus leucogenys" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_leucogenys.html
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Associations ( İngilizce )

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The main threat to Nomascus leucogenys is forest clearing, and therefore, their main predator is humans. It has also been documented that in North Vietnam, some people have hunted N. leucogenys for their meat. Nothing is known about other specific predators of Nomascus leucogenys, but eagles of the family Accipitridae, owls of the family Strigidae, and Panthera pardus are known to prey on N. concolor. Nomascus leucogenys, like N. concolor, live in the canopy and that makes them easy prey for large birds and arboreal carnivores. Gibbons are very agile and remain vigilant in their high, inaccessible habitats, all of which help them avoid predation.

Known Predators:

  • humans (Homo sapiens)
  • leopards (Panthera pardus)
  • typical owls (Strigidae)
  • large raptors (Accipitridae)
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Boyd, T. 2006. "Nomascus leucogenys" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_leucogenys.html
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Tommy Boyd, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction ( İngilizce )

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Nomascus leucogenys are monogamous.

Mating System: monogamous

White-cheeked gibbons become sexually mature at about six to seven years of age. At this point, Nomascus leucogenys females have a menstrual cycle that lasts about twenty-eight days. They breed throughout the year. Once fertilization occurs, a female has a gestation period of seven months. When the infant is born, it holds on to the mother for nearly two years. After the two-year period, the infant is weaned.

Breeding interval: Nomascus leucogenys give birth to a solitary offspring once every two to three years.

Breeding season: A female white-cheeked gibbon has a twenty-eight day menstrual cycle. At this point she is fertile and ready to mate.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average gestation period: 7 months.

Average weaning age: 24 months.

Range time to independence: 3 to 8 years.

Average time to independence: 6 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 5 to 8 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 7 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 to 8 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 7 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Parental care in white-cheeked gibbons is not restricted to females. Unlike many mammals where the female is the primary care giver, N. leucogenys share the responsibilities between males and females. An infant reaches physical maturity at three years of age and becomes independent at around six to seven years of age. During the period of parental care, the infant learns to groom, differentiate between food sources, and learns basic social interactions such as playing and social dominance.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Protecting: Male, Female); post-independence association with parents; extended period of juvenile learning

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Boyd, T. 2006. "Nomascus leucogenys" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Nomascus_leucogenys.html
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Gibó de galtes blanques septentrional ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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El gibó de galtes blanques septentrional (Nomascus leucogenys) és una espècie de primat hominoïdeu de la família dels gibons (Hylobatidae). És originari del Vietnam, Laos i la província xinesa de Yunnan.[1] És un parent proper del gibó de galtes blanques meridional (N. siki). De fet, anteriorment se'ls considerava com una sola espècie[1] i les femelles de les dues espècies són pràcticament impossibles de distingir.[2]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Gibó de galtes blanques septentrional Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. 1,0 1,1 Groves, Colin. Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (editors). Mammal Species of the World (en anglès). 3a ed.. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. (anglès)
  2. Geissmann, Thomas «Gibbon systematics and species identification» (PDF). International Zoo News, 42, Desembre del 1995, pàg. 472.


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Gibó de galtes blanques septentrional: Brief Summary ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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El gibó de galtes blanques septentrional (Nomascus leucogenys) és una espècie de primat hominoïdeu de la família dels gibons (Hylobatidae). És originari del Vietnam, Laos i la província xinesa de Yunnan. És un parent proper del gibó de galtes blanques meridional (N. siki). De fet, anteriorment se'ls considerava com una sola espècie i les femelles de les dues espècies són pràcticament impossibles de distingir.

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Gibon bělolící ( Çekçe )

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Gibon bělolící (Nomascus leucogenys) je druh z čeledi gibonovití (Hylobatidae) a z rodu Nomascus. Druh popsal William Ogilby roku 1840. Gibon bělolící se dále rozčleňuje do několika poddruhů.

Výskyt

Giboni bělolící se vyskytují v jihovýchodní Asii. Populace gibonů bělolících je velmi malá. Největší množství jedinců doposud přežívá v Laosu. Ve Vietnamu jsou populace gibonů roztříštěné a jeho výskyt zde byl potvrzen jenom v několika oblastech. V Číně byl gibon bělolící naposledy pozorován v roce 1990 a nyní je zde pravděpodobně vyhynulý.[2]

Dává přednost baldachýnu subtropických deštných lesů, ze stromů málokdy slézá na zem.

Popis

Gibon bělolící dosahuje velikosti 45 až 63 cm, hmotnost se odhaduje na 5,7 kg. Nemá ocas. Samci mají černé zbarvení a jejich líce jsou bílé, barva samic je hnědá, u těchto lidoopů je tedy vyvinut pohlavní dimorfismus. Mláďata se rodí světlá, toto zbarvení se po 6 až 18 měsících mění na tmavou. Samice během dosažení pohlavní dospělosti získávají zpět béžovou barvu. Jídelníček tvoří především rostlinná potrava, například ovoce a květy, giboni se mohou přiživit také hmyzem. Gibon bělolící žije v malých rodinných skupinách, které tvoří samec, samice a několik mláďat. Území si značí táhlým melodickým voláním, které se může rozléhat až na vzdálenost 3 km. Den tráví giboni především v baldachýnu stromů, pohybují se pomocí rychlé brachiace, které napomáhají dlouhé silné paže s hákovitými prsty.[3][4]

Ohrožení

Největším nebezpečím je pro gibony ničení deštných pralesů. Dalším ničivým faktorem je lov pro tradiční čínskou medicínu nebo kvůli masu. Podle IUCN jsou kriticky ohroženi.

Zákonem je chráněn ve Vietnamu a Číně. Patří též na seznam CITES I.[2]

Synonyma

  • Hylobates concolor leucogenys
  • Hylobates leucogenys, Ogilbi, 1840

Poddruhy

  • Nomascus leucogenys leucogenys, Ogilbi, 1840
  • Nomascus leucogenys henrici, de Pousargues, 1897[5]

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b Nomascus leucogenys [online]. iucnredlist.org [cit. 2015-10-03]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  3. Gibon bělolící [online]. ZOO Liberec [cit. 2015-10-03]. Dostupné online.
  4. Nomascus leucogenys [online]. animaldiversity.org [cit. 2015-10-03]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  5. Gibon bělolící [online]. biolib.cz [cit. 2015-10-03]. Dostupné online.

Externí odkazy

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Gibon bělolící: Brief Summary ( Çekçe )

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Gibon bělolící (Nomascus leucogenys) je druh z čeledi gibonovití (Hylobatidae) a z rodu Nomascus. Druh popsal William Ogilby roku 1840. Gibon bělolící se dále rozčleňuje do několika poddruhů.

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Hvidkindet gibbon ( Danca )

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Den hvidkindede gibbon (Hylobates leucogenys) er en abe i gibbonfamilien. Den når en længde på 45-64 cm og vejer 4,5-9 kg. Den hvidkindede gibbons arme er længere end benene.

Kilder

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Hvidkindet gibbon: Brief Summary ( Danca )

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Den hvidkindede gibbon (Hylobates leucogenys) er en abe i gibbonfamilien. Den når en længde på 45-64 cm og vejer 4,5-9 kg. Den hvidkindede gibbons arme er længere end benene.

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Nördlicher Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon ( Almanca )

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Der Nördliche Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Gibbons (Hylobatidae). Ehemals wurde er noch mit dem Südlichen Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon zu einer Art als Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon zusammengefasst.

Merkmale

Nördliche Weißwangen-Schopfgibbons erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von bis zu 52 cm und ein Gewicht von bis zu 6 kg. Männchen und Jungtiere sind schwarz mit weißen Wangenfeldern, die mit einem schmalen Streifen unter dem Kinn beginnen und jeweils bis zu den Ohren reichen. Erwachsene Weibchen sind blass gelb bis orangegelb gefärbt mit einem schwarzen bis braunen Scheitelfleck und einem weißen Ring um das Gesicht, der manchmal unvollständig ist. Das Haar sind lang (40 bis 70 mm) und ziemlich grob. Die Haare auf dem Kopf des Männchens sind aufgerichtet und in der Mitte verlängert, sodass sie einen hohen Haarschopf bilden.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitungskarte

Nördliche Weißwangen-Schopfgibbons leben im äußersten Süden der chinesischen Provinz Yunnan sowie in den nördlichen Regionen Vietnams und Laos'. Im Norden bildet der Schwarze Fluss (Sông Đà) und im Westen der Mekong die Grenze ihres Verbreitungsgebietes.

Hohe Primär- und alte, tropische, immergrüne oder halbimmergrüne Sekundärwälder, aber auch sich in höheren Lagen befindende, gemischte Nadelwälder in Vietnam stellen den Lebensraum dar. Die Gibbonart kann in bis zu 1650 m Höhe vorkommen, bevorzugt dennoch niedrigere Lagen, kann jedoch durch die Lebensraumzerstörung fast nur noch in Gebieten über 700 m gefunden werden.

Lebensweise

 src=
ein Männchen (rechts) wird von einem Weibchen (links) gelaust

Der Nördliche Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon ist ein tagaktiver Baumbewohner. Die Aktivität beginnt kurz vor der Dämmerung, meist mit lauten Rufen.

Nur sehr wenig ist über das Verhalten bekannt. Die meisten Informationen kommen von einer sehr kleinen Population in China und Details über die laotischen und vietnamesischen Populationen basieren auf anekdotischen Gefangenschafts- und Feldbeobachtungen.[1] Dennoch scheint es mit dem anderer Gibbonarten übereinzustimmen. Der Nördliche Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon ist territorial und lebt in monogamen Familiengruppen bestehend aus einem Paar und dessen Nachwuchs. Der Durchschnitt in Yunnan in China sind drei Tiere, in Vietnam laut einem Bericht drei bis fünf.

Es gibt erste Hinweise, dass der Nördliche Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon sich weniger von Früchten ernährt als die anderen Gibbonarten. Blätter (36 %) und Triebe (17 %) stellen den größten Anteil an Nahrung dar. Daneben verzehren sie auch Früchte (39 %), Blumen (4 %) und Insekten (3 %). Früchte werden wegen der hohen Verfügbarkeit in der Regenzeit am häufigsten gefressen. In der Trockenzeit ernähren sie sich hauptsächlich von Blättern und wandern größere Strecken.

Fortpflanzung

 src=
subadulter Nördlicher Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon

Nur begrenzte Angaben zur Fortpflanzung in Gefangenschaft und in der freien Wildbahn sind verfügbar. Die Schwangerschaft beträgt 200 bis 212 Tage. Es gibt keine Beweise für eine höhere Geburtenrate in verschiedenen Jahreszeiten. Säuglinge haben weißlich-graubraunes Fell, das mit 6 bis 18 Monaten schwarz wird. Die Männchen behalten diese Färbung, während die Weibchen erst mit der Geschlechtsreife, die mit 6 bis 8 Jahren eintritt, das weibchentypische Fell bekommen. In Zoos haben Nördliche Weißwangen-Schopfgibbons jedoch schon mit 4 Jahren Junge geboren. Die Lebensdauer in freier Wildbahn ist unbekannt, in Gefangenschaft erreichen die Gibbons ein Alter von bis zu 45 Jahren.

Hybride zwischen dem Südlichen Gelbwangen-Schopfgibbon und dem Nördlichen Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon sind bekannt. Es wird sogar angenommen, dass der Südliche Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon keine eigene Art ist, sondern der natürliche Hybrid zwischen den oben genannten Arten.[2] Auch Hybride mit dem Westlichen Schwarzen Schopfgibbon wurden nachgewiesen. Vor allem männliche und subadulte Hybride ähnelten sehr dem Nördlichen Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon und waren anhand der Fellfarbe kaum von diesem zu unterscheiden.[3] Der Twycross Zoo hatte 1987 außerdem einen Hybrid mit dem Hainan-Gibbon.[4] Sogar mit dem Weißhandgibbon (Hylobates lar) wurde über Hybride berichtet.[5]

Bedrohung

Der Nördliche Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon wird von der IUCN als „critically endangered“ (vom Aussterben bedroht) klassifiziert. Er ist in China, Vietnam und Laos geschützt und kommt in 16 Naturschutzgebieten vor. Populationszahlen, selbst von einzelnen Orten, fehlen. Es wird vermutet, dass in Laos die meisten Nördlichen Weißwangen-Schopfgibbons leben, da die größten Wälder in geschützten Gebieten leben. Die Population in Vietnam ist besser dokumentiert und besteht aus weniger als 300 Gruppen. Der Pu Mat-Nationalpark beherbergt wahrscheinlich die größte Population in Vietnam mit ca. 130 Gruppen. In einigen Regionen ist die Art jedoch schon ausgestorben und weitere lokale Aussterben werden vermutlich folgen. In China ist die Population drastisch gesunken. Nur noch 10 Tiere in drei Gruppen leben in zwei Reservaten, ohne Chance auf längere Zeit zu überleben, da durch die wenigen Exemplare hohe Inzuchtgefahr besteht. Jagd als Nahrungsmittel, für traditionelle, asiatische Medizin und den Haustiermarkt kombiniert mit Habitatverlust bzw. -zerstörung setzen der Art stark zu. Rodungen für Brennholz, Bauholz und Platzgewinnung für Siedlungen, Straßen und landwirtschaftliche Nutzflächen durch wachsende Bevölkerungszahlen in Vietnam, Laos und China sind ebenfalls eine große Bedrohung. Pläne für den Erhalt und Schutz dieser Art fehlen jedoch nach wie vor.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Helen Dooley, Debra Judge: Vocal responses of captive gibbon groups to a mate change in a pair of white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys). In: Folia Primatologica. 78, Nr. 4, 2007, S. 228–239, doi:10.1159/000102318.
  2. International Zoo Yearbook. 1983, S. 317.
  3. Thomas Geissmann: A female black gibbon, Hylobates concolor subspecies, from northeastern Vietnam. In: International Journal of Primatology. 10, Nr. 5, 1989, S. 455–476, doi:10.1007/BF02736371; S. 462.
    - Colin P. Groves: Systematics and phylogeny of gibbons. In: Gibbon and Siamang. 1, 1972, S. 1–89; S. 61.
  4. International Zoo Yearbook. 1989, S. 320.
  5. Hirohisa Hirai, Yuriko Hirai, Hiroshi Domae, Yoko Kirihara: A most distant intergeneric hybrid offspring (Larcon) of lesser apes, Nomascus leucogenys and Hylobates lar. In: Human Genetics. 122, Nr. 5, 2007, S. 477–483, doi:10.1007/s00439-007-0425-0.
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Nördlicher Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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Der Nördliche Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Gibbons (Hylobatidae). Ehemals wurde er noch mit dem Südlichen Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon zu einer Art als Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon zusammengefasst.

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Northern white-cheeked gibbon ( İngilizce )

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The northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) is a Critically Endangered species of gibbon native to South East Asia. It is closely related to the southern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus siki), with which it was previously considered conspecific.[3] The females of the two species are virtually indistinguishable in appearance.[4]

The genome of N. leucogenys was sequenced and published in 2011.[5]

Description

A female northern white-cheeked gibbon and her offspring, Brookfield Zoo, United States

Northern white-cheeked gibbons are sexually dimorphic, with males and females having different colourations and the former also being slightly larger. Males have black hair over their entire bodies, except for distinct white patches on their cheeks, as well as a prominent tuft of hair on the crown of head, and a gular sac. Females are reddish-tan in colour, lack a cranial tuft, and have a crest of black or dark brown fur running from the crown to the nape of the neck. They are reported to have an average weight of 7.5 kg (17 lb), although this is based on only a small number of wild individuals, and those in captivity appear to be larger.[6]

Like other members of their genus, both males and females have unusually long arms, even for gibbons, with the arms being 1.2 to 1.4 times as long as the legs. They are also more muscular, with heavier thighs and shoulders that suggest a greater bodily strength.[7] Adults have been shown to demonstrate a hand preference while swinging through the trees, with individuals being equally likely to be right or left handed.[8]

The species closely resembles the southern white-cheeked gibbon, but has slightly longer body hair and subtly different vocalisations. The males can also be distinguished by the shape of the white patches on their cheeks; in the northern species, these reach the upper borders of the ears, and do not touch the corners of the mouth, whereas in the southern species, they reach only half way to the ears and entirely surround the lips.[6]

Both males and females have been reported to produce reddish-brown secretions from glands around their upper chest, hips, and ankles. However, samples of sweat taken from the axillae and chest possess lower levels of steroids in white-cheeked gibbons than in many other species of ape, suggesting that olfactory signals may be less important in these animals than in their relatives.[6]

Distribution and habitat

Today, the northern white-cheeked gibbon is found only in northern Vietnam and northern Laos.[1] They were formerly also known from southern China, in Yunnan province, where they were reported to be on the edge of extirpation in 2008.[9] They were confirmed to be extinct in China in 2013.[10]

In Laos, a population of 57 gibbon groups was estimated at the Nam Et-Phou Louey National Protected Area in 2019.[11]

In Vietnam, at least 22 groups of N. leucogenys were confirmed in Pù Mát National Park in Nghệ An Province, northern Vietnam, near the border with Laos.[12] Another population of 64 groups and 182 individuals were confirmed by Center for Nature Conservation and Development in Xuan Lien nature reserve, Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam in 2020 through a two-year gibbon monitoring program.[13] This is a significant increase from baseline data of 41 groups and 127 individuals recorded in 2011.[14]

No subspecies are currently recognised, although the southern white-cheeked gibbon was formerly considered to be a subspecies of N. leucogenys. The gibbon inhabits primary evergreen subtropical forest between 200 and 1,650 metres (660 and 5,410 ft) in elevation.[6]

Behaviour and diet

The northern white-cheeked gibbon is arboreal in habits, and primarily herbivorous, feeding mainly on fruits, with some leaves, buds, and flowers. However, up to 10% of their diet may be composed of insects and other small animals. They are generally sociable, living in groups of up to six individuals. Individual groups do not travel far, and are believed to be territorial. They are diurnal, and spend the night sleeping in high branches, often embracing one another tightly.[6] Behavioural studies have demonstrated that they are capable of self-recognition in mirrors.[15]

The calls of northern white-cheeked gibbons are among the most complex of those produced by gibbons, and are significantly different between males and females. The most distinctive calls are those made as part of male-female duets. These begin with the female making a series of 15 to 30 notes with an increasing pitch, followed by the male complex call with rapid changes of frequency modulation. The cycle, which lasts less than 20 seconds, then repeats with increasing intensity for five to 17 minutes.[6] In the closely related southern species, such duets are most common at dawn, and are apparently only made on sunny days.[16] In captive studies, males and females that sing duets together the most frequently are the most likely to mate, indicating this may play a key role in pair-bonding.[17]

Similar calls are sometimes made solo by both sexes, and juveniles sometimes join in, to create a full 'chorus'. In addition to the duet and solo great calls, males can also make booming sounds with their gular sacs, and short single notes.[6]

Reproduction

Northern white-cheeked gibbons are monogamous, with long-lasting pair bonds. The ovarian cycle has been reported to last an average of 22 days,[18] and gestation lasts 200 to 212 days.[6]

At birth, both sexes are covered in yellow-buff fur, and weigh an average of 480 g (17 oz).[19] Around one year of age, the fur in both sexes changes to a black colour, with pale cheek patches, with the sexually dimorphic adult coats only growing when they reach four or five years. During this period, the juveniles sing the female form of call, and regularly engage in play behaviour.[20]

Northern white-cheeked gibbons reach sexual maturity at seven or eight years, and have lived for at least 28 years in the wild.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b Rawson, B.M.; Nguyen, M.H.; Coudrat, C.N.Z.; Roos, C.; Jiang, X.; Duckworth, J.W. (2020). "Nomascus leucogenys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T39895A180816530. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39895A180816530.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  4. ^ Geissmann, Thomas (December 1995). "Gibbon systematics and species identification" (PDF). International Zoo News. 42: 472. Retrieved 15 August 2008.
  5. ^ Ensembl entry
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Harding, L.E. (2012). "Nomascus leucogenys (Primates: Hylobatidae)". Mammalian Species. 44 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1644/890.1.
  7. ^ Zihlman, A.L.; et al. (2011). "Anatomical contributions to hylobatid taxonomy and adaptation". International Journal of Primatology. 32 (4): 865–877. doi:10.1007/s10764-011-9506-y. PMC 3139862. PMID 21892236.
  8. ^ Barker, M.K. (2008). "Gibbon hand preference studies at the Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Vietnam" (PDF). Vietnamese Journal of Primatology. 1 (2): 41–45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2008.
  9. ^ Fan, P.F. & Huo, S. (2009). "The northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) is on the edge of extinction in China" (PDF). Gibbon Journal. 5: 44–52. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2012.
  10. ^ Fan, Peng-Fei; Fei, Han-Lan; Luo, Ai-Dong (January 2014). "Ecological extinction of the Critically Endangered northern white-cheeked gibbon Nomascus leucogenys in China". Oryx. 48 (1): 52–55. doi:10.1017/S0030605312001305. ISSN 0030-6053. S2CID 86688210.
  11. ^ Syxaiyakhamthor, Khamkeo; Ngoprasert, Dusit; Asensio, Norberto; Savini, Tommaso (2019). "Identifying priority areas for the conservation of the Critically Endangered northern white-cheeked gibbon Nomascus leucogenys in northern Lao". Oryx. 54 (6): 767–775. doi:10.1017/S0030605318001515. ISSN 0030-6053. S2CID 202854148.
  12. ^ Luu Tuong Bach & Rawson, B. M. (2011). Population assessment of the northern white-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) in Pu Mat National Park, Nghe An province. Conservation International / Fauna & Flora International, Hanoi, Vietnam
  13. ^ La, Q. T., Bui, T. T., Lo, V. O., Le, T. A., & Nguyen, M. H. (2020). Report on monitoring of the northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) in Xuan Lien nature reserve, Thanh Hoa province, Vietnam. Center for Nature Conservation and Development, Ha Noi, Vietnam
  14. ^ Nguyen, M. H., Do, T., Le, V. D., Pham, A. T., Do, T. H., & Tran, D. H. (2012). The gibbon in Xuan Lien and Pu Hoat: An urgent call for conservation attention. Unpublished report.
  15. ^ Ujhelyi, M.; et al. (2000). "Observations on the behavior of gibbons (Hylobates leucogenys, H. gabriellae, and H. lar) in the presence of mirrors". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 114 (3): 253–262. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.114.3.253. PMID 10994841.
  16. ^ Ha, N.M. (2007). "Survey for southern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys siki) in Dak Rong Nature Reserve, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam" (PDF). Vietnamese Journal of Primatology. 1 (1): 61–66. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 December 2008.
  17. ^ Dooley, H. & Judge, D. (2007). "Vocal responses of captive gibbon groups to a mate change in a pair of white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys)". Folia Primatologica. 78 (4): 228–239. doi:10.1159/000102318. PMID 17496420. S2CID 20771724.
  18. ^ Lukas, K.E.; et al. (2002). "Longitudinal study of delayed reproductive success in a pair of white-cheeked gibbons (Hylobates leucogenys)". Zoo Biology. 21 (5): 413–434. doi:10.1002/zoo.10040.
  19. ^ Giessmann, T. & Ordeldinger, M. (1995). "Neonatal weight in gibbons (Hylobates spp.)". American Journal of Primatology. 37 (3): 179–189. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350370302. PMID 31936947. S2CID 43659374.
  20. ^ Burns, B.L.; et al. (2011). "Social dynamics modify behavioural development in captive white-cheeked (Nomascus leucogenys) and silvery (Hylobates moloch) gibbons". Primates. 52 (3): 271–277. doi:10.1007/s10329-011-0247-5. PMID 21416217. S2CID 35762611.

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Northern white-cheeked gibbon: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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The northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) is a Critically Endangered species of gibbon native to South East Asia. It is closely related to the southern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus siki), with which it was previously considered conspecific. The females of the two species are virtually indistinguishable in appearance.

The genome of N. leucogenys was sequenced and published in 2011.

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Nomascus leucogenys ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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El gibón de mejillas blancas del norte (Nomascus leucogenys) es una especie de primate hominoideo de la familia Hylobatidae nativo de Vietnam, Laos, y la provincia China de Yunnan.[1]​ Esta especie se relaciona estrechamente con el gibón de mejillas blancas del Sur (Nomascus siki), los cuales se consideraban previamente de la misma especie[1]​ Las hembras de las dos especies son virtualmente indistinguibles en su apariencia.[3]​ Se considera una especie en peligro crítico de extinción en la Lista Roja de la UICN debido a que se presume una alta tasa de disminución de la población a causa de la caza y pérdida de su hábitat.[2]​ En el norte de Vietnam, cerca a la frontera con Laos, en 2011 se descubrió una población viable de unos 455 individuos en el Parque nacional de Pu Mat, que constituye aproximadamente una tercera parte de la población conocida de la especie y la más prometedora desde el punto de vista de la conservación de la misma.[4]

 src=
Hembra de gibón de mejillas blancas del Norte, Nomascus leucogenys

Referencias

  1. a b c Groves, Colin (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. Mammal Species of the World (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. a b Bleisch, B., Geissmann, T., Manh Ha, N., Rawson, B. & Timmins, R. J. (2008). «Nomascus leucogenys». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2008 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 4 de enero de 2009.
  3. Geissmann, Thomas (diciembre de 1995). «Gibbon systematics and species identification» (PDF). International Zoo News 42: 472. Consultado el 15 de agosto de 2008.
  4. Rachel Kaufman. «Pictures: Hundreds of Rare Gibbons Found in Vietnam». National Geographic Society. Consultado el 23 de julio de 2011.

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Nomascus leucogenys: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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El gibón de mejillas blancas del norte (Nomascus leucogenys) es una especie de primate hominoideo de la familia Hylobatidae nativo de Vietnam, Laos, y la provincia China de Yunnan.​ Esta especie se relaciona estrechamente con el gibón de mejillas blancas del Sur (Nomascus siki), los cuales se consideraban previamente de la misma especie​ Las hembras de las dos especies son virtualmente indistinguibles en su apariencia.​ Se considera una especie en peligro crítico de extinción en la Lista Roja de la UICN debido a que se presume una alta tasa de disminución de la población a causa de la caza y pérdida de su hábitat.​ En el norte de Vietnam, cerca a la frontera con Laos, en 2011 se descubrió una población viable de unos 455 individuos en el Parque nacional de Pu Mat, que constituye aproximadamente una tercera parte de la población conocida de la especie y la más prometedora desde el punto de vista de la conservación de la misma.​

 src= Hembra de gibón de mejillas blancas del Norte, Nomascus leucogenys
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Nomascus leucogenys ( Baskça )

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Nomascus leucogenys Nomascus generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Hylobatidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Ogilby (1840) 1840 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 20. or..

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Nomascus leucogenys: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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Nomascus leucogenys Nomascus generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Hylobatidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Gibbon à favoris blancs du Nord ( Fransızca )

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Nomascus leucogenysGibbon à joues pâles, Gibbon à joues blanches

Le gibbon à favoris blancs du Nord (Nomascus leucogenys), appelé aussi gibbon à joues pâles[1] ou gibbon à joues blanches[1] est une espèce de singes hominoïdes de la famille des hylobatidés. Cette espèce est classé en danger critique d'extinction par l'UICN.

Description

Les petits naissent tous beiges, ils deviennent noirs avec des joues blanches à l'âge de 2 ans. Les mâles ne changent plus de couleur tandis que les femelles redeviennent beiges à la maturité sexuelle. Comme tous les gibbons, ils n'ont pas de queue. Les deux sexes pèsent environ 5,7 kg avec une taille allant de 45 à 63 cm[2] (tête et corps, jambes non incluses). Ses bras sont plus longs que ses jambes.

Répartition et habitat

 src=
Répartition géographique.

Cette espèce est présente au Viet Nam, au Laos et en Chine[3].

Comportement

Cette espèce est arboricole, elle se déplace en se balançant de branche en branche (brachiation). Les individus vivent en petites familles composées d'un couple monogame et de leurs enfants (souvent 3 ou 4). La famille est organisée hiérarchiquement. La femelle adulte est dominante, suivent les femelles juvéniles, puis les mâles juvéniles et enfin le mâle adulte[2].

Alimentation

Le gibbon à joues pâles est principalement frugivore. Il se nourrit aussi de feuilles, de fleurs et d'insectes[2].

Reproduction

Comme tous les gibbons, cette espèce est monogame. La maturité sexuelle est atteinte entre 6 et 7 ans. Le cycle menstruel de la femelle est d'environ 28 jours. Il n'y pas de saison de reproduction, les partenaires s'accouplent toute l'année. La période de gestation est de 7 mois. Le petit est élevé par ses deux parents. Le petit est étroitement dépendant de sa mère les dix-huit premiers mois[4]. La longévité de ce grand singe est d'environ 28 ans[2].

Classification

La classification des primates évoluant, cette espèce a pour synonyme valide, dans certaines classifications[5] :

  • Hylobates leucogenys Ogilby, 1840

Galerie

Notes et références

  1. a et b (en) Murray Wrobel, 2007. Elsevier's dictionary of mammals: in Latin, English, German, French and Italian. Elsevier, 2007. (ISBN 0-444-51877-0), 9780444518774. 857 pages. Rechercher dans le document numérisé
  2. a b c et d (en) Référence Animal Diversity Web : Nomascus leucogenys
  3. (en) Référence UICN : espèce Nomascus leucogenys (Ogilby, 1840)
  4. Collectif (trad. Anne-Marie Hussein-Jouffroy), Le règne animal, Gallimard Jeunesse, octobre 2002, 624 p. (ISBN 2-07-055151-2), Gibbon à joues blanches page 133
  5. (fr+en) Référence ITIS : Hylobates leucogenys Ogilby, 1840

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Gibbon à favoris blancs du Nord: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

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Nomascus leucogenys • Gibbon à joues pâles, Gibbon à joues blanches

Le gibbon à favoris blancs du Nord (Nomascus leucogenys), appelé aussi gibbon à joues pâles ou gibbon à joues blanches est une espèce de singes hominoïdes de la famille des hylobatidés. Cette espèce est classé en danger critique d'extinction par l'UICN.

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Nomascus leucogenys ( İtalyanca )

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Il gibbone dalle guance bianche settentrionale (Nomascus leucogenys (Ogilby, 1840)) è un primate della famiglia Hylobatidae, originario del sud-est asiatico. È strettamente imparentato con il gibbone dalle guance bianche meridionale (Nomascus siki), con il quale era precedentemente considerato conspecifico.[2] Le femmine delle due specie sono praticamente indistinguibili nell'aspetto.[3]

Il genoma di N. leucogenys è stato sequenziato e pubblicato nel 2011.[4]

Descrizione

 src=
Un maschio, al Disney's Animal Kingdom

Come tutti i gibboni del genere Nomascus il gibbone dalle guance bianche mostra un chiaro dimorfismo sessuale nella colorazione, nonché nelle dimensioni. I maschi sono quasi completamente neri, ad eccezione delle distintive macchie bianche sulle guance, che si estendono fino alle orecchie e possono congiungersi sotto il mento, inoltre presentano un prominente ciuffo sulla sommità della testa ed una sacca golare. Le femmine, invece, sono di colore tra il giallo ed il beige, non presentano le distintive macchie bianche sulle guance ma possiedono una macchia nera alla sommità della testa. Nere sono anche le estremità delle dita e la regione genitale. Si dice che il peso medio di questi animali sia di 7,5 kg (17 libbre), sebbene questi dati si basino solo su un ristretto numero di individui selvatici, mentre gli esemplari in cattività sembrano essere più grandi.[5] La lunghezza di questi animali può raggiungere i 60 centimetri d'altezza, per un peso tra i 7 e gli 8 kg. Le femmine sono leggermente più grandi dei maschi.[5]

Come gli altri membri del loro genere, sia i maschi che le femmine hanno braccia insolitamente lunghe, la cui lunghezza può anche arrivare a 1,2 o 1,4 volte quella delle gambe. Questi animali tendono anche ad essere più muscolosi degli altri gibboni, con cosce e spalle più pesanti, il che suggerisce una maggiore forza corporea.[6] È stato dimostrato che gli adulti dimostrano una preferenza per la mano con cui si dondolare tra gli alberi, con individui che hanno la stessa probabilità di essere destrorsi o mancini.[7]

La specie ricorda da vicino il gibbone dalle guance bianche meridionale, ma ha peli del corpo leggermente più lunghi e vocalizzazioni leggermente diverse. I maschi si distinguono anche per la forma delle macchie bianche sulle loro guance; nelle specie settentrionali queste raggiungono i margini superiori delle orecchie, e non toccano gli angoli della bocca, mentre nelle specie meridionali arrivano solo a metà delle orecchie e circondano interamente le labbra.[5]

È stato notato che sia i maschi che le femmine producono secrezioni bruno-rossastre dalle ghiandole intorno alla parte superiore del torace, ai fianchi e alle caviglie. Tuttavia, i campioni di sudore prelevati dalle ascelle e dal torace possiedono livelli inferiori di steroidi nei gibboni dalle guance bianche rispetto a molte altre specie di scimmie, suggerendo che i segnali olfattivi siano meno importanti nella comunicazione per questa specie rispetto ai loro parenti.[5]

Biologia

 src=
Maschio (destra) e femmina (sinistra), al Planckendael Zoo, Belgio

I gibboni dalle guance bianche settentrionali sono generalmente socievoli e vivono in gruppi di massimo sei individui. I singoli gruppi non si muovano molto e si ritiene che siano territoriali. Sono perlopiù diurni e passano la notte dormendo sui rami più alti, spesso abbracciati gli uni agli altri.[5] Studi comportamentali su questi animali hanno dimostrato che sono capaci di auto-riconoscimento, riconoscendo la propria immagine riflessa negli specchi.[8]

I richiami dei gibboni dalle guance bianche settentrionali sono tra i più complessi tra quelli prodotti dai gibboni e sono significativamente diversi tra maschi e femmine. I richiami più distintive sono quelli effettuati dai duetti maschio-femmina. Questi richiami iniziano con la femmina che esegue una serie di 15-30 note con un tono crescente, seguita dal richiamo più complesso del maschio con rapidi cambiamenti della modulazione di frequenza. Il ciclo, che dura meno di 20 secondi, si ripete poi con intensità crescente per 5-17 minuti.[5] Nelle specie meridionali strettamente imparentate, tali duetti sono più comuni all'alba e apparentemente vengono effettuati solo nei giorni di sole.[9] Secondo degli studi condotti su animali in cattività, la coppia che canta insieme più frequentemente è più propensa ad accoppiarsi, indicando che questo rituale di richiami corrisposti può svolgere un ruolo chiave nel legame di coppia.[10]

Richiami simili a volte vengono eseguiti da esemplari singoli di entrambi i sessi, e talvolta i giovani si uniscono per creare un "coro" completo. Oltre ai grandi richiami del duetto e dell'assolo, i maschi possono anche emettere suoni rimbombanti con le loro sacche golari e brevi note singole.[5]

Dieta

Il gibbone dalle guance bianche settentrionale ha abitudini arboricole ed è principalmente erbivoro, nutrendosi principalmente di frutti, includendo nella sua dieta anche foglie, boccioli e fiori. Fino al 10% della loro dieta può essere composta da insetti e altri piccoli animali.

Riproduzione

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Femmina con cucciolo, Plzeň Zoo

I gibboni dalle guance bianche settentrionali sono monogami, con legami di coppia di lunga durata. È stato riportato che il ciclo ovarico dura in media 22 giorni[11] e la gestazione dura dai 200 ai 212 giorni.[5]

Alla nascita, entrambi i sessi sono ricoperti da una soffice pelliccia giallo-beige e pesano in media 480 grammi (17 once).[12] Intorno all'anno di età, la pelliccia in entrambi i sessi diventa di colore nero, con chiazze chiare sulle guance, mentre la colorazione sessualmente dimorfica degli adulti spunterà solo intorno ai 4-5 anni d'età. Durante questo periodo, i giovani cantano la forma femminile dei richiami di gruppo e si impegnano regolarmente in comportamenti di gioco e socializzazione.[13]

I gibboni dalle guance bianche settentrionali raggiungono la maturità sessuale a 7-8 anni di vita, e la loro durata vitale è di almeno 28 anni in natura.[5]

Distribuzione e habitat

Oggi, il gibbone dalle guance bianche settentrionale si trova solo nel Vietnam settentrionale e nel Laos settentrionale.[1] Originariamente, il suo areale comprendeva anche parti della Cina meridionale, nella provincia dello Yunnan, dove si diceva che la specie fosse sull'orlo dell'estirpazione, nel 2008.[14] Nessuna sottospecie è attualmente riconosciuta, sebbene il gibbone dalle guance bianche meridionale fosse precedentemente considerato una sottospecie di N. leucogenys. Il gibbone abita le foreste subtropicali sempreverdi primarie, tra i 200 e i 1.650 metri (660 e 5.410 piedi) di latitudine.[5]

Conservazione

A causa della distruzione del loro habitat, costituito, come per tutti i gibboni, dalle foreste pluviali tropicali, la specie è stata posta dall'IUCN nella categoria in pericolo critico (Critically Endangered).[1]

Una popolazione "consistente" di 455 gibboni dalle guance bianche settentrionali, in grave pericolo di estinzione, è stata recentemente trovata nel Parco Nazionale di Pù Mat, nella Provincia di Nghệ An, nel Vietnam settentrionale, vicino al confine con il Laos. Conservation International riferisce che questa popolazione vive ad altitudini elevate lontano dagli insediamenti umani. Questa popolazione, che rappresenta i due terzi del totale conosciuto in Vietnam, è, a quanto pare, "l'unica popolazione vitale confermata" di questa varietà al mondo.[15]

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) Rawson, B.M., Nomascus leucogenys, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 7 settembre 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Nomascus leucogenys, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ (EN) Thomas Geissmann, Gibbon systematics and species identification (PDF), in International Zoo News, vol. 42, dicembre 1995, p. 472. URL consultato il 15 agosto 2008.
  4. ^ (EN) Nomascus leucogenys, su ensembl.org.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j (EN) Harding, L.E., Nomascus leucogenys (Primates: Hylobatidae), in Mammalian Species, vol. 44, n. 1, 2012, pp. 1-15, DOI:10.1644/890.1.
  6. ^ (EN) Zihlman, A.L., Anatomical contributions to hylobatid taxonomy and adaptation, in International Journal of Primatology, vol. 32, n. 4, 2011, pp. 865-877, DOI:10.1007/s10764-011-9506-y, PMC 3139862.
  7. ^ (EN) Barker, M.K., Gibbon hand preference studies at the Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Vietnam (PDF), in Vietnamese Journal of Primatology, vol. 1, n. 2, 2008, pp. 41-45 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 dicembre 2008).
  8. ^ (EN) Ujhelyi, M., Observations on the behavior of gibbons (Hylobates leucogenys, H. gabriellae, and H. lar) in the presence of mirrors, in Journal of Comparative Psychology, vol. 114, n. 3, 2000, pp. 253-262, DOI:10.1037/0735-7036.114.3.253, PMID 10994841.
  9. ^ (EN) Ha, N.M., Survey for southern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys siki) in Dak Rong Nature Reserve, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam (PDF), in Vietnamese Journal of Primatology, vol. 1, n. 1, 2007, pp. 61-66 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 dicembre 2008).
  10. ^ (EN) Dooley, H. e Judge, D., Vocal responses of captive gibbon groups to a mate change in a pair of white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys), in Folia Primatologica, vol. 78, n. 4, 2007, pp. 228-239, DOI:10.1159/000102318.
  11. ^ (EN) Lukas K.E., Longitudinal study of delayed reproductive success in a pair of white-cheeked gibbons (Hylobates leucogenys), in Zoo Biology, vol. 21, n. 5, 2002, pp. 413-434, DOI:10.1002/zoo.10040.
  12. ^ (EN) Giessmann, T. e Ordeldinger, M., Neonatal weight in gibbons (Hylobates spp.), in American Journal of Primatology, vol. 37, n. 3, 1995, pp. 179-189, DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370302.
  13. ^ (EN) Burns, B.L., Social dynamics modify behavioural development in captive white-cheeked (Nomascus leucogenys) and silvery (Hylobates moloch) gibbons, in Primates, vol. 52, n. 3, 2011, pp. 271-277, DOI:10.1007/s10329-011-0247-5.
  14. ^ (EN) Fan, P.F. e Huo, S., The northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) is on the edge of extinction in China (PDF), in Gibbon Journal, vol. 5, 2009, pp. 44-52 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 settembre 2012).
  15. ^ "Community of rare gibbons found in Vietnam." AFP. July 17th 2011

Bibliografia

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Nomascus leucogenys: Brief Summary ( İtalyanca )

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Il gibbone dalle guance bianche settentrionale (Nomascus leucogenys (Ogilby, 1840)) è un primate della famiglia Hylobatidae, originario del sud-est asiatico. È strettamente imparentato con il gibbone dalle guance bianche meridionale (Nomascus siki), con il quale era precedentemente considerato conspecifico. Le femmine delle due specie sono praticamente indistinguibili nell'aspetto.

Il genoma di N. leucogenys è stato sequenziato e pubblicato nel 2011.

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Baltaskruostis gibonas ( Litvanca )

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Baltaskruostis gibonas (lot. Nomascus leucogenys, Hylobates leucogenys, angl. Northern White - cheeked Gibbon, vok. Weißwangen-Schopfgibbon) – gibonų (Hylobatidae) šeimos primatas.

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Witwanggibbon ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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De witwanggibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) is een soort van de familie gibbons (Hylobatidae) en de superfamilie van de mensapen. Witwanggibbons komen voor in het noorden van Laos en het noordoosten van Vietnam en misschien nog in een aangrenzend deel (provincie Yunnan) van China. De witwanggibbon is in zijn voortbestaan ernstig bedreigd door jacht en aantasting van de habitat.

Beschrijving

Bij deze soort is het mannetje zwart, met witte wangen, terwijl het vrouwtje lichtbruin is, met een zwart kruintje. Deze gibbons zijn tussen de 45 en de 63 cm lang en wegen gemiddeld 5,7 kg.

Witwanggibbons zijn uitgesproken bosdieren die voornamelijk fruit en bladeren eten. Ze trekken rond in groepjes van 3 tot 5 individuen. Overigens is er weinig onderzoek naar het gedrag in het wild van deze soort.[1]

Leefgebied

De witwanggibbon komt voor in subtropisch, altijd groenblijvend bos in gebieden met zachte winters zonder vorst op een hoogte tussen 200 en 600 m boven de zeespiegel. Uit de jaren 1980 zijn waarnemingen uit Yunnan in bossen op een hoogte tussen 700 en 1000 m. In Laos komen gibbons voor in het bekken van de Mekong in het berggebied Phou Ahyon van de provincie Sekong en tot 1650 m in het reservaatsgebied Nam Et-Phou Louey op de grens van de provincies Hua Phan, Luang Prabang en Xieng Khuang. Maar de gibbons zijn schaars in bossen boven de 1500 m.[1]

Bedreigingen

De jacht op de gibbons is het grootste gevaar. In China, Laos en Vietnam wordt de gibbon bejaagd als voedsel (bushmeat) en voor de bereiding van traditionele medicijnen. Hoewel de witwanggibbon kan overleven in aangetaste bossen, is door toenemend landbouwkundig gebruik en houtkap veel habitat verloren gegaan. In 2008 werd vastgesteld dat de witwanggibbon in de (toen) afgelopen 45 jaar met 80% in aantal is achteruitgegaan (3,5% per jaar) en dat er geen uitzicht is op verbetering. Daarom staat de soort als ernstig bedreigd (kritiek) op de internationale rode lijst.[1]

In Nederland en Vlaanderen

Deze soort is ook in verscheidene dierentuinen te zien. Anno april 2018 is dat in Nederland het geval in Apenheul, Safaripark de Beekse Bergen en Dierenrijk Mierlo en in België in Planckendael bij Mechelen en de Olmense zoo.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Witwanggibbon: Brief Summary ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

wikipedia NL tarafından sağlandı

De witwanggibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) is een soort van de familie gibbons (Hylobatidae) en de superfamilie van de mensapen. Witwanggibbons komen voor in het noorden van Laos en het noordoosten van Vietnam en misschien nog in een aangrenzend deel (provincie Yunnan) van China. De witwanggibbon is in zijn voortbestaan ernstig bedreigd door jacht en aantasting van de habitat.

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Hvitkinngibbon ( Norveççe )

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Hvitkinngibbon: Brief Summary ( Norveççe )

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Nomascus leucogenys ( Portekizce )

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O gibão-de-bochechas-brancas-do-norte (Nomascus leucogenys), também conhecido simplesmente como gibão-de-bochechas-brancas é uma das 7 espécies de Nomascus.[1][2] São encontradas populações principalmente em Laos eVietname. Desde 1990 que não há registo de populações na China.[1] Antigamente foi incluído como uma subespécie de Nomascus concolor e Nomascus siki.[1]

O seu genoma foi sequênciado e publicado em 2011.[3]

Estado de conservação

Esta espécie encontra-se atualmente listada como críticamente ameaçada pois houve um declíneo de mais de 80% da sua população nos últimos 45 anos devido à caça e à perda de habitat. A tendência é a mesma para daqui a 45 anos.[1]

Ver também

Referências

  1. a b c d e «Nomascus leucogenys na lista vermelha da IUCN» (em inglês). Lista vermelha da IUCN. Consultado em 28 de setembro de 2012
  2. «Nomascus leucogenys no mammal species of the world» (em inglês). Mammal Species of the World. Consultado em 28 de setembro de 2012
  3. «Ensembl (Genoma do Nomascus leucogenys)» (em inglês). Ensembl. Consultado em 28 de setembro de 2012
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Nomascus leucogenys: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

wikipedia PT tarafından sağlandı

O gibão-de-bochechas-brancas-do-norte (Nomascus leucogenys), também conhecido simplesmente como gibão-de-bochechas-brancas é uma das 7 espécies de Nomascus. São encontradas populações principalmente em Laos eVietname. Desde 1990 que não há registo de populações na China. Antigamente foi incluído como uma subespécie de Nomascus concolor e Nomascus siki.

O seu genoma foi sequênciado e publicado em 2011.

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Nordlig vitkindad gibbon ( İsveççe )

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Nordlig vitkindad gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) är en primat i familjen gibboner som lever i Sydostasien. Den skildes först under nyare tider från den sydliga vitkindade gibbonen (Nomascus siki) som självständig art.[2]

Kännetecken

Vuxna individer når en kroppslängd av cirka 45 till 63 cm samt en genomsnittlig vikt på 5,70 kg. Hannar och honor har ungefär samma storlek men de skiljer sig liksom hos andra arter i samma släkte mycket i pälsfärgen. Hannar är nästan helt svarta med undantag av ett vitt skägg vid kinden som är sammanlänkade vid hakan. I motsats till den sydliga släktingen är regionen kring läpparna inte vit. Honornas grundfärg är gul- till brunaktig med en svart fläck på huvudets topp. Även fingrar, tår och regionen kring genitalierna kan vara svart. Liksom andra gibboner saknar de svans och kännetecknas dem av långa armar.[3][4]

Utbredning och habitat

Nordlig vitkindad gibbon förekommer i södra delen av den kinesiska provinsen Yunnan samt i norra Laos och Vietnam. Den norra gränsen av utbredningsområdet utgörs av floden Sông Đà och den västra av Mekong. De vistas i tropiska regnskogar. I bergstrakter finns de upp till 1 600 meter över havet.[1]

Levnadssätt

Liksom andra gibboner bildar de familjegrupper som består av en vuxen hanne, en vuxen hona och upp till tre ungar. De vistas främst i träd och rör sig med hjälp av armarna. Varje flock har ett revir som är 30 till 40 hektar stor. Hannar och honor sjunger för att markera territoriet samt som kommunikation. Födan utgörs främst av frukter samt av blommor, blad, insekter och andra småkryp.[1]

Efter ungefär sju månaders dräktighet föder honan oftast ett enda ungdjur. Ungen är (oberoende av könet) vid födelsen gul och blir efter ett år svart. Honor får först sin typiska färg när de blir könsmogna (troligen efter 5 till 8 år). Den genomsnittliga livslängden i naturen uppskattas med 28 år.[4]

Hot

Arten hotas främst genom skogsavverkningar och andra habitatförstöringar samt av jakt för köttets skull. Några kroppsdelar används i den traditionella kinesiska medicinen. IUCN listar nordlig vitkindad gibbon därför som akut hotad (critically endangered).[1]

Referenser

Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 13 april 2011.

Noter

  1. ^ [a b c d] Nomascus leucogenys på IUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Bleisch, B., Geissmann,T., Manh Ha, N., Rawson, B. & Timmins, R.J. 2008, läst 6 juni 2011.
  2. ^ Wilson & Reeder (red.) Mammal Species of the World, 2005, Nomascus siki
  3. ^ Nomascus, Gibbon Conservation Center (engelska), läst 6 juni 2011.
  4. ^ [a b] Vitkindad gibbon, Parken Zoo, läst 6 juni 2011.

Tryckta källor

Externa länkar

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Nordlig vitkindad gibbon: Brief Summary ( İsveççe )

wikipedia SV tarafından sağlandı

Nordlig vitkindad gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) är en primat i familjen gibboner som lever i Sydostasien. Den skildes först under nyare tider från den sydliga vitkindade gibbonen (Nomascus siki) som självständig art.

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Nomascus leucogenys ( Ukraynaca )

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Опис

Досягає довжини тіла близько 45-63 см і з середньою вагою 5,7 кг. Статі майже рівні за розміром, але відрізняються кольором. Самці майже повністю чорні, але у них є білі плями на щоках, котрі поширюється на вуха і частково підборіддя, губи не оточені білим хутром. Самиці, однак, від жовтуватого до світло-коричневого кольору, у верхній частині голови є невелика чорна пляма. Пальці рук і ніг, а також статевих органів можуть бути пофарбовані в чорний колір. Як і всі гібонів, вони безхвості і характеризується тонким корпусом з довгими руками.

Поширення

Країни проживання: Лаос, В'єтнам; можливо вимер: Китай (Юньнань). Знаходиться у високих первинних та сильно деградованих вічнозелених і напів-вічнозелених лісах. У Лаосі, знаходяться від рівнин річки Меконг принаймні до 1650 м.

Стиль життя

Вид суворо деревний і в основному плодоїдний. Живе як і всі гібонові в сімейних групах, які складаються з одного самця, одної самиці й 1—3 дитинчат. Середня тривалість життя в дикій природі становить 28 років. Відомі хижаки: Homo sapiens, Panthera pardus, Strigidae, Accipitridae.

Після приблизно семи місяців вагітності самиця народжує зазвичай одне дитинча. Воно - незалежно від статі - спершу жовте, а в кінці першого року стає чорним. Тільки з настанням статевої зрілості (імовірно у 5—8 років) самиця набуває коричнюватого забарвлення.

Загрози та охорона

Вид сильно постраждав в результаті збезлісення. Полювання також являє собою серйозну загрозу. Цей вид занесений до СІТЕС в Додаток I. Він юридично захищений у В'єтнамі, хоча виконання його проти лісового посягання і браконьєрства не є адекватним в більшості випадків. Зустрічається в кількох ПОТ.

Посилання


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Vượn đen má trắng Bắc ( Vietnamca )

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Vượn đen má trắng (danh pháp khoa học: Nomascus leucogenys) là loài vượn bản địa của Việt Nam, Lào và tỉnh Vân Nam thuộc Trung Quốc[2]. Loài này có quan hệ họ hàng gần gũi với loài Nomascus siki[2]. Các con cái của hai loài này hầu như không phân biệt với nhau[3]. Bộ gen của N. leucogenys đã được lập trình tự và công bố năm 2011[4].

Một quần thể 455 con vượn đen má trắng gồm nhiều đàn nhỏ đã được phát hiện năm 2011 tại Vườn quốc gia Pù Mát, tỉnh Nghệ An, Việt Nam, gần biên giới với Lào. Quần thể này nằm cách xa khu dân cư và chiếm 2/3 số lượng vượn đen má trắng tại Việt Nam. Tính đến năm 2011, số lượng vượn má trắng đã giảm hơn 80% trong 45 năm[5].

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Bleisch, B., Geissmann, T., Manh Ha, N., Rawson, B. & Timmins, R. J. (2008). Nomascus leucogenys. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 1 năm 2009.
  2. ^ a ă Groves, Colin (16 tháng 11 năm 2005). Wilson D. E. và Reeder D. M. (chủ biên), biên tập. Mammal Species of the World . Nhà xuất bản Đại học Johns Hopkins. tr. {{{pages}}}. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
  3. ^ Geissmann, Thomas (tháng 12 năm 1995). “Gibbon systematics and species identification” (PDF). International Zoo News 42: 472. Truy cập ngày 15 tháng 8 năm 2008.
  4. ^ Ensembl entry
  5. ^ "Community of rare gibbons found in Vietnam." AFP. July 17th 2011

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Vượn đen má trắng Bắc: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

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Vượn đen má trắng (danh pháp khoa học: Nomascus leucogenys) là loài vượn bản địa của Việt Nam, Lào và tỉnh Vân Nam thuộc Trung Quốc. Loài này có quan hệ họ hàng gần gũi với loài Nomascus siki. Các con cái của hai loài này hầu như không phân biệt với nhau. Bộ gen của N. leucogenys đã được lập trình tự và công bố năm 2011.

Một quần thể 455 con vượn đen má trắng gồm nhiều đàn nhỏ đã được phát hiện năm 2011 tại Vườn quốc gia Pù Mát, tỉnh Nghệ An, Việt Nam, gần biên giới với Lào. Quần thể này nằm cách xa khu dân cư và chiếm 2/3 số lượng vượn đen má trắng tại Việt Nam. Tính đến năm 2011, số lượng vượn má trắng đã giảm hơn 80% trong 45 năm.

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Белощёкий хохлатый гиббон ( Rusça )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Euarchontoglires
Грандотряд: Euarchonta
Миротряд: Приматообразные
Отряд: Приматы
Инфраотряд: Обезьянообразные
Подсемейство: Гиббоновые
Вид: Белощёкий хохлатый гиббон
Международное научное название

Nomascus leucogenys (Harlan, 1826)

Синонимы
  • Hylobates leucogenys (Ogilby, 1840)
Ареал белощёкого хохлатого гиббона
(коричневый - современный, оранжевый - первоначальный)

изображение

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Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 573075NCBI 61853EOL 1038638FW 238884

Белощёкий хохлатый гиббон (лат. Nomascus leucogenys) — вид приматов из семейства гиббоновых. Родственен виду Nomascus siki, с которым ранее включался в один вид.[1] Самки этих двух видов практически неотличимы внешне.[2]

В 2011 году был секвенирован и опубликован геном белощёкого хохлатого гиббона.[3]

Стабильная популяция из 455 животных была обнаружена в Национальном парке Пумат в провинции Нгеан, в северном Вьетнаме возле границы с Лаосом. Эта популяция живёт на больших высотах вдали от человеческих поселений и составляет две трети общей популяции белощёких хохлатых гиббонов Вьетнама. Специалисты считают, что это единственная жизнеспособная популяция этих приматов в мире.[4]

 src=
Самка белощёкого хохлатого гиббона

Описание

Во внешности выражен половой диморфизм, окрас шерсти различен у самцов и самок, кроме того, самцы несколько больше в размерах. Самцы полностью покрыты чёрной шерстью, кроме белых щёк, шерсть на макушке образует хохол. Самки серо-жёлтые, без хохолка, имеют пятно чёрной шерсти на голове. Средний вес в природе составляет 7,5 кг, в неволе несколько больше.[5]

Как и другие номаскусы, эти приматы имеют очень длинные руки, на 20—40 % превосходящие по длине ноги. Телосложение достаточно плотное, плечи широкие, что предполагает большую физическую силу.[6] Среди взрослых животных встречаются ярко выраженные «правши» и «левши», что проявляется при передвижении по кронам деревьев.[7]

От Nomaskus siki отличается более длинной шерстью и немного изменённой системой звуков. Самцы также отличаются по форме белых пятен на щеках: у Nomaskus leucogenys пятна достигают верхушек ушей и не доходят до уголков рта, тогда как у Nomaskus siki пятна доходят лишь до середины ушей и полностью окружают губы.[5]

Как самцы так и самки выделяют красновато-коричневый секрет из желез, расположенных на груди, бёдрах и лодыжках. Однако в этом секрете меньше уровень стероидов, чем в секрете других обезьян, это говорит о том, что обонятельные сигналы менее важны для этого вида, чем для других гиббоновых.[5]

Поведение

Белощёкий хохлатый гиббон проводит всё время на деревьях, питаясь в основном фруктами, листьями и цветами. Однако до 10 % рациона составляют насекомые и другие мелкие животные. Образуют небольшие группы до шести животных. Каждая группа защищает свою территорию. Активны днём, ночью спят на верхних ярусах леса, часто обняв друг друга.[5] Специальные исследования поведения подтвердили, что эти животные могут узнавать себя в зеркале.[8]

Система звуков этого вида является одной из самых сложных среди всех гиббонов, причём отличается у самцов и самок. Самые характерные звуки это те, которые производят пары, состоящие из самца и самки: общение начинает самка, производя серию из 15—30 криков со всё возрастающей высотой, после чего самец выводит сложную звуковую трель с быстро меняющейся частотой. Этот цикл, длящийся менее, чем 20 секунд, повторяется с нарастающей интенсивностью в течение 5—17 минут.[5][9] Согласно исследованиям, проведённым среди этих приматов в неволе, самцы и самки, чаще других образующие эти дуэты, с наиболее высокой вероятностью составят пару в будущем, что говорит о том, что звуковые коммуникации являются важной частью полового поведения.[10] Похожие звуки иногда повторяются соло обоими полами, иногда к ним присоединяется и молодняк.[5]

Моногамные животные, образуют пару на всю жизнь. Менструальный цикл в среднем длится 22 дня,[11] беременность длится от 200 до 212 дней.[5]

При рождении оба пола покрыты желтоватой шерстью и весят в среднем 480 грамм.[12] В возрасте одного года цвет шерсти меняется на чёрный, на щеках проступают светлые пятна, окончательный цвет шерсти животные приобретают лишь к пятому году жизни.[13]

Половая зрелость наступает в 7—8 лет, в дикой природе живут по меньшей мере до 28 лет.[5]

Статус популяции и ареал

В начале XXI века белощёкие хохлатые гиббоны обитают на севере Вьетнама и севере Лаоса.[14] Ранее они также водились в южном Китае, в провинции Юньнань, где возможно исчезли к 2008 году.[15] Населяет вечнозелёные субтропические леса на высоте от 200 до 650 м над уровнем моря. Подвидов не образует, хотя Nomaskus siki иногда рассматривается в качестве подвида белощёкого хохлатого гиббона.[5]

Примечания

  1. Colin Groves. Mammal Species of the World. — 3rd. — Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press., 2005. — ISBN 0-801-88221-4.
  2. Geissmann, Thomas (December 1995). “Gibbon systematics and species identification” (PDF). International Zoo News. 42: 472. Проверено 2008-08-15.
  3. Ensembl entry
  4. «Community of rare gibbons found in Vietnam.» AFP. July 17th 2011. [1] (англ.)
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Harding, L.E. (2012). “Nomascus leucogenys (Primates: Hylobatidae)”. Mammalian Species. 44 (1): 1—15. DOI:10.1644/890.1.
  6. Zihlman, A.L.; et al. (2011). “Anatomical contributions to hylobatid taxonomy and adaptation”. International Journal of Primatology. 32 (4): 865—877. DOI:10.1007/s10764-011-9506-y.
  7. Barker, M.K. (2008). “Gibbon hand preference studies at the Endangered Primate Rescue Center, Vietnam” (PDF). Vietnamese Journal of Primatology. 1 (2): 41—45. Проверено 2013-12-21.
  8. Ujhelyi, M.; et al. (2000). “Observations on the behavior of gibbons (Hylobates leucogenys, H. gabriellae, and H. lar) in the presence of mirrors”. Journal of Comparative Psychology. 114 (3): 253—262. DOI:10.1037/0735-7036.114.3.253.
  9. Ha, N.M. (2007). “Survey for southern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys siki) in Dak Rong Nature Reserve, Quang Tri Province, Vietnam” (PDF). Vietnamese Journal of Primatology. 1 (1): 61—66. Проверено 2013-12-21.
  10. Dooley, H. & Judge, D. (2007). “Vocal responses of captive gibbon groups to a mate change in a pair of white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys)”. Folia Primatologica. 78 (4): 228—239. DOI:10.1159/000102318.
  11. Lukas, K.E.; et al. (2002). “Longitudinal study of delayed reproductive success in a pair of white-cheeked gibbons (Hylobates leucogenys)”. Zoo Biology. 21 (5): 413—434. DOI:10.1002/zoo.10040.
  12. Giessmann, T. & Ordeldinger, M. (1995). “Neonatal weight in gibbons (Hylobates spp.)”. American Journal of Primatology. 37 (3): 179—189. DOI:10.1002/ajp.1350370302.
  13. Burns, B.L.; et al. (2011). “Social dynamics modify behavioural development in captive white-cheeked (Nomascus leucogenys) and silvery (Hylobates moloch) gibbons”. Primates. 52 (3): 271—277. DOI:10.1007/s10329-011-0247-5.
  14. Nomascus leucogenys (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  15. Fan, P.F. & Huo, S. (2009). “The northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) is on the edge of extinction in China” (PDF). Gibbon Journal. 5: 44—52. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 2012-09-14. Проверено 2013-12-21.
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Белощёкий хохлатый гиббон: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

wikipedia русскую Википедию tarafından sağlandı

Белощёкий хохлатый гиббон (лат. Nomascus leucogenys) — вид приматов из семейства гиббоновых. Родственен виду Nomascus siki, с которым ранее включался в один вид. Самки этих двух видов практически неотличимы внешне.

В 2011 году был секвенирован и опубликован геном белощёкого хохлатого гиббона.

Стабильная популяция из 455 животных была обнаружена в Национальном парке Пумат в провинции Нгеан, в северном Вьетнаме возле границы с Лаосом. Эта популяция живёт на больших высотах вдали от человеческих поселений и составляет две трети общей популяции белощёких хохлатых гиббонов Вьетнама. Специалисты считают, что это единственная жизнеспособная популяция этих приматов в мире.

 src= Самка белощёкого хохлатого гиббона
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白颊长臂猿 ( Çince )

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二名法 Nomascus leucogenys
(Ogilby, 1840) 亚种
  • 北方亚种 Nomascus leucogenys leucogenys
  • 南方亚种 Nomascus leucogenys siki

白颊长臂猿学名Nomascus leucogenys),是黑冠长臂猿属的一种长臂猿,生活在中国云南、越南老挝等地的热带森林中。其主要特征为两颊长有明显的两块白色块斑,雄性体色为黑色,雌性则为黄褐色或金黄色。

白颊长臂猿数量极为稀少,被列为中国国家一级保护动物。一些研究報告對於白頰長臂猿是否仍分布在中國境內感到存疑[2],最後一次有關於白頰長臂猿在中國境內的研究發表已經將近18年之久[3]

参考文献

  1. ^ Nomascus leucogenys. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2000.
  2. ^ Geissmann, T., Dang, N. X., Lormee, N. & Momberg, F. 2002. Status review of gibbons in Vietnam. Asian Primates, 8, 10-12.
  3. ^ Hu, Y., Xu, H. & Yang, D. H. 1989. The studies on ecology in Hylobates leucogenys. Zoological Research, 10, 61-67.
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白颊长臂猿: Brief Summary ( Çince )

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白颊长臂猿(学名:Nomascus leucogenys),是黑冠长臂猿属的一种长臂猿,生活在中国云南、越南老挝等地的热带森林中。其主要特征为两颊长有明显的两块白色块斑,雄性体色为黑色,雌性则为黄褐色或金黄色。

白颊长臂猿数量极为稀少,被列为中国国家一级保护动物。一些研究報告對於白頰長臂猿是否仍分布在中國境內感到存疑,最後一次有關於白頰長臂猿在中國境內的研究發表已經將近18年之久。

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북부흰뺨긴팔원숭이 ( Korece )

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북부흰뺨긴팔원숭이 (학명, Nomascus leucogenys)는 긴팔원숭이의 일종으로, 베트남라오스 그리고 중국의 윈난성이 원래 토착 지역이었다.[1] 이전에 같은 종으로 생각되었던 남부흰뺨긴팔원숭이(Nomascus siki)와 밀접한 관계에 있다.[1] 이 두 종의 암컷은 겉모양으로는 사실상 거의 분간할 수 없다.[3]

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Nomascus leucogenys”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 4일에 확인함.
  3. Geissmann, Thomas (1995년 12월). “Gibbon systematics and species identification” (PDF). 《국제 동물원 뉴스》 42: 472. 2008년 8월 15일에 확인함.
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