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Description ( İngilizce )

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Eurycea lucifuga can be red, dull yellow, or orange with a belly that ranges from yellow to white (Bishop 1994). The back and sides of the head, trunk, and tail contain small rounded or irregular black spots (Bishop 1994). These spots can sometimes form a dorso-lateral linear pattern (Bishop 1994). This salamander is slender and has a blunt snout (Petranka 1998). The largest part of the head is located immediately behind the eyes (Bishop 1994).Adult Eurycea lucifuga are 100-200mm in total length (Petranka 1998). A survey by Hutchison (1958) found that adult males are mature at 46mm SVL and females are mature at 48mm SVL. Males can be identified externally by a swollen snout area by the nasolabial grooves (Bishop 1994). Additionally, males posses more developed cirri than females (Bishop 1994). Juveniles are less pigmented then adults, and are yellowish in color (Conant and Collins 1998). Juveniles also have a shorter tail (Conant and Collins 1998).

Referans

  • Bishop, S. (1994). Handbook of Salamanders: The Salamanders of the United States, of Canada, and of Lower California. Comstock Publishing Associates, London.
  • Collins, J., Collins, S., Horak, J., Mulhern, D., and Busby, W. (1995). An Illustrated Guide to Endangered or Threatened Species in Kansas. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
  • Dundee, H.A. (1947). ''Notes on salamanders collected in Oklahoma.'' Copeia, 2, 117-120.
  • Hutchison, V. (1958). ''The distribution and ecology of the Cave Salamander, Eurycea lucifuga.'' Ecological Monographs, 28(1), 2-20.
  • Ringia, A.M., Lips, K. (2007). ''Oviposition, early development and growth of the cave salamander, Eurycea lucifuga: surface and subterranean influences on a troglophilic species.'' The Herpetologists' League, Inc., 63(3), 258-268.

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Distribution and Habitat ( İngilizce )

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Eurycea lucifuga has been found from Tippecanoe County, Indiana in the north to Polk County, Georgia in the south and from Mayes County, Oklahoma in the west to Rockbridge County, Virginia in the east (Hutchison 1958). E. lucifuga is found in the twilight zone of cave habitats and is dependant on limestone for suitable cave habitats (Dundee 1947). Eurycea lucifuga is classified as a troglophile which means it is dependant on the cave environment to complete its life cycles but it has the ability to leave the cave temporarily (Ringia and Lips 2007).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( İngilizce )

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This species is not currently threatened and its populations are remaining stable. However, because of its dependence on Limestone caves and aquifers, any tampering or destruction of these environments will harm the populations inhabiting them.This species could also be threatened by global climate change because a direct link has been found between larval mortality rate, and increases in natal pool temperature (Ringia and Lips 2007). A recent study found that increased natal pool temperatures can lead to fatal fungal infections in larvae (Ringia and Lips 2007).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( İngilizce )

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Oviposition in Eurycea lucifuga takes place from June to November during periods of decreased stream flow (Ringia and Lips 2007). The long breeding season of this species allows for multiple clutches in a season (Ringia and Lips 2007). Larvae leave their natal pools between December and May and the movement is linked to an increase in water flow, oviposition is timed to avoid exposure to spring floods (Ringia and Lips 2007). An average clutch size was described by Hutchison (1958) by looking at ovarian eggs in 17 females. He determined the average to be 68.3 eggs per clutch, with a median of 67, and a range from 49 to 87 (Hutchison 1958). Oviposition occurs deep in cave streams or in cave pools (Ringia and Lips 2007). Larvae emerge at around 17.5mm total length (Bishop, 1994).An estimation of abundance was given by Hutchison (1958) in a mark-recapture study of four caves found in Giles County, Virginia. In Lucas Cave; Hutchison (1958) estimated 62 individuals; in Williams Cave, Virginia, 60 individuals; in Link Cave, Virginia, 63 individuals, and in Tawney’s Cave, Virginia, 36 individuals.Eurycea lucifuga has been known to climb rocks (Conant and Collins, 1998).
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Relation to Humans ( İngilizce )

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Eurycea lucifuga currently does not have any destructive relationships with humans. Furthermore, it is a well-studied species, which will help conserve this animal if any threats arise in the near future.
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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 9.1 years (captivity) Observations: In captivity, these animals may live more than 9 years (http://www.pondturtle.com/).
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Conservation Status ( İngilizce )

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This species is endangered in Kansas, but currently has no federal status. Activities by humans in and around the caves in addition to groundwater pollution have been thought tobe the potential sources of the decline in populations (Collins, et. al, 1995).

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Fawley, J. 2002. "Eurycea lucifuga" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Eurycea_lucifuga.html
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Morphology ( İngilizce )

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Eurycea lucifuga is a slender, dull yellow, orange or bright reddish-orange salamander with a white or yellow belly. Its back, sides of the head, trunk and tail are covered with many small, irregular or rounded spots that rarely form dorsolateral rows. It has a very blunt snout with the largest part of their head right behind the eyes. E. lucifuga has a relatively long tail and long limbs with 5-4 toes, the hind ones being webbed at the base (Bishop, 1994). There are between 14 and 15 costal grooves (Conant and Collins, 1998).

Adults in this species are from 10-20 cm long (Petranka 1998). The sexes are, on average, the same size but distinguishable by details of the head. The males are noticeably swollen in the snout area by the nasolabial grooves and the cirri (small tabs of flesh that carry are more developed than in the females (Bishop, 1994). The juveniles will usually be a lighter ground color (yellow) and have a shorter tail (Conant and Collins, 1998). As the individual grows, the color will deepen and the tail will lengthen.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Life Expectancy ( İngilizce )

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Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
9.1 years.

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Habitat ( İngilizce )

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Most frequently found in the twilight zone of caves, but also occasionally under logs and rocks in the surrounding moist forests more than a kilometer away from the nearest cave (Conant and Collins, et. al, 1995, Petranka 1998). The twilight area of a cave is the area just inside the entrance where there is some light, but not enough for plants to grow (Taylor 1999).

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; mountains

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Trophic Strategy ( İngilizce )

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E. lucifuga eat many kinds of invertebrates, including many kinds of insects, mites, ticks, isopods, earthworms, and other soft-bodied creatures. At least one study has found juvenile slimy salamanders (Plethodon glutinosus) in the stomachs of specimens of this species (Petranka, 1998). It has a baletoid tongue which it uses in combination with a short lunge to capture its prey, being able to fully extend the tongue in approximately 5.5 milliseconds (Deban 1996). They have long, angled vomerine teeth accompanied by parasphenoid teeth which form club-shaped patches (Bishop, 1994).

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Life Cycle ( İngilizce )

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Development - Life Cycle: metamorphosis

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Distribution ( İngilizce )

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Found throughout most of Kentucky, reaching up into the southwest tip of Ohio and into much of southern Indiana. From there, the range extends from the southern tip of Illinois, southern Missouri, northern Arkansas, the northeast tip of Oklahoma and the southeast tip of Kansas. The range also covers central and eastern Tennessee, the northern portions of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and extends up the border between the Virginias.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Reproduction ( İngilizce )

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Breeding occurs from September to February (possibly later in some areas), and can occur twice in the same year. Females have been found with 5-120 eggs. Eggs have only rarely been found, they are laid singly, apparently in deep recesses in cave streams and springs (Collins, et. al, 1995, Petranka 1998). Small larvae, approximately 17.5 mm, emerge that are uniform in color with three longitudinal rows of spots and a broad tail fin (Bishop, 1994).

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)

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Eurycea lucifuga ( Almanca )

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 src=
Detailansicht des Kopfes

Eurycea lucifuga, zuweilen auch als Grotten-Gelbsalamander bezeichnet, ist ein in Nordamerika vorkommender Schwanzlurch aus der Familie der Lungenlosen Salamander (Plethodontidae). Der Artname leitet sich von den lateinischen Worten lucis und fuga mit den Bedeutungen „Licht“ und „Flucht“ ab und bezieht sich auf die lichtscheue Lebensweise der überwiegend in Höhlen lebenden Art.

Merkmale

Eurycea lucifuga erreicht eine Gesamtlänge zwischen 125 und 181 Millimetern.[1] Weibchen sind geringfügig größer als Männchen. Die Farbe der Oberseite variiert von leuchtend rötlich orange bis zu einem blassen Gelborange. Die gesamte Körperoberfläche ist von der Schnauze bis zur Schwanzspitze mit vielen kleinen schwarzbraunen Punkten übersät. Beide Geschlechter haben lange Greifschwänze, die 52 bis 68 % ihrer Gesamtlänge ausmachen. Sie haben breite, abgeflachte Köpfe und große, hervorstehende Augen. Von der weißlichen bis gelblichen Bauchseite heben sich keine Flecke ab. Die Vorderbeine haben vier und die Hinterbeine haben fünf Zehen, die mit schwachen Schwimmhäuten vernetzt sind.

Ähnliche Arten

  • Der Langschwanzsalamander (Eurycea longicaudus) unterscheidet sich durch die gelbliche bis orange braune Farbe der Oberseite, eine geringe Punktierung am Kopf und den etwas längeren Schwanz.
  • Der Rotsalamander (Pseudotriton ruber) unterscheidet sich in erster Linie durch den wesentlich kürzeren, leicht gekielten Schwanz.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet
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Eurycea lucifuga im Versteck

Das Verbreitungsgebiet von Eurycea lucifuga erstreckt sich über östliche und mittlere Gebiete der USA. Die Art kommt in den Bundesstaaten Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Virginia und West Virginia vor. Sie sind Troglophile, d. h. sie leben in Höhlen und sind auf höhlenartige Bedingungen angewiesen. So kommen sie hauptsächlich an feuchten, dunklen Orten, wie Felshöhlen oder Felsspalten entlang von Flussufern vor. Sie benötigen eine feuchte Umgebung, da ihnen Lungen fehlen und sie durch die feuchte Haut atmen.

Lebensweise

Eurycea lucifuga lebt überwiegend in Höhlen und meidet offenes Gelände. Die Tiere sind tag- und nachtaktiv und relativ standorttreu. Zur Orientierung in einer Höhle besitzen sie die Fähigkeit, das Magnetfeld der Erde für die Navigation zu nutzen. Sie verwenden diesen Sinn als Kompass, um zu verschiedenen Orten innerhalb von Höhlen zu gelangen.[2]

Im Rahmen der zwischen Oktober und Januar stattfindenden Paarung deponiert das Männchen ein gallertartiges, mit Spermien versehenes Samenpaket auf dem Boden, über das das Weibchen steigt und das es mit der Kloake aufnimmt. Die Weibchen legen im Frühjahr ungefähr 50 bis 90 Eier tief in der Höhle und platzieren diese am Rand von Wasserstellen. Die Anzahl der Tage bis zum Schlüpfen der Larven hängt von der umgebenden Temperatur ab. Je kälter die Temperaturen sind, desto länger dauert es, bis die Larven schlüpfen und einen aquatischen Lebensabschnitt beginnen.[1] Dieser dauert, wiederum abhängig von den klimatischen Randbedingungen sowie dem Nahrungsangebot zwischen sechs und 18 Monate. Danach durchlaufen sie eine Metamorphose und leben fortan an Land in einer Höhle.

Nahrung und Feinde

Die Nahrung von Eurycea lucifuga besteht aus kleinen Wirbellosen (Evertebrata), dazu zählen Spinnen, diverse Insekten und deren Larven, Schnecken und Regenwürmer.

Da Eurycea lucifuga sehr versteckt in Höhlen lebt, ist die Anzahl an Fressfeinden begrenzt. Sollten die Salamander dennoch angegriffen werden, schwenken sie ihren langen Schwanz über ihrem Kopf, um die potenziellen Fressfeinde zu verunsichern. Sie können zur Verteidigung auch schädliche Sekrete aus Drüsen, die über den gesamten Körper verteilt sind emittieren.[1]

Gefährdung

Die Art ist in ihren Vorkommensgebieten in den Vereinigten Staaten nicht selten und wird demzufolge von der Weltnaturschutzorganisation IUCN als „Least Concern = nicht gefährdet“ klassifiziert.[3]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Sarah Parnell: Eurycea lucifuga – Cave Salamander, Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology, 2020, eingesehen am 6. Februar 2021
  2. John Phillips: Use of the Earth's Magnetic Field by Orienting Cave Salamanders (Eurycea lucifuga), Journal of Comparative Physiology 121, 1977, S. 273–288
  3. Red List für Eurycea lucifuga
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Eurycea lucifuga: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

wikipedia DE tarafından sağlandı
 src= Detailansicht des Kopfes

Eurycea lucifuga, zuweilen auch als Grotten-Gelbsalamander bezeichnet, ist ein in Nordamerika vorkommender Schwanzlurch aus der Familie der Lungenlosen Salamander (Plethodontidae). Der Artname leitet sich von den lateinischen Worten lucis und fuga mit den Bedeutungen „Licht“ und „Flucht“ ab und bezieht sich auf die lichtscheue Lebensweise der überwiegend in Höhlen lebenden Art.

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Spotted-tail salamander ( İngilizce )

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The spotted-tail salamander (Eurycea lucifuga), also known as a "cave salamander",[2] is a species of brook salamander.[3]

Description

The spotted-tail salamander is a relatively large lungless salamander, ranging in total length from 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in). The tail makes up a significant proportion of the total length, up to 60–65%.[4] Post-metamorphic individuals have orange to reddish orange backs and a pale, unmarked ventral surface. The dorsal surface of the body is heavily marked with irregularly spaced spots and dashes.[5] The limbs of the spotted-tail salamander are long. There are 14–15 costal grooves on the side of the body. This species has a prehensile tail.[6]

Habitat and distribution

Spotted-tail salamanders are typically found in areas with exposed limestone or other calcareous rock, particularly in crevices of rock faces, bluffs and caves.[7] This species is also frequently found hundreds of metres from the mouths of caves, far beyond the twilight zone of the cave.[8] Despite the alternative name, the spotted-tail salamander is not restricted to caves, and may be found in forests near bluffs and rocky crevices and around springs, and also under moist rocks and logs.[6][9] This species is found in Alabama, Arkansas[2] Illinois,[10] Missouri,[11] Kentucky, Virginia,[12] West Virginia,[10] Oklahoma, Tennessee, Kansas, Indiana, and Ohio.

In Arkansas

Courtship and reproduction

The courtship and mating season is not well documented in this species, although available data suggests it occurs in the summer, continuing to early autumn. Observations made from a pair maintained in captivity are summarized as follows: The courtship of this species is described as similar to that of the Northern two-lined salamander; where the male nudges and rubs his chin on the females’ head and snout. The male may engage in ‘push-ups’ using his hind legs, and begin to position the base of his tail under the females. If receptive, she will straddle his tail as they walk in unison, while the male arches his back. A spermatophore, approximately 4 mm high is deposited on the ground in the females path, which she picks up with her cloaca.[13] After mating, there seems to be a prolonged period in which the females deposit eggs, taking place from September to February.[6] Few biologists have found eggs of the spotted-tail salamander, suggesting that females seek difficult to access places, such as springs, streams and rim stone pools deep within caves and crevices. In Missouri, eggs have been found laid singly or attached to the sides of rimstone pools, on silt deposits or on the bottom of small pools. Recently laid eggs are white, with two jelly membranes surrounding the embryo. Egg diameter ranges from 2.5 to 3.2 mm.[14] Females can produce between 5–120 eggs.[15]

Larval ecology

Larval spotted-tail salamanders appear similar to other larval Eurycea. Larvae have been found in both surface streams, and in cave streams and pools. It is thought that larvae found in surface streams may have been washed out of caves and crevices by heavy rains. Spotted-tail salamander larvae are predators, and feed primarily on benthic invertebrates, such as snails, ostracods, copepods, isopods, mayflies, stoneflies, beetles and flies, of which ostracods, snails and fly larvae are the most common dietary item. Prey is captured by slowly crawling over the substrate and grasping the invertebrate by the mouth and swallowing it whole, thus prey is limited by the gape of the salamanders mouth.[16] From hatching to metamorphosis to a terrestrial adult takes between 6 and 18 months, although this period is variable by region.[6] Larvae may attain sizes of 70 mm (33 mm snout-to-vent-length) by the time of metamorphosis.[17]

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eurycea lucifuga.
  1. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2014). "Eurycea lucifuga". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T59269A64169818. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T59269A64169818.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Salamanders". Outdoor Alabama. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on September 28, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  3. ^ Conant, R.; Collins, J.T. (1998). Peterson Field Guides: Reptiles and Amphibians (Eastern/Central North America). New York, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0395904528.
  4. ^ Hutchison, V.H. (1966). Eurycea lucifuga. Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. pp. 24.1–24.2
  5. ^ Lannoo, M.J. (1998). Status and Conservation of Midwestern Amphibians. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 0877456321.
  6. ^ a b c d Petranka, J.W. (1998). Salamanders of the United States and Canada. Washington, District of Columbia: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1588343081.
  7. ^ Banta, A.M.; McAtee, W.L. (1906). "The life history of the cave salamander, Spelerpes maculicaudus (Cope)". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 30 (1443): 67–73. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.30-1443.67. hdl:10088/13873.
  8. ^ Peck, S.B.; Richardson, B.L. (1976). "Feeding ecology of the salamander Eurycea lucifuga in the entrance, twilight zone, and dark zone of caves". Annales de Spéléologie. 31: 175–182.
  9. ^ Mount, R.H. (1975). The Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama. Auburn, Alabama: Auburn Printing. ISBN 0817300546.
  10. ^ a b Conant, R.; J.T. Collins, J.T. (1998). A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern and Central North America. New York, New York: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395904528.
  11. ^ Johnson, T.; Love, K. (1987). The Amphibians and Reptiles of Missouri. Jefferson City, Missouri: Missouri Department of Conservation. ISBN 1887247092.
  12. ^ Smith, Hobart M. (1978). Amphibians of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York, New York: Golden Press. p. 160 ISBN 0307636623
  13. ^ Organ, J.A. (1968). "Courtship behavior and spermatophore of the cave salamander, Eurycea lucifuga (Rafinesque)". Copeia. 1968 (3): 576–580. doi:10.2307/1442027. JSTOR 1442027.
  14. ^ Green, N.B.; Brant, P. Jr.; Dowler, B. (1967). "Eurycea lucifuga in West Virginia: its distribution, ecology and life history". Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science. 39: 297–304.
  15. ^ Bishop, S. (1994). Handbook of Salamanders: The Salamanders of the United States, of Canada, and of Lower California. London: Comstock Publishing Associates. ISBN 0801482135.
  16. ^ Rudolph, D.C. (1978). "Aspects of the larval ecology of five Plethodontid salamanders of the western Ozarks". The American Naturalist. 100 (1): 141–159. doi:10.2307/2424785. JSTOR 2424785.
  17. ^ Williams, A.A. (1980). "Fluctuations in a population of the cave salamander". National Speleological Society Bulletin. 42: 49–52.
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Spotted-tail salamander: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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The spotted-tail salamander (Eurycea lucifuga), also known as a "cave salamander", is a species of brook salamander.

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Eurycea lucifuga ( Baskça )

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Eurycea lucifuga Eurycea generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Eurycea lucifuga: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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Eurycea lucifuga Eurycea generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

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Eurycea lucifuga ( Fransızca )

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Eurycea lucifuga est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique du centre-Est des États-Unis[1]. Elle se rencontre en Virginie, en Virginie-Occidentale, dans le sud de l'Indiana, au Kentucky, au Tennessee, dans le nord de la Géorgie, dans le Nord de l'Alabama, dans le nord du Mississippi, au Missouri, en Arkansas, dans l'est de l'Oklahoma et dans l'est du Kansas[2].

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Eurycea lucifuga

Publication originale

  • Rafinesque, 1822 : On two new salamanders of Kentucky. Kentucky Gazette, New Series, Lexington, vol. 1, no 9, p. 3.

Notes et références

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Eurycea lucifuga: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

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Eurycea lucifuga est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae.

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Eurycea lucifuga ( Portekizce )

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Eurycea lucifuga é um anfíbio caudado da família Plethodontidae endémica dos Estados Unidos da América.

Referências

  1. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2014). «Eurycea lucifuga». Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas. 2014: e.T59269A64169818. doi:. Consultado em 12 de novembro de 2021
  • Rafinesque, 1822, Kentucky Gazette, Lexington, N.S., 1: 3.
  • Bishop, 1943, Handb. Salamanders: 431.
  • Frost, Darrel R. 2008. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.2 (15 July, 2008). Electronic Database accessible at [1] American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Eurycea lucifuga . Accessed on 5 August 2008.
  • AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Eurycea lucifuga. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/.
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Eurycea lucifuga: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

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Eurycea lucifuga é um anfíbio caudado da família Plethodontidae endémica dos Estados Unidos da América.

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Струмкова саламандра печерна ( Ukraynaca )

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Опис

Загальна довжина сягає 10—20 см. Голова невелика. Тулуб стрункий з 14-15 реберними канавками з боків. Кінцівки розвинені. Хвіст доволі довгий, чіпкий. Забарвлення спини коливається від помаранчевого до червонувато-помаранчевого з темними цятками. Черево бліде.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє вапнякові місцини, скелі, ущелини, печери. Здатна залазити доволі далеко у глиб печер. Активна переважно у сутінках. Живиться дрібними безхребетними.

Розмноження не пов'язано з якимось із сезонів. Самиця відкладає від 5 до 120 яєць діаметром 4 мм.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає у штатах Алабамі, Іллінойс, Міссурі, Кентуккі, Вірджинія, Західна Вірджинія, Оклахома, Теннессі і Канзас (США).

Джерела

  • Banta, A.M. and McAtee, W.L. (1906). The life history of the cave salamander, Spelerpes maculicaudus (Cope). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 30 (1443): 67-73.
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Сумеречная саламандра ( Rusça )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Беспанцирные
Подотряд: Salamandroidea
Подсемейство: Спелерпины
Вид: Сумеречная саламандра
Международное научное название

Eurycea lucifuga
Rafinesque, 1822

Синонимы
  • Spelerpes lucifuga (Rafinesque, 1822)
  • Gyrinophilus maculicaudus Cope, 1890
  • Spelerpes maculicaudus (Cope, 1890)
  • Eurycea longicauda lucifuga (Rafinesque, 1822)[1]
Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 173691NCBI 422567EOL 1019113

Сумеречная саламандра[2] (лат. Eurycea lucifuga) — хвостатое земноводное из семейства безлёгочных саламандр.

Описание

Общая длина тела 10—20 см, из которых 60—65 % приходится на хвост. Окраска сверху яркая оранжевая или красновато-оранжевая с многочисленными мелкими темно-бурыми и черными округлыми пятнышками, на боках часто объединенными в короткие продольные полоски, брюшная сторона однотонная белая или желтоватая. На боках 14—15 междуреберных углублений. Самцы отличаются более развитыми усиками. Молодые саламандры имеют более бледную, желтоватую окраску и более короткий хвост.

Eurycea lucifuga in natural habitat.jpg

Ареал и места обитания

Cave Salamander (Eurycea lucifuga)01.jpg

Сумеречная саламандра распространена на юго-востоке Северной Америки в восточных штатах США от северо-востока Оклахомы на западе ареала до севера Вирджинии на востоке и от центра Индианы на севере до центра Алабамы на юге. Обитает в скалистых районах с выходами известняка и пещерами. Встречается на лесистых и открытых участках вблизи пещер (обычно известняковых), скалистых расщелин и обрывов, вокруг ручьев под влажными камнями и бревнами. Троглофильный вид. В пещерах обычно придерживается входа, но встречается и на сотни метров в глубине пещер, далеко за пределами их сумеречной зоны. Хорошо лазает по стенкам пещер, используя свой длинный цепкий хвост.

Биология

Вне пещер днем скрывается в укрытиях, выходя только с наступлением сумерек. Во влажную погоду появляется и в дневное время. Размножаются с июня по ноябрь в периоды спада воды. Продолжительный сезон размножения позволяет делать несколько кладок за сезон. Икру откладывают в пещерных ручьях и озерцах, а также скалистых водотоках за пределами пещер. В одной кладке от 49 до 87 икринок. Личинки вылупляются около 17,5 мм длиной. В пещерных водоемах личинки остаются до зимы или ранней весны, когда уровень воды в водоемах повышается и они переплывают в более крупные ручьи, где остаются до завершения метаморфоза.

Примечания

  1. Amphibian Species of the World 6.0, an Online Reference: Eurycea lucifuga Rafinesque, 1822. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA.
  2. Ананьева Н. Б., Боркин Л. Я., Даревский И. С., Орлов Н. Л. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Амфибии и рептилии. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1988. — С. 26. — 10 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00232-X.
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Сумеречная саламандра: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

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Сумеречная саламандра (лат. Eurycea lucifuga) — хвостатое земноводное из семейства безлёгочных саламандр.

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