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Bristlecone Fir

Abies bracteata (D. Don) A. Poit.

Comments

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Abies bracteata grows in the Santa Lucia Mountains along the coast of California.
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Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description

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Trees to 25 m; trunk to 1 m diam.; crown spirelike, narrow. Bark red-brown, thin, smooth, with age slightly fissured and broken into appressed scales. Branches diverging from trunk at right angles, the lower often drooping in age; twigs becoming purplish green or brown, glabrous, glaucous when young. Buds exposed, brown, ovate to fusiform, extremely large, not resinous, apex pointed; basal scales short, broad, equilaterally triangular, glabrous, not resinous, margins entire, apex sharp-pointed. Leaves 2.5--6cm ´ 3mm, 2-ranked to spiraled, stiff; cross section flat, with raised vein abaxially, grooveless to faintly grooved adaxially; odor pungent; abaxial surface with 8--10 stomatal rows on each side of midrib; adaxial surface dark green, lacking stomates; apex sharply pointed; resin canals small, near margins and abaxial epidermal layer. Pollen cones at pollination yellow to yellow-green. Seed cones ovoid, 7--10 ´ 4--5cm, pale purplish brown, borne on stout peduncles, apex round; scales ca. 1.5--2 ´ 2--2.5cm, glabrous; bracts exserted, not reflexed. Seeds 10 ´ 5mm, body deep red-brown; wing about as long as body, deep red-brown; cotyledons ca. 7.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Habitat & Distribution

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Dry, coastal coniferous forests; of conservation concern; 600--900m; Calif.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Synonym

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Pinus bracteata D. Don, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17: 443. 1836; Abies venusta (Douglas) K. Koch
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
bristlecone fir
Santa Lucia fir
silver fir
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status

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The California Native Plant Society has placed bristlecone fir on its
watch list because of the tree's limited distribution [25].
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cone, tree

Bristlecone fir is a native, evergreen, medium-sized tree. Mature
height ranges from 30 to 100 feet (9-30 m) [21]. Average heights at 100
years of age were reported as 40, 70, and 90 feet (12, 21, and 27 m) for
summit, transition, and ravine sites, respectively [27]. Bristlecone
fir is easily distinguished by a dense branching pattern that begins
near the ground and terminates in a tall, narrow point [6,21]. Branches
tend to decline or droop [21]. Mature ovulate cones are 3 to 4 inches
(7.6-10.1 cm) long and have long, needle-like points (0.78 to 1.57
inches [2-4 cm]) on the ends of the scale bracts, giving the cone a
frilled or bristled appearance [1,6]. The needles are flat, stiff, and
1 to 2 inches (2.5-5 cm) long [21,22]. The bark of mature stems is
smooth to slightly fissured and broken into appressed scales [21].
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Bristlecone fir is restricted to the Santa Lucia Mountains of the
central California coast in Monterey County, and possibly in extreme
northwestern San Luis Obispo County. The San Luis Obispo County
population was not found after a fire occurred in the area [6,20].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire interval, fire regime, fire-free interval, mean fire interval

Bristlecone fir is concentrated on steep, rocky, fire-resistant sites
[13]. Bristlecone fir occurs on sites that have experienced fire less
frequently than the surrounding forests [27]. The presettlement fire
history of the Santa Lucia Mountains is not well known. Data for fires
during the Native American (11,000 years BP-1792 A.D.) and the
Spanish-Mexican (1792-1848) periods are scarce. The Anglo period
(1848-1929) included much indiscriminate burning by prospectors,
hunters, and ranchers. By the late 1800's, tales of huge fires in the
Santa Lucia Mountains were common in newspapers and government reports
[12]. A probable mean fire interval for lightning fires alone was
estimated for oak woodlands (in which bristlecone fir can occur) as 10
to 30 years. The mean fire interval for mixed evergreen forests (in
which bristlecone fir occurs) was estimated at 30 to 100 years for
lightning fires. Recent fire history (since 1929) gives a mean fire
interval of 215 years for mixed evergreen forests [9]. Talley and
Griffin [29] reported a range of 19 to 78 years between fire scars (from
1640 to 1977) on sugar pine in the area where bristlecone fir occurs.
Because of topography, the fire-free interval for bristlecone fir stands
on steep slopes is probably longer than any of these figures.

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Bristlecone fir occurs in windswept canyons on steep, rocky, or gravelly
sites at elevations ranging from 690 to 5,164 feet (210-1,571 m). The
average slope of bristlecone fir sites ranges from 35 to 40 degrees;
adjacent forests have an average slope of 25 degrees [27]. Average
annual precipitation is between 35 and 40 inches (998-1,000 mm) at
around 4,000 feet (1,216 m) in the Santa Lucia Mountains [25,27]. Less
than 2 percent of annual precipitation falls between June 1 and
September 30 [27]. The confinement of bristlecone fir to the Santa
Lucia Mountains and its absence from the Sierra Nevada are consistent
with the species' apparent requirement for a mild climate and low summer
evaporation rates [1].

Bristlecone fir occurs on soils derived from ultrabasic rocks but is not
limited to them [24].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
249 Canyon live oak
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES28 Western hardwoods
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K005 Mixed conifer forest
K030 California oakwoods
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Bristlecone fir is easily killed by fire due to its dense branching
habit and thin bark [1,12].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forest, phase

Bristlecone fir occurs in the mixed evergreen forest of the Santa Lucia
Range. This foreset is consideres as (Quercus agrifolia), canyon live
oak (Q. chrysolepis), California black oak (Q. kelloggii), (Q.
wislizenii), and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus). Mature stands of
bristlecone fir are almost restricted to the canyon live oak phase of
the mixed evergreen forest [27].

Bristlecone fir also occurs with sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), tanoak,
Pacific ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa), and
incense-cedar (Liboocedrus decurrens) [1].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

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More info for the term: tree

Tree
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

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More info for the term: forest

Bristlecone fir is rare but found in sufficient numbers and distributed
widely enough that potential for extinction is low at this time [25].
The Pacific Southwest Station of the United States Forest Service is
researching bristlecone fir genetics and population viability [32].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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CA
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

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Staminate cones shed pollen in May. Ovulate cones mature in late
August of the same year, shedding bracts and seeds in September [6].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: wildfire

Frequent or intense fire probably eliminates bristlecone fir [12]. An
August, 1977 wildfire burned 178,000 acres in the Santa Lucia Mountains.
The fire was extremely intense due to a large accumulation of dead brush
and other fuels. Many bristlecone fir groves escaped the fire because
they occurred on steep, rocky terrain that did not carry the fire. The
largest bristlecone fir in the area (51 inches [129.5 cm] in diameter)
appeared undamaged 10 months after the fire. Ground fires did not burn
into many of the fir stands, though trees on the edges of the stands
were killed [12]. Griffin [12] suspected, however, that insect damage
would eventually kill more trees than the fire. He based this
supposition on the work of Talley [27], who observed that two
bristlecone fir groves lost only a small number of trees as a direct
effect of the 1970 Buckeye Fire, but had higher mortality rates as a
result of postfire insect damage.
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cone, grassland, seed

Large crops of bristlecone fir cones are produced every 3 to 5 years
[6,33]. Seeds are parasitized by seed chalcids (wasps). Up to 100
percent of the total bristlecone fir seed crop is parasitized some
years, but occasional large cone crops exceed the parasitization
capacity of the chalcids. A large cone crop in 1971 resulted in viable
seed production in 1973 [27]. The winged seeds are chiefly dispersed by
wind [33]. In a greenhouse study, 80 percent of viable bristlecone fir
seeds germinated under a 5 degrees Fahrenheit (3 deg C) diurnal
temperature range. Above 73.4 degrees Fahrenheit (23 deg C), however,
germination rates decline. After-ripening, cool, and/or moist
treatments are not required for germination [27].

Bristlecone fir seedlings are sensitive to drought. Repeated
desiccation and high surface temperatures were probably reponsible for
the 1974 absence of bristlecone fir seed germination on chaparral,
grassland, and summit sites despite the good cone crop of the previous
fall. During that time, drought resulted in mortality of first year
seedlings on all sites except very near the coast and on new (created
after 1970) burns [27].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

3 Southern Pacific Border
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, forest

Facultative Seral Species

Bristlecone fir height growth is correlated with the amount of light
striking the forest floor. Summer light levels below 30 langleys per
day are limiting to sapling growth [27]. Bristlecone fir groves are
probably climax on steep slopes. Bristlecone fir is a member of canyon
live oak communities, which are climax woodlands on steep slopes in the
Santa Lucia Mountains. Fire in canyon live oak woodlands can cause
internal shifts in species composition, but the area occupied by the
plant community usually does not change. Repeated burning may convert
open canyon live oak stands to chaparral, but the community will again
succeed to canyon live oak with long fire-free intervals [7].
license
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Synonyms

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Abies bracteata D. Don ex Poiteau [20,21]
Abies venusta (Dougl.) K. Koch [6,20]
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name for bristlecone fir is Abies
bracteata (D. Don) Nutt., [34], the sole member of the subgenus
Pseudotorreya (all other firs belong to subgenus Abies) [4]. There are
conflicting views as to the proper authority assignation [5].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Bristlecone fir has no commercial timber value; populations are too
small and inaccessible. It does not, however, appear to have any
legal protection from cutting.
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Abies bracteata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Physical Description

provided by USDA PLANTS text
Tree, Evergreen, Monoecious, Habit erect, Trees without or rarely having knees, Primary plant stem smooth, Tree with bark smooth, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds not resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins entire (use magnification), Leaf apex acute, Leaf apex spine tipped or with a differentiated and very sharp tip, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves > 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves not blue-green, Leaves white-striped, Needle-like leaves flat, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaf habit drooping, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 1, Needle-like leaf sheath early deciduous, Needle-like leaf sheath persistent, Twigs glabrous, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Berry-like cones orange, Woody seed cones > 5 cm long, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds red, Seeds brown, Seeds winged, Seeds unequally winged, Seed wings prominent, Seed wings equal to or broader than body.
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USDA PLANTS text

Jedle kalifornská ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Jedle kalifornská (Abies bracteata) je severoamerický jehličnatý strom z čeledi borovicovitých, z rodu jedlí, a jediný zástupce podrodu Pseudotorreya.

Synonyma

  • Abies religiosa sensu
  • Abies venusta
  • Picea bracteata
  • Pinus bracteata
  • Sequoia religiosa
  • Taxodium sempervirens.

Popis

Stálezelený, jehličnatý, spíše pomaleji rostoucí (15-30 cm za rok a 1,8-4,5 m za 10 let) strom, dorůstající do výšky okolo 12-30 m. Kmen dosahuje průměru až 1 m. Větve vyrůstají z kmene v pravých úhlech, u starších stromů jsou v dolních částech koruny pokleslé. Koruna je úzce kuželovitá (věžovitá), i v pozdějších letech zavětvená až k zemi. Borka je zprvu hladká, tenká a světlečervenohnědá, později mírně rozpraskaná a rozdělená do přiléhavých šupin. Letorosty jsou krátké, mírně pokleslé, hladké až mírně chlupaté, červenohnědé, purpurovozelené či hnědé. Pupeny jsou nekryté, vejčité až vřetenovité, žlutohnědé, ostré, 10-20 mm dlouhé, bez pryskyřice a s ostrým vrcholem; základnové pupenové šupiny jsou krátké, široké, ve tvaru rovnostranného trojúhelníka, bez pryskyřice, hladké, s celými okraji a ostrým vrcholem.

Jehlice jsou 2 řadé až spirálovitě uspořádané, ploché, tuhé, dopředu směřující, 2,5-6 cm dlouhé a 2,5-3 mm široké, s vyvýšenou spodní žílou, zřetelně rozdělené, seshora leskle tmavozelené, vespod se 2 širokými bílými proužky s 8-10 řadami průduchů na každé straně středové žíly, u základny zatočené, na špičce s dlouhým trnem, na průřezu ploché až konvexní; pryskyřičné kanálky jsou malé, blízko okrajů a spodní části pokožkové vrstvy; jehlice pronikavě voní.

Samčí šištice jsou při opylování žluté až žlutozelené, 50-70 mm dlouhé a 20-30 mm široké. Samičí šištice - šišky jsou vejčité, pryskyřičnaté, zpočátku zelené, později dozráváním fialovohnědé až purpurovohnědé, na tlustých stopkách; šišky jsou 6-14 cm dlouhé a 4-5,5 cm široké; semenné šupiny jsou hladké, tenké, zaoblené, jemně vroubkované, 1,5-2 cm dlouhé a 2-2,5 cm široké; podpůrné šupiny jsou dlouze vyčnívající, trojlaločnaté, nezahnuté, žlutohnědé, pryskyřičnaté a prodloužené o 4-5 cm přes semenné šupiny. Semena jsou lesklá, hnědočervená a 5 mm dlouhá. Křídla semen jsou hnědočervená a 8-11 mm dlouhá. Děložních lístků je kolem 7 . Strom kvete v květnu, šišky dozrávají a rozšiřují semena od pozdního srpna do října.

Příbuznost

Jedle kalifornská je jediným členem podrodu Pseudotorreya z rodu jedle (Abies). Není proto blízce příbuzná s žádným jiným členem rodu jedle. [2][3]

Výskyt

Strom se vyskytuje endemicky ve státě Kalifornie, v pohoří Santa Lucia Range v USA.

Ekologie

Jedle kalifornská je omezena na strmé, na sever a východ směřující, horské svahy a hřebeny vrchovin, dna kaňonů a na vyvýšené lavice a terasy v nadmořských výškách 213-1571 m, v oblastech, které nejsou náchylné na intenzivní požáry. Průměrné roční srážkové úhrny v nadmořské výšce 1216 m v pohoří Santa Lucia Range se pohybují mezi 998-1000 mm. Jedle kalifornská je zde většinou součástí smíšených stálezelených lesů s různými druhy dubů, například s dubem kalifornským (Quercus agrifolia), dubem Quercus chrysolepis, opadavým dubem Quercus kelloggii, dubem Quercus wislizenii, dále s rostlinou z čeledi bukovitých Notholithocarpus densiflorus, pazeravem sbíhavým, občasně také se sekvojí vždyzelenou, borovicí Lambertovou, borovicí těžkou, borovicí Coulterovou a dalšími.

Jedle kalifornská roste většinou v půdách vzniklých z ultramafických hornin. pH půdy je 4-6 (kyselá půda), potřebuje půdy vlhčí, ale dobře odvodňované, ráda roste v polostínu, obzvláště, když je mladá. Není náročná na pěstování, snáší znečištění ovzduší (daří se jí v městských parcích - háj v Tilden Parku v Kalifornii, stromy v San Francisku a v Evropě vzkvétají) a je mrazuvzdorná do − 17 °C.[2]

Nepřátelé a nemoci

Občas semena stromu požírá druh býložravých amerických vos chalcidek (Chalcidoidea), což strom dokáže vyřešit nadprodukcí šišek v některých letech, takže semen je potom více, než jsou vosy schopny sežrat.[2]

Využití člověkem

V minulosti byl strom využíván pro dřevo, dnes již není komerčně využíván. Pro svůj atraktivní vzhled a neobvyklost je velmi ceněn a pěstován v arboretech a v botanických zahradách.

Ohrožení

Strom je organizací IUCN považován za téměř ohrožený, stav jeho populace za stabilní. Ohrožení představuje omezení jeho populace do samostatných oblastí a současně poměrně nízká rozmnožovací a regenerační schopnost v důsledku Inbreedingu (příbuzenské křížení snižující genovou variabilitu potomků stromu) a likvidace semen vosami a též ohrožení požáry pro husté zavětvení a tenkou borku (ovšem ohrožení požáry je malé, neboť se strom vyskytuje v oblastech, kde nebývají intenzivní požáry časté; ohrožení ohněm může někdy být zvýšeno v případě napadení s jedlí kalifornskou dohromady rostoucích dubů patogeny, způsobujícími fytoftorové odumírání těchto dubů, čímž může dojít ke zvýšení množství hořlavého materiálu v okolí). V budoucnu může stromu způsobit problémy změna klimatu (a s ní související změny v množství srážek, četnosti a intenzitě lesních požárů), pro jeho nízkou přizpůsobivost změnám prostředí. Většina populace jedle kalifornské se vyskytuje v chráněných oblastech přírodní rezervace Los Padres National Forest v Kalifornii, je tudíž v těchto oblastech chráněna a kácení pro dřevo zde neprobíhá.

Galerie

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
  2. a b c http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/abibra/all.html
  3. https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/34019/0

Externí odkazy

Rod jedle (Abies) Evropa Afrika Asie Amerika
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Jedle kalifornská: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Jedle kalifornská (Abies bracteata) je severoamerický jehličnatý strom z čeledi borovicovitých, z rodu jedlí, a jediný zástupce podrodu Pseudotorreya.

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Grannen-Tanne ( German )

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Die Grannen-Tanne (Abies bracteata), auch Santa-Lucia-Tanne genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Tannen (Abies) in der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie wächst nur im Santa-Lucia-Gebirge an der Küste Kaliforniens.

Beschreibung

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Illustration eines Zweiges mit Nadeln und einem Zapfen
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Grannen-Tanne (Abies bracteata) mit Zapfen

Vegetative Merkmale

Die Grannen-Tanne ist ein immergrüner Baum, der Wuchshöhen von 12 bis 30, selten bis 50, Meter und Brusthöhendurchmesser von bis zu 1 Meter erreichen kann. Die spitze Krone wird von kurzen, leicht herab hängenden Ästen gebildet die waagerecht vom Stamm abgehen. Die Rinde der Zweige ist meist glatt, kann aber auch eine leichte Behaarung aufweisen und ihre Farbe kann zwischen glänzend rotbraun, einem violetten grün oder einem einfachen braun variieren. Jungbäume besitzen eine glatte, dünne, hell rotbraun gefärbte Rinde. Bei älteren Bäumen reißt diese Rinde auf und es entsteht eine Schuppenborke. Die Sämlinge bilden etwa sieben Keimblätter (Kotyledonen) aus.

Die mit einer Größe von 10 bis 20 Zentimeter ei- bis spindelförmigen Knospen sind gelblich braun gefärbt, spitz zulaufend und harzfrei. Die Nadeln stehen zweireihig oder spiralig angeordnet an den Zweigen und verbreiten einen stechenden Geruch. Die an ihrer Basis verdrehten, steifen und spitzen Nadeln sind zwischen 2,5 und 6 Zentimeter lang und 2,5 bis 3 Millimeter breit. Die Nadeloberseite ist dunkelgrün gefärbt. An der Nadelunterseite befinden sich zwei weiße Stomatabänder welche jede acht bis zehn Stomatareihen aufweist.

Generative Merkmale

Die Grannen-Tanne ist einhäusig-getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch). Die Blütezeit liegt Anfang Mai. Die blass gelblichen bis gelb-grünlichen weiblichen Blütenzapfen werden 5 bis 7 Zentimeter lang und 2 bis 3 Zentimeter dick. Die eiförmigen, gestielten Zapfen sind bei einer Länge von 6 bis 14 Zentimeter und einem Durchmesser von 4 bis 5,5 Zentimeter eiförmig. Zur Reife Ende August bis Oktober sind sie violett-braun bis purpur-braun gefärbt. Die glänzend rotbraunen Samen sind rund 5 Millimeter lang und besitzen einen 8 bis 11 Millimeter langen Flügel.

Verbreitung und Standort

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Karte des Verbreitungsgebietes

Die Grannen-Tanne kommt nur an einem küstennahen Streifen im Santa-Lucia-Gebirge in Kalifornien vor. Dieser Küstenstreifen befindet sich im Los Padres National Forest. Man findet Abies bracteata in Höhenlagen von 180 bis 1570 Metern.

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Grannen-Tanne (Abies bracteata) in Kalifornien

Abies bracteata ist eine Baumart des Mittelmeerklimas. Je nach Standort liegen die Jahresniederschläge zwischen 500 und 1300 mm. Man findet die Art sowohl in feuchten Schluchten als auch auf felsigen Hängen.

Es werden häufig Mischbestände mit der Coulter-Kiefer (Pinus coulteri), der Gelb-Kiefer (Pinus ponderosa), der Douglasie (Pseudotsuga menziesii) sowie mit Quercus chrysolepis gebildet.

Nutzung

Früher wurde das wohlriechende Harz als Weihrauchersatz genutzt.

Systematik

Die Erstbeschreibung dieser Art erfolgte 1836 unter dem Namen Pinus bracteata durch David Don in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Band 17, S. 443. Pierre Antoine Poiteau stellte sie 1845 in Revue Horticole …, sér. 2, Band 4, S. 7 unter dem Namen Abies bracteata in die Gattung Abies. Die Grannen-Tanne wird innerhalb der Gattung der Tannen (Abies) als einzige Art der Sektion Bracteatae zugeordnet.[1]

Synonyme für Abies bracteata (D.Don) Poit. sind:[2] Abies venusta Sarg., Abies venusta (Douglas) K.Koch, Pinus bracteata (D.Don), Pinus venusta Douglas, Abies religiosa sensu Hook. & Arn., Sequoia gigantea Endl. non (Lindl.) Decne. und Picea bracteata (D.Don) Loud.

Gefährdung und Schutz

Die Grannen-Tanne wird in der Roten Liste der IUCN als „gering gefährdet“ eingestuft. Die IUCN weist darauf hin, dass ein Schutz von Abies bracteata empfohlen wird und dass eine erneute Überprüfung der Gefährdung nötig ist. Als Grund für die niedrige Einstufung wird genannt, dass das Verbreitungsgebiet der Art größer ist als ursprünglich angenommen.[3]

Quellen

  • Christopher J. Earle: Abies bracteata. In: The Gymnosperm Database. 22. Mai 2011, abgerufen am 24. Oktober 2011 (englisch, Abschnitt Beschreibung und Systematik).

Einzelnachweise

  1. Eintrag im GRIN, abgerufen am 18. Dezember 2010.
  2. Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Abies. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 3. April 2019.
  3. Abies bracteata in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2006. Eingestellt von: Conifer Specialist Group, 1998. Abgerufen am 24. August 2010.
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Grannen-Tanne: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Grannen-Tanne (Abies bracteata), auch Santa-Lucia-Tanne genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Tannen (Abies) in der Familie der Kieferngewächse (Pinaceae). Sie wächst nur im Santa-Lucia-Gebirge an der Küste Kaliforniens.

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Abies bracteata ( Komi )

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Abies bracteata
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Abies bracteata

Abies bracteata (лат. Abies bracteata) – быдмассэзлӧн пожум котырись ньыв увтырын торья вид. Ньывпуыс быдмӧ 20-35 метра вылына да овлӧ 1 метра кыза диаметрын. Ньывпу пантасьӧ Америкаись Ӧтлаасьӧм Штаттэзын.

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Калифорниысь ньылпу ( Udmurt )

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Abies bracteata
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Abies bracteata

Калифорниысь ньылпу яке Чебер ньылпу (лат. Abies bracteata) – Pinaceae семьяысь Америкалэн Огазеяськем Штатъёсаз будӥсь ньылпу. Ӝуждалаез ог 20-35 м, модослэн диаметрез 1 м.

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Abies bracteata

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Abies bracteata, the Santa Lucia fir or bristlecone fir, is the rarest and most endemic fir in North America,[3] and according to some, the world.[4][5] It is confined to steep-sided slopes and the bottoms of rocky canyons in the Santa Lucia Mountains, in the Big Sur region on the central coast of California, United States.

Location

The species may have had a broader range in Paleoendemic era, although some scientists say no fossil evidence of the tree has been conclusively identified.[5][3] The tree is now confined, possibly due to long-term climatic changes, to a few, small locales that mimic those of the distant past.

Fire susceptibility

The fir tends to be concentrated in steep, rocky, fire-resistant spots at elevations from 2,000 to 5,000 feet (610 to 1,520 m). Due to the tree's thin bark, it is susceptible to fire, and large stands are always located near high cliffs or in steep, rugged canyons that prevent litter accumulation under the tree canopy and limit the strength of fires.[5]

Known stands

The fir currently grows in a few scattered areas within the Santa Lucia Mountains along the Pacific Slope of California. Four concentrations are found in the vicinity of the Ventana Double Cone and Kandlbinder Peaks, Junipero Serra Peak, Cone Peak, and on the Monterey / San Luis Obispo County line, along San Carpóforo Creek within the Hearst Ranch.[6] The most inland stand, 13 miles (21 km) from the Pacific Coast, was found in Anastasia Canyon in the vicinity of the Arroyo Seco River and Tassajara Hot Springs.[3]

Most stands are found on north- and northeast-facing slopes. Trees are rarely found under 1,700 feet (520 m) elevation. When found at lower elevations, they are always located at the bottom of a large canyon, where cold air drainage enables it to thrive. The lowest stand is found at an elevation of 600 to 900 feet (180 to 270 m) near Ventana Camp on the Big Sur River. This camp is at the bottom of a 300-foot (91 m)-deep canyon, in the redwood belt, and is frequently foggy.[5]

The northernmost tree was located in 1927 at 750 feet (230 m) elevation on Skinners Ridge to the east of the North Fork of the Little Sur River, but it's not known if it survived subsequent fires.[5]

First identified

The first known specimen was collected in 1831 or 1832 by either botanists Thomas Coulter or David Douglas. They likely collected specimens from Cone Peak to the west of Mission San Antonio. Both sent specimens to England, but Coulter's specimen was first identified as bracteata and the name given his species has become the common use.[5][3][7]

Cultivation

The tree is a popular ornamental and is found in many arboreta. It grows in an equable Mediterranean climate with considerable precipitation during the winter and very dry summers. No one has been able to introduce it successfully in the eastern United States, but numerous groves thrive in Europe.[5]

Description

a close-up view of a cone from the species

The 66 to 115 feet (20 to 35 m) tall tree, has a slender, spire-like form. The thin bark is reddish-brown with wrinkles, lines and resin vesicles ('blisters'). The branches are downswept. The needle-like leaves are arranged spirally on the shoot, but twisted at the base to spread either side of the shoot in two moderately forward-pointing ranks with a 'v' gap above the shoot. The leaves are hard and stiff with a sharply pointed tip, 3.5–6 cm long and 2.5–3 mm broad, with two bright white stomatal bands on the underside. The flowers bloom in early May, and the ovoid, 6–9 cm long (to 12 cm including the bracts) cones mature and release winged seeds from late August to October. The cones differ from other firs in that the bracts end in very long, spreading, yellow-brown bristles 3–5 cm long. The male (pollen) cones are 2 cm long, shedding pollen in spring.[8][9]

Historical uses

Resin from the trunk was used as an incense by the early Spanish mission.[10]

References

  1. ^ Thomas, P. & Farjon, A. 2013. Abies bracteata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T34019A2840436. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34019A2840436.en. Accessed on 14 November 2022.
  2. ^ "Bristlecone Fir". NatureServe. 29 April 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  3. ^ a b c d Griffin, James R.; Critchfield, William B. "Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station" (PDF). United States Forest Service. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  4. ^ Harper, Steve. "Santa Lucia Fir". www.stevenkharper.com. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Abies bracteata (bristlecone fir) description". www.conifers.org.
  6. ^ Kauffmann, Michael (12 July 2014). "Conifer Endemism on the Central California Coast - Plant Explorations". Plant Explorations. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
  7. ^ David, Rogers (1998). "Perfect Pattern of Silvan Perfection on the Symmetrical Plan, the Rare Santa Lucia Fir". Ventana Wildlife Society.
  8. ^ Thomas, P.; Farjon, A. (2013). "Abies bracteata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T34019A2840436. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T34019A2840436.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  9. ^ Gymnosperm Database: Abies bracteata
  10. ^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 413. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.

This article contains content from public domain United States government sources.

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Abies bracteata: Brief Summary

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Abies bracteata, the Santa Lucia fir or bristlecone fir, is the rarest and most endemic fir in North America, and according to some, the world. It is confined to steep-sided slopes and the bottoms of rocky canyons in the Santa Lucia Mountains, in the Big Sur region on the central coast of California, United States.

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Abies bracteata ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Abies bracteata, el abeto de Santa Lucía[3]​ o gigantona,[4]​ es una especie poco común de abeto que está confinado a las laderas y profundidades de los cañones rocosos de las Montañas de Santa Lucía, en la costa central de California, Estados Unidos.

 src=
Vista del árbol

Descripción

Es un árbol que alcanza los 20-35 m de altura, con un esbelto aspecto en forma de aguja. La corteza es marrón-rojiza, con surcos, arrugas y vesículas resinosas. Las ramas se inclinan hacia abajo. Las hojas, en forma de aguja, miden de 3,5-6 cm de longitud y 2,5-3 mm de ancho, con dos brillantes bandas de estomas en el envés. Las piñas son ovoides de 6-9 cm de longitud (o 12 cm incluyendo las brácteas), y difieren de las de otras coníferas en que las brácteas terminan en cerdas muy largas y dispersas de color marrón amarillento de 3-5 cm de longitud; se deshacen en otoño para lanzar las semillas aladas. Los conos masculinos son de 2 cm de longitud y dispersan el polen en primavera.

Taxonomía

Abies bracteata fue descrita por (D.Don) Poit. y publicado en Revue Horticole 4: 7. 1845.[5]

Etimología

Abies: nombre genérico que viene del nombre latino de Abies alba.[6]

bracteata: epíteto latino que significa "con brácteas".[7]

Sinonimia
  • Abies bracteata Nutt.
  • Abies venusta (Douglas) K.Koch
  • Abies venusta Sarg.
  • Picea bracteata (D.Don) Loudon
  • Pinus bracteata D.Don
  • Pinus venusta Douglas
  • Sequoia gigantea Endl.[8][9]

Referencias

  1. Thomas, P. & Farjon, A. (2013). «Abies bracteata». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2016.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 16 de septiembre de 2016.
  2. Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «Abies bracteata (TSN 181825)» (en inglés).
  3. Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
  4. Colmeiro, Miguel: «Diccionario de los diversos nombres vulgares de muchas plantas usuales ó notables del antiguo y nuevo mundo», Madrid, 1871.
  5. «Abies bracteata». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 20 de enero de 2013.
  6. En Nombres Botánicos
  7. En Epítetos Botánicos
  8. Abies bracteata en PlantList
  9. «Abies bracteata». World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.

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Abies bracteata: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Abies bracteata, el abeto de Santa Lucía​ o gigantona,​ es una especie poco común de abeto que está confinado a las laderas y profundidades de los cañones rocosos de las Montañas de Santa Lucía, en la costa central de California, Estados Unidos.

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Abies bracteata ( French )

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Sapin de Santa Lucia, Sapin bractifère

Abies bracteata est une espèce d'arbre de la famille des Pinacées ; en français il est appelé Sapin bractéifère ou Sapin de Santa Lucia[1]. Il ne pousse à l'état naturel que sur les pentes des Santa Lucia Mountains, dans le sud-ouest de la Californie.

Description

Hauteur max : 60 m. Port pyramidal et cime étroite. Rameaux pendants garnis de longues feuilles falciformes et piquantes, d'un vert sombre dessus, avec deux dandelettes blanches dessous. Bourgeons secs, fusiformes, aigus, brun jaunâtre. Cônes ovoïdes, trapus, de 10 cm de long pour 7 cm de large. Bractées longuement saillantes et épineuses. Jeunes rameaux glabres, jaune verdâtre. Rhytidome fissuré en plaques irrégulières, gris clair, adhérentes au tronc.

Biologie et acclimatation

Cette espèce est sensible aux gelées tardives, ainsi qu'aux hivers très rigoureux (−15 °C). Elle préfère les régions méridionales et océaniques et la pleine lumière. Multiplication par graines.

Intérêts

Arbres de parcs.

Notes et références

  1. Les gymnospermes - Bulletin du Cercle Vaudois de Botanique N, 2007.

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Abies bracteata: Brief Summary ( French )

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Sapin de Santa Lucia, Sapin bractifère

Abies bracteata est une espèce d'arbre de la famille des Pinacées ; en français il est appelé Sapin bractéifère ou Sapin de Santa Lucia. Il ne pousse à l'état naturel que sur les pentes des Santa Lucia Mountains, dans le sud-ouest de la Californie.

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Broddþinur ( Icelandic )

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Abies bracteata, eða Broddþinur, er sjaldgæfur þinur, bundinn við hlíðar og botna grýttra gilja í Santa Lucia fjöllum við miðströnd Kaliforníu, Bandaríkjunum.

Lýsing

Þetta er 20 til 35 metra hátt tré, með grönnu, turnspírulegu formi. Börkurinn er rauðbrúnn með hrukkum, línum og kvoðublöðrum. Greinarnar eru niðursveigðar. Barrið er nálarlaga, og raðast í spíral eftir sprotanum, en er undið neðst til að standa út til hvorrar hliðar á sprotanum í tvemur framvísandi röðum með v laga geil ofan til á sprotanum; hart og stíft með hvössum enda, 3.5 tl 6 sm langt og 2.5 til 3 mm breitt, með tvær skærhvítar loftaugarákir að neðan. Könglarnir eru egglaga, 6 til 9 sm langir (að 12 sm með stoðblöðum), og er frábrugðinn öðrum þintegundum með að endi stoðblaðanna er mjög langur, útbreiddur, gulbrún burst (bristle) 3 til 5 sm langur; könglarnir sundrast að hausti til að losa vængjuð fræin. Karlkyns könglarnir eru 2 sm langir og losa frjóduftið að vori.

Myndir

Tilvísanir

Viðbótar lesning

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Broddþinur: Brief Summary ( Icelandic )

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Abies bracteata, eða Broddþinur, er sjaldgæfur þinur, bundinn við hlíðar og botna grýttra gilja í Santa Lucia fjöllum við miðströnd Kaliforníu, Bandaríkjunum.

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Abies bracteata ( Italian )

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L'abete di Santa Lucia (Abies bracteata (D.Don) Poit., 1845) è una specie di abete originaria di una ristretta zona della California.[2][1]

Etimologia

Il nome generico Abies, utilizzato già dai latini, potrebbe, secondo un'interpretazione etimologica, derivare dalla parola greca ἄβιος = longevo.[3] Il nome specifico bracteata è una parola latina che significa ricoperta di scaglie , riferendosi alle appariscenti squame degli strobili femminili.[4]

Descrizione

Portamento

Albero alto fino a 25 m, con tronco di 1 m di diametro, a portamento conico. I rami principali dipartono dal tronco ad angolo retto e quelli inferiori tendono a curvarsi in basso con l'età; i rami secondari sono di colore verde purpureo o marrone, glabri.[5][6]

Foglie

Le foglie sono aghiformi, di colore verde, lunghe fino a 6 cm, disposte a coppie, con un odore pungente. Le gemme, di colore marrone, sono di forma ovata-fusiforme, con apice appuntito; Le perule che le rivestono sono corte, glabre, triangolari, con margine intero e apice appuntito.[5][6]

Fiori

Il polline emesso dagli strobili maschili, lunghi 5-7 cm, è verde-giallastro.[5][6]

Frutti

Gli strobili femminili, di color porpora-marrone, sono ovoidali, lunghi fino a 10 cm e larghi fino a 4 cm, con scaglie di 2 cm, lisce e larghe 2,5 cm. I semi, di colore marrone rossastro, sono lunghi circa 10 mm, con ali marroni-rosse. A germinazione, i cotiledoni sono 7.[5][6]

Corteccia

La corteccia, rosso-marrone e liscia da giovane, diviene con l'età leggermente fessurata, rompendosi in scaglie.[5][6]

Distribuzione e habitat

L'abete di Santa Lucia ha un areale ristretto di circa 710 km² nelle Santa Lucia Mountains che fanno parte della Catena Costiera californiana negli Stati Uniti d'America. Si rinviene dai 200 ai 1.500 m di quota in pendii e canaloni rocciosi rivolti a nord e est dove non sussiste il pericolo di incendi boschivi. Il clima del suo habitat è a regime mediterraneo con precipitazioni medie annue di 500-1.300 mm. Forma anche boschi misti con Sequoia sempervirens, Pinus lambertiana e Pinus ponderosa.[1][6]

Usi

È molto apprezzato per uso ornamentale, in giardini e orti botanici, e nelle alberature.[1]

Conservazione

Abies bracteata risiede in un areale che, seppur frammentato, è interamente contenuto in parchi e zone protette, a basso rischio di incendi boschivi. Tuttavia, la ridotta capacità di rigenerazione tipica della specie, la fa ritenere poco adattabile ad eventuali massicci cambiamenti climatici, che la porrebbero a rischio di estinzione. Pertanto, è inserita nella Lista rossa IUCN come specie prossima alla minaccia (near threatened in inglese).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c d e (EN) Thomas, P. & Farjon, A. 2013., Abies bracteata, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Abies bracteata (D.Don) Poit., in Plants of the World Online, Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 27/4/2020.
  3. ^ Pier Luigi Nimis, Nevio Agostini, Marco Verdecchia e Elias Ceccarelli, Guida agli alberi del Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi (PDF), su Dryades project Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita Università di Trieste, Parco Nazionale delle Foreste Casentinesi. URL consultato il 21 marzo 2019.
  4. ^ (EN) Definition of bracteatus, su Latin lexicon.org. URL consultato il 17 novembre 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e (EN) Abies bracteata (D. Don) Poiteau, su Flora of North America. URL consultato il 17 novembre 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d e f (EN) Abies bracteata, su The Gymnosperm Database. URL consultato il 17 novembre 2016.

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Abies bracteata: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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L'abete di Santa Lucia (Abies bracteata (D.Don) Poit., 1845) è una specie di abete originaria di una ristretta zona della California.

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Jodła nadobna ( Polish )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Jodła nadobna (Abies bracteata (D. Don) Poit.) – gatunek drzewa należący do rodziny sosnowatych. Jest najrzadszym północnoamerykańskim gatunkiem jodły. Spotykana w kilku odizolowanych skalistych kanionach w górach Santa Lucia na terenie stanu Kalifornia[2][5]. Odkrył ją i sprowadził do Europy William Lobb w 1852 roku[5].

Morfologia

 src=
Pokrój
 src=
Kwiaty
Pokrój
Drzewo dorastające do 35 m wysokości o stożkowej, wąskiej, silnie zwężającej się koronie. Konary lekko zadarte i rozłożyste[5], z wiekiem nieco opadające[6].
Kora
U młodych drzew szara i pomarszczona, z czarnymi obwódkami wokół sęków, u starszych drzew purpurowoczarna bądź czarna i głęboko spękana[5].
Liście
Grzebieniasto ułożone, ostro zakończone, równowąskie igły długości od 2,5 do 6 cm i szerokości ok. 3 mm, nachylone wzdłuż osi pędu. Wierzch ciemnozielony, od spodu z dwoma białymi paskami. Młode igły o delikatnym różowawym odcieniu[5].
Szyszki
Wyrastają w szczytowych partiach drzewa, wyglądem przypominają świecę. Odstające i wąskie końce łusek wspierających nadają im unikatowy wygląd. Pozostają na drzewie do całkowitego rozpadu[5].

Biologia i ekologia

Fanerofit. Roślina jednopienna, wiatropylna. Rośnie w suchych lasach iglastych w górach Santa Lucia, wzdłuż wybrzeża Kalifornii na wysokości 600-900 m n.p.m.[6] Cechuje się dużą odpornością na niekorzystne warunki[5].

Zagrożenia i ochrona

Jodła ta wpisana jest do Czerwonej księgi gatunków zagrożonych w kategorii gatunek najmniejszej troski (ang. Least Concern – LC)[4].

Przypisy

  1. Christopher J. Earle: The Gymnosperm Database - Abies. 2011.
  2. a b Abies bracteata (ang.). W: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [on-line]. United States Department of Agriculture. [dostęp 2013-06-21].
  3. The Plant List. [dostęp 2013-06-21].
  4. a b Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (ang.). [dostęp 21 czerwca 2013].
  5. a b c d e f g Tony Russel, Catherine Cutler, Martin Walters: Ilustrowana encyklopedia Drzewa Świata. Kraków: Universitas, 2008, s. 116. ISBN 97883242-0842-5.
  6. a b Flora of North America (ang.). W: Abies bracteata [on-line]. [dostęp 2013-06-21].
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Jodła nadobna: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Jodła nadobna (Abies bracteata (D. Don) Poit.) – gatunek drzewa należący do rodziny sosnowatych. Jest najrzadszym północnoamerykańskim gatunkiem jodły. Spotykana w kilku odizolowanych skalistych kanionach w górach Santa Lucia na terenie stanu Kalifornia. Odkrył ją i sprowadził do Europy William Lobb w 1852 roku.

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Abies bracteata ( Ukrainian )

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Поширення, екологія

Країни поширення: США (Каліфорнія). У всьому діапазоні А. bracteata обмежується крутими північними і східними сторонами гірських схилів і гребенів, і дном каньйонів, і на піднятих потокових терасах. Ці області не схильні до гарячих пожеж. Зустрічається або в змішаних вічнозелених лісах з Quercus chrysolepis або випадково з Sequoia sempervirens, Pinus lambertiana, Pinus ponderosa. Живе на висотах 180-1570 м. Залежно від місця, річна кількість опадів становить 500-1300 мм.

Опис

Вузько конічне дерево 12-30 м заввишки, 10-30 (100) см діаметром, зі шпилеподібною кроною. Кора світло-червоно-коричнева, тонка, гладка, з віком стає злегка потрісканою, розбитою на притиснуті лусочки. Гілки розходяться від стовбура під прямим кутом, часто опускаючись у віці. Бруньки оголені, від яйцевидних до веретеновидних, блідо-жовтувато-коричневі, загострені, довжиною 10-20 мм, не смолисті, вершина загострена. Голки плоскі, жорсткі, блискучі, зверху темно-зелені, (25) 35-55 (60) мм в довжину і 2,5-3 мм шириною, з 2 широкими білими смугами знижзу; запах їдкий. Тичинкові шишки від час запилення від блідо-жовтого до жовто-зеленого кольору, довжиною 5-7 см і 2-3 см завширшки. Насіннєві шишки яйцеподібні, смолисті, (6) 7-10 (14) см у довжину і 4-5.5 см шириною, від фіолетово-коричневого до пурпурово-коричневого кольору, на міцних квітконосах. Насіння блискуче, темно-червоне-коричневе, довжиною 5 мм, довжина крила 8-11 мм. Квітне на початку травня, шишки дозрівають і розсіюють насіння з кінця серпня по жовтень.

Використання

Більше не використовується для деревини, але за привабливий і незвичайний вид цінується в колекціях для ботанічних садів і дендраріїв. Дерева у вирощуванні часто ростуть набагато швидше і вище, ніж у їх природному середовищі існування в горах Санта-Люсія.

Загрози та охорона

На даний час не загрожує будь-яка форма використання і майже всі субпопуляції знаходяться в межах охоронних територій, так що зміни в землекористуванні, навряд чи відбудуться в найближчому майбутньому. У нормальних умовах, вогонь є відносно незначним ризиком.

Посилання


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Abies bracteata ( Vietnamese )

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Abies bracteata là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được (D.Don) Poit. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1845.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Abies bracteata. Truy cập ngày 9 tháng 8 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Thông này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Abies bracteata: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Abies bracteata là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Thông. Loài này được (D.Don) Poit. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1845.

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