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Comprehensive Description

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Very little is known of the biology of this interesting family. A few of the well known, widely distributed species, such as Scenopinus fenestralis and S. glabrifrons, have well documented life histories and have been associated with their hosts. From the meager records that are available, it is clear that the larvae of the Scenopinidae are all predacious on other insects. A number of species are predacious on the larvae of dermestids and have been commonly collected at the windows of storehouses, feed mills, and museums. Members of the genus Pseudatrichia have been reared from the nests of wood rats, where they were feeding on the larvae of fleas and lice. Several species have been taken as larvae or pupae from the nests of birds and reared out. Members of the genus Belosta from the western United States have been associated with bark-infesting beetles attacking pines and hardwood, and one species has been taken from a termite nest. The members of the genus Prepseudatrichia from Africa have all been reared from larvae collected in the wood of Acacia and Sterculia attacked by buprestid larvae.

Information concerning the habitat of the larvae or the hosts on which they feed has been recorded for less than ten percent of the known species of Scenopinidae. From the meager records at hand, however, some important clues to possible areas of concentration are indicated. Among the more obvious localities are: where dermestids occur, such as grain storages, warehouses and museums; birds' nests, particularly those occupied for relatively long periods of time; the nests or dens of animals; scar wood or under bark attacked by wood boring larvae; and the nests of termites.

The larvae are elongate, light bodied, hard, smooth, and wormlike with an elongate, pointed, strongly sclerotized, yellow head. When these larvae are found they should be maintained with the host culture, which should be held for a month or two after the emergence of the host adult, as the Scenopinid adults do not emerge until the next generation of the host has begun development. The pupae of the Scenopinidae appear very spiny, particularly along the abdominal segments.

The scarcity of specimens in most collections appears to be the result of failure to collect in the right place at the proper time. Most of the specimens observed have been obtained by sweeping foliage or flowers which strictly limits the chances of contact. The adult period appears to be relatively short in most cases and occurs at a regular time each year. There is good evidence that in areas with uniform plant or animal associations, large numbers of adults are present at the same time. In one instance, in California, over 150 specimens of a single species were taken on a two-day period along a distance of more than 100 miles. Other extensive series have also been seen that were taken in a short period by field crop inspectors sweeping the same crop over an extensive area. In other instances, members of the same species have been taken at the same locality in successive years on about the same date. The use of some permanent type of trap such as a Malaise trap would probably result in better sampling than that accomplished by most collectors with hand nets.

bibliographic citation
Kelsey, L. P. 1969. A revision of the Scenopinidae (Diptera) of the world. United States National Museum Bulletin 277:1-336.
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Window Flies of the World (Diptera: Scenopinidae) | California Department of Food and Agriculture

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The study of scenopinid evolution and biodiversity is an important part of the Diptera research programs of Steve Gaimari and Shaun Winterton, who both work on Asiloidea and 'Therevoid'-clade systematics...

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Fensterfliegen ( German )

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Die Fensterfliegen (Scenopinidae) sind eine Familie der Zweiflügler (Diptera). Sie werden zu den Fliegen (Brachycera) gezählt.

Merkmale

Der Körper der Fensterfliegen ist fast vollständig unbehaart. Der kurze und breite Rüssel der Tiere ist mit Labellen versehen, die zum Auftupfen von Flüssigkeit geeignet sind.

Lebensweise

Einige Arten der Fensterfliegen halten sich gern in Wohnungen auf, vor allen an den Fenstern. Hierzu gehört auch die heimische Art Scenopinus fenestralis, die bis zu sechs Millimeter lang wird und schwarz gefärbt ist.

Die Larven ähneln denen der Luchsfliegen (Therevidae) sowohl in Aussehen als auch in der Lebensweise. Sie sind räuberisch und jagen in Wohnungen auch die Raupen von Kleidermotten. Die Larven anderer Arten finden sich etwa in Pilzen oder unter Rinde sowie in Nestern von Vögeln und Säugetieren. Es wird angenommen, dass sie sich hier vor allem von totem organischen Material ernähren und eher selten lebende Beute jagen. Die Puppen der Fensterfliegen sind ziemlich beweglich.

Systematik

Weltweit sind über 400 Vertreter dieser Gruppe bekannt, in Deutschland leben allerdings nur drei.

Äußere Systematik

Die Fensterfliegen (Scenopinidae) gehören zur Überfamilie Asiloidea, zu der auch die Raubfliegen (Asilidae) gezählt werden. Vier Familien werden innerhalb der Asiloidea zu einer Klade, in der sich auch die Fensterfliegen befinden, zusammengefasst. Neben den Festerfliegen gehören auch die Luchsfliegen (Therevidae), die Apsilocephalidae und die Evocoidae zu dieser Klade.

Innere Systematik

Die Familie der Fensterspinnen umfasst drei Unterfamilien:

Die Scenopininae bilden die größte Unterfamilie und umfassen 17 Gattungen mit ca. 380 Arten, Die Proratinae and Scenopininae kommen auch in der Afrotropis vor. Die Proratinae bestehen aus sechs Gattungen mit rund 20 Arten, von denen die meisten in der Neuen Welt beheimatet sind. Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Unterfamilie Caenotinae, die nur die Gattung Caenotus enthält, reicht von der Nearktis bis in die neotropische Region Mexicos.

Europäische Arten

Die Familie der Fensterfliegen ist in Europa mit zwei Gattungen und 17 Arten vertreten.[1]

Gattung Caenoneura

Die Gattung umfasst zwei Arten, in Europa kommt nur Caenoneura nigra vor, die andere Art Caenoneura robusta stammt aus Ägypten.

Gattung Scenopinus

Zu den 15 in Europa vertretenen Arten kam zuletzt im Jahr 2021 Scenopinus jerei aus Finnland hinzu.[2]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Scenopinidae. Fauna Europaea, Version 1.3, 19.04.2007, abgerufen am 4. Juni 2008.
  2. Jaakko Pohjoismäki, Antti Haarto: Scenopinus jerei, a new species of window fly (Diptera, Scenopinidae) from Finland. ZooKeys 1059, September 2021, S. 135–156. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1059.70085.
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Fensterfliegen: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Scenopinus fenestralis

Die Fensterfliegen (Scenopinidae) sind eine Familie der Zweiflügler (Diptera). Sie werden zu den Fliegen (Brachycera) gezählt.

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Scenopinidae

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The Scenopinidae or window flies are a small (about 400 described species)[1] family of flies (Diptera), distributed worldwide. In buildings, they are often taken at windows, hence the common name window flies.

The two species with cosmopolitan distributions are associated with the movement of trade goods (Scenopinus fenestralis and S. glabrifrons). Very little is known of the larval biology; larvae have been found associated with stored-grain pests, in nests of birds and rodents, in beetle larvae burrows in trees and shrubs, and in association with therevid larvae in soil. They may be predators of the larvae of other insects. Adults have sponging mouthparts and are found on open flowers.

Scenopinus fenestralis whole insect and dissected parts

Description

The adults are small insects, usually with the body no longer than 5 mm, glabrous or slightly hairy and with blackish livery. The head is holoptic in the males of most species, and dichoptic in females. It is provided with three ocelli. The pendulous antennae are composed of three segments the two basal segments short and the third elongated; ‘modified’; with a nonannulated flagellum. The mouthparts are of the sucking type with the labrum (proboscis) very short and with a fleshy apex, and one- or two-segmented maxillary palps. The thorax is moderately convex, with mesoscutal bristles in the Proratinae. The legs are short and lack arolia and empodia. The wings overlap on the abdomen, in the resting phase. The abdomen is large and cylindrical or flattened, composed of seven apparent urites in males and eight in females.

Venation

The wing venation differs substantially from that of Therevidae by the number of branches of the media which are reduced to two or three and from that of Bombyliidae in having a simpler radial system. In most of the family, the costa stops short of the wing apex, in correspondence with the termination of R 5 or M 1. An exception is Caenotus, in which the costa extends for the entire margin.

The radius is divided into four branches, with R 2+3 undivided. The entire radial system is positioned in the front half of the wing, without going beyond the axis that connects the base with the apex. R 1 and R 2+3 are relatively short and converge on the costal margin with a short distance between them. R 4 terminates on the costal margin, R 5 terminates before the apex of the wing or, in some genera, at the apex (but R 5 may also converge on the apex as in Cyrtosarthe and Pseudatrichia).

The media is divided into two or three branches. M 1 is always present and usually reaches the wing margin before or at the apex of the wing (e.g. Scenopinus, Prepseudatrichia, Caenotinae, Proratinae); in most genera of Scenopininae, R 5 closes a cell, while in Cyrtosarthe, it converges on the posterior margin; in some Australian species, belonging to the genera Scenopinus and Rekiella, M 1 is incomplete and does not reach the margin. M 2 is missing in the majority of the Scenopininae, but it is present in the Proratinae in Cyrtosarthe and Caenotus and runs into on the posterior border.

In these genera, the bifurcation of M 1+2 coincides with the front apex of the distal discal cell, or is placed in a distal position with respect to the cell. M 3 is absent in the whole family, M 4 is always present, but in Seguyia it is incomplete and does not reach the margin.

The conformation of the cells is strictly dependent on the morphology of the venation: the marginal cell is very narrow and opens as does the submarginal on the costal margin; the first rear cell is relatively long and opens close to the apex of the wing. The discal cell has a pentagonal shape (quadrangular in the Scenopininae) apparently due to the absence of vein M 2 and the first basal cell is generally much longer than the second due to the development in length of the discal and the position of the radio-medial vein .

Biology

In general, the larvae of the Scenopinidae colonize the sandy soils of arid environments or dry litter and feed by preying on other soil arthropods. Frequently, however, they are, always as predators, in other habitats, such as wood and other substrates, decomposing organic, dens and nests of mammals and birds, and sometimes domestic environments. The latter habit, derived from a secondary synanthropic adaptation, is frequent in some species of the genus Scenopinus. In this case, the larvae prey on insect pests of clothing (moths), foodstuffs (larvae of moths and beetles), wood (termites) or zooparasites associated with humans or domestic animals, such as dust mites and fleas. Adults feed on nectar and honeydew .

Systematics

In the past, the Scenopinidae included only the current subfamily Scenopininae, while the other genera known at that time were placed in other families. Prorates was described and classified by Melander (1906)[2] among Empididae and Caenotus was described and classified by Cole (1923)[3] within Therevidae. Currently Prorates and other members of the former Bombyliidae subfamily Proratinae, as well as Caenotus, are included in Scenopinidae, sharing apomorphies with other Scenopinidae, resulting in three subfamilies: the Caenotinae, the Proratinae, and the Scenopininae.[4]

Asiloidea N.N.

? Scenopinidae and Therevidae

? Mydidae and Apioceridae

? Asilidae

Bombyliidae

Clade showing relationship of Asiloidea

The oldest known member of the family is Burmaprorates alagracilis from the mid Cretaceous Burmese amber of Myanmar, which belongs to the subfamily Proratinae.[5]

Zoogeography

The family is worldwide, and while the Nearctic realm has the most species, this may be because other parts of the world are far less intensively studied and many new species remain undiscovered.

References

  1. ^ Kelsey, L.P. (1969). "A revision of the Scenopinidae (Diptera) of the world". Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 277: 1–336. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  2. ^ Axel Leonard Melander. Diptera. Fam. Empididae. Fascicule No. 185. In P. Witsman (a cura di), Genera Insectorum. Brussels, Desmet-Verteneuil, 1928: 1-434.
  3. ^ Frank Raymond Cole (1923). A revision of the North American two-winged flies of the family Therevidae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 62 (4): 1-140.
  4. ^ Yeates, D.M., 1992 Towards a monophyletic Bombyliidae (Diptera): the removal of the Proratinae (Diptera: Scenopinidae). American Museum Novitates 3051: 1-30.
  5. ^ Jouault, Corentin; Nel, André (2020-10-30). "The oldest record of window fly supports a Gondwanan origin of the family (Diptera: Scenopinidae)". Palaeoentomology. 3 (5): 483–491. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.5.6. ISSN 2624-2834.
  • Kelsey, L.P. (1975) Family Scenopinidae. In M.D. Delfinado & D.E. Hardy (eds), A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. vol. II. Suborder Brachycera- Division Aschiza, Suborder Cyclorrhapha. pp. 94–95. University Press Hawaii, Honolulu.
  • Kelsey, L.P. (1980) Family Scenopinidae. In R.W. Crosskey (ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera from the Afrotropical region, pp 321–323. British Museum (Natural History), London.
  • Kelsey, L.P. (1981) Scenopinidae. In J.F. McAlpine, B.V. Peterson, G.E. Shewell, H.J. Teskey, J.R. Vockeroth & D.M. Wood (eds), Manual of Nearctic Diptera 1: 525-528. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Monograph, Ottawa 674 pp.
  • Kelsey, L.P. (1989) Family Scenopinidae. In N.L. Evenhuis (ed.) Catalog of Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. pp. 350–352. Bishop Museum Special Publication. Bishop Museum Press 86: 1-1154.
  • Kelsey, L.P. & Soos, A. (1989) Family Scenopinidae. In A. Soos & L. Papp (eds.) Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera . Therevidae-Empididae, 6: 35-43. Akadémial Kiadó, Budapest.
  • Krivosheina, N.P. (1997) Family Scenopinidae. In L. Papp & B. Darvas (eds) Contributions to a manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Volume 2: Nematocera and lower Brachycera. pp. 531–538. Science Herald, Budapest.

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Scenopinidae: Brief Summary

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The Scenopinidae or window flies are a small (about 400 described species) family of flies (Diptera), distributed worldwide. In buildings, they are often taken at windows, hence the common name window flies.

The two species with cosmopolitan distributions are associated with the movement of trade goods (Scenopinus fenestralis and S. glabrifrons). Very little is known of the larval biology; larvae have been found associated with stored-grain pests, in nests of birds and rodents, in beetle larvae burrows in trees and shrubs, and in association with therevid larvae in soil. They may be predators of the larvae of other insects. Adults have sponging mouthparts and are found on open flowers.

Scenopinus fenestralis whole insect and dissected parts
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Scenopinidae ( French )

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Scenopinidae: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Scenopinidae sont une famille d'insectes diptères.

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Scenopinidae ( Italian )

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Scenopinidae Westwood, 1840, è una famiglia cosmopolita di Insetti dell'ordine dei Ditteri (Brachycera: Asiloidea), comprendente oltre 400 specie. Sono noti, in inglese, con il nome comune di window flies ("mosche della finestra"). Questa denominazione fa riferimento al comportamento particolare degli adulti di Scenopinus fenestralis, le cui larve si sviluppano spesso in ambienti domestici e gli adulti sfarfallati tendono a posarsi generalmente sulle finestre all'interno delle abitazioni.

Descrizione

Gli adulti sono insetti di piccole dimensioni, in genere con corpo lungo non più di 5 mm, glabro o moderatamente villoso e con livrea nerastra.

Il capo è oloptico nella maggior parte dei maschi, dicoptico nelle femmine, provvisto di tre ocelli. Le antenne sono composte da tre articoli, con flagello lungo e provvisto di una piccola resta. L'apparato boccale è di tipo succhiante, con labbro inferiore molto breve, carnoso all'apice, e palpi mascellari 1-2 segmentati.

Il torace è moderatamente convesso, con mesoscuto provvisto di setole nei Proratinae. Le zampe sono brevi ed hanno tarsi privi di arolio e di empodio. Le ali sono ripiegate sull'addome, in fase di riposo, e reciprocamente sovrapposte.

L'addome è ampio, cilindrico o appiattito, composto da sette uriti apparenti nel maschio e da otto nelle femmine.

La nervatura alare differisce sostanzialmente da quella dei Therevidae per il numero di ramificazioni della media, ridotte a 2 o 3 e da quella dei Bombyliidae per la morfologia più semplice del sistema radiale. Nella maggior parte della famiglia, la costa si interrompe nell'apice dell'ala, in corrispondenza della terminazione di R5 o di M1. Fa eccezione il genere Caenotus, nel quale si estende per l'intero margine.

La radio si divide in quattro rami, con R2+3 indivisa. L'intero sistema radiale si posiziona in corrispondenza della metà anteriore dell'ala, senza oltrepassare l'asse che congiunge la base con l'apice. R1 e R2+3 sono relativamente brevi e confluiscono sul margine costale a breve distanza fra loro. R4 termina sul margine costale, R5 termina prima dell'apice dell'ala o, in alcuni generi, in corrispondenza dell'apice (es., ma R5 può anche confluire sull'apice (Cyrtosarthe, Pseudatrichia).

La media si suddivide in due o tre rami. M1 è sempre presente e in genere si dirige in avanti confluendo sul margine prima o in corrispondenza dell'apice dell'ala (es. Scenopinus, Prepseudatrichia, Caenotinae, Proratinae); nella maggior parte dei generi degli Scenopininae, confluisce su R5, chiudendo la prima cellula posteriore, mentre in Cyrtosarthe confluisce sul margine posteriore; in alcune specie australiane, appartenenti ai generi Scenopinus e Rekiella, infine, M1 è incompleta e non raggiunge il margine. M2 manca nella generalità degli Scenopininae, mentre è presente nei Proratinae, in Cyrtosarthe e in Caenotus e confluisce sul margine posteriore. In questi generi, la biforcazione M1+2 coincide con il vertice anteriore distale della cellula discale oppure è collocata in posizione distale rispetto alla cellula. M3 è assente in tutta la famiglia, M4 è sempre presente, ma in Seguyia è incompleta e non raggiunge il margine.

La cubito e l'anale convergono su un ramo terminale comune che, a differenza della maggior parte dei Brachiceri inferiori, è marcatamente lungo.

Scenopinidae wing veins-1.svg

Tipo Scenopinus
Scenopinidae wing veins-2.svg

Tipo Pseudatrichia Schemi di nervature alari ricorrenti nella sottofamiglia Scenopininae
Nervature longitudinali: C: costa; Sc: subcosta; R: radio; M: media; Cu: cubito; A: anale.
Nervature trasversali: h: omerale; r-m: radio-mediale; m-cu: medio-cubitale.
Cellule: d: discale; br: 1ª basale; bm: 2ª basale; r1: marginale; r3: 1ª submarginale; r4: 2ª submarginale; r5: 1ª posteriore; cup: cellula cup.

La conformazione delle cellule è strettamente dipendente dalla morfologia della venulazione: la cellula marginale è molto stretta e si apre con le submarginali sul margine costale; la prima posteriore è relativamente lunga e si dispone longitudinalmente nella zona centrale della regione remigante, aprendosi in corrispondenza dell'apice dell'ala. La cellula discale ha una forma pentagonale o apparentemente quadrangolare negli Scenopininae per l'assenza della vena M2 e la prima basale è in generale molto più lunga della seconda in subordine allo sviluppo in lunghezza della discale e alla posizione della vena radio-mediale.

Biologia

In genere le larve degli Scenopinidae colonizzano i suoli sabbiosi di ambienti aridi o le lettiere e si nutrono predando altri artropodi terricoli. Frequentemente possono però trovarsi, sempre come predatrici, anche in altri habitat, come il legno e altri substrati organici in decomposizione, le tane e i nidi di mammiferi e uccelli e, talvolta, gli ambienti domestici. Quest'ultima abitudine, derivata da un adattamento secondario all'antropizzazione, è frequente in alcune specie del genere Scenopinus. In questo caso le larve predano gli insetti infestanti degli indumenti (tarme), delle derrate alimentari (larve di tignole e coleotteri), del legno (tarli) o anche zooparassiti associati all'uomo o agli animali domestici, come gli acari della polvere e le pulci.

Gli adulti hanno un regime dietetico glicifago e si nutrono di nettare e melata.

Sistematica e filogenesi

Dal punto di vista filogenetico, gli Scenopinidae sono correlati alla famiglia dei Therevidae e si collocano perciò nel clade dei Terevoidi. Per quanto le conoscenze siano ancora in corso di sviluppo, la famiglia si identificherebbe in un clade monofiletico posizionato come linea disgiunta dai Therevidae sensu stricto dopo la disgiunzione degli Apsilocephalidae e della specie Evocoa chilensis[1].

In passato, la famiglia degli Scenopinidae si identificava con l'attuale sottofamiglia degli Scenopininae, mentre gli altri generi allora conosciuti erano classificati in differenti posizioni sistematiche, subendo, nel corso della storia, alcuni spostamenti. Prorates fu descritto e classificato da MELANDER (1906) fra gli Empididae[2] e Caenotus fu descritto e classificato da COLE (1923) fra i Therevidae[3]. Successivamente, MELANDER (1928) spostò i due generi nei Bombyliidae, all'interno della sottofamiglia Heterotropinae[4]. Nella stessa sottofamiglia, HALL (1972) classificò il genere Caenotoides[5]. EVENHUIS (1991) spostò alcuni Prorates nel nuovo genere Alloxytropus, descrisse la sottofamiglia Proratinae, nell'ambito sempre dei Bombyliidae, e vi spostò i generi Alloxytropus, Caenotoides, Caenotus e Prorates, includendovi anche il genere Apystomyia[6]. L'anno successivo, YEATES (1992) propose una significativa revisione, spostando l'intera sottofamiglia, ad eccezione del genere Apystomyia, nella famiglia degli Scenopinidae, definendovi le sottofamiglie Caenotinae e Proratinae e collocandovi rispettivamente Caenotus nella prima e gli altri generi nella seconda[7]. NAGATOMI et al. (1994) supportarono le precedenti revisioni e inclusero fra i Proratinae due generi di nuova descrizione, Acaenotus e Jackhallia[8]. In tempi più recenti, infine, WINTERTON & METZ (2005) hanno descritto il nuovo genere Cyrtosarthe; avendo tuttavia caratteri intermedi fra i Proratinae e i Caenotinae, il genere trova collocazione nella famiglia come incertae sedis.

Alla luce delle recenti revisioni, la sistematica interna degli Scenopinidae comprende tre sottofamiglie, in cui si distribuiscono 24 generi, e un ulteriore genere incertae sedis. Nel complesso sono descritte oltre 420 specie, in gran parte appartenenti alla sottofamiglia degli Scenopininae:

Si conosce una sola specie fossile, Metatrichia pria, risalente al Cenozoico[9]

Distribuzione

La famiglia, pur avendo un limitato numero di specie, è cosmopolita ed è presente in tutte le regioni zoogeografiche del pianeta, con un maggior grado di biodiversità nelle regioni aride o semiaride della fascia temperata calda e dei tropici.

Per la maggior parte della famiglia, le singole specie hanno areali piuttosto circoscritti, ma quattro specie associate agli ambienti antropici sono diventate cosmopolite attraverso lo scambio di merci. Si tratta di Scenopinus fenestralis e Scenopinus glabifrons, di origine europea, Scenopinus lucidus, di origine africana, e Scenopinus papuanus, di origine indomalesiana-australasiana.

In Europa sono presenti due soli generi, Caenoneura, con una sola specie segnalata in Spagna, e Scenopinus, rappresentato in varie regioni, dal Mediterraneo alla Scandinavia, alla Russia.

In Italia sono segnalate quattro specie, tutte appartenenti al genere Scenopinus: oltre ai cosmopoliti Scenopinus fenestralis (assente in Sardegna) e Scenopinus glabrifrons (assente nel Nord Italia), sono segnalati anche Scenopinus albicinctus e Scenopinus niger[10].

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Brian M. Wiegmann, David K. Yeates, Brachycera, su tolweb.org, The Tree of Life Web Project, 2007. URL consultato il 25 luglio 2009.
  2. ^ Axel Leonard Melander, Some new o little-known genera of Empididae, in Entomological News, vol. 17, 1906, pp. 370-379.
  3. ^ Frank Raymond Cole, A revision of the North American tow-winged flies of the family Therevidae, in Proceedings of the United States National Museum, vol. 62, n. 4, 1923, pp. 1-140.
  4. ^ Axel Leonard Melander. Diptera. Fam. Empididae. Fascicule No. 185. In P. Witsman (a cura di), Genera Insectorum. Brussels, Desmet-Verteneuil, 1928: 1-434.
  5. ^ Jack Clayton Hall, New North American Heterotropinae (Diptera: Bombyliidae), in The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, vol. 48, 1972, pp. 37-50.
  6. ^ Neal Luit Evenhuis. Catalog of genus-group names of bee flies (Diptera: Bombyliidae). Bishop Museum Bulletin in Entomology No 5. Honolulu, Bishop Museum Press, 1991. ISBN 0-930897-56-0 (in inglese).
  7. ^ David Keith Yeates, Towards a monophyletic Bombyliidae (Diptera): the removal of the Proratinae (Diptera: Scenopinidae), in American Museum Novitates, vol. 3051, 1992, pp. 1-30.
  8. ^ Akira Nagatomi, Ningwu Liu; Kazuaki Yanagida, Notes on the Proratinae (Diptera: Scenopinidae), in South Pacific Study, vol. 14, 1994, pp. 137-222.
  9. ^ Neal L. Evenhuis, Family Scenopinidae, in Catalogue of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera), Bishop Museum. URL consultato il 25 luglio 2009.
  10. ^ Fabio Stoch, Family Scenopinidae, in Checklist of the Italian fauna online version 2.0, 2003. URL consultato il 25-07-2009.

Bibliografia

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Scenopinidae: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Scenopinidae Westwood, 1840, è una famiglia cosmopolita di Insetti dell'ordine dei Ditteri (Brachycera: Asiloidea), comprendente oltre 400 specie. Sono noti, in inglese, con il nome comune di window flies ("mosche della finestra"). Questa denominazione fa riferimento al comportamento particolare degli adulti di Scenopinus fenestralis, le cui larve si sviluppano spesso in ambienti domestici e gli adulti sfarfallati tendono a posarsi generalmente sulle finestre all'interno delle abitazioni.

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Venstervliegen ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Insecten

De venstervliegen (Scenopinidae) zijn een familie uit de orde van de tweevleugeligen (Diptera), onderorde vliegen (Brachycera). Wereldwijd omvat deze familie zo'n 25 genera en 420 soorten.

Onderverdeling

De familie venstervliegen is onderverdeeld in de volgende onderfamilies en geslachten:[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Venstervliegen: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De venstervliegen (Scenopinidae) zijn een familie uit de orde van de tweevleugeligen (Diptera), onderorde vliegen (Brachycera). Wereldwijd omvat deze familie zo'n 25 genera en 420 soorten.

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Vindusfluer ( Norwegian )

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Vindusfluer (Scenopinidae) er en liten familie av små, mørke fluer som har fått navnet sitt fordi noen av artene kan påtreffes tallrike i vinduskarmer.

Utseende

Små, vanligvis mørke fluer med tett, men kort hårkledning. Brystet (thorax) er forholdsvis langstrakt, tydelig lengre enn bred, uten store børster.

Hodet er stort, mer eller mindre rundt. Fasettøynene møtes i pannen hos hannene av de fleste artene, men er klart skilte hos hunnene. Men de møtes ikke i pannen, hos arten Scenopinus niger. Hos mange arter er fasettøynene tydelig delt i en øvre og en nedre del, der den øvre har større fasetter enn den nedre. I pannen sitter det tre punktøyne (ocelli).

Antennene er festet under midten av hodet (nedre halvdel), og har et karakteristisk utseende, med tre ledd, der det ytterste er sylindrisk eller kjegleformet, men uten antennebørste (arista). Munndelene er små men velutviklet.

Vingene er middelsstore, med flere lukkede celler midt i vingen.

Beina er forholdsvis korte og kraftige, og bakkroppen er noe flattrykt.

Larvene er lange og tynne, med en liten men tydelig hodekapsel. De består tilsynelatende av 19 segmenter. Egentlig har de bare 11 segmenter, men de åtte siste (bakkropps-) segmentene er delt i to utvendig, men ikke innvendig. Åndehull (spirakler) finnes på siden av det første og det tredje siste (tilsynelatende) segmentet.

Levevis

Larvene er rovdyr, og lever gjerne i treverk, i tunnelene til vedborende insekter, i gnagerhuler, termitt-tuer eller lignende levesteder. Noen arter, blant annet den verdensvidt utbredte Scenopinus fenestralis, lever i hus der de spiser midd og larvene til klannere (Dermestidae) og andre biller. De voksne insektene kan man ofte finne på blomster.

Det er ikke kjent at de gjør noen skade.

Systematisk inndeling

Treliste

Kilder

  • Greve, L. 1993. Fluer (Diptera): Ibisfluer (Athericidae), snappefluer (Rhagionidae), vindusfluer (Scenopinidae) og kulefluer (Acroceridae). Norske Insekttabeller nr. 1, 2. utgave. Norsk Entomologisk Forening.
  • Krivosheina, N.P. 1997. Family Scenopinidae. Side 531-538 i: Papp, L. og Darvas, B. (red.): Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic Diptera. Volume 2. Science Herald, Budapest.

Eksterne lenker

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Vindusfluer: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Vindusfluer (Scenopinidae) er en liten familie av små, mørke fluer som har fått navnet sitt fordi noen av artene kan påtreffes tallrike i vinduskarmer.

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Оконные мухи ( Russian )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Надкласс: Шестиногие
Класс: Насекомые
Надотряд: Antliophora
Отряд: Двукрылые
Подотряд: Короткоусые
Инфраотряд: Asilomorpha
Надсемейство: Asiloidea
Семейство: Оконные мухи
Международное научное название

Scenopinidae Burmeister, 1835

Подсемейства ГеохронологияWikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
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ITIS 132049NCBI 50675EOL 9006FW 213751

Темнушки[1], или оконные мухи[1], или мухи-темнушки[2] (лат. Scenopinidae) — семейство насекомых из отряда двукрылых, подотряда короткоусых.

Внешнее строение

Мухи мелкого, реже среднего размера (2—6 мм) с уплощённым телом. Окраска преимущественно чёрная, иногда с белыми полосами на брюшке[2].

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    Жилкование крыла Scenopinus

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    Жилкование крыла Pseudatrichia

Биология

Мухи в основном придерживаются сухих местообитаний, встречаются среди травянистой растительности в степях, полупустынях, Питаются на цветках с открытыми нектарниками. Некоторые виды (Scenopinus fenestralis Meigen и S. glabrifrons Meigen Meigen), иногда в массе встречаются в домах и на окнах. Личинки ведут хищный образ жизки, очень подвижные. Способные высоко подпрыгивать, нападать на клещей, личинок жуков и гусениц бабочек. Встречаются в сухих растениях, трухе дупел, в ходах в древесине, в сухих трутовиках, в гнёздах млекопитающих, птиц, термитов и ос, в домах (в скоплениях пыли). Синантропным видам (Scenopinus fenestralis Meigen и близкие к нему) местами обитания в домах могут служить скопления пыли под коврами, гнёзда ласточек, голубятни, курятники. Некоторые личинки родаScenopinus Latreille способны вызывать миазы у человека[2].

Классификация и распространение

Распространены всесветно, но особенно многочисленны в аридных и семиаридных регионах[2]. В мировой фауне известно около 420 видов из 26 родов[3][4]. В Палеарктике отмечено около 70 видов из 8 родов. В России найдено около 20 видов[2]. Некоторые виды — космополиты. Ископаемые впервые отмечены в эоцене[5][6].

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Стриганова Б. Р., Захаров А. А. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных: Насекомые (латинский-русский-английский-немецкий-французский) / Под ред. д-ра биол. наук, проф. Б. Р. Стригановой. — М.: РУССО, 2000. — 560 с. — 1060 экз.ISBN 5-88721-162-8.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Нарчук Э. П. Определитель семейств двукрылых насекомых (Insecta: Diptera) фауны России и сопредельных стран (с кратким обзором семейств мировой фауны) / Редактор тома В. Ф. Зайцев. — Санкт-Петербург: Зоологический институт РАН, 2003. — С. 228—230. — 252 с. — ISBN 5-98092-004-8.
  3. Pape T., Blagoderov V. & Mostovski M. B. Order Diptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (англ.) // Zootaxa : Журнал. — 2011. — Vol. 3148. — P. 222—229. — ISSN 1175-5334.
  4. 1 2 3 Winterton S. L. & Gharali B. Iranotrichia gen. n., a new genus of Scenopinidae (Diptera) from Iran, with a key to window fly genera of the world (англ.) // ZooKeys : Журнал. — 2011. — No. 138. — P. 75–92.
  5. Yeates D. and Grimaldi D. A new Metatrichia window fly (Diptera: Scenopinidae) in Dominican amber, with a review of the systematics and biogeography of the genus (англ.) // American Museum Novitates : Журнал. — 1993. — No. 3078. — P. 1–8.
  6. Garrouste R., Azar D., & Nel A. The oldest accurate record of Scenopinidae in the Lowermost Eocene amber of France (Diptera: Brachycera) (англ.) // Zootaxa : Журнал. — 2016. — Vol. 4093. — P. 444–450. — ISSN 1175-5334.
  7. 1 2 3 Winterton S. L. & Kerr P. H. A new species of Alloxytropus Bezzi (Diptera: Scenopinidae: Proratinae) from Israel (англ.) // Zootaxa : Журнал. — 2006. — Vol. 1155. — P. 41–50. — ISSN 1175-5334.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Nagatomi A., Liu N. & Yanagada K. Notes on the Proratinae (Diptera:Scenopinidae) (англ.) // South Pacific Study : Журнал. — 1994. — Vol. 14, no. 2. — P. 137–222.
  9. 1 2 Manual of Nearctic Diptera. Vol. 1. — Ottawa: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Monograph, 1981. — P. 525–528. — 674 p.
  10. Winterton S. L. & Metz M.A. Cyrtosathe gen. n.: the first non-scenopinine window fly from sub Saharan Africa (Diptera: Scenopinidae) (англ.) // Zootaxa : Журнал. — 2005. — Vol. 975. — P. 1–12.
  11. Winterton S. L. & Gaimari S. D. Revision of the South American window fly genus Heteromphrale Kröber, 1937 (Diptera, Scenopinidae) (англ.) // ZooKeys : Журнал. — 2011. — No. 84. — P. 39–57.
  12. Garrouste R., Azar D. & Nel A. The oldest accurate record of Scenopinidae in the Lowermost Eocene amber of France (Diptera: Brachycera) (англ.) // Zootaxa : Журнал. — 2016. — Vol. 4093, no. 3. — P. 444–450. — ISSN 1175-5334.
  13. Kelsey L. P. A new scenopinid genus with three new speciesfrom Chile (Diptera: Scenopinidae) (англ.) // The Pan-Pacific entomologist : Журнал. — 1971. — Vol. 47. — P. 279—284.
  14. 1 2 3 Hassan S. A. & El-Hawagry M. S. A. A Revision of the family Scenopinidae (Diptera) from Egypt (англ.) // Efflatounia. — 2001. — No. 1. — P. 1—11.
  15. Winterton S. L. & Woodley Y N. E. New species of Metatrichia Coquillett (Diptera: Scenopinidae) from Australia and Venezuela (англ.) // Zootaxa. — 2009. — Vol. 2094. — P. 42–51.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Winterton S. L. & Gaimari S. D. Scenopinidae (Window Flies) (англ.) // Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. — 2017. — Vol. 2. — P. 1209—1219.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Scenopinidae -- a/o cat. (неопр.). hbs.bishopmuseum.org. Проверено 1 августа 2018.
  18. Winterton S.L. New species of Prepseudatrichia Kelsey from Thailand (Diptera, Scenopinidae) (англ.) // Zookeys : Журнал. — 2011. — Vol. 122. — P. 39–44.
  19. Winterton S. L. A new species of Propebrevitrichia Kelsey (Diptera: Scenopinidae: Scenopininae) from Botswana (англ.) // Zootaxa. — 2005. — No. 818. — P. 1–8.
  20. Winterton S. L. A new species of Pseudatrichia Osten Sacken (Diptera: Scenopinidae) from North America (англ.) // Zootaxa : Журнал. — 2009. — Vol. 2094. — P. 36–41. — ISSN 1175-5334.
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Оконные мухи: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Темнушки, или оконные мухи, или мухи-темнушки (лат. Scenopinidae) — семейство насекомых из отряда двукрылых, подотряда короткоусых.

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Авторы и редакторы Википедии