Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), originally named Pteropid lyssavirus (PLV), is a zoonotic virus closely related to the rabies virus. It was first identified in a 5-month-old juvenile black flying fox (Pteropus alecto) collected near Ballina in northern New South Wales, Australia, in January 1995 during a national surveillance program for the recently identified Hendra virus.[1] ABLV is the seventh member of the genus Lyssavirus (which includes Rabies virus) and the only Lyssavirus member present in Australia.
ABLV is distributed throughout Australia in a variety of bat species which are believed to be the primary reservoir for the virus.
Surveillance initiatives also confirmed the presence of lyssavirus in both Pteropid (Gould et al.., 1998) and insectivorous bats (Gould et al.., 2002; Hooper et al.., 1997), and later, human infections were reported following encounters with both fruit and insectivorous bats (Allworth et al.., 1996; Hanna et al.., 2000; Warrilow, 2005; Warrilow et al.., 2002). Indeed, ABLV has now been isolated from five different bat species, all four species of Pteropodidae in Australia and from an insectivorous bat species, the yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat (Saccolaimus flaviventris), with two distinct lineages apparently circulating in insectivorous and frugivorous bats (Fraser et al.., 1996; Gould et al.., 1998, 2002; Guyatt et al.., 2003). Phylogenetically and serologically, ABLV isolates appear to be more closely related to RABV than any of the other Old World lyssaviruses (Fig. 2). Although the black flying fox is a native fruit bat to Australia and is present on islands to the north, ABLV has only been isolated in Australia. However, serosurveillance of bat populations in the Philippines has suggested that lyssavirus infection of bats might be more widespread than previously thought (Arguin et al.., 2002).[2]
Three cases of ABLV in humans have been confirmed, all of them fatal. The first occurred in November 1996, when an animal caregiver was scratched by a yellow-bellied sheath-tailed bat. Onset of a rabies-like illness occurred 4–5 weeks following the incident, with death 20 days later. ABLV was identified from brain tissue by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.
In August 1996, a middle-aged woman in Queensland was bitten on the finger by a flying fox while attempting to remove it from a child on whom it had landed. Six months later, following heightened public attention from the first ABLV death, she consulted a GP regarding testing for the virus. Postexposure treatment was advised, but for an unknown reason did not occur. After a 27-month incubation, a rabies-like illness developed. The condition worsened after hospital admission, and she died 19 days after the onset of illness. On the day the woman was hospitalized, cerebrospinal fluid, serum, and saliva were submitted for testing.[3] On the fourth day of her hospital admission, these tests were returned with results of probable ABLV infection. Postmortem tests were all strongly positive for ABLV. The length of incubation is unusual as classical rabies has typical incubation periods of less than 90 days.
In December 2012, an eight-year-old boy was scratched by a bat in north Queensland. He became ill two months later and died on 22 February 2013.[4]
Rabies vaccine and immunoglobulin are effective in prophylactic and therapeutic protection from ABLV infection. Since the emergence of the virus, rabies vaccine is administered to individuals with a heightened risk of exposure, and vaccine and immunoglobulin are provided for postexposure treatment.
ABLV is one of four zoonotic viruses discovered in pteropid bats since 1994, the others being Hendra virus, Nipah virus, and Menangle virus. Of these, ABLV is the only virus known to be transmissible to humans directly from bats without an intermediate host.
Dr John Carnie [Victoria's Chief Health Officer] said Australian bat lyssavirus was a rare but fatal disease that could be transmitted to humans or pets bitten or scratched by bats. But he said only two cases have ever been recorded, both in Queensland. No animal or person in Victoria has ever contracted the disease, Dr Carnie said. Nine Victorian flying foxes have been found with the virus since 1996. "Under no circumstances should people handle flying foxes on their property as some diseases they carry, such as Australian bat lyssavirus, are transmissible to humans," Dr Carnie said in a statement. Only trained volunteers or workers should handle bats. Anyone who encounters a sick or injured flying fox should not try to catch it but call the DSE Customer Service Centre on 136 186.[5]
ABLV was detected in a bat found in the Melbourne suburb of Kew in July 2011. The discovery prompted health authorities to issue warnings to Melbourne residents not to touch the creatures.[6]
ABLV was confirmed in two horses on Queensland's Darling Downs in May 2013. Both horses were euthanased when their condition deteriorated despite treatment and the attending veterinarian performed a post mortem examination obtaining samples that allowed for the laboratory diagnosis. The property was then quarantined. Three dogs and the four horses in closest contact received postexposure prophylaxis, as did all nine in-contact people. The virus was isolated and identified as the insectivorous bat strain. These cases have prompted reconsideration of the potential spillover of ABLV into domestic animal species. Veterinarians are urged to consider ABLV as a differential diagnosis in cases of progressive generalized neurological disease.
ABLV was found in one flying fox in 2019 and three in 2020.[7]
Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV), originally named Pteropid lyssavirus (PLV), is a zoonotic virus closely related to the rabies virus. It was first identified in a 5-month-old juvenile black flying fox (Pteropus alecto) collected near Ballina in northern New South Wales, Australia, in January 1995 during a national surveillance program for the recently identified Hendra virus. ABLV is the seventh member of the genus Lyssavirus (which includes Rabies virus) and the only Lyssavirus member present in Australia.
El lisavirus australiano de murciélago (ABLV, del inglés australian bat lyssavirus) es un Lyssavirus emparentado con el virus de la rabia. Se identificó por primera vez en un zorro volador (Pteropus alecto) recogido cerca de Ballina, Nueva Gales del Sur, Australia, en enero de 1995. Puede causar enfermedad en humanos muy similar a la rabia, aunque únicamente se han descrito tres casos, todos ellos en Australia, pero con resultado mortal.[1][2][3]
El lisavirus australiano de murciélago se ha detectado en la saliva y en el cerebro de murciélagos infectados. La enfermedad en humanos tiene lugar cuando una persona es mordida o arañada por un murciélago infectado. Teóricamente es posible que el virus penetre a través de una pequeña lesión en la piel ya existente, o bien por contacto con la mucosa de la boca o la nariz, si bien esta circunstancia sería excepcional.
La sintomatología es indistinguible de la provocada por el virus de la rabia.
Es conveniente evitar entrar en contacto con cualquier especie de murciélago, sobre todo si el animal muestra signos de enfermedad y no puede volar. Únicamente personal experimentado y con la protección adecuada debe manipular murciélagos. Cualquier arañazo o mordedura debe notificarse al médico para realizar, si es necesario, profilaxis postexposición.
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Especies: Australian bat lyssavirus
El lisavirus australiano de murciélago (ABLV, del inglés australian bat lyssavirus) es un Lyssavirus emparentado con el virus de la rabia. Se identificó por primera vez en un zorro volador (Pteropus alecto) recogido cerca de Ballina, Nueva Gales del Sur, Australia, en enero de 1995. Puede causar enfermedad en humanos muy similar a la rabia, aunque únicamente se han descrito tres casos, todos ellos en Australia, pero con resultado mortal.
Le virus Lyssavirus de la chauve-souris australienne (en anglais : Australian bat lyssavirus, ou ABL) a été isolé pour la première fois en juillet 1996 chez un jeune Renard volant noir (Pteropus alecto) collecté à Ballina, en Nouvelles Galles du Sud[1]. Il est parfois transmissible à l'être humain, chez qui il provoque paralysie, délire, convulsions et mort (due à une paralysie respiratoire).
Ce virus ABL a été confirmé dans cinq espèces de chauves souris australiennes, dont quatre espèces de renards volants (sous-ordre Megachiroptera, genre Pteropus) et une espèce de chauve-souris insectivore (sous-ordre Microchiroptera, Saccolaimus flaviventris (en)).
Trois cas d'êtres humains infectés par l'ABL ont été signalés. Le premier cas concernait une éleveuse âgée de 39 ans à Rockhampton (Queensland), en novembre 1996, probablement infectée après avoir été griffée et mordue par une chauve-souris à queue à étui et à ventre jaune (S. flaviventris). Le second cas était une femme de 27 ans à Mackay, également au Queensland, en décembre 1998, plus de deux ans après une morsure de renard volant.
Les deux patients sont décédés.
En décembre 2012, un garçon de huit ans a été mordu ou griffé par une chauve-souris dans le nord du Queensland. Il est tombé malade 3 semaines plus tard et est mort le 22 février 2013[2],[3].
Deux chevaux infectés sont aussi morts en mai 2013.
L'ABL est de la famille des Rhabdoviridae. Malgré des similitudes sérotypiques, antigéniques et de séquences moléculaires avec les virus classiques de la rage, l'ABL représente un nouveau groupe distinct de génotype 7 du genre Lyssavirus.
Les signes cliniques de l'infection des deux femmes dans les années 1990 étaient identiques à ceux d'une rage classique avec en plus, une encéphalite non suppurative qui les conduisit à la mort. Les chauves souris infectées sont souvent signalées par une parésie des membres inférieurs. La plupart sont dépressives, mais quelques-unes montrent des signes anormaux d'agressivité envers leurs congénères et les humains.
Fréquemment, une encéphalite méningée non spécifique et non suppurative se voit dans les cerveaux d'animaux infectés. Des essais de vaccins sur des souris ont amené le CDC d'Atlanta à diffuser un human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) pour la prophylaxie des êtres humains.
Le virus Lyssavirus de la chauve-souris australienne (en anglais : Australian bat lyssavirus, ou ABL) a été isolé pour la première fois en juillet 1996 chez un jeune Renard volant noir (Pteropus alecto) collecté à Ballina, en Nouvelles Galles du Sud. Il est parfois transmissible à l'être humain, chez qui il provoque paralysie, délire, convulsions et mort (due à une paralysie respiratoire).
Il lyssavirus del pipistrello australiano (Australian bat lyssavirus) è una specie di virus zoonotico, a singolo filamento negativo di RNA, strettamente correlato al virus della rabbia,[1] appartenente al genere Lyssavirus, famiglia Rhabdoviridae, ordine Mononegavirales. Il virus è presente in Australia e i pipistrelli ne sono considerati la principale riserva virale.
È stato identificato per la prima volta nel gennaio 1995, nei pressi di Ballina (Australia), in un esemplare di Pteropus alecto di cinque mesi durante un programma di sorveglianza nazionale per il recentemente identificato Hendravirus[2].
Sono stati documentati tre casi di infezione nell'uomo, tutti mortali. Il primo si è avuto nel novembre 1996, quando un animal caregiver è stato graffiato da un Saccolaimus flaviventris. La malattia è insorta 4-5 settimane dopo l'incidente e in 20 giorni l'ha portato alla morte. Il virus è stato identificato nel tessuto cerebrale con la PCR e l'immunoistochimica.
Nell'agosto 1996 una donna nel Queensland è stata morsa al dito da una volpe volante mentre tentava di spostarla da un bambino sul quale era caduta. La malattia insorse dopo 27 mesi di incubazione e la morte sopraggiunse 19 giorni dopo l'insorgenza della malattia[3].
Nel dicembre 2012 un bambino di otto anni è stato morso o graffiato da un pipistrello nel Queensland. La malattia insorse tre settimane dopo e la morte sopraggiunse il 22 febbraio 2013[4][5].
Il lyssavirus del pipistrello australiano è uno dei quattro virus zoonotici scoperti nei pipistrelli Pteropus a partire dal 1994, gli altri sono hendravirus, nipahvirus e menangle virus. Di questi, il lyssavirus del pipistrello australiano è l'unico direttamente trasmissibile all'uomo senza un ospite intermedio.
Il lyssavirus del pipistrello australiano (Australian bat lyssavirus) è una specie di virus zoonotico, a singolo filamento negativo di RNA, strettamente correlato al virus della rabbia, appartenente al genere Lyssavirus, famiglia Rhabdoviridae, ordine Mononegavirales. Il virus è presente in Australia e i pipistrelli ne sono considerati la principale riserva virale.
