Biology
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Very little is known about the specific biology of the Palawan beaded pig other than what has been inferred in the past from observations of the beaded pigs of Indonesia and Malaysia, Sus barbatus barbatus and S. b. oi. However, the Palawan bearded pig is thought to be much more sedentary than Sus barbatus, dispensing with the periodic mass migrations both the subspecies reportedly undertake (4).
All bearded pigs have a diverse diet comprised primarily of fruits and seeds, but also including everything from roots and fungus to small vertebrates and carrion (2) (4). Adult males are normally solitary but the females and young forage in matriarchal family groups, sometimes merging to former larger herds (4). The peak breeding season coincides with the transition from flowering to early fruit formation in the forest, suggesting the pigs may take a visual cue to breed from the falling petals (4). Following mating, the female builds a temporary nest from vegetation in which she will give birth to a litter of 3 to 11 piglets, following a gestation period lasting 90 to 120 days. The nest will only be used by the mother and her piglets for a week to ten days (3) (4).
Conservation
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As of yet, there are no conservation measures in place specifically targeting the Palawan bearded pig. One of the most significant limitations to developing a conservation strategy is that so little information, particularly concerning its populations status, is known. An action plan written in 1993 by the IUCN Pigs, Peccaries and Hippos Specialist Group stressed the need for basic research to establish, amongst other things, the size and range of the existing population (4). Fifteen years on, and with no reason to believe the Palawan bearded pig is any less threatened than it was in the early 1990s, this basic information still appears to be lacking.
Description
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Until recently, the bearded pigs of south-east Asia were thought to comprise three subspecies under the scientific name Sus barbatus. However, genetic evidence now shows that the Palawan bearded pig warrants recognition as a distinct species (1) (6) (7). Like its former conspecifics, the Palawan bearded pig has an elongated skull and a dense tuft of coarse, white hair surrounding the cheek and snout. Supported on long legs, its large body is reddish-brown to black and sparsely haired (2) (3) (4). The male is slightly larger than the female and has small but marked facial warts, which are thought to provide protection during head-to-head fights (2) (3) (4) (5).
Habitat
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The Palawan bearded pig lives and forages mainly in evergreen forests, from sea-level up to around 1,500 metres, but is also known to encroach on cultivated land on forest edges (4) (6).
Range
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Endemic to the Philippines, the Palawan bearded pig only occurs on the islands of Balabac, Palawan and Calamian (4).
Status
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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1).
Threats
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As a result of heavy hunting and rapid habitat loss over an already restricted range, the Palawan bearded pig is the most threatened bearded pig in south-east Asia (8) (9). High rates of population growth, coupled with low-income are forcing local people into subsistence agriculture at the expense of Palawan's wildlife-rich forests (10). Furthermore, despite the banning of commercial logging throughout the Palawan province in the 1990s, small-scale illegal operations are still responsible for continued depletion of forested areas (6). The impact deforestation is having on the Palawan bearded pig is compounded by intensive hunting for meat and, in particular, the increased use of non-traditional hunting methods such as explosives (6) (8) (11).
Palawan bearded pig
provided by wikipedia EN
The Palawan bearded pig (Sus ahoenobarbus) is a pig species in the genus Sus endemic to the Philippines, where it occurs on the archipelago of islands formed by Balabac, Palawan, and the Calamian Islands.[1] It is 1 to 1.6 m (3.3 to 5.2 ft) in length, about 1 m (3.3 ft) tall and weigh up to 150 kg (330 lb).
Taxonomy
Until recently, it was considered a subspecies of the Bornean bearded pig (Sus barbatus), but at least under the phylogenetic species concept, it must be classified as a separate species. For its treatment under other (and more widely used) species concepts, more study is required, but the presently available information seems to argue for full species status in any case.[2]
Fossils
Fossils excavated in Palawan were identified as being of the Palawan bearded pig, deer, Philippine long-tailed macaques, tiger, small mammals, lizards, snakes and turtles. From the stone tools, besides the evidence for cuts on the bones, and the use of fire, it would appear that early humans had accumulated the bones.[3][4]
Borneo might have been connected to Palawan during the penultimate and previous glacial periods, judging from the molecular phylogeny of murids.[5] Remains of pigs were compared with the wild boar (Sus scrofa)and Palawanese wild boar (Sus ahoenobarbus). It is known that the wild boar was imported as a domesticate to the islands from mainland Southeast Asia during the late Holocene.[6][7][8][9][10]
See also
References
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^ a b Meijaard, E.; Widmann, P. (2017). "Sus ahoenobarbus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T21177A44140029. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T21177A44140029.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
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^ Lucchini, V.; Meijaard, E.; Diong, C. H.; Groves, C. P.; Randi, E. (2005). "New phylogenetic perspectives among species of South-east Asian wild pig (Sus sp.) based on mtDNA sequences and morphometric data". The Journal of Zoology. London. 266: 25–35. doi:10.1017/S0952836905006588.
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^ Piper, P. J.; Ochoa, J.; Lewis, H.; Paz, V.; Ronquillo, W. P. (2008). "The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: extinction in an island population". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 264 (1–2): 123–127. Bibcode:2008PPP...264..123P. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.04.003.
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^ Ochoa, J.; Piper, P. J. (2017). "Tiger". In Monks, G. (ed.). Climate Change and Human Responses: A Zooarchaeological Perspective. Springer. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-9-4024-1106-5.
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^ Van der Geer, A.; Lyras, G.; De Vos, J.; Dermitzakis, M. (2011). "15 (The Philippines); 26 (Carnivores)". Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extinction of Placental Mammals on Islands. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 220–347. ISBN 9781444391282.
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^ Larson, G.; Dobney, K.; Albarella, U.; Fang, M.; Matisso-Smith, E.; Robins, J.; Lowden, S.; Finlayson, H.; Brand, T.; Willersley, E.; Rowley-Conwy, P.; Andersson, L.; Cooper, A. (2005). "Worldwide Phylogeography of wild boar reveals multiple centers of pig domestication". Science. 307 (5715): 1618–1621. Bibcode:2005Sci...307.1618L. doi:10.1126/science.1106927. PMID 15761152. S2CID 39923483.
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^ Larson, G.; Cucchi, T.; Fujita, M.; Matisoo-Smith, E.; Robins, J.; Anderson, A.; Rolett, B.; Spriggs, M.; Dolman, G.; Kim, T.-H.; Thi, N.; Thuy, D.; Randi, E.; Doehrty, M.; Due, R. A.; Bolt, R.; Griffin, B.; Morwood, M.; Piper, P.; Bergh, G.v.d.; Dobney, K. (2007). "Phylogeny and ancient DNA of Sus provides insight into Neolithic expansion in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (12): 4834–4839. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.4834L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607753104. PMC 1829225. PMID 17360400.
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^ Dobney, K.; Cucchi, T.; Larson, G. (2008). "The pigs of Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific: new evidence for taxonomic status and human-mediated dispersal" (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 47 (1): 59–74. doi:10.1353/asi.2008.0009. JSTOR 42928732. S2CID 55390219.
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^ Cucchi, T.; Fujita, M.; Dobney, K. (2009). "New insights into pig taxonomy, domestication and human dispersal in Island Southeast Asia: molar shape analysis of Sus remains from Niah Caves, Sarawak". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 19 (4): 508–530. doi:10.1002/oa.974.
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^ Piper, P. J.; Hung, H.-C.; Campos, F. Z.; Bellwood, P.; Santiago, R. (2009). "A 4,000 year old introduction of domestic pigs into the Philippine archipelago: implications for understanding routes of human migration into through Island Southeast Asia and Wallacea". Antiquity. 83: 687–695. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00098914. S2CID 161296257.
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Palawan bearded pig: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
The Palawan bearded pig (Sus ahoenobarbus) is a pig species in the genus Sus endemic to the Philippines, where it occurs on the archipelago of islands formed by Balabac, Palawan, and the Calamian Islands. It is 1 to 1.6 m (3.3 to 5.2 ft) in length, about 1 m (3.3 ft) tall and weigh up to 150 kg (330 lb).
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