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Cycad

Cycas calcicola Maconochie

Biology

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Cycads are dioecious plants, meaning that there are separate male and female plants, and the female produces seeds while the male produces cones with pollen in them. Plants of this taxon have generally been considered to be wind pollinated, but several recent studies suggest that insect pollination is more likely. The seeds produced are typically large with a hard, stony layer (sclerotesta) beneath a fleshy outer coat (sarcotesta), attracting animals such as birds, rodents, small marsupials and fruit-eating bats, which serve as dispersal agents. In most cases, the fleshy coat is eaten off the seed rather than the entire seed being consumed. Cycads are long-lived and slow-growing, with slow recruitment and population turnover (6).
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Conservation

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This cycad is listed on Appendix II of CITES, which regulates the plant's import and export across international borders (3). Otherwise, no conservation measures are currently in place for this species.
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Description

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Despite being strikingly distinctive and occurring beside the major north-south highway in the Northern Territory, Australia, this cycad was only recognised as recently as 1978 (4). The palm-like shrub (2) is distinguished by its long, flat, dark-green leaves with large numbers of very narrow leaflets, densely covered with short, matted hairs below, and sometimes above (4). This slender-trunked form of Cycas is also characterised by pronounced silver or bluish-grey colouration through young upright leaves, which can most frequently be seen in the new flush of growth after a fire (2) (5). The slender, greyish male pollen cone is ovoid in shape, 17 to 26 centimetres long and 5 to 6 centimetres wide (2). The megasporophylls, a leaf-like structure that holds the female gamete, are 12 to 18 centimetres long and either grey or brown (4).
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Habitat

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Found amongst sparse woodland on sandstone or limestone, where the water table is near the surface (5).
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Range

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Located in a few disjunct areas across the Northern Territory of Australia (5).
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Status

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Classified as Least Concern (LC) by the IUCN Red List (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).
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Threats

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This species is widespread and not considered to be at risk (4).
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Cycas calcicola

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Cycas calcicola is a species of cycad in the genus Cycas, native to northern Australia in the northwest of Northern Territory.

The stems are erect, 2–5 m tall and 16–22 cm diameter. The leaves are variably deep green and glabrous to white tomentose above, and persistently white tomentose below, 60–130 cm long, pinnate, with 210-410 leaflets. The leaflets are 5–12 cm long and 2–4 mm wide, and lie flat either side of the leaf stem (not in a 'v'-shape like most other Cycas species). The petioles are 18–30 cm long, and armed with sharp spines at the base.

The female cones are open, with sporophylls 12–18 cm long, with four to six ovules per sporophyll. The lamina is lanceolate, with spined dentate margins and an apical spine. The sarcotesta is orange-brown, the sclerotesta short ovoid to globular, with a network of shallow grooves. The male cones are solitary, narrow ovoid, 25–30 cm long and 5–7 cm diameter, brown, the sporophylls 25–30 mm long with an upturned apical spine.

Habitat

This cycad grows in a hot, dry, climate, often in association with Eucalyptus and Livistona. It was first found on limestone soil, from which the name calcicola "lime-dwelling" derives, but is not confined to limestone, also occurring on soils derived from sandstone and schist.

References

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Cycas calcicola: Brief Summary

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Cycas calcicola is a species of cycad in the genus Cycas, native to northern Australia in the northwest of Northern Territory.

The stems are erect, 2–5 m tall and 16–22 cm diameter. The leaves are variably deep green and glabrous to white tomentose above, and persistently white tomentose below, 60–130 cm long, pinnate, with 210-410 leaflets. The leaflets are 5–12 cm long and 2–4 mm wide, and lie flat either side of the leaf stem (not in a 'v'-shape like most other Cycas species). The petioles are 18–30 cm long, and armed with sharp spines at the base.

The female cones are open, with sporophylls 12–18 cm long, with four to six ovules per sporophyll. The lamina is lanceolate, with spined dentate margins and an apical spine. The sarcotesta is orange-brown, the sclerotesta short ovoid to globular, with a network of shallow grooves. The male cones are solitary, narrow ovoid, 25–30 cm long and 5–7 cm diameter, brown, the sporophylls 25–30 mm long with an upturned apical spine.

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