Extant: 5 valid subspecies
Formica fusca Linnaeus, 1758 PDF: 580 (w.) EUROPE. Palearctic. Primary type information: “Habitat in Europae” Note: type-locality Sweden, after Linnaeus, 1761 PDF: 426, Yarrow, 1954a PDF: 232 AntCat AntWiki HOLTaxonomic history
Latreille, 1798 PDF: 42 (q.m.); Latreille, 1802a PDF: 160 (q.m.); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1953c PDF: 164 (l.).Combination in Formica (Serviformica): Forel, 1913j PDF: 361.Status as species: Linnaeus, 1761 PDF: 426; Linnaeus, 1767 PDF: 962; Fabricius, 1782: 490; Retzius, 1783 PDF: 75; Geoffroy, in Fourcroy, 1785: 453; Fabricius, 1787 PDF: 308; Razoumowsky, 1789: 224; Gmelin, 1790 PDF: 2799; Christ, 1791 PDF: 512; Olivier, 1792: 493; Fabricius, 1793 PDF: 352; Latreille, 1798 PDF: 42; Latreille, 1802a PDF: 159; Walckenaer, 1802: 162; Fabricius, 1804 PDF: 399; Jurine, 1807 PDF: 272; Latreille, 1809 PDF: 126; Latreille, 1817a: 99; Lamarck, 1817 PDF: 96; Billberg, 1820: 104; Stephens, 1829b: 357; Losana, 1834 PDF: 317; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835 PDF: 205; Kirby, 1837: 262; Zetterstedt, 1838: 448; Schilling, 1839 PDF: 53; Brullé, 1840: 84; Nylander, 1846a PDF: 919; Nylander, 1849 PDF: 30; Foerster, 1850a: 33; Smith, 1851 PDF: 3; Schenck, 1852 PDF: 43; Mayr, 1855 PDF: 346 (redescription); Smith, 1855a PDF: 104; Nylander, 1856b PDF: 65; Gredler, 1858 PDF: 9; Smith, 1858a PDF: 5, 52; Mayr, 1861 PDF: 47 (in key); Meinert, 1861: 316; Mayr, 1863a PDF: 415; Roger, 1863b PDF: 13; Emery, 1869b PDF: 10; Smith, 1871c: 1; Dours, 1873 PDF: 165; Forel, 1874 PDF: 53 (in key); André, 1874b: 185 (in key); Mayr, 1877a: 7; Emery, 1878a PDF: ix (in list); Emery, 1878: 49; Emery & Forel, 1879 PDF: 451; Mayr, 1880 PDF: 27; Saunders, 1880 PDF: 207; Provancher, 1881b PDF: 356; André, 1882c PDF: 182 (in key); Provancher, 1883 PDF: 599; White, 1884 PDF: 253; Mayr, 1886d PDF: 426; Provancher, 1887: 232 (in key); Cresson, 1887 PDF: 256; Nasonov, 1889: 19; Mayr, 1889 PDF: 278; Forel, 1890b PDF: lxvii; Saunders, 1890 PDF: 203; Emery, 1891c: 16; Lameere, 1892: 63; Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 196; Emery, 1893k PDF: 657; Medina, 1893 PDF: 104; Forel, 1895e PDF: 227; Ruzsky, 1896 PDF: 70; Saunders, 1896 PDF: 22; Forel, 1899b PDF: 128; Ruzsky, 1902d PDF: 11; Ruzsky, 1903c PDF: 206; Bingham, 1903 PDF: 336; Ruzsky, 1904a PDF: 288; Forel, 1904c PDF: 384; Ruzsky, 1905b: 372; Forel, 1906b PDF: 85; Forel, 1906c PDF: 189; Wasmann, 1906 PDF: 112 (in key); Forel, 1907h PDF: 19; Emery, 1909b PDF: 193; Forel, 1909c PDF: 105; Bondroit, 1910 PDF: 482; Karavaiev, 1912b PDF: 590; Krausse, 1912c PDF: 165; Wheeler, 1913i PDF: 494 (redescription); Ruzsky, 1914b PDF: 104; Stitz, 1914 PDF: 92; Ruzsky, 1915a PDF: 422; Ruzsky, 1915b: 11; Forel, 1915d: 63 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1915f: 304; Morice & Durrant, 1915 PDF: 430; Emery, 1916a PDF: 254; Ruzsky, 1916: 5; Wheeler, 1917a PDF: 545; Wheeler, 1917e PDF: 19; Escherich, 1917: 336 (in key); Menozzi, 1918 PDF: 88; Bondroit, 1918 PDF: 48; Nadig, 1918 PDF: 340; Santschi, 1919e PDF: 247; Ruzsky, 1920 PDF: 79; Kulmatycki, 1922 PDF: 84; Soudek, 1922b PDF: 83; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1923b PDF: 245; Müller, 1923b PDF: 138; Finzi, 1923a PDF: 4; Vashkevich, 1924b PDF: 147; Comes, 1925 PDF: 1 (footnote); Emery, 1925d PDF: 247; Lomnicki, 1925a PDF: 18 (in key); Soudek, 1925b PDF: 15; Kiseleva, 1925 PDF: 74; Ruzsky, 1925a PDF: 287; Santschi, 1925g PDF: 352; Schkaff, 1925b PDF: 276; Donisthorpe, 1926b PDF: 18; Betrem, 1926 PDF: 214; Essig, 1926 PDF: 866; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926c PDF: 96; Karavaiev, 1926e PDF: 197; Stärcke, 1926a PDF: 147 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1927c: 349; Karavaiev, 1927a PDF: 301; Karavaiev, 1927d: 285 (in key); Menozzi, 1927b PDF: 92; Lomnicki, 1928 PDF: 9; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929b PDF: 38; Finzi, 1930d PDF: 317; Karavaiev, 1930b PDF: 148; Wheeler, 1930k PDF: 80; Santschi, 1931a: 13; Karavaiev, 1931b PDF: 32; Karavaiev, 1931c PDF: 110; Karavaiev, 1931e PDF: 215; Soudek, 1931 PDF: 16; Gösswald, 1932 PDF: 44; Menozzi, 1932b PDF: 312; Santschi, 1932e PDF: 73; Santschi, 1932h PDF: 5; Teranishi, 1932 PDF: 52; Arnol'di, 1933a: 604 (in key); Santschi, 1934d PDF: 281; Grandi, 1935 PDF: 103; Zimmermann, 1935 PDF: 53; Cole, 1936a PDF: 37; Karavaiev, 1936: 227 (redescription); Ruzsky, 1936 PDF: 92; Cole, 1937b PDF: 137; Stitz, 1939: 348; Menozzi, 1939a PDF: 319; Wing, 1939 PDF: 164; Teranishi, 1940: 24; Novák & Sadil, 1941 PDF: 107 (in key); Eidmann, 1941a PDF: 26; Holgersen, 1942b PDF: 15; Holgersen, 1943c PDF: 177 (in key); Holgersen, 1944a PDF: 189; Wheeler & Wheeler, 1944 PDF: 260; Ruzsky, 1946 PDF: 69; Van Boven, 1947b PDF: 187 (in key); Röszler, 1950 PDF: 217; Donisthorpe, 1950e PDF: 1065; Creighton, 1950a PDF: 532; Smith, 1951c PDF: 863; Chapman & Capco, 1951 PDF: 198; Consani & Zangheri, 1952 PDF: 45; Cole, 1954c PDF: 166; Yarrow, 1954a PDF: 230; Azuma, 1955 PDF: 80; Ceballos, 1956: 318; Smith, 1958c PDF: 155; Carter, 1962a PDF: 8 (in list); Baroni Urbani, 1964c PDF: 166; Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 36 (in key); Cole, 1966b PDF: 23 (in key); Beck et al., 1967: 69; Bernard, 1967a PDF: 293 (redescription); Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 58; Pisarski, 1967a PDF: 416; Smith, 1967a PDF: 371; Arnol'di, 1968b PDF: 1821; Cagniant, 1968a PDF: 145; Kutter, 1968b: 61; Collingwood & Yarrow, 1969 PDF: 88; Collingwood, 1970b: 378; Cagniant, 1970c PDF: 38; Baroni Urbani, 1971c PDF: 236; Collingwood, 1971 PDF: 169; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971 PDF: 148 (redescription); Banert & Pisarski, 1972 PDF: 354; Francoeur, 1973 PDF: 189 (redescription); Bolton & Collingwood, 1975: 6 (in key); Francoeur, 1975 PDF: 262; Hunt & Snelling, 1975 PDF: 23; Pisarski, 1975: 40; Tarbinsky, 1976 PDF: 180 (redescription); Aktaç, 1977 PDF: 127; Van Boven, 1977 PDF: 163; Wheeler & Wheeler, 1977b PDF: 15 (in key); Collingwood, 1978 PDF: 94 (in key); Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978: 553 (in key); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1978b PDF: 395; Collingwood, 1979 PDF: 120; Francoeur & Snelling, 1979 PDF: 6; Smith, 1979: 1452; Kupyanskaya, 1980 PDF: 101; Allred, 1982: 464; Kupyanskaya, 1986b PDF: 97; Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986g PDF: 89; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987a PDF: 59; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b PDF: 287 (in key); Nilsson & Douwes, 1987: 80; DuBois & LaBerge, 1988: 147; MacKay et al., 1988: 114; Wu, 1990 PDF: 5 (in key); Kupyanskaya, 1990a: 183; Le Moli & Rosi, 1991: 37; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 260; Wang, 1992: 680; Arakelian, 1994 PDF: 96; Radchenko, 1994b: 113 (in key); Wheeler et al., 1994 PDF: 306; Douwes, 1995: 98; Bolton, 1995b: 195; Poldi et al., 1995: 8; Wu & Wang, 1995a: 144; Tang et al., 1995: 105; Espadaler, 1997g PDF: 28; Collingwood & Prince, 1998: 26 (in key); Gallé et al., 1998: 217; Collingwood & Heatwole, 2002 PDF: 13; Chang & He, 2002a PDF: 51 (in key); Czechowski et al., 2002 PDF: 79; Mackay & Mackay, 2002 PDF: 344; Karaman & Karaman, 2003 PDF: 49; Coovert, 2005 PDF: 141; Csosz & Markó, 2005 PDF: 232; Karaman & Karaman, 2005 PDF: 59; Ward, 2005 PDF: 63; Bračko, 2006 PDF: 147; Markó et al., 2006 PDF: 67; Petrov, 2006 PDF: 72, 114 (in key); Bračko, 2007 PDF: 19; Radchenko, 2007 PDF: 35; Seifert, 2007: 295; Zryanin & Zryanina, 2007 PDF: 233; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008 PDF: 133; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009 PDF: 481; Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2010 PDF: 49; Boer, 2010: 30; Csosz et al., 2011 PDF: 59; Karaman, 2011b PDF: 77; Legakis, 2011 PDF: 35; Seppä et al., 2011 PDF: 31; Borowiec & Salata, 2012 PDF: 494; Czechowski et al., 2012: 205; Guénard & Dunn, 2012 PDF: 31; Kiran & Karaman, 2012 PDF: 11; Borowiec, 2014 PDF: 74 (see note in bibliography); Bračko et al., 2014 PDF: 19; Bharti et al., 2016 PDF: 27; Lebas et al., 2016: 190; Radchenko, 2016: 294; Salata & Borowiec, 2018c 10.5281/zenodo.2199191 PDF: 45; Schär et al., 2018 10.1111/jbi.13380 PDF: 6; Seifert, 2018: 299.Senior synonym of Formica barbata: Emery & Forel, 1879 PDF: 451; Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 196; Emery, 1925d PDF: 247; Karavaiev, 1936: 228; Bolton, 1995b: 195; Radchenko, 2016: 294.Senior synonym of Formica flavipes: Latreille, 1802a PDF: 161; Stephens, 1829b: 357; Smith, 1851 PDF: 3; Roger, 1863b PDF: 13; Mayr, 1863a PDF: 415; Forel, 1874 PDF: 98 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879 PDF: 451; Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 196; Forel, 1915d: 63 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1915f: 304; Emery, 1925d PDF: 247; Donisthorpe, 1927c: 349; Karavaiev, 1936: 228; Bolton, 1995b: 195; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009 PDF: 481; Radchenko, 2016: 294.Senior synonym of Formica glebaria: Schenck, 1852 PDF: 43; Mayr, 1855 PDF: 346; Nylander, 1856b PDF: 65; Smith, 1858a PDF: 6; Mayr, 1863a PDF: 415; Roger, 1863b PDF: 13; Dours, 1873 PDF: 165; André, 1874c: 202 (in list); Forel, 1874 PDF: 98 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879 PDF: 451; Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 197; Forel, 1894c PDF: 403; Lomnicki, 1925a PDF: 18 (in key); Yarrow, 1954a PDF: 230; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 58; Pisarski, 1975: 40; Tarbinsky, 1976 PDF: 180; Radchenko, 2007 PDF: 35; Czechowski et al., 2012: 205; Radchenko, 2016: 294.Senior synonym of Formica libera: Latreille, 1802a PDF: 159; Stephens, 1829b: 357; Smith, 1851 PDF: 3; Roger, 1863b PDF: 13; Mayr, 1863a PDF: 415; Forel, 1874 PDF: 98 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879 PDF: 451; Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 200 (footnote); Emery, 1925d PDF: 247; Karavaiev, 1936: 227; Bolton, 1995b: 195; Radchenko, 2016: 294.Senior synonym of Formica fusca pallipes: Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 58; Tarbinsky, 1976 PDF: 180; Bolton, 1995b: 195; Radchenko, 2007 PDF: 35; Radchenko, 2016: 294.Senior synonym of Formica fusca rufipes: Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 58; Bolton, 1995b: 195; Radchenko, 2007 PDF: 35; Radchenko, 2016: 294.Senior synonym of Formica tristis: Emery, 1892c PDF: 162; Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 196; Forel, 1915d: 63 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1915f: 304; Emery, 1925d PDF: 247; Donisthorpe, 1927c: 349; Karavaiev, 1936: 228; Bolton, 1995b: 195; Radchenko, 2016: 294.Material of the unavailable name Formica nigra major referred here by Donisthorpe, 1915f: 304.
