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Taxonomic History

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Extant: 5 valid subspecies

Formica fusca Linnaeus, 1758 PDF: 580 (w.) EUROPE. Palearctic. Primary type information: “Habitat in Europae” Note: type-locality Sweden, after Linnaeus, 1761 PDF: 426, Yarrow, 1954a PDF: 232 AntCat AntWiki HOL

Taxonomic history

Latreille, 1798 PDF: 42 (q.m.); Latreille, 1802a PDF: 160 (q.m.); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1953c PDF: 164 (l.).Combination in Formica (Serviformica): Forel, 1913j PDF: 361.Status as species: Linnaeus, 1761 PDF: 426; Linnaeus, 1767 PDF: 962; Fabricius, 1782: 490; Retzius, 1783 PDF: 75; Geoffroy, in Fourcroy, 1785: 453; Fabricius, 1787 PDF: 308; Razoumowsky, 1789: 224; Gmelin, 1790 PDF: 2799; Christ, 1791 PDF: 512; Olivier, 1792: 493; Fabricius, 1793 PDF: 352; Latreille, 1798 PDF: 42; Latreille, 1802a PDF: 159; Walckenaer, 1802: 162; Fabricius, 1804 PDF: 399; Jurine, 1807 PDF: 272; Latreille, 1809 PDF: 126; Latreille, 1817a: 99; Lamarck, 1817 PDF: 96; Billberg, 1820: 104; Stephens, 1829b: 357; Losana, 1834 PDF: 317; Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835 PDF: 205; Kirby, 1837: 262; Zetterstedt, 1838: 448; Schilling, 1839 PDF: 53; Brullé, 1840: 84; Nylander, 1846a PDF: 919; Nylander, 1849 PDF: 30; Foerster, 1850a: 33; Smith, 1851 PDF: 3; Schenck, 1852 PDF: 43; Mayr, 1855 PDF: 346 (redescription); Smith, 1855a PDF: 104; Nylander, 1856b PDF: 65; Gredler, 1858 PDF: 9; Smith, 1858a PDF: 5, 52; Mayr, 1861 PDF: 47 (in key); Meinert, 1861: 316; Mayr, 1863a PDF: 415; Roger, 1863b PDF: 13; Emery, 1869b PDF: 10; Smith, 1871c: 1; Dours, 1873 PDF: 165; Forel, 1874 PDF: 53 (in key); André, 1874b: 185 (in key); Mayr, 1877a: 7; Emery, 1878a PDF: ix (in list); Emery, 1878: 49; Emery & Forel, 1879 PDF: 451; Mayr, 1880 PDF: 27; Saunders, 1880 PDF: 207; Provancher, 1881b PDF: 356; André, 1882c PDF: 182 (in key); Provancher, 1883 PDF: 599; White, 1884 PDF: 253; Mayr, 1886d PDF: 426; Provancher, 1887: 232 (in key); Cresson, 1887 PDF: 256; Nasonov, 1889: 19; Mayr, 1889 PDF: 278; Forel, 1890b PDF: lxvii; Saunders, 1890 PDF: 203; Emery, 1891c: 16; Lameere, 1892: 63; Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 196; Emery, 1893k PDF: 657; Medina, 1893 PDF: 104; Forel, 1895e PDF: 227; Ruzsky, 1896 PDF: 70; Saunders, 1896 PDF: 22; Forel, 1899b PDF: 128; Ruzsky, 1902d PDF: 11; Ruzsky, 1903c PDF: 206; Bingham, 1903 PDF: 336; Ruzsky, 1904a PDF: 288; Forel, 1904c PDF: 384; Ruzsky, 1905b: 372; Forel, 1906b PDF: 85; Forel, 1906c PDF: 189; Wasmann, 1906 PDF: 112 (in key); Forel, 1907h PDF: 19; Emery, 1909b PDF: 193; Forel, 1909c PDF: 105; Bondroit, 1910 PDF: 482; Karavaiev, 1912b PDF: 590; Krausse, 1912c PDF: 165; Wheeler, 1913i PDF: 494 (redescription); Ruzsky, 1914b PDF: 104; Stitz, 1914 PDF: 92; Ruzsky, 1915a PDF: 422; Ruzsky, 1915b: 11; Forel, 1915d: 63 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1915f: 304; Morice & Durrant, 1915 PDF: 430; Emery, 1916a PDF: 254; Ruzsky, 1916: 5; Wheeler, 1917a PDF: 545; Wheeler, 1917e PDF: 19; Escherich, 1917: 336 (in key); Menozzi, 1918 PDF: 88; Bondroit, 1918 PDF: 48; Nadig, 1918 PDF: 340; Santschi, 1919e PDF: 247; Ruzsky, 1920 PDF: 79; Kulmatycki, 1922 PDF: 84; Soudek, 1922b PDF: 83; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1923b PDF: 245; Müller, 1923b PDF: 138; Finzi, 1923a PDF: 4; Vashkevich, 1924b PDF: 147; Comes, 1925 PDF: 1 (footnote); Emery, 1925d PDF: 247; Lomnicki, 1925a PDF: 18 (in key); Soudek, 1925b PDF: 15; Kiseleva, 1925 PDF: 74; Ruzsky, 1925a PDF: 287; Santschi, 1925g PDF: 352; Schkaff, 1925b PDF: 276; Donisthorpe, 1926b PDF: 18; Betrem, 1926 PDF: 214; Essig, 1926 PDF: 866; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926c PDF: 96; Karavaiev, 1926e PDF: 197; Stärcke, 1926a PDF: 147 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1927c: 349; Karavaiev, 1927a PDF: 301; Karavaiev, 1927d: 285 (in key); Menozzi, 1927b PDF: 92; Lomnicki, 1928 PDF: 9; Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1929b PDF: 38; Finzi, 1930d PDF: 317; Karavaiev, 1930b PDF: 148; Wheeler, 1930k PDF: 80; Santschi, 1931a: 13; Karavaiev, 1931b PDF: 32; Karavaiev, 1931c PDF: 110; Karavaiev, 1931e PDF: 215; Soudek, 1931 PDF: 16; Gösswald, 1932 PDF: 44; Menozzi, 1932b PDF: 312; Santschi, 1932e PDF: 73; Santschi, 1932h PDF: 5; Teranishi, 1932 PDF: 52; Arnol'di, 1933a: 604 (in key); Santschi, 1934d PDF: 281; Grandi, 1935 PDF: 103; Zimmermann, 1935 PDF: 53; Cole, 1936a PDF: 37; Karavaiev, 1936: 227 (redescription); Ruzsky, 1936 PDF: 92; Cole, 1937b PDF: 137; Stitz, 1939: 348; Menozzi, 1939a PDF: 319; Wing, 1939 PDF: 164; Teranishi, 1940: 24; Novák & Sadil, 1941 PDF: 107 (in key); Eidmann, 1941a PDF: 26; Holgersen, 1942b PDF: 15; Holgersen, 1943c PDF: 177 (in key); Holgersen, 1944a PDF: 189; Wheeler & Wheeler, 1944 PDF: 260; Ruzsky, 1946 PDF: 69; Van Boven, 1947b PDF: 187 (in key); Röszler, 1950 PDF: 217; Donisthorpe, 1950e PDF: 1065; Creighton, 1950a PDF: 532; Smith, 1951c PDF: 863; Chapman & Capco, 1951 PDF: 198; Consani & Zangheri, 1952 PDF: 45; Cole, 1954c PDF: 166; Yarrow, 1954a PDF: 230; Azuma, 1955 PDF: 80; Ceballos, 1956: 318; Smith, 1958c PDF: 155; Carter, 1962a PDF: 8 (in list); Baroni Urbani, 1964c PDF: 166; Dlussky, 1965a PDF: 36 (in key); Cole, 1966b PDF: 23 (in key); Beck et al., 1967: 69; Bernard, 1967a PDF: 293 (redescription); Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 58; Pisarski, 1967a PDF: 416; Smith, 1967a PDF: 371; Arnol'di, 1968b PDF: 1821; Cagniant, 1968a PDF: 145; Kutter, 1968b: 61; Collingwood & Yarrow, 1969 PDF: 88; Collingwood, 1970b: 378; Cagniant, 1970c PDF: 38; Baroni Urbani, 1971c PDF: 236; Collingwood, 1971 PDF: 169; Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971 PDF: 148 (redescription); Banert & Pisarski, 1972 PDF: 354; Francoeur, 1973 PDF: 189 (redescription); Bolton & Collingwood, 1975: 6 (in key); Francoeur, 1975 PDF: 262; Hunt & Snelling, 1975 PDF: 23; Pisarski, 1975: 40; Tarbinsky, 1976 PDF: 180 (redescription); Aktaç, 1977 PDF: 127; Van Boven, 1977 PDF: 163; Wheeler & Wheeler, 1977b PDF: 15 (in key); Collingwood, 1978 PDF: 94 (in key); Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978: 553 (in key); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1978b PDF: 395; Collingwood, 1979 PDF: 120; Francoeur & Snelling, 1979 PDF: 6; Smith, 1979: 1452; Kupyanskaya, 1980 PDF: 101; Allred, 1982: 464; Kupyanskaya, 1986b PDF: 97; Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986g PDF: 89; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987a PDF: 59; Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b PDF: 287 (in key); Nilsson & Douwes, 1987: 80; DuBois & LaBerge, 1988: 147; MacKay et al., 1988: 114; Wu, 1990 PDF: 5 (in key); Kupyanskaya, 1990a: 183; Le Moli & Rosi, 1991: 37; Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 260; Wang, 1992: 680; Arakelian, 1994 PDF: 96; Radchenko, 1994b: 113 (in key); Wheeler et al., 1994 PDF: 306; Douwes, 1995: 98; Bolton, 1995b: 195; Poldi et al., 1995: 8; Wu & Wang, 1995a: 144; Tang et al., 1995: 105; Espadaler, 1997g PDF: 28; Collingwood & Prince, 1998: 26 (in key); Gallé et al., 1998: 217; Collingwood & Heatwole, 2002 PDF: 13; Chang & He, 2002a PDF: 51 (in key); Czechowski et al., 2002 PDF: 79; Mackay & Mackay, 2002 PDF: 344; Karaman & Karaman, 2003 PDF: 49; Coovert, 2005 PDF: 141; Csosz & Markó, 2005 PDF: 232; Karaman & Karaman, 2005 PDF: 59; Ward, 2005 PDF: 63; Bračko, 2006 PDF: 147; Markó et al., 2006 PDF: 67; Petrov, 2006 PDF: 72, 114 (in key); Bračko, 2007 PDF: 19; Radchenko, 2007 PDF: 35; Seifert, 2007: 295; Zryanin & Zryanina, 2007 PDF: 233; Gratiashvili & Barjadze, 2008 PDF: 133; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009 PDF: 481; Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2010 PDF: 49; Boer, 2010: 30; Csosz et al., 2011 PDF: 59; Karaman, 2011b PDF: 77; Legakis, 2011 PDF: 35; Seppä et al., 2011 PDF: 31; Borowiec & Salata, 2012 PDF: 494; Czechowski et al., 2012: 205; Guénard & Dunn, 2012 PDF: 31; Kiran & Karaman, 2012 PDF: 11; Borowiec, 2014 PDF: 74 (see note in bibliography); Bračko et al., 2014 PDF: 19; Bharti et al., 2016 PDF: 27; Lebas et al., 2016: 190; Radchenko, 2016: 294; Salata & Borowiec, 2018c 10.5281/zenodo.2199191 PDF: 45; Schär et al., 2018 10.1111/jbi.13380 PDF: 6; Seifert, 2018: 299.Senior synonym of Formica barbata: Emery & Forel, 1879 PDF: 451; Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 196; Emery, 1925d PDF: 247; Karavaiev, 1936: 228; Bolton, 1995b: 195; Radchenko, 2016: 294.Senior synonym of Formica flavipes: Latreille, 1802a PDF: 161; Stephens, 1829b: 357; Smith, 1851 PDF: 3; Roger, 1863b PDF: 13; Mayr, 1863a PDF: 415; Forel, 1874 PDF: 98 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879 PDF: 451; Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 196; Forel, 1915d: 63 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1915f: 304; Emery, 1925d PDF: 247; Donisthorpe, 1927c: 349; Karavaiev, 1936: 228; Bolton, 1995b: 195; Casevitz-Weulersse & Galkowski, 2009 PDF: 481; Radchenko, 2016: 294.Senior synonym of Formica glebaria: Schenck, 1852 PDF: 43; Mayr, 1855 PDF: 346; Nylander, 1856b PDF: 65; Smith, 1858a PDF: 6; Mayr, 1863a PDF: 415; Roger, 1863b PDF: 13; Dours, 1873 PDF: 165; André, 1874c: 202 (in list); Forel, 1874 PDF: 98 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879 PDF: 451; Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 197; Forel, 1894c PDF: 403; Lomnicki, 1925a PDF: 18 (in key); Yarrow, 1954a PDF: 230; Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 58; Pisarski, 1975: 40; Tarbinsky, 1976 PDF: 180; Radchenko, 2007 PDF: 35; Czechowski et al., 2012: 205; Radchenko, 2016: 294.Senior synonym of Formica libera: Latreille, 1802a PDF: 159; Stephens, 1829b: 357; Smith, 1851 PDF: 3; Roger, 1863b PDF: 13; Mayr, 1863a PDF: 415; Forel, 1874 PDF: 98 (in list); Emery & Forel, 1879 PDF: 451; Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 200 (footnote); Emery, 1925d PDF: 247; Karavaiev, 1936: 227; Bolton, 1995b: 195; Radchenko, 2016: 294.Senior synonym of Formica fusca pallipes: Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 58; Tarbinsky, 1976 PDF: 180; Bolton, 1995b: 195; Radchenko, 2007 PDF: 35; Radchenko, 2016: 294.Senior synonym of Formica fusca rufipes: Dlussky, 1967a PDF: 58; Bolton, 1995b: 195; Radchenko, 2007 PDF: 35; Radchenko, 2016: 294.Senior synonym of Formica tristis: Emery, 1892c PDF: 162; Dalla Torre, 1893 PDF: 196; Forel, 1915d: 63 (in key); Donisthorpe, 1915f: 304; Emery, 1925d PDF: 247; Donisthorpe, 1927c: 349; Karavaiev, 1936: 228; Bolton, 1995b: 195; Radchenko, 2016: 294.Material of the unavailable name Formica nigra major referred here by Donisthorpe, 1915f: 304.
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AntWeb. Version 8.45.1. California Academy of Science, online at https://www.antweb.org. Accessed 15 December 2022.
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Associations

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Animal / guest
larva of Clytra laeviuscula is a guest in nest of Formica fusca

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Animal / parasite
Formica exsecta parasitises nest (queenless) of Formica fusca

Animal / parasite
queen (newly mated) of Formica rufa parasitises nest of Formica fusca
Other: minor host/prey

Animal / predator
adult of Formica sanguinea is predator of brood of Formica fusca

Animal / predator
larva of Microdon mutabilis is predator of pupa of Formica fusca

Animal / associate
adult of Systellonotus triguttatus is associated with Formica fusca
Remarks: season: late 5-mid 8

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Distribution

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
N. Dak., S. Dak., Iowa, Kans., Tex. w. and northwest to N. W. T., B. C., Wash., Oreg., Calif.
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Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

General Ecology

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Found in open or semi-open situations usually in sandy soil under rocks or with a low mound.
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bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Distribution

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Que. w. to B. C. s. to S. C., Ohio, Ill., Iowa, S. Dak., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif.
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bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

General Ecology

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Nests in a wide variety of situations, in forests or open areas, under rocks, logs, in soil, or in rotting wood.
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bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Distribution

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Newfoundland (insular) w. to Yukon s. to N. C., Ill., Iowa, S. Dak., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif.; Holarctic.
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Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

General Ecology

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Found in woods or open fields where it builds its nests in the soil and with a low mound commonly covered with grass.
license
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bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Distribution

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Newfoundland (insular) s. to N. Y. w. to Man., N. Dak., Ill.
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Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

General Ecology

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Found in grasslands or open woods where it nests in the soil, usually preferring sandy soil; nests are sometimes at the base of plants and sometimes have loose mounds of vegetable debris or excavated soil.
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bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Distribution

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Colo., N. Mex., Utah w. to Calif.
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bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

General Ecology

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
A dominant ant in the boreal and alpine forests of North America; usually nests in rotting wood but occasionally in the soil under rocks.
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bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Distribution

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Newfoundland (Labrador) w. to Alaska s. to Mass., Mich., Minn., S. Dak., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif.
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bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

General Ecology

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Usually found in semi-desert areas where it nests in sandy or gravelly soil; nests may be craterlike or moundlike.
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bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Distribution

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
B. C., Idaho, Wash., Oreg., Nev., Calif.
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cc-by-nc
bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

General Ecology

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Usually found in semi-desert areas where it nests in sandy or gravelly soil; nests may be craterlike or moundlike.
license
cc-by-nc
bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

General Ecology

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Found in forests and open forests, under stones and logs; only occasionally with use of thatch.
license
cc-by-nc
bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Distribution

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
B. C., Idaho, Wash., Oreg., Nev., Calif.
license
cc-by-nc
bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

General Ecology

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Found in forests and open forests, under stones and logs; only occasionally with use of thatch.
license
cc-by-nc
bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Distribution

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Newfoundland (Labrador) w. to Alaska s. to Mass., Mich., Minn., S. Dak., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif.
license
cc-by-nc
bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

General Ecology

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
A dominant ant in the boreal and alpine forests of North America; usually nests in rotting wood but occasionally in the soil under rocks.
license
cc-by-nc
bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Distribution

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
N. Dak., S. Dak., Iowa, Kans., Tex. w. and northwest to N. W. T., B. C., Wash., Oreg., Calif.
license
cc-by-nc
bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

General Ecology

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Found in grasslands or open woods where it nests in the soil, usually preferring sandy soil; nests are sometimes at the base of plants and sometimes have loose mounds of vegetable debris or excavated soil.
license
cc-by-nc
bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

General Ecology

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Found in woods or open fields where it builds its nests in the soil and with a low mound commonly covered with grass.
license
cc-by-nc
bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Distribution

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Colo., N. Mex., Utah w. to Calif.
license
cc-by-nc
bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

General Ecology

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Found in open or semi-open situations usually in sandy soil under rocks or with a low mound.
license
cc-by-nc
bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Distribution

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Que. w. to B. C. s. to S. C., Ohio, Ill., Iowa, S. Dak., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif.
license
cc-by-nc
bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

General Ecology

provided by Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico
Nests in a wide variety of situations, in forests or open areas, under rocks, logs, in soil, or in rotting wood.
license
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bibliographic citation
Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Distribution

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Newfoundland (insular) w. to Yukon s. to N. C., Ill., Iowa, S. Dak., N. Mex., Ariz., Calif.; Holarctic.
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Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Distribution

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Newfoundland (insular) s. to N. Y. w. to Man., N. Dak., Ill.
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Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1979. Prepared cooperatively by specialists on the various groups of Hymenoptera under the direction of Karl V. Krombein and Paul D. Hurd, Jr., Smithsonian Institution, and David R. Smith and B. D. Burks, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Insect Identification and Beneficial Insect Introduction Institute. Science and Education Administration, United States Department of Agriculture.

Diagnostic Description

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Records

(Map 65): Bulgaria ( Agosti and Collingwood 1987a , Atanassov and Dlusskij 1992 ); Western Danubian Plain: Vidin ( Gateva 1975 ); Central Predbalkan: Dermantsi vill. (Lukovit) ( Atanassov 1934 ); Sofia Basin: Sofia, Vrania palace ( Atanassov 1934 ), the surroundings of Sofia ( Atanassov 1934 , Antonova 2005 , Antonova and Penev 2006 ); Vitosha Mt. ( Atanassov 1952 ); Plana Mt.: Plana vill., Kokalyane monastery (Kokalyane vill.), Bukov dol loc. (Pasarel vill.) ( Vagalinski and Lapeva-Gjonova in press ); Lozenska Planina Mt. ( Vassilev and Evtimov 1973 ): German monastery ( Atanassov 1934 ); Thracian Lowland: Krichim ( Atanassov 1934 ); Rila Mt.: Elenin peak ( Forel 1892 ); Slavianka Mt.: Alibotush reserve ( Antonova 2009 ); Western Rhodopi Mts: Smolyan ( Gateva 1975 , Lapeva-Gjonova in press (a) ), Peshtera ( Lapeva-Gjonova in press (a) ).

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Lapeva-Gjonova, Albena, 2010, Catalogue of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Bulgaria, ZooKeys, pp. 1-124, vol. 62
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Diagnostic Description

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Formica fusca, Linn. Faun. Suec. 226.1722; Syst. Nat. i. 963.4.

Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 352. 11; Syst. Piez. 399.13.

Schrank, Ins. Austr. 413.

Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. 159. pl. 6. f. 32. A. [[worker]]. E. [[male]].

Oliv. Encycl. Meth. vi. 493.13.

Huber,.Rech. Fourm. t. 2. f. 8, 9, 10.

Zett. Ins. Lapp. 448.

Brulle, Hist. Nat. II. Canar. iii. 84. 3.

Losana, Form. Piem. 317.

St. Farg. Hym. i. 205. 6. Nyt. Adno. Mon. Form. Bor. 919. 15; Addit. Alter. 30;

Form. Fr. et d'Alger. 65. 20.

Schenck, Beschr. Nass. Ameis. 43.

Smith, Brit. Form. 104. 4.

Mayr. Form. Austr. 74.17; Ungar. Ameis. 11. 16.

Formica glebaria , Nyl. Adno. Mon. Form. Bor. 917.14.

Foerst. Hym. Stud. Form. 31. 13.

Hab. Britain; France; Germany; Austria; Hungary; Finland; Madeira.

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Smith, F., Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., pp. -
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Diagnostic Description

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Formica fusca, Linn. Faun. Suec. no. 1722.

Hab. Europe and North America.

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Smith, F., Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae., pp. -
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Diagnostic Description

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var. des prés . Tébessa (jardins près de la ville).

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Forel, A., 1890, Fourmis de Tunisie et de l'Algérie orientale., Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, Comptes-rendus des Seances, pp. lxi-lxxvi, vol. 34
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Forel, A.
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Diagnostic Description

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Fn. Suec. 1722. Latr. Fourm. 159, pl. VI, fig. 32. [[ worker ]] [[ queen ]] [[ male ]]. Fabr. Piez. 392, 13. Hueber Rech. Fourm, pl. 2, fig. 8, 9, 10, [[ queen ]] [[ worker ]] [[ male ]]. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 448, 4. Lepel. S: t Farg. Hymen. 205, 6. Dahlb. mscrpt.

Femina: fusco-nigra nitida cinereo-micans, mandibulis rufescenlibus, antennarum scapis pedibusque ferrugineo-lestaceis; alis albo-hyalinis, nervis et stigmate fuscis; squama lata triaugulariter subrotundata; abdomine polito, subnudo.

Mas: fusco-niger nitidus cinereo-micans, antennarum scapis saepissime et pedibus genitalibusque testaceo-flavescentibus; squama crassa subquadrata; supra concaviuscula.

Habitare videtur in omnibus regiqnibus Europae. In Fennia occurrunt mares teminaeque sub m. Junio et Julio parcius.

[[ worker ]]. (Operariam hujus hucusque ab operaria prascedentis notis positivis distinguere haud valeo, nec conjecturas audeo, quando eam numquam simul cum femina in nido observavi; determinado igitur omnis differenda, donec melius docuerit experientia).

[[ queen ]]. Long. 3 1 / 2 lin. Simillima [[ queen ]] praecedentis, tamen sequentibus notis distincta. Magnitudo paullo major. Caput et thorax dense subtiliter adpresse cinereo-pubescentia, micantia. Occiput thoracis latitudine. Antennae scapis et basibus flagellorum testaceo-ferrugineis. Alas albo-hyalinae, nervis et stigmate fuscis, radice et tegula testaceis nitidis; alae anticae 3 1 / 2 lin. longae. Prothoracis margo pleuralis et sternalis rufescens. Pedes pallide testaceo-ferruginei, coxis prater apicem fuscis. Abdomen nitidissimum subaenescens, thorace paulo longius ovale, latius et depressius quam in procedente, segmento tertio latiori quam secundo, multo latiori quam quarto; segmentis omnibus subtilissime sparse adpresse cinereo-pubescentibus, basibus late nudis politis, apicibus praesertim in lateribus et ventre membranaceo-pallescentibus; segmentum secundum ad basin supra utrinque trausversum obsolete impressum; anus summus rufescens.

[[ male ]]. Long. 3 1 / 2 lin. habitu similis feminae, formatione partium apud mares in hac subdivisione solita. Mandibula; apice rufescentes. Oculi prominuli nudi; ocelli in prominentia obsoleta verticis. Antennae scapis vel pallide testaceis vel obscuris. Thorax tamquam caput sericeo-micans. Alae ut in [[ worker ]], interdum obsoletissime fuscescentes; anticae long. 3 lin. Pedes pallide testacei coxis plus minus fuscis et articulo tarsorum ultimo parum obscuro. Abdomen sericeo nitens paulum subaenescens, interdum brunnescens, marginibus segmentorum certo situ cinerascenti-membranaceis. Genitalia cum valvula ventrali flavidopilosula, pallide testacea.

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Nylander, W., 1846, Adnotationes in monographiam formicarum borealium Europae., Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, pp. 875-944, vol. 2
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Nylander, W.
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Diagnostic Description

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Lin. System, nat. ed. 12, tom. 1. pag. 963,. 4, -Faun. Suec. ed. 2, n 1722, et ed. 1. n 1021. - Form. nigra Latr. p. 156. [[ worker ]] [[queen]] [[male]]. - Lep. de St. Farg. Hym. 206, 7. - Nyl. Adn. p. 920, 16.

Operaria: Fusca tota, cineraseenti-micaas, nitida, sparse flavido-pilosula, anteanarom scapis pedibusque(praeter pubescentiam adpressam), tenuissime alho-pilosulis; mandibulis rufis confertim rugosis, punetatis; elypeo subtiliter ruguloso, foveolis lateralibus laevibus; area frontali subtilissime punctulata, subnitida; squama subrectangulari, supra parum vel vis emarginata. Lg. 1-IV, lin.

Femina: Fusco-nigrescens, dense undique cinereo-micans, nitida, mandibulis, antennarum scapo cum pedicello obscure rufescenUbus, pedum articulationibus tarsisque ferrugineo-pallescentibus; mandibulis confertim rugosis, fortiter punetatis; clypeo subtiliter ruguloso foveolis lateralibus Iaevibus; area frontali subtilissime punctulata, nitida; alis albo-hyalinis, nervis et stigmate pallide flavidis, subradio fusco; squama verticaliter subrectangulari, supra angulis rotundatis et medio subangulatim emarginato. Lg. 3 1/2 lin.

Mas: Fusco-niger, parum cinereo-micans, nitidus, antennarnm flagellis fuscescentibus tarsisque obscure pallescentibus, (Ulis articulo primo crassiusculo); clypeo cum area frontali subrugulosis, subopacis; alis albo-hyalinis, nervis et stigmate pallide flavidis; squama exigua subrectangulari, supra parum coneaviuscula. Lg. 1 3/4-2 lin.

Die Art, welche ich hier als F. fusca L. aufstelle, wird von Latreille und sicherlich gestützt auf dessen Autorität auch von Nylander als F. nigra L. gedeutet, aber wie mir scheint, mit Unrecht,* denn Linne's Diagnose, welche er von seiner fusca aufstellt, pafst auf vorstehende Art doch besser als die, welche er für die Form nigra angibt, nämlich : tota nigra, nitida, tibiis oinerascentibus. Der Name fusca pafst auch für die hier bezeichnete Art weit besser als der von Latr. und Nyl. gebrauchte. Der letztere Schriftsteller bezeichnete auch seine nigra (unsre fusca ) nicht mit dieser Farbe in der Diagnose, sondern er braucht den Ausdruck fusco-nigrescens,oder fusco-niger, was uns in unsrer Ansicht noch bestärkenmuß . Als Form. fusca finde ich unsre Art auch in der Neesischen Sammlung und sie wurde mir yon verschiedenen Seiten unter diesem Namen zugesendet.

Der Arbeiter dieser Art hat eine braune Grundfarbe, welche am Mittelleib mehr oder weniger röthlich durchscheint, die Mandibeln, der Schaft mit dem Stielchen, mitunter auch die Geißel sind an der Basis mehr oder weniger roth, die Tarsen etwas heller röthlichgefärbt . Der ganze Körper ist sehr fein runzlig, mit einer bräunlich-grauen , anliegenden Pubescenz dicht bedeckt und mit gelblichen Borstenhaaren bekleidet, welche an dem Fühlerschaft und den Beinen etwas feiner und mehr weißlich erscheinen. Die Mandibeln dicht längsrunzlig , ziemlich deutlich punktirt, der Clypeus schwach runzlig mit glatten Seitengruben; das Stirnfeld äußerst fein punktirt, glänzend ; die Stirnrinne sehr fein und vor den Nebenaugen abbrechend. Die Augen fast kahl, die Nebenaugen sehr klein. Der Mittelleib bräunlich , etwas röthlich durchscheinend, der Hinterbrustruecken an der abschüssigen Stelle viel länger als an dem Basaltheil, regelmäßsig dreiseitig, oben spitz, sehr stark glänzend , nur der Rand überall fein punktirt, matt. Die Beine braun, die Trochanteren, die Kniee, die Spitze der Schienen und die Tarsen röthlich . Die Schuppe fast rechtwinklig, oben sehr wenig oder kaum ausgerandet, schwach gewimpert, der Hinterleib braun, dicht mit anliegenden, graubraunen Härchen bedeckt, und reichlich mit abstehenden, längeren Borstenhaaren versehen.

Das Weibchen zeichnet sich von dem Arbeiter gleich durch seine bedeutende Größe aus, es ist tiefer braun gefärbt , schwärzlich , hat dieselbe Sculptur und Pubescenz wie der Arbeiter, und dieselben Borstenhaare. Die Mandibeln sind roth, nicht so dicht aber stärker runzlig und stärker punktirt als bei dem Arbeiter. Der Clypeus kaum runzlig, aber in der Mitte deutlich punktirt, die Seitengruben glatt; das Stirnfeld mit wenigen, äußerst schwachen Pünktchen , glänzend ; die Stirnrinne geht bis zu den Nebenaugen durch; die Augen kurzhaarig, die Nebenaugen groß . An den Fühlern der Schaft und das Stielchen roth, letzteres mitunter mehr oder weniger bräunlich . Am Mittelleib der Mittelbrustrücken sammt dem Schildchen schwächer runzlig, daher mehr glänzend ; der Hinterbrustrücken dagegen in der Mitte fast von der Basis an völlig glatt und sehr stark glänzend . Die Flügel wasserhell, die Adern und das Randmal gelblich; alle Längsadern an der Basis, die Unterrandader sogar bis zum Randmal hinauf bräunlich . Die Isle Diskoidalzelle mehr oder weniger fast kubisch, oder oben stark 2/3 der Basalbreite betragend. Die Beine braun mit röthlichen Tarsen, auch die Tibien schimmern röthlich-durch . Die Schuppe von oben gesehen fast rechtwinklig, die Winkel oben zugerundet, in der Mitte ziemlich tief, faßt winklig ausgerandet und ringsum gewimpert. Der Hinterleib verhältnißtnäßig sehr großs , breiter als der Mittelleib, die Pubescenz äußerst dicht.

Das Männchen ist wieder im Verhältniß zu dem Weibchen sehr klein und übertrifft den Arbeiter nur wenig an Größe , die Färbung ist indeß mehr schwarzbraun, die Pubescenz auf Kopf und Thorax weniger dicht, und der letztre auch nur mit zerstreuten, kürzeren Borstenhaaren. Die einzähnigen Mandibeln sind fein runzlig, der Clypeus und das Stirnfeld ebenso, letzteres fast glanzlos. Die Stirnrinne tief, bis zu den Nebenaugen hinaußteigend , die sehr groß sind; die Netzaugen sehr kurz und spärlich behaart. Der Fühlerschaft braun, die Fühler- schmutzig gelb, oder gelbbräunlich , das Stielchen an der Spitze kugelig-verdickt. Der Mittelleib um das Schildchen herum gewöhnlich schwach röthlich durchscheinend, die abschüssige Stelle des Hinterrückens in der Mitte glatt und glänzend . Die Flügel wasserhell, die Adern und das Randmal gelblich, die Längsadern an der Basis, die Unterrandader zwar etwas mehr als die übrigen aber doch bei weitem nicht bis zum Randmal hinauf sehwach bräunlich . Die Beine braun, die Tarsen nach der Spitze allmählig mehr röthlich . An den Beinen sowohl wie am Schaft finden sich nur sehr wenige, zerstreute und nicht leicht in die Augen fallende, feine Borstenhaare. Die Schuppe klein mit langen Wimperhaaren, oben entweder etwas eingedrückt , oder breit und scwach ausgerandet. Am Hinterleib ist die Pubescenz stärker als andern Mittelleib, die Borstenhaare stehen gedrängter und dichter und sind länger . Die äußeren Genitalklappen sind besonders langborstig.

Diese Art ist in hiesiger Gegend sehr verbreitet, der Arbeiter besonders häufig in Gärten und man möchte sagen auf allen Pflanzen anzutreffen. Nach Latr. ist es auch die häufigste Art in Frankreich, nach Nyl. geht sie bis nach Lappland hinauf, und ist also auch im höchsten Norden noch zu finden. Sie lebt unter Steinen, macht aber auch selbständige , kleine Erdhaufen nach Art der Form. flava . Ihre Kolonieen sind meist sehr bevölkert . In sandigen Gegenden macht sie an der Oberfläche oft lange, verdeckte Gänge , die man an der staubartigen, pulverigen Masse leicht erkennen kann. Ihre Lebensweise ist noch wenig erforscht.

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Förster, A., Hymenopterologische Studien. 1. Formicariae., pp. -
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Diagnostic Description

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Formica fusca, Linn . Faun. Suec. 1722. Nyland. Adno. Mon. Form. Boreal. 919, 15.

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Smith, F., List of the specimens of British animals in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. - Hymenoptera Aculeata., pp. -
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Smith, F.
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Diagnostic Description

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Formica fusca, Linn . Faun. Suec. 1722. De Geer, Ins. ii. 1082, 3,

t. 42, f. 12, 15. Schrank, Ins. Aust. 413, 833. Oliv. Enc.

Meth. vi. 433. Fab. Ent. Syst. ii. 352, 11. Latr. Hist. Nat.

Fourm. 159, t. 6, f. 32. Jurine, Hym. 272. St. Farg. Hist.

Nat. Ins. 205, 6. Zett. Ins. Lapp. 448,4. Formica libera, Scop . Ent. Carn. 313, 835. Formica nigra, Christ . 510, t. 60, f. 6. [[ male ]] La Fourmi toute brune, Geoff. Ins. Par. ii. 428, 5. Huber, Fourm. 322, t. 2, f. 8,9,10.

Hab. - Britain, Banks.

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Smith, F., List of the specimens of British animals in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. - Hymenoptera Aculeata., pp. -
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Formica fusca

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Formica fusca is a black-colored ant commonly found throughout Europe as well as parts of Southern Asia and Africa.[1] It has the common names silky ant or dusky ant. The range within the palaearctic region extends from Portugal in the west to Japan in the east and from Italy in the south to Fennoscandia in the north. Populations from North America have been split off as a separate species, Formica subaenescens.[2] F. fusca nests are usually found in rotten tree stumps or under stones in clearcut areas and along woodland borders and hedgerows.

Eusociality

Colonies are facultatively polygynous (though weakly so, with a mean number of queen of 3.09[3]); though the queens coexist amicably, contribution to the brood tends to be unequal. Nests are usually small, containing 500–2,000 workers. The workers are large, at 8–10 millimetres (0.3–0.4 in) long, and fast moving, though timid. To ensure that non-nest mate eggs are not reared, these workers will engage in a process known as worker policing.

Alate (winged) forms are produced in June/July and nuptial flights are in July/August.

A study has found evidence of nepotism in F. fusca,[4] in contrast with previous experiments with other ant species;[5] this conclusion has been challenged, however, on the grounds that the observed pattern may result from differences in egg viability.[6]

Ecology

F. fusca feeds on small insects such as codling moth larvae, aphid honeydew and extrafloral nectaries.

Workers have been found to have a very high resistance to some pathogens[7] and it is thought this may be due to F. fusca utilising the antibiotic properties of their formic acid, additional to the use of their metapleural gland. The larvae of Microdon megalogaster, a member of the ant fly genus, have been observed in the nests of these ants. The Inquiline relationship of these fly larvae is not well understood. [8] [9]

Behaviour

Workers of this ant species can learn to associate an olfactory stimulus to a reward (sugar solution) during a classical conditioning protocol. Ants are fast to learn, and only a single presentation of the stimulus is enough for them to form a genuine long-term memory. This formed memory is also resistant to extinction.[10]

The learning abilities of this species were tested using single compounds found in flower emission.[10]

Ants of this species can also detect volatile organic compounds emitted by cancer cells.[11] After a 3-trial conditioning, they can differentiate cancer cell lines (MCF-7) from healthy ones (MCF-10A). They can also discriminate one cell line (MCF-7) from another cancerous one (MDA-MD-231).

Formica fusca head
Mutualistic Formica fusca ants tending a herd of mealybugs

References

  1. ^ "Species: Formica fusca Linnaeus, 1758". AntWeb. California Academy of Sciences. 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  2. ^ Schär S, Talavera G, Espadaler X, Rana JD, Andersen Andersen A, Cover SP, Vila R (August 2018). "Do Holarctic ant species exist? Trans‐Beringian dispersal and homoplasy in the Formicidae". Journal of Biogeography. 45 (8): 1917–1928. doi:10.1111/jbi.13380. S2CID 51832848.
  3. ^ Bargum K, Helanterä H, Sundström L (July 2007). "Genetic population structure, queen supersedure and social polymorphism in a social Hymenoptera". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 20 (4): 1351–1360. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01345.x. PMID 17584230. S2CID 42946143.
  4. ^ Hannonen M, Sundström L (February 2003). "Sociobiology: Worker nepotism among polygynous ants". Nature. 421 (6926): 910. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..910H. doi:10.1038/421910a. PMID 12606988. S2CID 4332432.
  5. ^ Snyder LE (September 1993). "Non-random behavioural interactions among genetic subgroups in a polygynous ant". Animal Behaviour. 46 (3): 431–439. doi:10.1006/anbe.1993.1212. S2CID 53144635.
  6. ^ Fournier D, Aron S, Keller L (January 2004). "Significant reproductive skew in the facultatively polygynous ant Pheidole pallidula" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. 13 (1): 203–10. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.02036.x. PMID 14653800. S2CID 5909680.
  7. ^ Graystock P, Hughes WO (2011). "Disease resistance in a weaver ant, Polyrhachis dives, and the role of antibiotic-producing glands". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 65 (12): 2319–2327. doi:10.1007/s00265-011-1242-y. S2CID 23234351.
  8. ^ Curran, Charles Howard (1925). "Contribution to a monograph of the American Syrphidae north of Mexico". The Kansas University Science Bulletin. 15: 7–216.
  9. ^ Heiss, Elizabeth Madeleine (1938). "A classification of the larvae and puparia of the Syrphidae of Illinois exclusive of aquatic forms". Series: Illinois biological monographs. 16: 1–142.
  10. ^ a b Piqueret B, Sandoz JC, d'Ettorre P (June 2019). "Ants learn fast and do not forget: associative olfactory learning, memory and extinction in Formica fusca". Royal Society Open Science. 6 (6): 190778. Bibcode:2019RSOS....690778P. doi:10.1098/rsos.190778. PMC 6599790. PMID 31312508.
  11. ^ Piqueret B, Bourachot B, Leroy C, Devienne P, Mechta-Grigoriou F, d'Ettorre P, Sandoz JC (March 2022). "Ants detect cancer cells through volatile organic compounds". iScience. 25 (3): 103959. Bibcode:2022iSci...25j3959P. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.103959. PMC 8914326. PMID 35281730.
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Formica fusca: Brief Summary

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Formica fusca is a black-colored ant commonly found throughout Europe as well as parts of Southern Asia and Africa. It has the common names silky ant or dusky ant. The range within the palaearctic region extends from Portugal in the west to Japan in the east and from Italy in the south to Fennoscandia in the north. Populations from North America have been split off as a separate species, Formica subaenescens. F. fusca nests are usually found in rotten tree stumps or under stones in clearcut areas and along woodland borders and hedgerows.

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