Distribution in Egypt
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Nile and Mediterranean regions.
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Global Distribution
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Native of tropical Africa.
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Habitat
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Grown as a summer garden plant and also escape from cultivation.
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Life Expectancy
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Comments
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Amaranthus tricolor is widely cultivated as a garden plant for its showy, often variegated, distal leaves of striking colors---red, scarlet, maroon, purple, yellow, cream, and green. Other cultivated varieties with green leaves are sometimes cultivated as a potherb. Escaped plants sometimes occur near places of cultivation; we have no evidence of widespread establishment.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Comments
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I do not find the infraspecific divisions of this species devised by Aellen (in Hegi, Illust. Fl. Mitteleuropa ed. 2, Band 3/2 Lief. l:494-496) to be practicable. All three “subspecies” there recognised are sympatric, and all manner of difficulties arise in attempting to apply the system to material at hand. For example, two of the W. Pakistan specimens seen (Rahman s.n. and Stewart 15372) are identical in every character (including leaf shape, which is that of the type of Amaranthus mangostanus L.) except that one has developed a terminal spike (on the main stem only) but the other has not. One finds, too, on the same sheet as part of the same gathering, specimens with terminal spikes but one with leaves shaped as in the type of Amaranthus mangostanus and another with leaves as in the types of Amaranthus tricolor L. and Amaranthus melancholicus L.; similar leaf variation occurs in a single gathering of plants with axillary inflorescences only. Thus, since the significant characters alleged to separate the subspecies are to be found in all combinations, I prefer to regard Amaranthus tricolor as a polymorphic species with no attempt to subdivide. The only alternative would be to name the Pakistani specimens mentioned above as belonging to different subspecies, which would be absurd; had a large branch only been gathered of the specimen with a spike on the main stem, the two would have been virtually identical.
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Description
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Stem green or red, 80-150 cm tall, stout, often branched. Petiole green or red, 2-6 cm; leaf blade green, red, purple, or yellow, ovate, ovate-rhombic, or lanceolate, 4-10 × 2-7 cm, glabrous, base cuneate, margin entire or undulate, apex obtuse or notched, with a mucro. Flowers in dense clusters at leaf axils or in spike at apex; male and female flowers in same inflorescences. Bracts and bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, 2.5-3 mm, transparent, apex long pointed. Stamens 3. Stigmas 3. Utricles included in perianth, ovate-oblong, 2-2.5 mm, circumscissile. Seeds brownish black, subglobose or obovoid, ca. 1 mm in diam. Fl. May-Aug, fr. Jul-Sep. 2n = 34*, 68, 85*.
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Description
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Annual herb, ascending or erect, attaining c. 1.25 m or more in cultivation. Stem stout, usually much-branched, it and the branches angular, glabrous or furnished in the upper parts with sparse (or denser in the inflorescence), ± crisped hairs. Leaves glabrous, or thinly pilose on the lower surface of the primary venation, green or purplish-suffused, very variable in size, long-(up to c. 8 cm) petiolate, the lamina broadly ovate, rhomboid-ovate or broadly elliptic to lanceolate-oblong, emarginate to obtuse or acute at the apex, at the base shortly cuneate to attenuate, decurrent along the petiole. Flowers green to crimson in ± globose clusters c. 4-25 mm in diameter, all or only the lower axillary and distant, the upper sometimes without subtending leaves and increasingly approximate to form a thick terminal spike of variable length, male and female flowers intermixed. Bracts and bracteoles broadly or deltoid-ovate, bracteoles subequalling or shorter than the perianth, pale-membranous, broadest near the base and narrowed upwards to the green midrib, which is excurrent to form a long, pale-tipped awn usually at least half as long as the basal portion and not rarely equalling it. Perianth segments 3, 3-5 mm long, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, narrowed above, pale-membranous, the green midrib excurrent into a long, pale-tipped awn; female flowers with the perianth segments slightly accrescent in fruit. Stigmas 3, erect or recurved, c. 2 mm. Capsule ovoid-urceolate with a short neck below the style-base, 2.25-2.75 mm, circumscissile, membranous, obscurely wrinkled. Seed 1-1.5 mm, black or brown, shining, very faintly reticulate, lenticular.
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Description
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Plants annual, glabrous. Stems erect, often branched, 0.8-1.5 m. Leaves: petiole 1/2 as long as blade; blade ovate, elliptic, rhombic, or lanceolate, mostly 4-12 × 1.4-6 cm, base tapering, margins entire, usually undulate, apex acuminate and short-mucronate; distal leaf blades green, red, scarlet, maroon, purple, yellow, and cream (unique to A. tricolor). Inflorescences axillary glomerules. Bracts of pistillate flowers ovate to lanceolate, 5-6 mm. Pistillate flowers: tepals 3, narrowly ovate to lanceolate, 5-6 mm, apex aristate; style branches spreading; stigmas 2-3. Staminate flowers intermixed with pistillate; tepals 3; stamens 3. Utricles ovoid, 2-2.5 mm, rugose, dehiscence regularly circumscissile. Seeds black or brownish black, subglobose, 1 mm diam., shiny.
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Distribution
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Distribution: Asia from India to China and Japan in the north and Indonesia in the south; also in New Guinea and New Hebrides and smaller Pacific Island groups (Fiji etc.). Introduced and/or cultivated in Africa, West Indies etc. Only habitat in Pakistan noted as “fields”.
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Distribution
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Pantropical.
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Elevation Range
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200 m
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Habitat & Distribution
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Flowering summer-fall. Locally escaped from cultivation, disturbed areas; introduced; La., Mich., Mo.; native in tropical Asia.
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Habitat & Distribution
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Widely cultivated. in China [probably native to tropical Asia; cultivated and naturalized throughout that region].
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Synonym
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Amaranthus gangeticus Linnaeus; A. gangeticus var. angustior Bailey; A. mangostanus Linnaeus.
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Amaranthus tricolor
provided by wikipedia EN
Amaranthus tricolor, known as edible amaranth,[3] is a species of flowering plant in the genus Amaranthus, part of the family Amaranthaceae.
The plant is often cultivated for ornamental and culinary purposes. It is known as bireum in Korea;[3] tampala, tandaljo, or tandalja bhaji in India;[4] callaloo in the Caribbean; and Joseph's coat in other areas, after the biblical figure Joseph, who is said to have worn a coat of many colors. Although it is native to South and South-East Asia, A. tricolor is one of several species of amaranth cultivated in warm regions across the world. Cultivars have striking yellow, red, and green foliage.
Amaranthus gangeticus
Amaranthus gangeticus is considered a synonym of A. tricolor,[5] but has been recognized as a separate species in the past. A. gangeticus is also known as elephant-head amaranth. It is an annual flowering plant with deep purple flowers. It can grow to 2–3 feet (0.61–0.91 m) tall. In Bangladesh, it has been used as a leafy vegetable. It may inhibit calcium retention in rice-based diets.[6]
Culinary uses
Amaranthus tricolor, illustration from the Japanese agricultural encyclopedia Seikei Zusetsu (1804)
The leaves and stems may be eaten as a salad vegetable. In Africa, it is usually cooked as a leafy vegetable.[7] It is usually stir fried or steamed as a side dish in both China and Japan.
China
In China, it is referred to as xiàncài (simplified Chinese: 苋菜; traditional Chinese: 莧菜) and is often stir-fried with garlic and salt.
Korea
In Korea, the plant is referred to as bireum (비름). Small-leaved, reddish-stalked chambireum (참비름, "true bireum") is used as a namul vegetable in Korean cuisine. Considered a san-namul (wild green) that grows abundantly in the countryside, it tends to be foraged rather than planted and harvested.[8] It has an earthy and nutty flavor, and goes well with both gochujang- and soup soy sauce-based seasonings, and bori-bap (barley rice).[8][9]
Bireum-namul (seasoned edible amaranth)
In culture
It appears on the coat of arms of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where it is called "flowers gentle".
References
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^ "Amaranthus melancholicus". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2013-08-14.
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^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species".
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^ a b English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 349. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.
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^ Michel H. Porcher. "Sorting Amaranthus names".
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^ "Amaranthus gangeticus L." The Plant List. 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
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^ Larsen, T.; Thilsted, S. H.; Biswas, S. K.; Tetens, I. (2007). "The leafy vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus gangeticus) is a potent inhibitor of calcium availability and retention in rice-based diets". British Journal of Nutrition. 90 (3): 521–527. doi:10.1079/BJN2003923. PMID 13129457.
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^ Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
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^ a b Bburi Kitchen (20 April 2016). "10 Korean spring greens you should know". Stripes Korea. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
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^ 정, 운헌 (6 March 2013). "박정희와 비름나물" [Park Chung-hee and bireumnamul]. Kangwon Dominilbo (in Korean). Retrieved 15 December 2016.
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Amaranthus tricolor: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Amaranthus tricolor, known as edible amaranth, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Amaranthus, part of the family Amaranthaceae.
The plant is often cultivated for ornamental and culinary purposes. It is known as bireum in Korea; tampala, tandaljo, or tandalja bhaji in India; callaloo in the Caribbean; and Joseph's coat in other areas, after the biblical figure Joseph, who is said to have worn a coat of many colors. Although it is native to South and South-East Asia, A. tricolor is one of several species of amaranth cultivated in warm regions across the world. Cultivars have striking yellow, red, and green foliage.
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