dcsimg

Comments

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Morus rubra is sporadically established along fencerows in southern New Mexico (R. Spellenberg, pers. comm.). Rhode Island is in the range of Morus rubra , although I do not know of any documented specimens.

Morus rubra is a common tree of eastern North America. The leaves are highly variable, often with deeply lobed and entire leaves on the same plant. The abaxial surface of the leaf varies from sparsely to densely pubescent.

According to D. E. Moerman (1986), Native American tribes used infusions of the bark of Morus rubra medicinally to check dysentery, as a laxative, and as a purgative; infusions of the root for weakness and urinary problems; and tree sap rubbed directly on the skin as treatment for ringworm.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description

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Shrubs or trees , to 20 m. Bark gray-brown with orange tint, furrows shallow, ridges flat, broad. Branchlets red-brown to light greenish brown, glabrous or with a few trichomes; lenticels light colored, elliptic, prominent. Buds ovoid, slightly compressed, 3-7 mm, apex acute; outer scales dark brown, often pubescent and minutely ciliate; leaf scars oval to irregularly circular, bundle scars numerous, in circle. Leaves: stipules linear, 10-13 mm, thin, pubescent; petiole 2-2.5 cm, glabrous or pubescent. Leaf blade broadly ovate, sometimes irregularly lobed, 10-18(-36) × 8-12(-15.5) cm, base rounded to nearly cordate, sometimes oblique, margins serrate or crenate, apex abruptly acuminate; surfaces abaxially sparsely to densely pubescent or puberulent, adaxially with short, antrorsely appressed trichomes, usually scabrous. Catkins: peduncle pubescent; staminate catkins 3-5 cm; pistillate catkins 8-12 × 5-7 mm. Flowers: staminate and pistillate on different plants. Staminate flowers: sepals connate at base, green tinged with red, 2-2.5 mm, pubescent outside, ciliate toward tip; stamens 4; filaments 3-3.5 mm. Pistillate flowers: calyx tightly surrounding ovary; ovary green, broadly ellipsoid or obovoid, slightly compressed, 1.5-2 × 1 mm, glabrous; style branches divergent, whitish, sessile, ca. 1.5 mm; stigma papillose. Syncarps black or deep purple, cylindric, (1.5-)2.5-4(-6) × 1 cm; fleshy calyx surrounding achenes; achenes yellowish, oval, flattened, ca. 2 mm, smooth.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Distribution

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Ont.; Ala., Ark., Conn., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mass., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flowering/Fruiting

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Flowering spring-summer.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Habitat

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Moist forests and thickets; 0-300m.
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Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Synonym

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Morus rubra var. tomentosa (Rafinesque) Bureau
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
red mulberry
mulberry
moral
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Conservation Status

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Red mulberry is listed as threatened in Ontario [38].
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

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More info for the term: tree

Red mulberry is a native, deciduous, small tree with a spreading,
rounded crown [6,10,19,37]. Mature height usually ranges from 15 to 70
feet (5-21 m) [19]. The bark is dark and scaly [9], divided into
irregular, elongate plates, and is 0.5 to 0.75 inches (1.2-1.9 cm) thick
[37]. The inner bark is tough and fibrous [6]. The roots are shallow
[36].

The national champion red mulberry reported from Michigan in 1981 is 72
feet (21.9 m) tall, 18.75 feet (5.7 m) in circumference, and has a
98-foot (29.8-m) crown spread [10]. Red mulberry usually lives 125
years or less [36].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

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The native range of red mulberry extends from Massachussetts and
southern Vermont west through the southern half of New York to extreme
southwestern Ontario, southern Michigan, central Wisconsin and
southeastern Minnesota; south to Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, central
Kansas, western Oklahoma, and central Texas; and east to southern
Florida [19,20].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

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More info for the term: forest

Red mulberry is apparently excluded from certain forest communities by
periodic fire [18]. In Oklahoma red mulberry is reported as a minor
component of post oak-blackjack oak forests that have developed from
post oak savanna in the absence of fire. Red mulberry was not listed as
a member of the savanna community, which has experienced periodic fire
[14]. In Florida, a pine (Pinus spp.)-red oak (Quercus rubra)-hickory
(Carya spp.) community is maintained in open condition by periodic fire.
This community succeeds to red oak, other fire-intolerant hardwoods, and
red mulberry when fire is excluded. In these forests red mulberry is
often found in very old, seldom-burned stands [18]. In Kansas,
chinkapin oak (Quercus muehlenbergii)-bur oak (Q. macrocarpa) gallery
forests are maintained by periodic fire. Shade tolerant trees including
red mulberry have established where fire is suppressed. Hackberry
(Celtis occidentalis) and elms will eventually replace the oaks if
current conditions continue. Red mulberry will probably remain a minor
component of the fire-free forests [27].

Red mulberrybye colonizes postfire stands when moisture conditions are
favorable [25].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations

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More info for the terms: competition, hardwood

Reduction of hardwood competition (including red mulberry) in pine
stands can be accomplished through prescribed fires [31].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

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More info for the term: codominant

Red mulberry grows well under a wide variety of conditions. In the
southern portion of its range, best growth occurs on moist, well-drained
soils of coves and floodplains [19]. Red mulberry grows on a variety of
soils including clays, sands, and loams [31]. It tolerates a wide range
of soil pH [31]. It is often found in pastures and on field borders
[19]. Rothenberger [29] reported that in eastern Nebraska red mulberry
is codominant in frequently flooded riverbottom forests, important in
the well-drained soils of the transitional forests upslope from the
riverbottom, and minor in the drier upland terrace forests.
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the terms: hardwood, swamp

39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
40 Post oak - blackjack oak
42 Bur oak
46 Eastern redcedar
57 Yellow-poplar
62 Silver maple - American elm
63 Cottonwood
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
78 Virginia pine - oak
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
87 Sweet gum - yellow-poplar
89 Live oak
91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
93 Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
105 Tropical hardwoods
108 Red maple
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K083 Cedar glades
K084 Cross Timbers
K092 Everglades
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

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Red mulberry is probably easily killed by fire due to its thin bark and
shallow roots. Information on the relationship of the intensity of fire
to red mulberry mortality is lacking in the available literature.
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

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Many species of birds and small mammals eat the fruits of red mulberry
[19]. Bird consumers include wood ducks [1], bluebirds, indigo
buntings, gray catbirds, eastern kingbirds, towhees, orchard orioles,
brown thrashers, summer tanagers, vireos, red-cockaded woodpeckers [13],
red-bellied woodpeckers, great crested flycatchers [11], and Lewis'
woodpeckers [16]. Other consumers include opossums, raccoons, fox
squirrels, and gray squirrels [19]. The twigs and foliage are browsed
by white-tailed deer. Beavers consume red mulberry bark [13].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

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More info for the term: tree

Red mulberry usually occurs as scattered individuals in floodplain or
cove forests, where it is often an understory tree [19].

The most common tree associates of red mulberry not previously mentioned
include American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and in southern part
of its range, silver maple (Acer saccharinum). In the northern areas
associates include boxelder (A. negundo) and white ash (Fraxinus
americana) [19].

Associated understory species include roughleaf dogwood (Cornus
drummondii), flowering dogwood (C. florida), swamp-privet (Forestiera
acuminata), Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.),
and possumhaw (Ilex decidua). Associated herbs include pokeweed
(Phytolacca americana), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), eastern
poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), and greenbriers (Smilax spp.) [19].
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

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More info for the term: tree

Tree
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

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More info for the terms: competition, fruit, hardwood

Red mulberry is becoming increasingly scarce in the central portions
of its range, possibly due to a bacterial disease [19].

Red mulberry is occasionally present in the hardwood understory of
pine-hardwood stands in the Gulf Coastal Plain. If management goals
include reduction of hardwood competition, then red mulberry may be one
of the species that needs to be controlled [31].

Stem injection of red mulberry trees with 2,4-D plus picloram and with
glyphosate results in 100 percent topkill [22].

Leaf pathogens include Cercospora, Mycosphaerella mori, and Pseudomonas
mori, all of which cause leaf spots. Red mulberry is also susceptible to
witches broom (Microstoma juglandis) [19].

Insects feeding on red mulberry leaves include the European fruit
lecanium, Comstoch mealy bug, and cottony maple scale. Twigs and stems
are attacked by the American plum borer and the mulberry borer [19].
Root-knot nematodes sometimes attack the roots of seedlings and older
trees [37].

Red mulberry is rated moderately tolerant of flooding; it will withstand
inundation for a complete growing season, but is killed by inundation
over two growing seasons [19].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value

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More info for the term: fruit

Each red mulberry fruit contains a number of seeds. The energy value of
the seeds of red mulberry averages 1,242.60 Joules per fruit. The
average energy value of the fleshy part of red mulberry fruits is
reported as 2,043.88 Joules per fruit [33].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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AL AR CT DE FL GA IL IN IA KS
KY LA MD MA MI MN MS MO NE NJ
NY NC OH OK PA RI SC TN TX VT
VA WV WI
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values

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More info for the term: fruit

Red mulberry is planted for its fruit and as an ornamental [37]. The
fruit is used to make jams, jellies, pies, and beverages. The fruits
have also been used as feed for hogs and chickens [19]. Native
Americans used the fibrous bark to make cloth [37].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

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More info for the term: tree

Red mulberry catkins appear in April and May. Fruits mature from
June to August and fall from the tree when fully ripe [19].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

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More info for the term: wildfire

In Missouri a late spring wildfire occurred in 1966 in a fully stocked,
23-year-old stand of white oak, red oak, and hickory. The stand had
developed following a 1943 fire. The 1966 fire top-killed almost all
trees, but left a few survivors (both from the 23-year age class and
survivors of the earlier fire). Small red mulberry plants occurred in
low numbers prior to the 1966 fire (17 stems per acre [42 stems/ha]),
but increased to 120 stems per acre (302 stems/ha) 10 growing seasons
after the fire [21]. In North Carolina red mulberry did not occur in
unburned loblolly pine-shortleaf pine stands. Nine growing seasons
after surface or crown fires, however, it was present in low densities
[25].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

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More info for the terms: root sucker, secondary colonizer

Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/soboliferous species root sucker
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

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More info for the terms: dioecious, layering, monoecious, seed, stratification, tree

Red mulberry is usually dioecious but can be monoecious. The youngest
seed-bearing age is usually around 10 years, but plants as young as 4
years have been reported to bear seed. Optimum seed-bearing ages are
between 30 and 85 years, and the maximum age for seed production is 125
years. Good seed crops are produced every 2 to 3 years. Mature fruits
fall near the tree, but most are consumed before becoming fully mature.
The seeds are dispersed by frugivores, mostly birds, after passing
through their digestive tracts. Seeds are either sown in fall without
stratification or in spring after 30 to 90 days at 33 to 41 degrees
Fahrenheit (1-5 deg C) in moist sand [19].

Vegetative reproduction: Red mulberry sprouts from the roots, and is
reported to be artificially propagated by stem cuttings, budding, or
layering [19]. Baca and others [2], however, were unable to get red
mulberry stem cuttings to form roots.
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

14 Great Plains
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Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

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More info for the terms: climax, cover, litter, mesic, seed, succession

Facultative Seral Species

Red mulberry is found in both mid-successional and climax forests. In
old fields in Illinois germination peaks occurred at high
temperature/moderate moisture and moderate temperature/high moisture
conditions. Germination was highest in soils with intermediate levels
of organic matter. Seedling emergence was negatively associated with
irradiance and poisitively associated with litter cover [5]. In
Mississippi red mulberry seedlings establish in reforested bottomland
old fields [23]. It is also found in reforested (83-year-old and
110-year-old) old fields in North Carolina. It is not always an early
colonizer of old fields [4]. In north-central Texas red mulberry occurs
in undisturbed winged elm (Ulmus alata)-post oak (Quercus
stellata)-Shumard oak (Q. shumardii) stands, but not in successional
stands [24]. A study of oldfield succession in Ohio found that red
mulberry was present in 90-year-old stands but not in younger stands.
The authors reported only one red mulberry seed germinating from soil
samples taken from a 200-year-old stand [28]. Burton and Bazzaz [5]
suggested that based on average emergence across a range of seral
habitats, red mulberry is less successful in colonizing old fields than
honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos), red maple, ashes (Fraxinus spp.),
hawthorns (Crataegus spp.), and black cherry (Prunus serotina).

Red mulberry grows best in the open, but is somewhat tolerant of shade
[19]. In old-growth, mesic forests, red mulberry is found in mid-sized
gaps (666 square yards [550 sq m]) more often than in small or large
gaps [30].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name for red mulberry is Morus rubra
L. [9,20]. A geographic strain known as the Lampasas mulberry occurs in
Texas [32].

Accepted varieties include the following:

Morus rubra var. rubra
Morus rubra var. tomentosa (Raf) Bur. (woolly red mulberry) [37].

Red mulberry hybridizes with white mulberry (M. alba), an exotic species
which has naturalized in the eastern United States [19].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites

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More info for the term: herbaceous

Red mulberry is not noted as a soil stabilizer due to its shallow roots
[19]. However, mine sites that have been reclaimed (usually planted to
grasses and herbaceous perennials) are occasionally colonized by red
mulberry. It may become dominant on these sites. Red mulberry
colonization on unreclaimed mine sites has not been reported [12].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value

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Red mulberry wood is light, soft, weak, close-grained, and durable [37].
It is of little commercial importance. Current and past uses include
fenceposts, farm implements, cooperage, furniture, interior finish, and
caskets [19,37].
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bibliographic citation
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Morus rubra. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Chile Central
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Universidad de Santiago de Chile
author
Pablo Gutierrez
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Associated Forest Cover

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Associated species include sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), American elm (Ulmus americana), silver maple (Acer saccharinum), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) in the southern parts of its range. Toward the north red mulberry is associated with American elm, red maple (Acer rubrum), boxelder (Acer negundo), and white ash (Fraxinus americana). It is a secondary species in succession and is seldom associated with primary invaders (2). Red mulberry is listed as a minor component in three bottom-land cover types (3): Cottonwood (Society of American Foresters Type 63), Sweetgum-Yellow-poplar (Type 87), and Sugarberry-American Elm-Green Ash (Type 93). Associated understory species are roughleaf dogwood (Cornus drummondii), flowering dogwood (C. florida), swamp-privet (Forestiera acuminata), Nuttall oak Quercus nuttallii), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), and possumhaw (Ilex decidua). Herbaceous vegetation associated with red mulberry includes pokeweed (Phytolacca americana), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), and greenbrier (Smilax spp.).

In the southern part of the range, red mulberry is often found in pastures and along borders of fields.

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Climate

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Red mulberry grows under a variety of conditions. The frost-free period ranges from 150 days in New England to 330 days in southern Florida. Total annual precipitation ranges from 1000 to 2000 mm (40 to 80 in). Best growth is in moist coves and flood plains in the southern half of its natural range. Mean annual snowfall ranges from zero in Florida to 150 cm (60 in) in New York.

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Damaging Agents

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Red mulberry seems to be vanishing from at least a portion of its central range, possibly due to a bacterial disease. The effects and extent of this disease have not been investigated thoroughly, but it is known that red mulberry trees are becoming increasingly scarce (2). The only noteworthy leaf pathogens of red mulberry reported in the United States are leaf spots caused by a species of Cercospora, Mycosphaerella mori, and Pseudomonas mori (4). Red mulberry also is susceptible to witches' broom, Microstroma juglandis, but the cause is unknown.

A variety of insects feed on red mulberry leaves, including the European fruit lecanium, Parthenolecanium corni; Comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki; and cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria innumerabilis. The American plum borer, Euzophera semifuneralis, and the mulberry borer, Doraschema wildii, attack twigs and stems of red mulberry (5).

Red mulberry has been rated as moderately tolerant of flooding as it usually withstands being inundated with up to a foot of water for a single growing season. It normally succumbs, however, after being flooded for two growing seasons (1).

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Flowering and Fruiting

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Red mulberry is dioecious but can be monoecious, with male and female flowers on different branches of the same plants. Both male and female flowers are stalked axillary pendulous catkins and appear in April and May. The blackberry-like fruit reaches full development from June to August. Each fruit is composed of many small drupelets which develop from separate female flowers ripening together (8).

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Genetics

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Red mulberry hybridizes frequently with white mulberry (Morus alba), a native of China which has become naturalized throughout parts of the Eastern United States.

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Growth and Yield

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Red mulberry is usually found as scattered individuals near streams or in other moist places. Stands of any size are not mentioned in the literature. Very little is known about the growth and development of this species. At maturity, red mulberry trees are an average of 5 to 21 in (15 to 70 ft) tall and as large as 76 in (30 in) in d.b.h., depending upon habitat conditions. In wooded areas, red mulberry is often an understory tree with a rounded, spreading crown.

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Reaction to Competition

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Red mulberry has been planted in the Midwest because its fruits are a valuable food for wildlife, but because it provides very little soil stability or cover for wildlife, it has not been planted widely (8). It grows best in open conditions (3) but is classed as tolerant of shade as it often grows as an understory tree.

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Rooting Habit

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No information available.

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Seed Production and Dissemination

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Minimum seed-bearing age is usually about 10 years, but 1-year-old trees planted in an abandoned field in east Texas produced fruits at age 4 (3). Optimum seedbearing age is 30 to 85 years; the maximum is 125 years. Good seed crops occur every 2 to 3 years (2). The average number of red mulberry fruits per kilogram is about 8,600 (3,900/lb); the average number of cleaned seeds per kilogram is 795,000 (360,000/lb). One hundred kilograms (220 lb) of fresh fruit yield 2 to 3 kg (4 to 7 lb) of cleaned seeds (8).

Fruits that mature fall to the ground near the seed tree. However, because this relatively large, sweet fruit is a favorite food of most birds and some small animals, most of the fruits are eaten and dispersed by wildlife before they fully mature (6).

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Seedling Development

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Seeds can be extracted from fresh fruits by mashing and soaking them in water, and then passing them through a macerator, where pulp and empty seeds are skimmed or floated off. Storage temperatures of -23° to -18° C (-10° to 0° F) are recommended for dry mulberry seeds (8).

Seeds can be sown in fall without stratification or in spring following 30 to 90 days of stratification at 1° to 5° C (33° to 41° F) in moist sand. In nursery practice, seeds are sown in drills at the rate of 160 to 260/m (50 to 80/ft) in rows 20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 in) apart. Germination, which is epigeal, usually is from 12 to 50 percent. One-year bare-rooted seedlings may be outplanted (8).

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Soils and Topography

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Red mulberry grows on a variety of moist soils at elevations below 600 m (2,000 ft). Soil orders on which red mulberry is found include Alfisols, Inceptisols, Spodosols, and Ultisols. Seeds are carried great distances by birds so trees may be found on any soil that is not too dry. Best development is on well-drained, moist soils of sheltered coves along streams (7).

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Special Uses

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The highest use of red mulberry is for its large, sweet fruits. These are a favored food of most birds and a number of small mammals including opossum, raccoon, fox squirrels, and gray squirrels. The fruits also are used in jellies, jams, pies, and drinks. In the past, the fruits were valued for fattening hogs and as poultry food.

Red mulberry is used locally for fenceposts because the heartwood is relatively durable. Other uses of the wood include farm implements, cooperage, furniture, interior finish, and caskets (7).

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Vegetative Reproduction

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Red mulberry can be propagated from stem cuttings or by budding, but these methods are complex and require greenhouse facilities. The average rooting from stem cuttings taken in May, September, and January was only 7 percent, regardless of time of year (2). Red mulberry is a prolific root sprouter and can be reproduced by layering.

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Brief Summary

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Moraceae -- Mulberry family

Neil 1. Lamson

Red mulberry (Morus rubra), called moral in Spanish, is widespread in Eastern United States. It is a rapid-growing tree of valleys, flood plains, and low moist hillsides. This species attains its largest size in the Ohio River Valley and reaches its highest elevation (600 m or 2,000 ft) in the southern Appalachian foothills. The wood is of little commercial importance. The tree's value is derived from its abundant fruits, which are eaten by people, birds, and small mammals.

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Distribution

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Red mulberry extends from Massachusetts and southern Vermont west through the southern half of New York to extreme southern Ontario, southern Michigan, central Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota; south to Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, central Kansas, western Oklahoma and central Texas; and east to southern Florida. It is also found in Bermuda.


-The native range of red mulberry.


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Qızıl tut ( Azerbaijani )

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Təbii yayılması:

Bu növ əsasən Şimali Amerika, Orta Asiya, Avropa, Zaqafqaziya, Belarusiyada yayılmışdır.

Botaniki təsviri:

Hündürlüyü 15-20 m olan ağacdır. Qabığı qəhvəyi-boz, cavan budaqları isə sarımtıl-boz rəngdə olur. Çətiri nisbətən aşağı sallanmış yarımşarşəkillidir. Yarpaqları yumurtavarı, bəzən isə yumru, üstdən parlaq, altdan isə xırda tüklərlə örtülür. Yarpağın kənarı iti dişli, uc hissəsi iti oxşəkilli, bəzən tam, bəzən isə 3-7 dilimlidir. Yarpaq ayası 5-7 sm, saplağı isə 0,5-1,5 sm uzunluqda olur. Yarpaqlar cod və kobuddur. Yarpaq açması və çiçəkləməsi qara tutla eyni vaxtda olur. Qırmızı tutun tumurcuqları iri və 3-5 cərgə pulcuqlarla örtülmüşdür. Çiçəkləri ikicinslidir. Erkək çiçəklər sırğalar üzrə toplanmış, 2-3 sm uzunluqda olur. Meyvələri iri, 3-5 sm, silindrvari, tünd çəhrayı və qırmızı rəngli, turşməzə-şirindir, iyul-avqust aylarında yetişir. Meyvəsinin yeyilməsinə görə ən qiymətli növlərdən sayılır. Yarpaqları cod və kobud olduğu üçün ipək qurdunun yemlənməsində az əhəmiyyətlidir. Toxum və qələm vasitəsi ilə çoxaldılır. Özək hissəsi sarı rəngli olub, illik halqaları aydın görünür.

Ekologiyası:

Bu növ ağ tuta nisbətən az yayılmışdır. Soyuğa və quraqlığadavamlı, torpağa tələbkar, kölgəsevəndir.

Azərbaycanda yayılması:

Naxçıvan, Şəki və Şirvan zonasında yayılmışdır.

İstifadəsi:

Yarpaqlarından boyaq, tərləmə dərmanı, köklərindən qurdqovucu kimi istifadə edilir. Meyvəsinin tərkibində 22% şəkər olduğu üçün spirt, sirkə, şərab hazırlanır. Mədəniyyət və istirahət parkları, xiyabanlar və qoruyucu meşə zolaqlarının salınmasında istifadə edilir.

Mənbə

http://dendrologiya.az/?page_id=112 Azərbaycan Dendroflorası III cild-Bakı:"Elm",2016,400 səh. T.S.Məmmədov

Məlumat mənbələri

  • Tofiq Məmmədov, Elman İsgəndər, Tariyel Talıbov. "Azərbaycanın Nadir Ağac və kol bitkiləri", Bakı: "Elm", 2014, 380 səh.

İstinad

  • Флoрa Aзeрбaйджaнa. т.5. 1954; Флoрa Kaвkaзa. т.5. 1954;
  • Azərbaycanın ağac və kolları. I cild. 1961;
  • Azərbaycan flora-sının konspekti. I-III cildlər. 2005; 2006; 2008;
  • Tofiq Məmmədov, Elman İsgəndər, Tariyel Talıbov. Azərbaycanın nadir ağac və kol bitkiləri", Bakı: "Elm", 2014, 380 səh
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Morus rubra ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Morus rubra, és una espècie de morera nativa de l'est dels Estats Units És una espècie comuna als Estats Units però amenaçada de desaparició al Canadà.[1][2]

És un arbre caducifoli de 10-15 m d'alt, rarament 20 m. Les fulles són alternades i simples de 7-14 cm de llarg i 6-12 cm d'ample.[3] El pecíol de la fulla exuda làtex si se'l trenca.[4] Suporta fins -25 °C.[5]

Poden ser dioiques o tenir els dos sexes a la mateixa planta (monoica).

El fruit és comestible dolç i de bon gust, compost de diverses drupes de 2-3 cm de llarg, de color porpra fosc quan està madur.

Conservació

Aquesta espècie està amenaçada per la hubridació amb la morera blanca (M. alba), introduïda des d'Àsia.[6]

Usos

Les tribus natives americanes Powhatan ja se'n menjaven el fruit.

Referències

  1. Flora of North America: Morus rubra
  2. Ambrose, J. D., & Kirk, D. (2004). National Recovery Strategy for Red Mulberry (Morus rubra L.). Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
  3. Farrar, J.L. (1995). Trees in Canada. Fitzhenry and Whiteside/Canadian Forest Service, Markham, Ontario.
  4. Trees of Alabama and the Southeast: Red Mulberry, Morus rubra, Moraceae.
  5. Dave's Garden. PlantFiles: Red Mulberry Tree, Morus rubra
  6. Burgess, K. S., Morgan, M., Deverno, L., & Husband, B. C. (2005). Asymmetrical introgression between two Morus species (M. alba, M. rubra) that differ in abundance. Molec. Ecol. 14: 3471–3483 pdf file.

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Morus rubra Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Morus rubra: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Morus rubra, és una espècie de morera nativa de l'est dels Estats Units És una espècie comuna als Estats Units però amenaçada de desaparició al Canadà.

És un arbre caducifoli de 10-15 m d'alt, rarament 20 m. Les fulles són alternades i simples de 7-14 cm de llarg i 6-12 cm d'ample. El pecíol de la fulla exuda làtex si se'l trenca. Suporta fins -25 °C.

Poden ser dioiques o tenir els dos sexes a la mateixa planta (monoica).

El fruit és comestible dolç i de bon gust, compost de diverses drupes de 2-3 cm de llarg, de color porpra fosc quan està madur.

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Rote Maulbeere ( German )

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Die Rote Maulbeere (Morus rubra) ist ein sommergrüner Laubbaum aus der Gattung der Maulbeeren in der Familie der Maulbeergewächse (Moraceae). Diese Pflanzenart ist im östlichen Nordamerika heimisch.

Beschreibung

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Rote Maulbeere

Die Rote Maulbeere wächst als sommergrüner Baum und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 10 bis 15 Metern, an bevorzugten Standorten auch bis 20 Meter. Die graubraune Rinde des Stammes bricht im Alter in lange senkrechte Streifen auf. Die wechselständigen Laubblätter erreichen eine Länge von 7 bis 14 cm und eine Breite von 8 bis 12 cm. Nebenblätter sind vorhanden. Die Laubblätter sind in der Form recht variabel; die meisten Blätter sind breit herzförmig bis eiförmig, es gibt aber auch zwei- und dreifach gelappte Blätter. Der Blattrand ist grob gezähnt. Die Herbstfärbung ist gelb.

Die Rote Maulbeere ist zweihäusig getrenntgeschlechtig diözisch, es wachsen jedoch auch monözische Exemplare, die männliche und weibliche Blüten gleichzeitig tragen. Die Blütezeit liegt im April bis Mai. Die Blüten sitzen in hängenden kätzchenförmigen Blütenständen. Die männlichen Blütenstände sind 3 bis 5 cm lang; die weiblichen sind 8 bis 12 mm lang und 5 bis 7 mm breit. Die grünen, kleinen Blüten sind vierzählig. Die männlichen Blüten enthalten vier verwachsene Blütenhüllblätter und vier Staubblätter. Die weiblichen Blüten enthalten vier verwachsene Blütenhüllblätter und einen oberständigen, grünen Fruchtknoten. Die Übertragung des Pollens erfolgt durch den Wind (Anemophilie).

Die zylindrischen Fruchtverbände sind 2 bis 3 cm lang; sie reifen im Sommer und wechseln dabei ihre Farbe von grün über rot nach dunkelviolett. Jedes Einzelfrüchtchen enthält einen Kern, bei dem es sich um die eigentliche Frucht – eine Nuss – handelt. Die Früchte sind wohlschmeckend und essbar.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 28.[1]

Verbreitung

Die Rote Maulbeere ist ursprünglich im östlichen Nordamerika beheimatet. Dort erstreckt sich das Verbreitungsgebiet vom südlichen Ontario und Vermont bis nach Florida, im Westen bis zum südöstlichen Süd-Dakota und dem mittleren Texas.

Die Rote Maulbeere bevorzugt Standorte mit feuchten Böden. Sie ist häufig an Flussläufen anzutreffen. Sie kommt in Höhenlagen bis etwa 600 m vor.

In Europa ist die Rote Maulbeere kaum außerhalb der Botanischen Gärten anzutreffen.

Auf dem Balkan und auch Rumänien und Ungarn ist/war die rote Maulbeere sehr verbreitet bis Mitte der 1980er Jahre. Die Landstraßen waren von Maulbeerbäumen gesäumt. Die Blätter wurden als Futter für die Seidenraupenzucht gepflückt.

Ökologie

Die Früchte der Roten Maulbeere dienen vor allem Vögeln, aber auch Säugetieren wie Opossums, Waschbären und Hörnchen als Nahrung.

Die Blätter dienen vielen Insekten als Nahrung, darunter Große Obstbaumschildlaus (Parthenolecanium corni), Pseudococcus comstocki und Pulvinaria innumerabilis.

Krankheiten und Schädlinge

Die Blätter der Roten Maulbeere können von den Pilzarten Mycosphaerella mori und Pseudomonas mori befallen werden.

Ast- und Stammholz wird von Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Maulbeerschildlaus), Euzophera semifuneralis und Doraschema wildii angegriffen.

Systematik

Die Erstbeschreibung durch den schwedischen Botaniker Carl von Linné wurde 1753 veröffentlicht.[2] Die Rote Maulbeere hybridisiert in Nordamerika häufig mit der aus Eurasien eingeführten Weißen Maulbeere (Morus alba).

Nutzung

Die Früchte der Roten Maulbeere werden gegessen oder auch für Marmeladen, Obstkuchen und zur Saftbereitung verwendet. Die Früchte sind sehr süß. Auch der Maulbeerschnaps ist eine Spezialität. Die Früchte können roh gegessen werden oder zum Beispiel dem Joghurt beigefügt werden. Wenn die Früchte als Nahrung verwendet werden sollen, dann werden die reifen Früchte in saubere Tücher abgeschüttelt. Das Holz kann als Hartholz bezeichnet werden und hat eine schöne goldgelbe Farbe; deshalb ist es auch begehrt zur Fassherstellung. Beim Weinfass und Schnapsfass gibt das Holz die goldene Farbe an den Alkohol ab. Wegen der goldgelben Farbe ist das Holz auch bei Möbel- und Kunstschreinern begehrt.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Morus rubra bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  2. Sp. pl. 2:986. 1753. Siehe Eintrag bei GRIN Taxonomy for Plants.
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Rote Maulbeere: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Rote Maulbeere (Morus rubra) ist ein sommergrüner Laubbaum aus der Gattung der Maulbeeren in der Familie der Maulbeergewächse (Moraceae). Diese Pflanzenart ist im östlichen Nordamerika heimisch.

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Pulang moras ( Tagalog )

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Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Moras (paglilinaw).

Ang pulang moras, pulang amoras, o Morus rubra (Ingles: red mulberry) ay isang uri ng moras na katutubo sa Hilagang Amerika, partikular na sa hilagang Estados Unidos at Canada. Sa Estados Unidos, makikita ito sa katimugang Florida hanggang hilaga patimog-silangan ng Timog Dakota at gitnang Texas. Sa Canada, matatagpuan ito mula sa pinakatimog ng Ontario at timog ng Vermont. Bagaman pangkaraniwan ang pulang moras sa Estados Unidos, nakatala ito bilang nanganganib na uri sa Canada.[1][2]

Sanggunian

  1. Flora of North America: Morus rubra
  2. Ambrose, J. D., & Kirk, D. (2004). National Recovery Strategy for Red Mulberry (Morus rubra L.). Ministro ng Likas na Pinagkukunang-yaman ng Ontario, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.


Usbong Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa nito.

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Pulang moras: Brief Summary ( Tagalog )

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Para sa ibang gamit, tingnan ang Moras (paglilinaw).

Ang pulang moras, pulang amoras, o Morus rubra (Ingles: red mulberry) ay isang uri ng moras na katutubo sa Hilagang Amerika, partikular na sa hilagang Estados Unidos at Canada. Sa Estados Unidos, makikita ito sa katimugang Florida hanggang hilaga patimog-silangan ng Timog Dakota at gitnang Texas. Sa Canada, matatagpuan ito mula sa pinakatimog ng Ontario at timog ng Vermont. Bagaman pangkaraniwan ang pulang moras sa Estados Unidos, nakatala ito bilang nanganganib na uri sa Canada.

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Morus rubra

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Morus rubra, commonly known as the red mulberry, is a species of mulberry native to eastern and central North America. It is found from Ontario, Minnesota, and Vermont south to southern Florida, and west as far as southeastern South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and central Texas. There have been reports of isolated populations (very likely naturalized) in New Mexico, Idaho, and British Columbia.[3]

Common in the United States, it is listed as an endangered species in Canada,[4][5] and is susceptible to hybridization with the invasive white mulberry (M. alba), introduced from Asia.[6]

Description

Red mulberry is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree, growing to 10–15 metres (35–50 feet) tall, rarely 21 m (70 ft), with a trunk up to 50 centimetres (20 inches) in diameter. It can live up to 125 years.[7]

The leaves are alternate, 7–18 cm (2+34–7 in) long (rarely to 36 cm or 14+14 in) and 8–12 cm (3+144+34 in) broad (about twice as big as the white mulberry's leaves),[4] simple, broadly cordate, with a shallow notch at the base, typically unlobed on mature trees although often with 2–3 lobes, particularly on young trees, and with a finely serrated margin.[4] Unlike the leaves of white mulberry (M. alba) which have a lustrous upper surface, the red mulberry leaf upper surface is noticeably rough, similar in texture to fine sandpaper, and the underside is densely covered with soft hairs.[8][9] The leaf petiole exudes milky sap when severed.[10] The leaves turn yellow in autumn.

The flowers are relatively inconspicuous: small, yellowish green or reddish green and opening as leaves emerge. Male and female flowers are usually on separate trees although they may occur on the same tree.

The fruit is a compound cluster of several small achenes surrounded by a fleshy calyx, similar in appearance to a blackberry, 2–3 cm (341+14 in) long. It is initially pale green, ripening to red or dark purple.[4]

The red mulberry develops an extensive root system, containing lateral, horizontal roots that remain within the upper 24 inches of the soil and smaller, vertical roots that go off the lateral roots. This combination gives stability and allows the tree to uptake the nutrients from the soil surface where nutrients are most abundant..[11]

Red mulberry is hardy to subzero temperatures, relatively hardy to drought, pollution, and poor soil, though the white mulberry is hardier.[12]

The berries are widely sought after by birds in spring and early summer in North America; as many as 31 species of birds have been recorded visiting a fruiting tree in Arkansas.[13] The red mulberry is pollinated by the wind.[14]

Uses

The berries are edible and sweet.[15] The first English colonists to explore eastern Virginia in 1607 mentioned the abundance of both mulberry trees and their fruit, which was eaten (sometimes boiled) by the native Powhatan tribes. Today, mulberries are eaten raw, used in the fillings of pastries, and fermented into wine. They are also used for marmalades, liquors, natural dyes, and cosmetics.[16] The berries are not commercially sold because they have very short “shelf lives” and pack/ship very poorly.[17] The wood may be dried and used for smoking meats with a flavour that is mild and sweet. It is also used for fenceposts because the heartwood is relatively durable. Other uses of the wood include farm implements, cooperage, furniture, interior finish, and caskets.[18] Some Native American tribes used an infusion of the bark as a laxative or purgative. Infusions of the root were used to treat weakness and urinary ailments. The sap was applied to the skin to treat ringworm.[4] Choctaw people wove clothing from the inner bark of young M. rubra and similar shoots.[19]

Culture and History

Documentations of the use of red mulberry go back to 1500 by the De Soto expedition, which recorded the consumption of dried fruits by the indigenous Muskogee peoples. There were diverse uses of mulberry in different indigenous cultures. Among them, the Cherokee mixed cornmeal and sugar to the berries, to make sweet dumplings. Later on, European settlers also used the mulberry fruits to make pies or preserves. The trees were also important as a source of livestock feed and wood for furniture or boats.[20]

Distribution

The Red mulberry plant is native to the United States. M. rubra occurs from the Atlantic coast to the eastern edge of the Great Plains, south to southern Florida and north to southwestern Ontario in Canada. The native Red mulberry can be mostly found in riparian areas, and is considered rare and threatened in many areas including northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. The morphologically similar M. alba is potentially posing a threat to the existence of M. rubra because of the rapid range expansion, aggressive growth patterns, and reproductive advantages over M. rubra. Red mulberry is currently considered endangered in Canada, and in the USA, the states of Connecticut and Massachusetts as well as threatened in Michigan and Vermont[8]

Climatic and Soil Requirements

Mulberry grows in various climatic conditions and can be found in climates between temperate and tropical.[21] Red mulberry plants require a total annual rainfall of 1’000-2’000 mm[22] and are adapted to altitudes of up to 800 msl. The native environment of red mulberry most often consists of moist forests, thickets on the floodplains, moist hillsides and river valleys. It can tolerate short periods of flooding and can tolerate temperatures as low as -36°C. Optimal growing temperatures are between 24 and 28°C. At least 140 frost free days a year are required.[23] Normally, the tree grows in full sun, but growth is also possible in partial shading. Red mulberry is also drought tolerant.[22]

In its native habitat red mulberry grows in mesic hardwood forests in moist soils,[20] although they can be found in many different moist soils. Such soils include, inceptisols, alfisols, spodosols and ultisols.[24] The plants prefer deep, well drained, soils that reach from loamy to clayey and have a high moisture holding capacity.[21] A soil pH of 5-7 is optimal.[22]

Cultivation

In an early stage, pruning is necessary to make the red mulberry tree develop a sturdy framework. Afterwards, the pruning requirements of the red mulberry involve mainly removing dead or overcrowded wood. To keep the tree in a tidy form, it is suggested to choose a few main branches and cut the laterals to six leaves in July. This allows the spurs to develop near the main branches. However, the Red Mulberry Tree tends to bleed after pruning, so pruning should be reduced to a minimum and should be conducted when the tree is dormant, as the bleeding is less severe then. Removing branches of more than 2 diameters should be absolutely avoided, anyway.[25] When tilling the soil, it must be paid attention not to damage the horizontal roots. Cutting them, would impair nutrient uptake.[26] In the first year of a red mulberry’s lifetime, a sufficient water supply is critical for the development of the root system. Young mulberry trees should be watered thoroughly twice a week if growing on light soils and once a week if growing on clay soils. Later, the red mulberry is drought tolerant, although under water scarcity it may drop its fruits too early which results in berry yield losses. Thus, for berry production, irrigation is recommended under dry conditions.[27] Mulching helps to retain moisture in the soil and to reduce the competition with grass and weeds. Thus, it is recommended to apply mulch under mulberry trees. The mulch should not touch the stem as this may lead to rotting.[28] Mulberry trees thrive with little to no fertilizer. Fertilizing more than twice a year should be avoided and fertilizing later than July may lead to freeze damage. An NPK value of 10-10-10 is targeted and depending on the available nutrients in the soil, other nutrients like iron should be added.[29] Usually, the red mulberry is free from pests and diseases but in some areas the “popcorn disease” may occur. In that case, infected fruits should be collected and burned, to prevent the pathogens population to reproduce and survive for the next season.[30] If cultivated for fruits, male and female plants must be grown, if a monoecious variety is chosen. However, there are also dioecious varieties. To harvest the fruit, branches are usually shaken and the fruit collected manually.[31]

Yield

Mulberries yield wood for timber, with an average 10-15 m height and diameter of 50 cm. The timber volume is 0.962 m³ to 1.435 m³.[32] Mulberry wood has the same quality as oak, which can be sold for 90-150 euro per m3. Nevertheless, to achieve a quantity of 1m3, we should have to take down the whole tree, which can be counterproductive in the case of fruit production.[33] Nevertheless, the wood from the trimming can still be used as firewood and the biggest parts for furniture or turned objects. An additional yield of 8–12 tons/acre/year (20–30 tons/hectare/year) can be achieved with the littler parts and the leaves which serve as forage. Only 2 to 3 years after whip cultivar plantation, the tree should already start to fruit. The yields of fruits should reach 3 to 5 kg (per tree per year) on the first years until 300 kg for a mature tree.[34]

Economic aspects

In 2015, almost 3.4 million pounds of frozen mulberries were imported to the US – a market value of 2.6 million US-Dollars. The demand for the fruit is still rising and the prices are high. This constitutes a great opportunity for mulberry producers.[31] It takes ten years from the seedling stage, until a mulberry tree bears fruit.[31] Thus, for the decision of building up a mulberry orchard, one needs to estimate not the current demand but the market potential of ten years later. This involves more risk and long-term planning. However, there are grafted varieties that produce fruit earlier[31] and reduce this problem. In future, the economic viability of mulberry production may increase even more as its drought resistance constitutes an opportunity for agriculture under climate change and as the fruit contains many micronutrients and vitamins, while people pay more and more attention to healthy nutrition. As mulberry production is not yet mechanized well, a lot of labor is required, especially to harvest the fruit. However, there is potential for mechanizing the shaking of the branches, similar as in tart cherry harvesting. A difficulty in the commercial use of mulberries is the fragility of the berries which constitutes a challenge in storage and transport.[31] The leading producers of mulberry fruit are Turkey and Iran. They are the main mulberry suppliers to Europe. However, they mainly produce white and black mulberry - thus, the production of red mulberry is still less widespread. Agroforestry constitutes an opportunity to further improve the viability of red mulberry cultivation. Short-duration legume crops as intercrops improve the soil control weeds and create an additional revenue.[35]

Nutritional aspects

Fresh mulberries are mainly water. Per 100g, they provide 9.8g carbs, 1.7g fiber, 1.4g protein and 0.4g fat. Per cup (140g), they only have 60 calories. Dried mulberries, which is the most consumed form, contain 70g carbs, 14g fibers, 12g proteins and 3g fats per 100g. A high and diverse amount of vitamins and minerals are contained in the berries. Vitamin C, E and K for example, as well as iron and potassium or other plant compounds like athocyanins, cyanidin, rutin or chlorogenic acid. All these properties place berries as a way to fight cancer, improve blood sugar levels, and even lower cholesterol levels.[36]

Limitations and drawbacks

Despite all mentioned opportunities and benefits, there are a few drawbacks and limitations to the cultivation of the red mulberry:

  • The red mulberry cannot be used for silk production as the white mulberry. Silkworms reject the leaves of the red mulberry.[37]
  • The red mulberry cannot be used as a short-term solution, due to the time until the first fruit bearing. Instead, it requires long-term planning. The highest years are obtained after 30-85 years.[38]
  • Despite its drought tolerance, it can be problematic to cultivate the red mulberry under drought conditions as fruits fall down too early if the root system lacks water.[39]
  • The fruits are delicate which complicates the commercial use.[40]
  • Sensitive people may be confronted with dermatitis when touching the leaves, the stem or the unripe fruits of a mulberry tree. The leave sap and unripe fruits can even lead to hallucinations and central nervous system disturbances.[41]
  • though quite resistant to many pathogens, there are some diseases that can occur in mulberry
  • The fruits are liked by several mammal and bird species which on the one hand is beneficial for biodiversity but on the other hand leads to yield losses or high protection costs, as netting is difficult for such big trees.[42]
  • Breeding takes long due to the long generation time.[43]
  • Common pests and diseases that affect mulberry plants include mulberry leaf spot, bacterial blight (bacterium – Pseudomonas syringae pv. mori), powdery mildew (fungi – Phyllactinia corylea and Uncinula geniculata) or different root rot diseases.[44]

References

  1. ^ Duhamel du Monceau, H.L., Traité des arbres et arbustes, Nouvelle édition [Nouveau Duhamel], vol. 4: t. 23 (1809) [P.J. Redouté] drawing: P.J. Redouté lithograph Tassaert family: Moraceae subfamily: Moroideae tribe: Moreae 202746 ruber, rubra, rubrum 202746 ruber, rubra, rubrum Illustration contributed by: Real Jardín Botánico, Madrid, Spain
  2. ^ Stritch, L. (2018). "Morus rubra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T61890109A61890113. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T61890109A61890113.en. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  3. ^ "Morus rubra". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d e Wunderlin, Richard P. (1997). "Morus rubra". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  5. ^ Ambrose, J. D., & Kirk, D. (2004). National Recovery Strategy for Red Mulberry (Morus rubra L.). Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
  6. ^ Burgess, K. S.; Morgan, M.; Deverno, L.; Husband, B. C. (2005). "Asymmetrical introgression between two Morus species (M. alba, M. rubra) that differ in abundance" (PDF). Molecular Ecology. University of Toronto, Barrett Lab. 14 (17): 3471–3483. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02670.x. PMID 16156816. S2CID 31129733. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-21.
  7. ^ "Red Mulberry – Morus rubra L." (PDF). nrcs.usda.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  8. ^ a b M. P. Nepal; D. J. Wichern (2013). "Taxonomic Status Of Red Mulberry (Morus Rubra, Moraceae) At Its Northwestern Boundary" (PDF). Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science. 92: 19. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
  9. ^ Farrar, J.L. (1995). Trees in Canada. Fitzhenry and Whiteside/Canadian Forest Service, Markham, Ontario.
  10. ^ "Red Mulberry". 6 July 2018. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  11. ^ Rodriguez. "Root structure of a mulberry tree". Homeguides. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  12. ^ "Mulberry Fruit Facts". 15 June 2006. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  13. ^ Jackson, J. L.; Kannan, R. (2018). "Avian frugivory in a fruiting mulberry tree (Morus rubra) in Arkansas". Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science. 72: 38–46. doi:10.54119/jaas.2018.7219. S2CID 143429173.
  14. ^ "Red Mulberry". Growables.
  15. ^ "Morus rubra Red Mulberry, Common Mulberry, White Mulberry PFAF Plant Database". Plants for a Future. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  16. ^ Ercisli, S.; Orhan, E. (2007). "Chemical composition of white (Morus alba), red (Morus rubra) and black (Morus nigra) mulberry fruits". Food Chemistry. 103 (4): 1380–1384. doi:10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2006.10.054. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  17. ^ North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. "Morus rubra (Common Mulberry, Mulberry, Red Mulberry)". North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  18. ^ Lamson, N. "Morus rubra L." USDA. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  19. ^ Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 426. ISBN 0394507614.
  20. ^ a b Andreu, Michael G.; Friedman, Melissa H.; McKenzie, Mary; Quintana, Heather V. "Morus rubra, Red Mulberry". IFAS Extension. EDIS. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  21. ^ a b Sharma, S.K.; Zote, K.K (2010). "Mulberry – A multi purpose tree species for varied climate". Range Management and Agroforestry. 31: 97–101.
  22. ^ a b c Lim, Tong Kwee (2021). Edible Medicinal and Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits. Springer Netherlands. ISBN 978-94-007-2534-8.
  23. ^ CPL, A. (2021). Nutrient-Rich Berries: Growing Practices and Food Uses. Agrihortico.
  24. ^ United States Department of Agriculture (1990). Silvics of North America (Volume 654, nr.2 ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office.
  25. ^ "Red Mulberry". Growables.
  26. ^ Rodriguez. "Root structure of a mulberry tree". Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  27. ^ "Red Mulberry". Growables.
  28. ^ "Managing your Mulberry". Moruslondinium. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  29. ^ "How to care for a Mulberry tree". wikiHow.
  30. ^ "Red Mulberry". Growables.
  31. ^ a b c d e "Mulberries". AgMRC. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  32. ^ "Volume de l'arbre sur pied".
  33. ^ "Les prix du chêne et du hêtre s'envolent, au grand dam des scieries wallonnes". rtbf.be.
  34. ^ Alfrey, Paul. "Mo' Mulberry — A guide to probably everything you need to know about growing Mulberry".
  35. ^ "Mulberry Cultivation: Know the Soil Requirement, Varieties, Propagation and Harvesting". Agripedia. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  36. ^ "Nutrition Facts and Health Benefit". Mulberries 101.
  37. ^ "Manual of Instructions for Raising Mulberry Trees and Silk Worms". NZETC. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  38. ^ "Morus Rubra". Practical Plants.
  39. ^ "Red Mulberry". Growables.
  40. ^ "Mulberries". AgMRC. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  41. ^ "Morus Rubra". Practical Plants.
  42. ^ "The advantages of the Red Mulberry Tree". Homeguides. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  43. ^ "Mulberry breeding, cultivation and utilization in Japan". FAO. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  44. ^ "Mulberry". Texas Plant Disease Handbook. Retrieved 13 November 2022.

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Morus rubra: Brief Summary

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Morus rubra, commonly known as the red mulberry, is a species of mulberry native to eastern and central North America. It is found from Ontario, Minnesota, and Vermont south to southern Florida, and west as far as southeastern South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and central Texas. There have been reports of isolated populations (very likely naturalized) in New Mexico, Idaho, and British Columbia.

Common in the United States, it is listed as an endangered species in Canada, and is susceptible to hybridization with the invasive white mulberry (M. alba), introduced from Asia.

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Morus rubra ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Hojas y frutas

La mora roja (Morus rubra) es una especie de mora nativa de la parte este de Norteamérica, desde la parte más sureña de Ontario y Vermont llegando por el sur hasta Florida y por el sureste hasta Dakota del Sur y el centro de Texas. La mora roja se encuentra dentro de la lista de especies amenazadas en Canadá.

Descripción

Es un árbol de hoja caduca, que se desarrolla hasta los 10 a 15 m de altura, raramente 20 m, con un tronco que llega por encima de los 50 cm de diámetro. Las hojas son alternas, de 7 a 14 cm de longitud y de 6 a 12 cm de anchura, simple, ampliamente cordada, con una muesca baja en la base, sin lóbulos en los árboles maduros, frecuentemente con 2 a 3 lóbulos en los árboles jóvenes, y con unos márgenes finamente serrados.

La fruta es un conglomerado compuesto de varias pequeñas drupas, similar en apariencia a la mora negra, de 2 a 3 cm de longitud, rojo madurando a púrpura oscuro, comestible y muy dulce con buen sabor.

Véase también

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Morus rubra: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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La mora roja (Morus rubra) es una especie de mora nativa de la parte este de Norteamérica, desde la parte más sureña de Ontario y Vermont llegando por el sur hasta Florida y por el sureste hasta Dakota del Sur y el centro de Texas. La mora roja se encuentra dentro de la lista de especies amenazadas en Canadá.

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Mûrier rouge ( French )

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Morus rubra

Le mûrier rouge (Morus rubra L.) est un arbre fruitier de la famille des Moracées originaire d'Amérique du Nord.

Description

Le mûrier rouge est un arbre de sous-bois taille petite à moyenne (haut de 6 à 20 m).

Ses feuilles caduques sont polymorphes, alternes, non lobées, bilobées ou trilobées, longues de 9 à 24 cm.

L’arbre est normalement unisexué.

L’espèce produit des fruits comestibles appelés mûres., sucrés, rouges à violet foncé, longs de 2 à 3 cm, ressemblant aux mûres du genre Rubus, mais allongées.

Il s'hybride souvent avec le mûrier blanc.

Répartition

Le mûrier rouge est indigène dans une bonne partie de l’est et du centre des États-Unis ainsi que dans le sud de l’Ontario, au Canada. Son aire s’étend depuis le Vermont jusqu’au sud de la Floride; vers l’ouest, elle s’étend jusqu’à l’État de New York, au sud de l’Ontario et au Minnesota dans le nord et jusqu’à la côte du golfe du Mexique et au Texas dans le sud.

Variétés

Il en existe de très nombreuses variétés telles que :

  • Hicks, variété sélectionnée aux USA depuis 1850 et qui convient plus pour les poulets ou les bêtes que pour la consommation humaine. Croissance très rapide.
  • Stubbs, connu depuis 1875, considéré comme la meilleure variété fruitière de Morus rubra. Fruit de 3,5 à 5 cm de long, saveur vineuse, maturité à mi-saison
  • Townsend, a été propagé en 1904. Connu pour sa maturité précoce. Le fruit ressemble beaucoup à Hicks mais est bien meilleur
  • Illinois Everbearing, probablement un hybride de Morus alba × Morus rubra. Hicks a été le parent femelle. Il ne produit pas de graines intéressantes capables de produire différents hybrides. Quelques-unes de celles-ci demeurent extrêmement naines. Illinois Everbearing se bouture beaucoup plus difficilement que les autres Morus [1] et nécessite impérativement auxine et vermiculite.

Situation du mûrier rouge (Morus rubra) au Canada

Le nombre d’individus matures et de sous-populations de cet arbre de petite à moyenne taille des forêts caroliniennes du sud de l’Ontario a connu un déclin depuis la dernière évaluation du COSEPAC en 2000. On sait que seulement 217 individus au total sont présents au Canada, et que seulement 105 de ces individus sont considérés comme étant en âge de se reproduire. Seulement quatre sous-populations ont plus de cinq individus reproducteurs. La plus grande menace pesant sur l’espèce est l’hybridation avec le mûrier blanc non indigène.

Les effets de la maladie du chancre des rameaux contribuent également aux déclins. À deux sites, la nidification par le Cormoran à aigrettes représente une menace importante[2].

Protection, statuts et classements

En 1987, au moment de sa première évaluation par le COSEPAC, le mûrier rouge a été considéré comme une espèce menacée. En 2000 et 2014, le COSEPAC a réévalué ce statut et a jugé que l’espèce était en voie de disparition. Le mûrier rouge figure à l’annexe 1 de la LEP, et la version finale d’un programme de rétablissement national a été publiée en 2011. Le mûrier rouge est par ailleurs désigné « espèce en voie de disparition » aux termes de la Loi de 2007 sur les espèces en voie de disparition de l’Ontario. Toutes les plus grandes populations de l’espèce se trouvent au moins en partie sur des terres publiques qui sont jusqu’à un certain point gérées à des fins de conservation.

Notes et références

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Mûrier rouge: Brief Summary ( French )

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Morus rubra

Le mûrier rouge (Morus rubra L.) est un arbre fruitier de la famille des Moracées originaire d'Amérique du Nord.

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Morus rubra ( Italian )

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Frutti di Morus rubra.

Il gelso rosso (Morus rubra L.) è un albero da frutto appartenente alla famiglia delle Moracee[1], e al genere Morus.

Distribuzione

Il Morus rubra è diffuso negli Stati Uniti d'America centrali e sud-orientali. Talvolta è presente anche in Europa e in Italia perché coltivato, ma in Canada è diventato una specie rara e in via di estinzione.

Descrizione

È pianta longeva e l'albero può superare il secolo di vita. Il gelso rosso è un albero, caducifoglia e latifoglia, con crescita veloce.

Le bacche sono di colore rosso vivo tendente al nero a maturazione completa. I frutti maturano in giugno-luglio, la fioritura si ha ad aprile.

Varietà

Numerose sono le varietà del gelso rosso[2], fra cui:

  • Hicks, varietà a crescita rapida selezionata negli USA sin dal 1850, usata per l'allevamento.
  • Stubbs, diffusa dal 1875, considerata la miglior varietà da frutta del Morus rubra. Frutti lunghi 3,5–5 cm.
  • Townsend, diffusasi nel 1904. Giunge precocemente a maturazione ed il frutto somiglia molto all'Hicks, ma migliore di sapore per la consumazione umana.
  • Illinois Everbearing, un ibrido Morus alba × Morus rubra[3]. Hicks è stata il parente femmina.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Morus rubra, in The Plant List. URL consultato il 26 maggio 2017.
  2. ^ (EN) Halls, L. K., Flowering and fruiting of southern browse species, Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, USDA Forest Service, 1973.
  3. ^ Mulberry propagation (PDF), su savingourseeds.org.

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Morus rubra: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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 src= Frutti di Morus rubra.

Il gelso rosso (Morus rubra L.) è un albero da frutto appartenente alla famiglia delle Moracee, e al genere Morus.

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Morus rubra ( Latin )

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Morus rubra (binomen a Carolo Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum) est species plantarum florentium ad familiam Moracearum genusque Morum pertinens. In America septentrionali sponte gignitur: ibi fructus iam ab indigenis colligebantur. Arbores nonnumquam iuxta locos habitationum antiquarum florent,[1] a seminibus aut reiectis aut consulto depositis crescentes. Haec species ab Anglis Virginiae colonis "Virginia mulberry" appellabatur;[2] ab eisdem Mulberry Island iuxta Norfolk News ita nuncupata est propter arbores fructibus onusti ad litora crescentes.[3]

Notae

Bibliographia

Fontes antiquiores
Historia

Nexus externi

Commons-logo.svg Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Morum rubram spectant.
Wikispecies-logo.svg Vide "Morus rubra" apud Vicispecies.
Wikidata-logo.svg Situs scientifici: TropicosGRINITISPlant ListNCBIBiodiversityEncyclopedia of LifePlant Name IndexIUCN Red ListFlora of North AmericaUSDA Plants Database
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Morus rubra: Brief Summary ( Latin )

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Morus rubra (binomen a Carolo Linnaeo anno 1753 statutum) est species plantarum florentium ad familiam Moracearum genusque Morum pertinens. In America septentrionali sponte gignitur: ibi fructus iam ab indigenis colligebantur. Arbores nonnumquam iuxta locos habitationum antiquarum florent, a seminibus aut reiectis aut consulto depositis crescentes. Haec species ab Anglis Virginiae colonis "Virginia mulberry" appellabatur; ab eisdem Mulberry Island iuxta Norfolk News ita nuncupata est propter arbores fructibus onusti ad litora crescentes.

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Rode moerbei ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De rode moerbei (Morus rubra) is een plant uit de moerbeifamilie (Moraceae). De soort komt van nature voor in het oosten van de Verenigde Staten, van het uiterste zuiden van Ontario en Vermont tot in het zuiden in Florida en in het westen tot in het zuidoosten van Zuid-Dakota en het midden van Texas. De rode moerbei staat in Canada op de lijst van bedreigde plantensoorten.

Kenmerken

Het is een bladverliezende boom, die tot 20 m hoog kan worden met een stam, die tot 50 cm dik kan worden. De afwisselend geplaatste, enkelvoudige bladeren zijn 7-14 x 6-12 cm groot, breed hartvormig met een ondiepe inkeping aan de basis, ongelobd bij volgroeide bomen, vaak met twee tot drie lobben bij jonge bomen en met een fijne zaagrand.

De vrucht is een vruchtverband van meerdere kleine bolletjes en lijkt op een braam. De vrucht is 2-3 cm groot en rijpt via rood naar donkerpaars. De vruchten zijn eetbaar en smaken zoet-aromatisch. De vruchten kunnen verwerkt worden in taartvullingen, jam en gelei.

Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Morus rubra van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
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Rode moerbei: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De rode moerbei (Morus rubra) is een plant uit de moerbeifamilie (Moraceae). De soort komt van nature voor in het oosten van de Verenigde Staten, van het uiterste zuiden van Ontario en Vermont tot in het zuiden in Florida en in het westen tot in het zuidoosten van Zuid-Dakota en het midden van Texas. De rode moerbei staat in Canada op de lijst van bedreigde plantensoorten.

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Rött mullbär ( Swedish )

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Rött mullbär (Morus rubra) är en art i mullbärssläktet och familjen mullbärsväxter Arten är vildväxande, i Nordamerika.

Rött mullbär är tvåbyggare och bildar buskar till träd som kan bli 20 meter höga. Barken är grunt fårad, gråbrun med inslag av orange. Grenarna är rödbruna till ljust grönbruna, kala eller med några få hår. Bladen har mjukhåriga linjära stipler, bladskaftet blir 2-2,5 cm lång, kalt eller med mjuka hår, bladskivan är brett äggrund, ibland oregelbundet flikig, 10-18 cm lång och 8-15,5 cm bred. Basen är rundad till nästan hjärtlik, bladkanten är sågtandad till naggad, spetsen är tvär med utdragen spets. Bladundersidan är mer eller mindre mjukhårig, ovansidan har korta, vanligen sträva hår. Hanblommorna sitter i 3-5 cm långa ax och är gröna med röda inslag. Honblommornas ax blir 8-12 cm långa. Pistillen är vit. Frukterna är egentligen fruktförband och blir svarta eller djupt purpurfärgade, cylindriska och 1,5-6 cm långa.

Sorter

  • 'Cooke' - frukterna blir upp till 5 cm långa och 1 cm i diameter. Smaken är söt med väl balanserad syra. Trädet är härdigt men mottagligt för svampsjukdomar.
  • 'Downing's Everbearing' - välsmakande frukter som mognar över en lång tidsperiod.
  • 'Hicks Fancy' - röda välsmakande frukter som mognar över en lång tidsperiod.
  • 'Illinois Everbearing' sägs vara en hybrid med vitt mullbär (M. alba). Sorten blir ett litet träd, med stora, mycket välsmakande frukter som mognar över en lång tidsperiod. Härdig.
  • 'Townsend'

Synonymer

Morus argutidens Koidz.
Morus canadensis Poir.
Morus riparia Raf.
Morus rubra var. tomentosa (Rafinesque) Bureau
Morus scabra Willd.
Morus tomentosa Rafinesque

Källhänvisningar

Question book-4.svg
Den här artikeln behöver källhänvisningar för att kunna verifieras. (2014-11)
Åtgärda genom att lägga till pålitliga källor (gärna som fotnoter). Uppgifter utan källhänvisning kan ifrågasättas och tas bort utan att det behöver diskuteras på diskussionssidan.

Externa länkar

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Rött mullbär: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Rött mullbär (Morus rubra) är en art i mullbärssläktet och familjen mullbärsväxter Arten är vildväxande, i Nordamerika.

Rött mullbär är tvåbyggare och bildar buskar till träd som kan bli 20 meter höga. Barken är grunt fårad, gråbrun med inslag av orange. Grenarna är rödbruna till ljust grönbruna, kala eller med några få hår. Bladen har mjukhåriga linjära stipler, bladskaftet blir 2-2,5 cm lång, kalt eller med mjuka hår, bladskivan är brett äggrund, ibland oregelbundet flikig, 10-18 cm lång och 8-15,5 cm bred. Basen är rundad till nästan hjärtlik, bladkanten är sågtandad till naggad, spetsen är tvär med utdragen spets. Bladundersidan är mer eller mindre mjukhårig, ovansidan har korta, vanligen sträva hår. Hanblommorna sitter i 3-5 cm långa ax och är gröna med röda inslag. Honblommornas ax blir 8-12 cm långa. Pistillen är vit. Frukterna är egentligen fruktförband och blir svarta eller djupt purpurfärgade, cylindriska och 1,5-6 cm långa.

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Mor dut ( Turkish )

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Mor dut (Morus rubra), dutgiller (Moraceae) familyasından bir dut türü.

15–20 m boyunda kalın dallı bir ağaçtır. Çeşitli tiplerde yaprakları vardır. Olgun meyve mor renkli, mahoş lezzetlidir. Türkiye'de doğu ve iç kesimlerde yaygındır.

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Mor dut: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

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Mor dut (Morus rubra), dutgiller (Moraceae) familyasından bir dut türü.

15–20 m boyunda kalın dallı bir ağaçtır. Çeşitli tiplerde yaprakları vardır. Olgun meyve mor renkli, mahoş lezzetlidir. Türkiye'de doğu ve iç kesimlerde yaygındır.

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Шовковиця червона ( Ukrainian )

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 src=
Листок Шовковиці червоної

Природний ареал — східна частина Північної Америки. Там вона росте від Онтаріо і Вермонта до Флориди, Техасу і Південної Дакоти. За основним показникам та іншим екологічним факторам аналогічна Шовковиці білої, проте по морозостійкості перевершує її. У культурі рідше, ніж біла, поширена на північ до Білорусі, бо в Санкт-Петербурзі підмерзає[1].

Також має декоративну форму: повстяну (лат. f. Tomentosa) — з біло-повстяними листям з нижньої сторони[1].

Примітки


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Шовковиця червона: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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 src= Листок Шовковиці червоної

Природний ареал — східна частина Північної Америки. Там вона росте від Онтаріо і Вермонта до Флориди, Техасу і Південної Дакоти. За основним показникам та іншим екологічним факторам аналогічна Шовковиці білої, проте по морозостійкості перевершує її. У культурі рідше, ніж біла, поширена на північ до Білорусі, бо в Санкт-Петербурзі підмерзає.

Також має декоративну форму: повстяну (лат. f. Tomentosa) — з біло-повстяними листям з нижньої сторони.

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Dâu tằm đỏ ( Vietnamese )

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 src=
Bài viết này không được chú giải bất kỳ nguồn tham khảo nào. Mời bạn giúp hoàn thiện bài viết này bằng cách bổ sung chú thích cho từng nội dung cụ thể trong bài viết tới các nguồn đáng tin cậy. Các nội dung không có nguồn có thể bị nghi ngờ và xóa bỏ.
Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem Dâu.

Dâu tằm đỏ (danh pháp khoa học: Morus rubra) là một loại dâu, có nguồn gốc ở miền đông Bắc Mỹ, từ phần phía nam nhất của OntarioVermont kéo dài về phía nam tới Florida và về phía tây tới đông nam Nam Dakota và miền trung Texas. Dâu đỏ được liệt kê như là loài đang nguy cấp ở Canada.

Đặc điểm

Nó là loài cây lá sớm rụng, có thể cao tới 10–15 m, đôi khi tới 20 m, với thân cây có thể tới 50 cm tính theo đường kính. Lá của nó mọc xen kẽ, dài 7–14 cm và rộng 6–12 cm, có dạng hình tim rộng bản, với vết khía hình chữ V nông ở gốc lá, không tạo dạng thùy trên các cây trưởng thành, nhưng thông thường có 2-3 thùy trên các cây non, mép lá có răng cưa rõ nét.

Quả của nó là cụm quả hạch phức tạp, tương tự như ở cây dâu đen, dài 2–3 cm, màu đỏ khi chín có màu tía sẫm, ăn được và rất ngọt với hương vị thơm.

 src= Wikimedia Commons có thư viện hình ảnh và phương tiện truyền tải về Dâu tằm đỏ

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến bộ Hoa hồng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Dâu tằm đỏ: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI
Đối với các định nghĩa khác, xem Dâu.

Dâu tằm đỏ (danh pháp khoa học: Morus rubra) là một loại dâu, có nguồn gốc ở miền đông Bắc Mỹ, từ phần phía nam nhất của OntarioVermont kéo dài về phía nam tới Florida và về phía tây tới đông nam Nam Dakota và miền trung Texas. Dâu đỏ được liệt kê như là loài đang nguy cấp ở Canada.

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Шелковица красная ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название Morus rubra L.

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ITIS 19070 NCBI 32202

Шелкови́ца кра́сная (лат. Mórus rúbra) — небольшое листопадное дерево; вид рода Шелковица семейства Тутовые.

Описание

 src=
Лист растения

Шелковица красная — дерево высотой 10—15 м с сердцевидными листьями 7—14 см длиной и 6—12 см шириной.

Плод — тёмно-пурпурная многокостянка длиной 2—3 см, с виду напоминающая ежевику. Она съедобна и имеет сладкий вкус.

Распространение и экология

Шелковица красная происходит из восточной части Северной Америки. Там она растёт от Онтарио и Вермонта до Флориды, Техаса и Южной Дакоты.

Ссылки

Дубовый лист Это заготовка статьи по ботанике. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её.
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Шелковица красная: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Шелкови́ца кра́сная (лат. Mórus rúbra) — небольшое листопадное дерево; вид рода Шелковица семейства Тутовые.

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