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Derivation of specific name

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excelsa: lofty, tall
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=120150
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Description

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Medium to large tree. Bark pale grey, rough and flaking in to squarish pieces. Leaves elliptic to oblong with an acuminate tip, dark green with conspicuous yellowis midrin and veins; base more or less cordate. Flowers unisexual on different trees. Male spikes much longer (8-20 cm) than the female (2-3 cm). Fruit fleshy, ellipsoid, mulberry-like, brown when ripe.
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=120150
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Frequency

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Very rare
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=120150
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Worldwide distribution

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Widespread in tropical Africa from Guinee-Bissau to Ethiopia and southwards to Angola and Zimbabwe
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C. Berg Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=120150
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Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Botany
Chlorophora excelsa (Welwitsch) Bentham & J.D. Hooker

Standard trade name: Iroko

Local names: Odura (Ghana), Iroko (Nigeria), Kambala (French-speaking West Africa)

A large tree of deciduous and evergreen forests reaching 160 ft and up to 30 ft in girth. Unbut-tressed and unbranched for 80 ft. The bark is smooth but becomes brown and scaly. The leaves of young trees of both sexes are 9 × 4 in, acuminate and serrulate; on the mature tree they are entire. The trees are dioecious; female flowers are on compact spikes 2 in long, male flowers are in dense spikes reaching 8 in long.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION.—Sapwood, pale in color, is clearly distinguishable from the pale yellowish brown or dark chocolate-brown heartwood. It is a medium weight, averaging about 40 lb/ft3 seasoned and about 65 lb/ft 3 green. The grain is typically interlocked. The texture is coarse.

SEASONING.—Iroko seasons well without much degrade. The British Forest Products Laboratory kiln schedule E has proved satisfactory (FPRL, 1956).

DURABILITY.—Very durable. The timber is resistant to, but not immune from, termite attack. It is extremely resistant to preservative treatment. The sapwood is permeable.

WORKING QUALITIES.—Iroko is hard to work with hand and machine tools, and dulls cutting edges very rapidly. Due to its interlocked grain, care must be taken in planing quarter-sawn material to avoid pick-up; a reduction of cutting angle to about 15D may be necessary. It takes nails and screws well, stains and polishes well, although it requires grain filler. It glues satisfactorily.

USES.—It is extensively used locally for all kinds of construction work and carpentry. It is used for railroad cross-ties, bridges, fencing, carriage and wagon construction, and for bearers and flooring. Iroko is also used for tight cooperage and also for containers for radioactive materials.

XYLEM ANATOMY.—Growth rings present. Wood diffuse-porous. Vessels: solitary or in pairs, rarely 3’s; circular to oval in cross-section; average pore diameter 260μm, range 100μm–390μm; average vessel element length 430μm, range 250μm–625μm; vessel wall thickness 4μm–6μm; perforation plates probably simple; vessel element end wall inclination is transverse; intervascular pitting transitional, between alternate and opposite, slitlike and small. Imperforate tracheary elements: nonseptate fiber tracheids, average length 1780μm, range 1563μm–2275μm; simple pits few on the radial walls. Vascular rays: heterocellular (upright and procumbent cells—the upright cells confined to the top and bottom of the ray), multiseriate, mostly 3 or 4 cells wide, 10 to 25 cells high, biseriate rays rare, uniseriate absent. Rays almost storied (transitional). Axial parenchyma: paratracheal, aliform confluent. Crystals: none observed, although generally noted for its profuse crystals of calcium oxalate, which sometimes coagulate to form big lumps. Special note: Tyloses present in vessels.

Using Tippo’s 1946 concept of phytogeny, with special reference to xylem anatomy, this wood appears to be generally more advanced due to the simple transverse perforation plate, shorter circular vessels, transitional pitting of vessel wall between opposite and alternate types, paratracheal axial parenchyma and the almost storied nature of the rays and fibers.
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Ayensu, Edward S. and Bentum, Albert. 1974. "Commercial Timbers of West Africa." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 1-69. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.0081024X.14

Milicia excelsa ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

Milicia excelsa (comunament coneguda com Teca africana, mvule o iroko) és una espècie d'arbre de l'Àfrica tropical. L'altra espècie Milicia regia també proporciona la fusta iroko.[2] La seva llavor principalment la dispersen els ratpenats.

Referències

  1. «AgroForestry Tree Database». [Consulta: 29 juliol 2012].
  2. «IUCN Red List of Threatened Species». World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 2006. [Consulta: 22 agost 2007].
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Milicia excelsa: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Milicia excelsa (comunament coneguda com Teca africana, mvule o iroko) és una espècie d'arbre de l'Àfrica tropical. L'altra espècie Milicia regia també proporciona la fusta iroko. La seva llavor principalment la dispersen els ratpenats.

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Milicia excelsa ( German )

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Iroko Holz

Milicia excelsa ist ein Baum in der Familie der Maulbeergewächse aus West- und Zentralafrika bis in den Sudan und ins südöstliche Afrika.

Beschreibung

Milicia excelsa wächst als halbimmergrüner Baum bis über 50 Meter hoch. Der Stammdurchmesser erreicht bis zu 1,5–3 Meter oder mehr. Die Brettwurzeln fehlen meist oder sind nur klein und schmal. Die gräuliche bis braune Borke ist im Alter schuppig.

Die einfachen, gestielten und leicht ledrigen Laubblätter sind wechselständig. Der Blattstiel ist bis 5–6 Zentimeter lang. Die Blätter sind eiförmig, -lanzettlich bis länglich oder verkehrt-eiförmig und rundspitzig bis bespitzt, zugespitzt. Sie sind etwa 9–30 Zentimeter lang und 5–13,5 Zentimeter breit. Die Blattspreite ist öfters ungleich. Der Blattrand ist ganz oder seichtbuchtig und oft gewellt, die jungen Blätter sind oft gezähnt bis gesägt und behaart. Die Basis ist leicht herzförmig bis stumpf. Die Blätter sind oberseits nur leicht auf den Adern behaart, sonst kahl, unterseits sind sie zwischen den feineren Adern kurzhaarig, sonst fast kahl. Die Nervatur ist gefiedert und heller sowie unterseits leicht erhaben. Die größeren Nebenblätter sind abfallend.

Milicia excelsa ist zweihäusig diözisch. Es werden achselständige und vielblütige, dichte, zylindrische und kurz gestielte Kätzchen gebildet. Die männlichen, hängenden und dünnen, bis etwa 1 Zentimeter dicken Blütenstände sind viel länger und bis 13–30 Zentimeter lang, die weiblichen sind nur klein und nur 2,5–5 Zentimeter lang, aber bis etwa doppelt so dick. Die eingeschlechtlichen, vierzähligen und sitzenden, sehr kleinen Blüten sind mit einfacher Blütenhülle und sind jeweils von kleinen Deckblättern begleitet. Die männlichen, 1,5–2 Millimeter langen Blüten sind weiß, mit 4 becherförmig verwachsenen, feinhaarigen Tepalen mit dreieckigen Zipfeln und 4 etwas vorstehenden Staubblättern sowie einem Pistillode. Die etwas größeren, weiblichen und grünlichen Blüten besitzen 4 becherförmig angeordnete, feinhaarige und fast freie Tepalen und einen oberständigen, einkammerigen Fruchtknoten mit zwei, ungleich langen Narben, eine ist seitlich, sehr lang, fadenförmig und die andere ist nur sehr klein, minimal oder fehlt ganz.

Es werden grüne, ellipsoide, etwa 4,5–5,5 Zentimeter lange, 1,5–2 Zentimeter dicke und fleischige, runzlige, vielsamige Fruchtverbände gebildet. Die abgeflachten, orange-braunen und rundlichen Samen sind etwa 2–3 Millimeter groß.

Taxonomie

Die Erstbeschreibung des Basionyms Morus excelsa erfolgte 1869 (publ. 1871) durch Friedrich Welwitsch in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 27: 69, T. XXIII.[1] Die Umteilung in Gattung Milicia erfolgte 1982 durch Cornelis Christiaan Berg in Bull. Jard. Bot. Natl. Belg. 52: 227. Synonyme sind Chlorophora alba A.Chev., Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Benth. & Hook.f., Chlorophora tenuifolia Engl., Maclura excelsa (Welw.) Bureau und Milicia africana Sim.

Verwendung

Die Früchte sind essbar. Die Blätter, Wurzeln und die Rinde werden medizinisch verwendet.

Das mittelschwere, sehr beständige, aber schlecht behandelbare Holz ist bekannt als African teak, Kambala, Câmbala, oder Iroko.

Literatur

  • Quentin Meunier, Carl Moumbogou, Jean-Louis Doucet: Les arbres utiles du Gabon. Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux, 2015, ISBN 978-2-87016-134-0, S. 232 f, eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche.
  • J. Gérard, D. Guibal, S. Paradis, J.-C. Cerre: Tropical Timber Atlas. Éditions Quæ, 2017, ISBN 978-2-7592-2798-3, S. 423 ff, eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche.
  • The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees. CABI, 2013, ISBN 978-1-78064-236-9, S. 288 f.
  • T. Sabu, R. Raj Vikraman, P. S. Shameer, N. Mohanan: On the occurrence of ‘African Teak’, Milicia excelsa (Moraceae) in India. In: Rheeda. 28(2), 2018, S. 114–117, online auf researchgate.net.
  • C. C. Berg, Maria E. E. Hijman: Flora of Tropical East Africa - Moraceae. Balkema, 1989, ISBN 90-6191-350-0, S. 2–5.

Einzelnachweise

  1. online auf biodiversitylibrary.org.
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Milicia excelsa: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Iroko Holz

Milicia excelsa ist ein Baum in der Familie der Maulbeergewächse aus West- und Zentralafrika bis in den Sudan und ins südöstliche Afrika.

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Loko ( Hausa )

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Farin loko (lóókò) (Milicia excelsa) bishiya ne.[1]

Manazarta

  1. Blench, Roger (2007). Hausa names for trees and plants. Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.
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Loko: Brief Summary ( Hausa )

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Farin loko (lóókò) (Milicia excelsa) bishiya ne.

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Milicia excelsa

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Milicia excelsa is a tree species from the genus Milicia of the family Moraceae. Distributed across tropical Central Africa, it is one of two species (the other being Milicia regia) yielding timber commonly known as African teak, iroko, intule, kambala, moreira, mvule, odum and tule.

Trunk of Milicia excelsa (Chlorophora Excelsa) in Lawachara National Park, Bangladesh. 2016.

Description

The species is a large deciduous tree growing up to 50 metres (160 feet) high. The trunk is bare lower down with the first branch usually at least 20 m (66 ft) above the ground. It often has several short buttress roots at the base. The bark is pale or dark gray, thick but little fissured, and if it gets damaged it oozes milky latex. There are a few thick branches in the crown all fairly horizontal giving an umbrella shape. The smaller branches hang down in female trees and curve up in male trees. The leaves are 5 to 10 centimetres (2 to 4 inches) long, ovate or elliptical with a finely toothed edge, green and smooth above and slightly downy beneath. Older leaves turn yellow, and all of the leaves have a prominent rectangular mesh of veins visible on the underside. The trees are dioecious. Male trees have white catkins that extend 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 in) and dangle from twigs at the axils of the leaves. Female trees have flower spikes measuring 5 to 6 cm (2 to 2+14 in) long by 2 cm (34 in) wide, green with prominent styles. The fruit are long, wrinkled and fleshy with the small seeds embedded in the pulp.[2]

There is evidence that some of the variation that is described above amongst individuals is due to the variation in the environment. In a study done in 2010, it was found that environmental change from different regions in Benin caused much of the variation in M. excelsa. Many studies have attributed this variation in growth to the differences in climate of regions. Specifically, soil characteristics and rainfall played a major role in the morphological variation of trunk growth of M. excelsa.

Phylogeny

In a study[3] it was seen that isolation was caused by one or more of the animals that are known for dispersal of M. excelsa (i.e. bats, rodents, and birds). It is hypothesized that the ancestor slowly developed a different flowering time from its ancestor, which led to differences in selection pressure during the time of reproduction. This, over time, has resulted in the tree that we see today commonly known as Iroko. Although this is the theory that has the most evidence, it is possible for M. excelsa to have evolved in a different way.

Distribution and habitat

African teak is distributed across tropical Central Africa. Its range extends from Guinea-Bissau in the west to Mozambique in the east. It is found in Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is in wet savannah, rainforest, riverine and low-altitude evergreen forests. It can tolerate an annual rainfall of less than 70 cm (28 in) or six months of drought as long as there is a stream or a ground water source nearby.[2]

In a study done on population distribution of M. excelsa in 2009,[4] researchers found that most of the populations that were being studied were inbred. After some analysis the researchers found that the M. excelsa was inbreeding due to lack of proximity to other M. excelsa individuals. Inbreeding could contribute to why this species is moving closer to being on the Threatened conservation list. If the numbers of mates available are not high enough because dispersion methods are not effective over long distances, then the species will begin to suffer from inbreeding depression (inbreeding can lead to accumulation of recessive deleterious alleles in a population).

Ecology

Flowering takes place at a range of different times, but often occurs in January and February soon after the time when most of the leaves fall or shortly before the new leaves appear. The fruits take about a month to ripen and are eaten by squirrels, bats, and birds, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings.[2] Some populations, especially plantations, are attacked by a gall mite.

A study in Ghana found that this tree relies heavily on the straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) for seed dispersal, over 98% of the seed falling to the ground having passed through its gut.[5] This seed also germinated better than uneaten seed and resisted predation longer.[5]

Importance to the environment

In a study done on the mineralization of M. excelsa,[6] it was observed that in certain conditions Milicia acts as a carbon sink. These specific conditions are characterized by presence of oxalate, bacteria for oxalate oxidation and a dry season, which are common conditions in which Milicia tends to grow. This is important because the conversion of atmospheric carbon into land carbon decreases the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Because of its importance to the environment there has been research done on how to conserve Iroko. A solution that has been proposed to help M. excelsa move further away from being threatened is agroforestry. It was found that agroforestry helps increase habitat for plants and animals. More importantly, agroforestry promotes the growth of any plant species by taking pressure off remnant forests that usually have to repopulate threatened species on their own.[7] The people that conducted this study found that it would be a good method to use to specifically fight against the slow decline of the Iroko species.[7] However, most of the people that were surveyed for the study did not use this system specifically to regenerate this species, therefore even though there is hope in helping this species the measures have not been taken to do so.

When forests are felled, isolated trees are often left standing and the tree regenerates easily. Fresh seed germinates readily but it loses viability in storage.[1]

Conservation

Because of these and many other uses of M. excelsa, people have over-harvested this species to the point of concern. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has this species on the Red List under 'Near Threatened'.[4] A study has reported that most of the remaining Iroko trees in Benin were conserved on farms.[7] M. excelsa is threatened by habitat loss.[1]

Uses

Milicia excelsa is one of two tree species (the other being Milicia regia) that yield timber commonly known as African teak.

M. excelsa yields a strong, dense and durable dark brown hardwood timber. It is resistant to termites and is used for construction, furniture, joinery, panelling, floors and boats.[8] Iroko has been used in recent refit work performed on the Royal Navy's 104-gun first-rate ship of the line HMS Victory.

The tree can be used in the control of erosion, and for providing shade as a roadside tree in urban areas. It grows rapidly, can be coppiced and is ready for cutting after about fifty years. The tree is nitrogen fixing and the leaves are used for mulching.[9]

The tree is also used in herbal medicine. The powdered bark is used for coughs, heart problems and lassitude. The latex is used as an anti-tumour agent and to clear stomach and throat obstructions. The leaves and the ashes also have medicinal uses.[9]

In culture

In West Africa, African teak is considered to be a sacred tree. It is often protected when the surrounding bush is cleared, ritual sacrifices take place underneath it and gifts are given to it. Fertility and birth are associated with it and its timber is used to make ceremonial drums and coffins.[10]

References

  1. ^ a b c World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Milicia excelsa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T33903A9817388. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33903A9817388.en. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d "Wood Species Database: Iroko - TRADA". Retrieved 2018-08-24.
  3. ^ 1. Dainou, K., E. Laurenty, G. Mahy, O. J. Hardy, Y. Brostaux, N. Tagg, and J.-L. Doucet. "Phenological Patterns in a Natural Population of a Tropical Timber Tree Species, Milicia Excelsa (Moraceae): Evidence of Isolation by Time and Its Interaction with Feeding Strategies of Dispersers." American Journal of Botany (2012): 1453-463. Print.
  4. ^ a b J.-P. Bizoux, K. Dai’nou, N. Bourland, O. J. Hardy, M. Heuertz, G. Mahy, and J.-L. Doucet, 2009, Spatial genetic structure in Milicia excelsa (Moraceae) indicates extensive gene dispersal in a low-density wind-pollinated tropical tree, Molecular Ecology, 6-10
  5. ^ a b Taylor, Daniel; Kankam, Bright; Wagner, Michael The role of the fruit bat, Eidolon helvum, in seed dispersal, survival, and germination in Milicia excelsa, a threatened West African hardwood. Northern Arizona University School of Forestry.
  6. ^ Braissant, Olivier, Guillaume Cailleau, Michel Aragno, and Eric P. Verrecchia. "Biologically Induced Mineralization in the Tree Milicia Excelsa (Moraceae): Its Causes and Consequences to the Environment." Geobiology: 59-66. Print.
  7. ^ a b c Christine Ouinsavi and Nestor Sokpon, 2008, Traditional agroforestry systems as tools for conservation of genetic resources of Milicia excelsa Welw. C.C. Berg in Benin, Agroforestry Systems, 17-26
  8. ^ "Iroko - The Wood Database". Retrieved 2018-08-24.
  9. ^ a b "Milicia excelsa". Indigenous multipurpose trees of Tanzania: uses and economic benefits. Food and Agriculture Organisation: Forestry Department. Retrieved 2012-07-29.
  10. ^ "3.3 The symbolic and sacred significance of particular forest resources". The cultural and symbolic importance of forest resources. Food and Agriculture Organisation: Forestry Department. Retrieved 2012-07-29.

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Milicia excelsa: Brief Summary

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Milicia excelsa is a tree species from the genus Milicia of the family Moraceae. Distributed across tropical Central Africa, it is one of two species (the other being Milicia regia) yielding timber commonly known as African teak, iroko, intule, kambala, moreira, mvule, odum and tule.

Trunk of Milicia excelsa (Chlorophora Excelsa) in Lawachara National Park, Bangladesh. 2016.
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Milicia excelsa ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Milicia excelsa es el nombre taxonómico de un árbol que proporciona la valiosa madera de iroko o iroco. Es una de las maderas nobles por excelencia, muy apreciada por los profesionales, a la zaga de la teca. Se produce en cantidades limitadas. El árbol, que puede alcanzar tamaños considerables, está sobre-explotado. La mayor parte del Iroko proviene de la Milicia excelsa. Otra especiae cercana, la 'Milicia regia', también proporciona Iroko, siendo ligeramente más densa la madera. En los libros sobre maderas se denominan también Chlorophora excelsa y Chloropora regia respectivamente.

Historia

El árbol es venerado por algunas culturas aborígenes africanas y es objeto de ofrendas y protección. El pueblo yoruba cree que está habitado por espíritus. La persona que llega a ver cara a cara, al espíritu del árbol puede volverse loco y morir en breve. Según muchos yorubas quien tala uno de estos árboles acarrea la ruina sobre él mismo y sobre toda su familia. También tienen la creencia que el espíritu del Iroko sobrevive a la tala y puede oírse en las casas donde se instala esta madera. Esta ficción representa la enseñanza de lo importante que para ellos son estos árboles. Estas creencias, o similares, se extienden a otras culturas africanas y para otras especies.[3]

Nombres vernáculos

El iroko o iroco recibe nombres muy diversos: semli (Sierra Leona y Liberia), iroko (Costa de Marfil), odum (Ghana), rokko (Nigeria), abang (Camerún), abang y mandjii (Gabón), kambala (República del Congo), lusanda, molundu y mokongo (Zaire), Moreira (Angola), tule muzafa (Mozambique) y además en otras zonas: mvuli, mvule y kambala.

Distribución

M. excelsa crece en el territorio comprendido entre el golfo de Guinea y Zaire hasta el África Oriental, siendo más escaso cuanto más hacia el este. Ocupa preferentemente los bordes de la selva espesa de alta pluviosidad. M. regia, una especie muy parecida, se reparte entre los territorios de Gambia y Ghana.

Madera

La madera de M. excelsa presenta una albura y un duramen muy bien diferenciados. La primera es de color blanco-amarillento y el duramen pardo-amarillento a pardo-rojizo. Presenta un aspecto macizo y denso. Al tacto no es tan untuosa como la teca del sudoeste asiático. Tiene una ligera contramalla que no le resta dificultades en el mecanizado, aunque sí desgasta bastante los filos. Su peso específico es 0,650. La madera madura muy bien y no presenta tendencias al alabeo o a las fendas. Se debe vigilar la sierra, tanto por su polvo como por la dificultad que puede generar su trabajo debido a la contramalla. El grano es mediano y frecuentemente grueso. Se clava bien. La cola debe ser mejor de lo habitual para evitar desencolados imprevistos. Se utiliza en toda clase de mobiliario, tanto interior como exterior. Es idónea para tarimas y parqué. Excelente en construcción naval, cubas, tonelería (aunque no muy apta para madurar vinos o licores), ebanistería. Produce unas chapas excelentes. Su durabilidad natural es muy buena. Los insectos pueden llegar a atacar la albura, por lo que en este caso conviene proteger la madera. En todo cado, no la atacan los escarabajos Lyctus. Es muy poco impregnable y su polvo puede generar alergias o problemas respiratorios.[4]​ En la actualidad se introducen listones de iroko en la 'Txalaparta', un instrumento de percusión tradicional vasco, y en los yembés.

 src=
Iroko, el árbol.
 src=
Madera de iroko o iroco

Referencias

  1. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique. Brussels 52 (1-2): 227.
  2. «AgroForestry Tree Database». Archivado desde el original el 5 de enero de 2015. Consultado el 29 de julio de 2012.
  3. en:Iroko
  4. Maderas comerciales del mundo. Luis García Esteban y dos más. Madrid, 1.990-
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Milicia excelsa: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Milicia excelsa es el nombre taxonómico de un árbol que proporciona la valiosa madera de iroko o iroco. Es una de las maderas nobles por excelencia, muy apreciada por los profesionales, a la zaga de la teca. Se produce en cantidades limitadas. El árbol, que puede alcanzar tamaños considerables, está sobre-explotado. La mayor parte del Iroko proviene de la Milicia excelsa. Otra especiae cercana, la 'Milicia regia', también proporciona Iroko, siendo ligeramente más densa la madera. En los libros sobre maderas se denominan también Chlorophora excelsa y Chloropora regia respectivamente.

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Afrikaniroko ( Finnish )

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Afrikaniroko (Milicia excelsa) eli fustikki on mulperikasvien (Moraceae) heimoon kuuluva Keski-Afrikassa tavattava puu.[3] Sen oliivinvihreä puuaines, kambala eli odoume eli odum, on kestävää,[4] ja sitä käytetään muun muassa veneenrakennuksessa[5] sekä ikkunoissa, ovissa ja kalustepuuna[6].

Lähteet

  1. Milicia excelsa IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. (englanniksi)
  2. Milicia excelsa ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Viitattu 20.9.2015.
  3. Junikka, Leo; Kurtto, Arto: Milicia excelsa Finto: Kassu - Kasvien suomenkieliset nimet. Kansalliskirjasto. Viitattu 20.9.2015.
  4. WSOY Iso tietosanakirja 7, s. 15, WSOY 1997 ISBN 951-0-20163-4
  5. Global Tree
  6. Novowood

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Afrikaniroko: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Afrikaniroko (Milicia excelsa) eli fustikki on mulperikasvien (Moraceae) heimoon kuuluva Keski-Afrikassa tavattava puu. Sen oliivinvihreä puuaines, kambala eli odoume eli odum, on kestävää, ja sitä käytetään muun muassa veneenrakennuksessa sekä ikkunoissa, ovissa ja kalustepuuna.

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Milicia excelsa ( French )

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Milicia excelsa (ou Chlorophora excelsa ; synonyme) ou Iroko (nom vernaculaire le plus commun) est une espèce d'arbres de la famille des Moraceae.

Elle est originaire d'Afrique subsaharienne notamment : Angola, Bénin, Cameroun, Côte d'Ivoire, Éthiopie, Gabon, Guinée-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Ouganda, République centrafricaine, Tanzanie, Zambie et Zimbabwe.

Noms vernaculaires

Cette espèce quasi-menacée est principalement désignée sous le nom d'« iroko » mais est également rencontrée sous les noms suivants:

  • Semli (Sierra Leone, Liberia),
  • Iroko (Côte d’Ivoire),
  • Odoum (Ghana),
  • Rokko, Oroko (Nigeria),
  • loko (Bénin)
  • Abang, Mandji (Cameroun, Gabon),
  • Mereira (Angola), kambala (Congo),
  • Mvule (Afrique de l’Est) ;
  • Lusanga, Mokongo, Molundu, Mvuli, Tule mufala, etc.

De même, Milicia regia prend aussi ce nom vernaculaire.

Elle est utilisée pour son bois, l'iroko.

Synonyme

  • Chlorophora excelsa (Welw.) Benth.

Usages

 src=
Bois d'iroko, neuf (Au soleil, et sous l'action des intempéries, sa couleur jaune/brun s'atténue peu à peu)

C'est un bois blond, vendu dans le monde entier comme bois exotique provenant d'Afrique, au tissage fin et aux veines discrètes. Ses propriétés en font un bois exceptionnel. Il est particulièrement apprécié pour la construction de meubles surtout d'extérieur, pour les parquets, les boiseries. L'ébénisterie apprécie son grain.

Au Bénin, aire culturelle du vaudou, l'iroko est un arbre fétiche respecté et craint. Ainsi la sacralisation constitue le moyen fondamental de conservation de l'arbre par les populations locales[1].

Stockage de CO2

L'Iroko fait partie des arbres oxalogènes, il stocke le CO2 sous forme de cristaux d’oxalate de calcium. Quand l’arbre se décompose les cristaux se dégradent en calcaire.

Allergies

Comme celles de tous les bois la poussière produite par le sciage ou ponçage peut provoquer des allergies ou aggraver l'asthme, mais certaines molécules contenues dans ce bois peuvent aussi causer des dermatites[2]

Voir aussi

Notes et références
  1. N. Sokpon, C. Ouinsavi et N. Azonkponon, « Stratégies de gestion de l'iroko (Milicia excelsa) dans l'aire culturelle vodun au Bénin », communication lors du XIIe Congrès forestier mondial à Québec City, 2003 [1]
  2. Stingeni L, Mariotti M, Lisi P (1998) Airborne allergic contact dermatitis from iroko (Chlorophora excelsa) : Contact Dermatitis; 38:287

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wikipedia FR

Milicia excelsa: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Milicia excelsa (ou Chlorophora excelsa ; synonyme) ou Iroko (nom vernaculaire le plus commun) est une espèce d'arbres de la famille des Moraceae.

Elle est originaire d'Afrique subsaharienne notamment : Angola, Bénin, Cameroun, Côte d'Ivoire, Éthiopie, Gabon, Guinée-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Ouganda, République centrafricaine, Tanzanie, Zambie et Zimbabwe.

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Milicia excelsa ( Vietnamese )

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Milicia excelsa là một loài cây gỗ thuộc khu vực châu Phi nhiệt đới. Loài này có ở Angola, Bénin, Burundi, Cameroon, Cộng hòa Trung Phi, Cộng hòa Congo, Cộng hòa Dân chủ Congo, Bờ Biển Ngà, Guinea Xích Đạo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé và Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, và Zimbabwe. Chúng hiện đang bị đe dọa vì mất môi trường sống[2].

Đây là một trong những loài cho gỗ iroko.

Cây này nhờ có loài dơi Eidolon helvum giúp phát tán hạt.[3]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ “AgroForestry Tree Database”. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 7 năm 2012.
  2. ^ IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 2006. Truy cập ngày 22 tháng 8 năm 2007.
  3. ^ Taylor, D. A. R. et al. The role of the fruit bat, Eidolon helvum, in seed dispersal, survival, và germination in Milicia excelsa, a threatened West African hardwood. Northern Arizona University School of Forestry.

Tham khảo

Bản mẫu:WestAfricanPlants

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Milicia excelsa tại Wikimedia Commons


Bài viết liên quan đến Họ Dâu tằm này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Milicia excelsa: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Milicia excelsa là một loài cây gỗ thuộc khu vực châu Phi nhiệt đới. Loài này có ở Angola, Bénin, Burundi, Cameroon, Cộng hòa Trung Phi, Cộng hòa Congo, Cộng hòa Dân chủ Congo, Bờ Biển Ngà, Guinea Xích Đạo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, São Tomé và Príncipe, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, và Zimbabwe. Chúng hiện đang bị đe dọa vì mất môi trường sống.

Đây là một trong những loài cho gỗ iroko.

Cây này nhờ có loài dơi Eidolon helvum giúp phát tán hạt.

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Milicia excelsa ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Rosanae
Порядок: Розоцветные
Семейство: Тутовые
Триба: Moreae
Род: Milicia
Вид: Milicia excelsa
Международное научное название

Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C.Berg (1982)

Синонимы
  • Chlorophora exelsa Welw., Benth. and Hook. f.
  • Chlorophora alba A. Chev.
  • Chlorophora tenuifolia Engl.
  • Maclura excelsa (Welw.)
  • Milicia africana Sim.
  • Morus excelsa Welw.
Охранный статус Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 823752NCBI 58664EOL 491542IPNI 910900-1TPL kew-2501387

Milicia excelsa (также известный как африканский тик, мвуле или ироко) — вид африканских тропических деревьев. Он известен прежде всего по качественной древесине — ироко — получаемой из деревьев. Территория обитания этого вида постепенно сокращается[2].

Описание

Африканский тик — крупное листопадное дерево, вырастающее до 50 метров в высоту. Кора светло- или тёмно-серая, толстая, с маленькими трещинами. При повреждении коры, из неё начинает сочиться латекс. Крона дерева обычно начинается с высоты 20 метров. Прямые крупные ветви кроны образуют зонтичную форму. Мелкие ветви либо опущены вниз (на женских деревьях), либо подняты (на мужских деревьях). Листья достигают 5—10 см в длину, по форме — яйцевидные или эллиптические, с зубчатыми краями. Деревья двудомные. Мужские деревья имеют белые серёжки, которые свисают на 15—20 см из пазух листьев. Женские деревья имеют шипы 5—6 см длиной. Плоды длинные, сморщенные и мясистые, с мелкими семенами, погружёнными в мякоть[3].

Имеются данные о том, что отличия некоторых деревьев от остальных являются результатом изменения окружающей среды. Исследование, проведённое в 2010 году[4], установило, что изменение окружающей среды в разных районах Бенина вызвало мутации у деревьев вида Milicia excelsa. Другие исследования приписывают эти особенности резкой смене климата в регионе. В частности, особенности грунта и количество осадков играет важную роль в морфологических изменениях Milicia excelsa[4].

Ареал

Африканский тик произрастает на территории всей тропической Центральной Африки. Его ареал простирается от Гвинеи-Бисау на западе до Мозамбика на востоке. Африканский тик встречается в Анголе, Бенине, Бурунди, Камеруне, ЦАР, в Республике Конго, в ДРК, Экваториальной Гвинее, Эфиопии, Габоне, Гане, Кот д’Ивуаре, Кении, Малави, Мозамбике, Нигерии, Руанде, Сан-Томе и Принсипи, Сьерра-Леоне, в Судане, Танзании, Того, Уганде и Зимбабве. Его естественная среда обитания — влажные саванны, тропические леса, пойменных и равнинные вечнозелёные леса. Эти деревья могут выдерживать уровень осадков менее 70 см или шесть месяцев засухи, питаясь одними грунтовыми водами[3].

Использование

Африканский тик имеет прочную тёмно-коричневую древесину, использующуюся для строительства, производства мебели, столярных изделий, панелей, полов и лодок. Деревья растут быстро и достигают подходящей для рубки прочности за пятьдесят лет. Дерево является азотфиксирующим, и поэтому листья используются для мульчирования[5].

Дерево также известно в народной медицине. Порошок из коры используют при кашле, проблемах с сердцем и усталости. Латекс используется в качестве противоопухолевого агента и очистителя желудка и горла. Листья и пепел также используются в лечебных целях[3][5].

Из-за этих и многих других применений Milicia excelsa внесён в Красную книгу МСОП с охранным статусом «под угрозой» (BIZOUX, J.-P., 2009)[6]. Учёные сообщают, что большинство оставшихся африканских тиков в Бенине были законсервированы на фермах (Ouinsavi & Sokpon, 2008)[7].

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. The IUCN Red List of Endangered Species: Milicia excelsa (неопр.). The IUCN Red List of Endangered Species.
  3. 1 2 3 Milicia excelsa (неопр.). Useful Tropical Plants.
  4. 1 2 Christine Ouinsavi and Nestor Sokpon. Morphological Variation and Ecological Structure of Iroko (Milicia excelsa Welw. C.C. Berg) Populations across Different Biogeographical Zones in Benin // International Journal of Forestry Research. — 2010.
  5. 1 2 MILICIA EXCELSA. Indigenous multipurpose trees of Tanzania: uses and economic benefits. (неопр.). Food and Agriculture Organisation: Forestry Department.
  6. J.-P. Bizoux, K. Dai’nou, N. Bourland, O. J. Hardy, M. Heuertz, G. Mahy, and J.-L. Doucet. Spatial genetic structure in Milicia excelsa (Moraceae) indicates extensive gene dispersal in a low-density wind-pollinated tropical tree // Molecular Ecology. — 2009.
  7. Christine Ouinsavi and Nestor Sokpon. Traditional agroforestry systems as tools for conservation of genetic resources of Milicia excelsa Welw. C.C. Berg in Benin // Agroforestry Systems. — 2008.
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Milicia excelsa: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Milicia excelsa (также известный как африканский тик, мвуле или ироко) — вид африканских тропических деревьев. Он известен прежде всего по качественной древесине — ироко — получаемой из деревьев. Территория обитания этого вида постепенно сокращается.

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Авторы и редакторы Википедии