dcsimg
Image of Saguaro Cactus
Creatures » » Plants » » Dicotyledons » » Cacti »

Saguaro Cactus

Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose

Comments

provided by eFloras
In its habitat Carnegiea gigantea, the saguaro (also spelled sahuaro), is the most conspicuous and most-studied of all North American cacti. It is the tallest cactus of the flora---indeed, these are the tallest trees of the deserts in the United States.

Its flowers, which open two hours after sunset (R. S. Felger and A D. Zimmerman 2000; J. N. Holland, pers. comm.), are visited at night and during daylight by a variety of potential pollinators, including birds, Leptonycteris bats, and native and introduced insects, which together contribute to high fruit set (T. H. Fleming 1996, 2001). Saguaro fruits and seeds are important food for wildlife. Woodpeckers and small owls nest in the stems. Scar tissue that forms around nest cavities excavated in saguaro stems is later encountered among the remains of a dead saguaro as a hard, brown shell known as a "saguaro boot" because of its shape.

Careless or distant observations of the dehisced bright red fruits are responsible for yearly, erroneous reports of "red-flowered saguaros." The pulp of the tasty fruits is edible, and for centuries the fruits, available during midsummer, have been harvested by Native Americans as a dependable, annual, indigenous food from which to make wine and jam and obtain seeds (J. G. Bruhn 1971; F. S. Crosswhite 1980; R. S. Felger and M. B. Moser 1985; E. F. Anderson 2001).

The discrete rods of wood (A. C. Gibson 1978), also called "saguaro-ribs," may persist for years after the death and decomposition of the softer parts of a saguaro. The rods have been used for building materials and to harvest the saguaro fruits (S. Cheatham et al. 1995).

Carnegiea is generally treated as a monotypic genus that shares distant phylogenetic relationships with Mexican species of Neobuxbaumia and Pachycereus, with which it shares alkaloid chemistry (A. C. Gibson and K. E. Horak 1978; A. C. Gibson et al. 1986). Studies using chloroplast DNA sequences currently support that treatment (R. S. Wallace and A. C. Gibson 2002), although sampling of all species in that lineage of columnar cacti must be performed to determine whether any other species should be included in the genus Carnegiea.

Carnegiea gigantea does not occur at sites where soils are saline or subjected to flooding or long periods of freezing .

The saguaro is the state flower of Arizona.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 4: 183, 185, 186 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Description

provided by eFloras
Stems 25+ cm diam., widest where proximal branches arise; pith 10+ cm diam. Flowers usually ter-minal, 6.5-8.5 cm diam.; scales on flower tubes broadly triangular to rounded, green with red apices; ovary with locule to 25 mm; filaments white, short; anthers tan. Seeds: testa thin. 2n = 22.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 4: 183, 185, 186 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Distribution

provided by eFloras
Ariz., Calif.; Mexico (Sonora).
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 4: 183, 185, 186 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Flowering/Fruiting

provided by eFloras
Flowering early May-late Jun.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 4: 183, 185, 186 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Habitat

provided by eFloras
Sonoran desert scrub; 180-1400m.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 4: 183, 185, 186 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Synonym

provided by eFloras
Cereus giganteus Engelmann, Amer. J. Sci. Arts, ser. 2, 14: 336. 1852; Pilocereus giganteus (Engelmann) Rümpler
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of North America Vol. 4: 183, 185, 186 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Saguaro Cactus

provided by EOL authors

The saguaro cactus is endemic to the Sonoran desert and the symbol of the American Southwest. Its lifespan can range from 150 to 200 years. They generally grow between sea level and 4,000 feet in elevation. The habitat it thrives in is rocky desert soil. In about 10 years the cactus would only reach 1.5 inches tall, it is a very slow growing cactus. But at adult it can reach up to 20-50 feet being one of the largest cactus in the United States. The saguaro cactus has one tap root that can reach more than 2 feet down into the ground. The arms of the saguaro cactus’s arms start to grow around 70 years old. Many animals use the saguaro as a nesting site and a source of food. These animals that utilize the saguaro are lizards, owls, martins, woodpeckers, and woodrats. In May the cacti flowers bloom and then in June fleshy red fruits are produced. The fruit is used in jellies and wine.

On top of the saguaro cactus is the saguaro flower that are about 3 inches in diameter and white in color. This is Arizona’s state flower. During the day, the pollinators that come visit are birds and bees. During the night, bats pollinate the flowers. They only bloom for 24 hours.

Reference

https://www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/Saguaro%20Cactus.php

license
cc-by-3.0
copyright
hilarygoodine
original
visit source
partner site
EOL authors

Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: cactus

saguaro
sahuaro
giant cactus
pitahaya
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: snag, softwood

Saguaro is considered a softwood snag [12]. Cavity-nesting birds, especially woodpeckers, and sometimes woodrats nest in saguaro [12,31,43,49,50].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cacti, stem succulent

Saguaro is a native, arborescent, stem succulent that grows from 9.8 to 52.5 feet (3-16 m) tall and 5.9 to 29.5 inches (5-75 cm) in diameter [6,10,64,65]. It is the largest of the columnar cacti growing in the United States [89]. Saguaro has a deep anchoring taproot (up to 3.2 feet [1 m] deep) and extensive lateral roots (13 to 98 feet [4-30 m] long) [14,65]. The stems are simple with one to five (rarely up to 49) lateral, erect branches [6,10]. Saguaro trunks have many prominent ribs, armed with dense, stout spines that are up to 2.8 inches (7 cm) long [6,10,32]. Flowers are 3.4 to 4.9 inches (8.7-12.5 cm) long and occur at the ends of branches [6,32,45]. Fruits are oblong and contain up to 2,500 seeds [1,10].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: forest

Saguaro occurs throughout most of the Sonoran Desert in Arizona, California, and Mexico [65,68]. The northern limits of its distribution are on the edge of the Hualapait Mountains in Arizona and along the Colorado River in southeastern California [30,32,40,65]. The range of saguaro extends southward; the largest populations of this species occur in Sonora, Mexico [67]. Distribution of saguaro. 1976 USDA, Forest Service map digitized by Thompson and others [92].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: fire frequency, fire regime, frequency, fuel, seed

Saguaro is not truly adapted to fire because there is no postfire stimulation of flowering or seed production [73]. It has several prominent morphological characteristics, however, that may aid its survival when burned. The apex is protected to some degree by tissue folds and spines. Vascular tissue is protected by a thick cortex that has a high thermal capacity close to that of water. As saguaro ages, ribs at the base of a plant may develop a woody bark which is more resistant to burning than young tissue [73]. Although mortally injured by fire, death may be delayed if the saguaro can live off of its reserves, which may enable a plant to flower for 1 to 6 years more [73]. Singed saguaro have been observed to flower from unburned branches. However, scorched plants may die due to reduced vigor [58]. Fire may remove spines from a saguaro, making it vulnerable to herbivory [73]. Nurse plant species influence saguaro fire survival. Although desert fire temperatures are variable, fire temperatures beneath foothills paloverde were lower than under triangleleaf bursage (Ambrosia deltoidea) [16]. Fire-free periods in the Sonoran Desert are greater than 250 years [73]. Saguaro would be eliminated under a fire frequency of less than 30 years [58]. Fires that do occur are usually of low intensity due to small fuel loads [41]. FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: density

Fire would be an effective tool to control saguaro invasion or density [68,73]. Along major highways in Arizona, motorist-caused fires have completely eliminated the saguaro over large areas [58].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the term: stem succulent

Stem succulent
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cacti, cactus, caliche, mesic

Compared to other columnar cacti, saguaro occurs over the broadest range of habitats from gently sloping alluvial flats of the lower bajadas to steep, rocky, high-elevation volcanic slopes [51,53,74]. The greatest densities of saguaro are found in the more mesic eastern parts of its range [37]. Saguaro occurs on shallow soils that are light, coarse-textured, and rocky. The soils are underlain at 3.2 to 9.6 feet (1-3 m) depths by an impervious caliche layer [8,88]. There is usually no differentiation of the soil into horizons [87,88]. Saguaro is found at elevations from 1,640 to 5,000 feet (500-1,525 m) [35,50,56,86]. Saguaro has been reported on all aspects [77,88]. However, most individuals occur on open east- and west-facing slopes, and the fewest occur on north-facing slopes [6,77,86]. The Sonoran Desert is a warm desert with a semiarid to arid continental or an arid subtropical climate [27,67,82]. Precipitation is bimodal, falling December to February and July to August, and amounts vary from year to year [19,42,51]. Average amounts of rain per year are 6 to 15 inches (152-400 mm) [3,14,42,84]. Common arborescent associated species are Organ Pipe Cactus (Lemierocereus thurberi), barrelcactus (Ferocactus wislizeni), cholla (Opuntia spp.), ocotillo (Fouqueria splendens), catclaw acacia (Acacia greggii), ironwood (Olneya tesota), and jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) [8,13,26,50]. Other associated species are littleleaf krameria (Krameria parvifolia), fluffgrass (Erioneuron pulchellum), tobosa (Hilaria mutica), Indian-wheat (Plantago insularis), and thelypody (Thelypodium lasiophyllum) [13,23,61].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

241 Western live oak
242 Mesquite
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES30 Desert shrub
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: cactus, shrub

K027 Mesquite bosque
K041 Creosotebush
K042 Creosotebush - bursage
K043 Paloverde - cactus shrub
K044 Creosotebush - tarbush
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: fuel

Fire top-kills saguaro, and it may kill existing seedlings [73]. Because there is a lag time between time of injury by fire and time of death, postfire mortality may be underestimated [58]. Small saguaro, less than 6.6 to 13 feet (2-4 m) tall, with large amounts of fuel at the plant base do not survive. Larger saguaro may survive with limited damage [16,41].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: cover

The flowers, fruits, and seeds of the saguaro are important food sources for wildlife, such as collared peccary, long-nosed bats, heteromyid rodents, western white-winged doves, woodpeckers, and insects [2,19,39,50,56]. Saguaro fruits comprised a small amount (e.g., 1 to 5 percent of collected rumen contents) of mule deer summer diets [38,60,63,79,80]. The fruits were also utilized by desert bighorn sheep; they were present in 10 percent of bighorn fecal pellets analyzed [44,83]. Saguaro provides nesting habitat for birds and small mammals [49]. Saguaro mortality can have a high negative impact on bird species that use it for cover and nesting [9].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: codominant, suffrutescent

Saguaro is a dominant or codominant member of the paloverde (Cercidium
spp.)/saguaro (also known as the spinose suffrutescent community) and
the paloverde/bursage (Ambrosia spp.) desertscrub community types on
bajadas (i.e., eroded outwash fans) [35,46,74,75,78]. Infrequently, on
the southwestern edge of its range, saguaro occurs in creosotebush
(Larrea spp.) communities as a xeroriparian species in arroyos and
washes [3,5,11,46].

Saguaro is a community type indicator species in the following
publication:

Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains: Community types and
dynamics [46].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term: cactus

Cactus
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cactus, natural

Intensive grazing can prevent recruitment of saguaro seedlings [47].
Various areas in the Sonoran Desert have been protected from domestic
livestock grazing for 50 years or more. One early study showed that
there was no significant (p>0.05) difference between saguaro abundance
on protected and unprotected plots [8]. More recent studies, however,
have shown that saguaro increased by 33 to 200 percent in protected
areas [27,77]. Saguaro seedlings may be impacted negatively when nurse
plants are browsed [47].

Models to predict saguaro age from growth parameters (for example,
height-age equivalents) have been developed [28,69].

In transplant experiments, mortality was 100 percent for unshaded
saguaro seedlings compared to 65 percent for shaded seedlings [22].

Saguaro are susceptible to few diseases [10]. Healthy saguaro often
wall off larvae tunnels, woodpecker holes, or other wounds [47]. Some
necroses may occur, however, after mechanical damage to saguaro from
breakage, frost, or lightning [71]. Insects, saprophytic yeasts, molds,
and bacteria readily inhabit and breed in saguaro necroses [24,66,72].

Temperatures below 23 degrees Fahrenheit (-5 deg C) will damage saguaro.
Death will occur after exposure to below freezing temperatures for 29 or
more consecutive hours [85]. Fluctuations in saguaro numbers often are
due to recurring catastrophic freezes [37,46,69].

Saguaro is protected under the Arizona Native Plant Law. Cactus
poaching is of concern around Saguaro National Park and urban
centers [90]. Natural environmental extremes in temperature and
drought, however, are more of a threat to the survival of this species
[37].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The nutritional value of saguaro fruits is variable throughout the
season and among studies. Saguaro fruits are moderately digestible
[80]. The amount of protein reported varied from 10 to 26 percent
[33,80]. Acid detergent fiber amounts in the fruits varied from 26 to
62 percent, and dry matter was 11 to 35 percent [33,80].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
AZ CA MEXICO
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Saguaro fruits were a major food staple of the Papago and Pima Indians; the fruits were processed (i.e., dried, fermented, canned) and stored for year-round use [18,21,32]. Seeds, rich in fat, were ground for use as flour and in porridges [55]. Fruits were used for trade and in religious practices by the Papago Indians [21,57]. The internal heavy, woody ribs were used for firewood and building houses and fences [1,6,10]. Saguaro is grown in desert gardens as an ornamental [89]. It is the state flower of Arizona and is used in commercial advertisements of Southwestern living [40].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Saguaro is highly palatable to rodents and jackrabbits; however, saguaro
tissue contains oxalates that deter some herbivory [47,68].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

Saguaro flowers from late April to June [1,32,39,45]. Fruits mature during June and July before the summer rains [6,65]. Most growth of saguaro occurs during the summer rainy season [6].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: seed, wildfire

Postfire recovery is dependent upon individual plant recovery and seed dispersal from unburned plants [58]. Surviving saguaro with little or no injury will resume growth [16]. Absorption of rain following fire-caused injuries can result in fire scars splitting, which opens the plant to insects and infections [73]. Vegetation surveys done the third and fourth years following an early summer fire found no sprouting of saguaro and no seedlings [59]. Two studies that compared burn and adjacent wildfire areas 2 years after prescribed burning found that 100 percent of saguaro present in plots had died. Plots were read before and after fire. There were no sprouts or seedlings [16,17].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: root crown, secondary colonizer

Tree without adventitious-bud root crown Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: density, fruit, seed, shrub, shrubs

Saguaro reproduce sexually and are self-incompatible [2]. Reproduction begins when a plant is approximately 7.2 feet (2.2 m) tall [29,68]. Growth is extremely slow [47,68]. At the end of 2 years, seedlings will be about 0.25 inch (0.6 cm) tall [10]. At 3.2 feet (1 m), plants may be 20 to 50 years old [47]. Flowers only develop at branch and main stem tips. An increase in branch number increases the reproductive potential of an individual [37]. Many different animals pollinate the nocturnally blooming saguaro flowers and are detailed elsewhere [2,39,40]. Flowers are open for less than 24 hours [2]. A plant averages four open flowers per day for about 30 days [39]. Plants commonly have more than 100 fruits [47,68]. Seeds germinate readily [10]. Conditions for germination are detailed elsewhere [1,89,91]. Saguaro seeds are short-lived; seed reserves are not maintained in the soil [58,76]. In random soil samples, relative densities of saguaro seeds were between 0.3 and 2.0 percent [56]. Less than 1 percent of the annual seed production germinates due to predation or moisture stress [15,48]. Heavy seedfall can occur during the summer rains [68]. Drought during the 12 to 14 months following germination is the most critical factor threatening seedling survival [48,67]. Perennial shrubs, such as yellow paloverde (Parkinsonia microphylla), are important as nurse plants for facilitating saguaro establishment [22,29,36,62]. Seed dispersal by frugivorous birds is a primary factor in saguaro establishment beneath shrub canopies [36]. Saguaro seedling density significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased from the center to the outer edges of nurse plant canopies [29]. On the margins of its range, recruitment has not kept pace with mortality caused by freezing temperatures and drought [52,76]. Saguaro has lower fruit production at the drier western edge of its range [52]. In some areas where cattle grazing has not occurred, recruitment appeared to occur in pulses correlated with above-normal precipitation [76].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

7 Lower Basin and Range
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, shrubs

Succession in desert systems is difficult to define [36]. Saguaro may be considered a climax species. Establishing in the shade of perennial shrubs, saguaro usually outlives and surpasses the nurse plants. Regeneration of saguaro continues in suitable areas of its range.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Synonyms

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Cerceus giganteus Engelm.
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The scientific name for saguaro is Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britt.
& Rose (Cactaceae). Carnegiea is a monotypic genus. There are
no infrataxa [32].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Pavek, Diane S. 1993. Carnegiea gigantea. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Carnegiea gigantea ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST

Carnegiea gigantea, el saguaro o sahuario, como comúnmente conozse a esta planta, ye'l cactus columnar típicu del Desiertu de Sonora. Trátase d'un xéneru monotípicu y ye una de les especies de mayor porte ente les cactacees.[1]

 src=
Nel so hábitat

Descripción

El saguaro ye de carauterísticu tarmu columnar, comúnmente algama los 12 m d'altor, anque dellos exemplares pueden llegar a los 18, ya inclusive se rexistró unu de 23,8 m.[2] El so diámetru ye de 65 cm. Presenta ramificaciones que pueden atopase nun númberu cimeru a 7; y pueden de la mesma presentar nueves ramificaciones. La cantidá de les facetes del tarmu (les costielles), son ente 12 y 24 y son obtuses. Les areolas son de color pardu, y tán dixebraes ente sí unos 2 cm . Na zona apical la distancia ye menor y apaecen recubiertes por un fieltru color pardu. Los escayos radiales pueden ser 12 o más, y les centrales ente 3 y 6 d'hasta 7 cm de llargor. Son de color pardu y vanse volviendo grises a midida que la planta avieya. Les flores, de pétalos curtios, apaecen na parte cimera de los tarmos. Son d'un destacáu color blancu y tienen 12 cm de diámetru. El frutu ye coloráu y amás comestible; maurez pel branu. La floriamientu ye de mayu a xunu;[2] les flores abrir mientres la nueche y permanecen abiertes parte del día siguiente.

Ecoloxía

De crecedera bien lenta, calcúlase que 1 metro de saguaro precisa d'unos 30 años nes meyores condiciones de secañu y lluz. La velocidá máxima que puede algamar en dalguna ramificación brengosa ye d'unos 10 cm per añu. Los exemplares más grandes qu'esisten na parte del desiertu que correspuende a Arizona pueden tener 200-300 años.

Aguanten grandes diferencies térmiques, mesmes de los desiertos: temperatures mínimes de -9 °C. hasta superiores a los 50 °C.

La polinización cruciada ente distintos exemplares ye llevada a cabu, nel biotopu, por abeyes, delles aves y una especie d'esperteyu (Leptonycteris).

 src=
Flores del saguaro.
 src=
Detalle de la planta

El saguaro foi dende tiempos remotos parte bien importante na economía y la tradición de los indíxenes del desiertu, particularmente de los pápagos. Los sos tueros suelen sirvir como material pa la construcción de viviendes, ente que tanto les sos flores como los sos frutos, ricos n'azucres, y les sos granes son comestibles.[3] A partir de les magayes coloraes de los frutos prepara un xarabe, y n'ocasiones tamién un vinu que suelen usar de forma ritual nuna ceremonia pa l'agua.[4]

Taxonomía

Carnegiea gigantea describióse por Britton & Rose y espublizóse en Kakteenkunde 1937: 162. 1937.[5]

Etimoloxía

Carnegiea: nome xenéricu que foi nomáu n'honor del filántropu d'Estaos Xuníos Andrew Carnegie.

gigantea: epítetu llatín que significa "enorme, xigante".[6]

Sinonimia

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. Bravo-Hollis, Helia (primer edición), Méxicu DF: UNAM, http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=z1hXAAAAMAAJ&
  2. 2,0 2,1 Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Press (2000). A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert (n'inglés). Tucsón, Arizona, EE. UU.: University of California Press, 628. ISBN 0-520-21980-5.
  3. Bravo-Hollis, Helia y Sánchez-Ameyorada, Hernando (tercer edición), Méxicu DF: UNAM, ISBN 968-36-1760-3, http://books.google.com.ar/books?id=c81gAAAAMAAJ&dq=editions%3AISBN9683617603&q=%22Carnegiea+gigantea%22+grana#search_anchor
  4. Quinn, Meg (2001). Cacti of the Desert Southwest. Tucson: Rio Nuevu Publishers. ISBN 1-887896-28-7.
  5. 5,0 5,1 «Carnegiea gigantea». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 14 d'abril de 2013.
  6. N'Epítetos Botánicos
  7. Handb. Cacteenk. (1885 ?) 662 fig. 88. (IK)

Enllaces esternos

Cymbidium Clarisse Austin 'Best Pink' Flowers 2000px.JPG Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AST

Carnegiea gigantea: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST
Carnegiea gigantea

Carnegiea gigantea, el saguaro o sahuario, como comúnmente conozse a esta planta, ye'l cactus columnar típicu del Desiertu de Sonora. Trátase d'un xéneru monotípicu y ye una de les especies de mayor porte ente les cactacees.

 src= Nel so hábitat
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AST

Saquaro ( Azerbaijani )

provided by wikipedia AZ

Saquaro (lat. Carnegiea) — Kaktuskimilər fəsiləsinə aid monotip cins. Cinsə daxil olan yeganə növ Nəhəng Karneliya (lat. Carnegiea gigantea), və ya Karneliya (lat. Carnegiea) kimi tanınır. Ağac ölçülərinə malik olan kaktus növü əsasən Meksika, KaliforniyaArizona ərazilərində yayılmışdır.

Cins amerikan sahibkarı, milyonçusu və filantropu Endryu Karneqinin (1835—1919) şərəfinə adlandırılmışdır.

Yayılması

Sonora səhrası və onun ətraf əraziləri: Kaliforniyanın cənub-şərqi, Arizonanın cənubu və Meksikanın Kaliforniya körfəzi sahillərində yayılmışdır.

Biologiyası

Bu kaktuslar uzun ömürə malikdir. Onlar ortalama olaraq 75 il, maksimal olaraq isə 150 il yaşayır. Onlar 15 metr hündürlüyə malikdir. Çəkiləri 10 ton[1].

Çiçəkdə erkəkçiklərin sayı 2,5 minə çatır[1].

Maraqlı faktlar

  • Atizonada yabanı halda bitən kaktusları (Xüsusi ilə Saquaro) qorumaq məqsədi ilə xüsusi qanun qəbul edilmişdir. Cinayət məcəlləsinə görə kim bu bitkiləri qoparar, qırarsa və ya digər vastələrdən istifadə edərək yerindən çıxarasa ona 25 il iş verilir[2].
  • Karneliya kaktusuna bir zamanlar atışlar üzrə yarışlar keçirilirdi. Bu kütləvi hal aldıqda Arizona rəhbərliyi bunu qadağan edən qanun qəbul etmişdir. Bu qanuna görə 100, 000 $ cərimə və üç il iş düşür[3].
Saguaro1.JPG

Ümumi görünüş

Carnegiea gigantea 1.jpg

Kaktusun çiçəyi

Carnegiea gigantea flowers.jpg

Çiçəklər

Mənbə

İstinadlar

  1. 1,0 1,1 Maraqlı faktlar (Hissə 2)
  2. Arizonanın sərsəm qanunları
  3. [1]
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AZ

Saquaro: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

provided by wikipedia AZ

Saquaro (lat. Carnegiea) — Kaktuskimilər fəsiləsinə aid monotip cins. Cinsə daxil olan yeganə növ Nəhəng Karneliya (lat. Carnegiea gigantea), və ya Karneliya (lat. Carnegiea) kimi tanınır. Ağac ölçülərinə malik olan kaktus növü əsasən Meksika, KaliforniyaArizona ərazilərində yayılmışdır.

Cins amerikan sahibkarı, milyonçusu və filantropu Endryu Karneqinin (1835—1919) şərəfinə adlandırılmışdır.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipediya müəllifləri və redaktorları
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AZ

Saguaro ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

El saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) és una espècie de cactus de la mida d'un arbre que és única espècie del gènere Carnegiea. És natiu del desert de Sonora a Arizona (Estats Units) l'extrem de més aridesa de Califòrnia, i de l'estat de Sonora, i una part petita de Baixa Califòrnia a Mèxic

La flor del saguaro és la flor oficial de l'estat d'Arizona. Amb les flors del saguaro se n'obté una mel monofloral.

El nom comú en anglès de saguaro prové de l'idioma dels amerindis O'odham a través del castellà.

Creixement

 src=
Saguaro amb crestes.

Els saguaros són espècies de vida relativament llarga i triguen 75 anys a enbrancar-se completament. La seva velocitat de creixement depèn de la pluviometria: creixen al doble de velocitat a Tucson (zona més humida) que a l'oest d'Arizona (zona més seca) Alguns saguaros poden viure 150 anys.[1] El saguaro més alt i gros, anomenat Champion Saguaro, fa 13,8 metres d'alt amb un tronc de 3,1 m de diàmetre.

Flors

 src=
Flors de saguaro

Floreix de nit entre abril i juny i els fruits, vermellosos i comestibles, maduren a final de juny. Les flor d'una mateixa planta de saguaro són incompatibles entre si i cal una pol·linització creuada amb altres peus de planta. El principal pol·linitzador és el ratpenat, que de nit s'alimenta del nèctar de la flor. Com que les flors romanen obertes fins al matí les abelles també ajuden a la pol·linització.

Referències

Notes

  1. «Life Cycle of the Saguaro» (PDF). Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, 2008. [Consulta: 20 maig 2008].

Bibliografia

  • Benson, L. (1981). The Cacti of Arizona. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-0509-8.
  • Felger, Richard; Mary B. Moser.. People of the desert and sea: ethnobotany of the Seri Indians. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1985.
  • Drezner TD (2005) Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea, Cactaceae) growth rate over its American range and the link to summer precipitation. Southwest Nat 50:65–68.

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Saguaro Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata  src= Vegeu Saguaro en el Viccionari, el diccionari lliure.Viccionari
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Saguaro: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA

El saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) és una espècie de cactus de la mida d'un arbre que és única espècie del gènere Carnegiea. És natiu del desert de Sonora a Arizona (Estats Units) l'extrem de més aridesa de Califòrnia, i de l'estat de Sonora, i una part petita de Baixa Califòrnia a Mèxic

La flor del saguaro és la flor oficial de l'estat d'Arizona. Amb les flors del saguaro se n'obté una mel monofloral.

El nom comú en anglès de saguaro prové de l'idioma dels amerindis O'odham a través del castellà.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Saguaro ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ
Další významy jsou uvedeny na stránce Saguaro (rozcestník).

Saguaro[2] je rod kaktusu, jehož jediným zástupcem je druh Carnegiea gigantea. Saguaro je nejvyšším druhem mezi kaktusy, nejvyšší zdokumentovaný exemplář dosáhl výšky 23,8 metrů.[3] Saguaro je významným krajinotvorným prvkem Sonorské pouště. Poskytuje jedlé plody, které sklízejí místní obyvatelé. V jeho stonku si často vydlabávají hnízdní dutiny některé druhy ptáků žijících v Sonorské poušti. Saguaro obsahuje několik psychotropních alkaloidů, ale není využíváno jako droga. Druh je modelovým příkladem adaptace na pouštní podmínky. Stal svým specifickým tvarem daným růstem vedlejších větví symbolem amerických a mexických pouští a stylizovaně je součástí krajiny mnoha westernů, například filmu Limonádový Joe.

Výskyt

Hlavní oblastí výskytu je Sonorská poušť v Arizoně a jižní Kalifornii. Dále se vyskytuje v okrajových oblastech pouště Colorado (považované za část Sonorské pouště) a v Kalifornii poblíž řeky Colorado a v Arizoně od Mohave Co. po Graham, Yuma a Pima Co. Nachází se ve výškách 200 až 1000 m n. m., vzácně na štěrkových náplavových diluviálních čtvrtohorních svazích bachada vystupuje až do 1 350 m n. m. Teplota v létě vystupuje až k 50 °C, v zimě bývá okolo 20 °C. V některých rocích jsou úhrnné srážky jen 10 mm, průměrně se pohybují mezi 70 až 250 mm ročně dle lokality. Celková plocha oblasti výskytu se odhaduje na 250 tisíc km².

Oblast začala být v 19. století pastevecky využívána. Pouštní tráva byla spásána rychleji, než stačila dorůst. Došlo k odhalení a erozi půdy. Těžba kovů a zpracování rud vedlo k vykácení suchých lesů na uhlí. Taktéž bylo těženo pletivo stonků jako kaktusové dřevo pro potřeby dolů a též i na otop. To vše vedlo k úbytku pouštních porostů. V roce 1933 byla proto zřízena východně od Tusconu rezervace Saguaro National Monument o rozloze 6216 ha. V současnosti saguaro není zařazeno mezi ohrožené druhy, ale svévolné kácení je zakázáno a při kultivaci pozemků je povinnost zde rostoucí saguara přesadit na jiný vhodný pozemek.

Popis

Sloupovitý kaktus cereus s obvyklou výškou dosahující 12 až 18 m. Rekordní zdokumentovaný jedinec dosáhl výšky 24 m. Je uváděna hmotnost přes 13 tun. Přibližně od jedné třetiny výšky vznikají boční větve, které napřed rostou kolmo vodorovně od hlavního stonku a později se stáčejí nahoru. Vzniká tak charakteristický kandelábrovitý vzhled, kterým se saguara odlišují od podobných dalších obrovských, jen o něco nižších kaktusů rodu Pachycereus, jež odnožují zejména v dolní části stonku. Stonky saguár jsou až 0,75 m silné. Přibližně ve třetině až polovině poloměru stonku od středu se nachází prstenec cévních svazků a struktura dřevitých vláken, která dává rostlině pevnost. Povrch je rozdělen do 12 až 30 přímých, nehlubokých žeber. Žebra nesou hustě umístěné areoly, ze kterých roste svazek 15 až 30 trnů, 2 až 4 cm dlouhých okrajových a až 6 cm dlouhých středových, šedých až černavých. Oblast vývinu květů je beztrnná, s více vlnatými areolami.

Podzemní část tvoří až 2 m hluboko zarostlá část stonku, která rostlinu ukotvuje. Z ní vyrůstá rozsáhlý hluboký kořenový systém a u dospělých jedinců též rozsáhlý podpovrchový kořenový systém, který velmi efektivně sbírá všechny spadlé srážky.

Květy vyrůstají na boku stonku blízko pod vrcholem. Jsou trychtýřovité, mají zelenou trubku dlouhou 8 až 12 cm a talířovitě otevřené bílé okvětí o průměru až 8 cm. Otevírají se na večer a zůstávají otevřené i příští den. Plody jsou oválné, 5 až 8 cm dlouhé a 2 až 5 cm široké. Jsou mírně hrbolaté a nesou plstnaté areoly. Ve zralosti se otevírají na vrcholu 3 až 4 cípy a uvnitř jsou červené. Jsou šťavnaté a obsahují asi dva tisíce semen. Semena jsou podlouhlá, 2 mm velká, černá.

Dužnatá část stonku obsahuje až 0,7 % alkaloidů jako je salsoidin, karnegin, gigantin a je hořká. Vylisovaná kapalina se proto nehodí ani k nouzovému pití. Alkaloidy mají psychotropní účinek, ale jejich užívání není známo. V plodech alkaloidy nebyly prokázány.

Ekologie

Carnegie se vyznačují specifickou vývojovou strategií. Mladé semenáčky rostou ve stínu křovinné vegetace. Vytváří pouze hlubinné kořeny čerpající spodní vodu. Naprostá většina hyne v prvním roce života. Rostlina může za život vytvořit až 40 milionů semen, z nichž při udržení stálé populace vznikne jeden dospělý exemplář. Po dosažení určité velikosti, okolo věku 50 až 75 let, při výšce 3 až 5 m rozvinou rozsáhlý podpovrchový kořenový systém. Ten sebere spadlou vláhu původní rostlině, pod jejíž ochranou před úpalem carnegie dosud rostla a rostlina hyne. V té době carnegie poprvé vykvétá. Otázka rychlosti růstu a stáří není uspokojivě zodpovězena. Jednak se rychlost růstu liší podle srážek na stanovišti, za druhé nejstarší exempláře pochází z doby před začátkem vědeckého výzkumu a jejich počátek tak není zdokumentován. Dle různých pozorování na různých lokalitách začínají kvést ve věku 35 až 75 let ( jako obvyklý věk je udáváno 55 let) a začínají se větvit ve věku 50 až 100 let (průměr 70 let). Konečné výšky dosahují asi ve věku 125 až 200 let. Dožívají se dle odhadu 200 až 250 let. V zahradnických podmínkách s intenzivní zálivkou a přihnojováním se povedlo přivést skupinu saguár do květu ve věku 15 až 20 let.

Na některých lokalitách rostou dospělé carnegie pravidelně rozmístěné ve vzdálenostech daných jejich kořenovým systémem a pro mladé semenáčky tak nezbývá mnoho volných míst. Dle obvyklých ekologických měřítek vypadá populace jako vymírající, ale není to pravda

Saguaro poskytuje ve stonku hnízdní dutiny drobným druhům sov, střízlíkům, drozdům strakapoudům a hrdličkám. Též slouží jako stanoviště pro dravce. Hrdličky se podílí na opylování. Semena jsou šířena trusem ptáků a hlodavců ze sežraných plodů a též mravenci.

Využití

Plody saguara jsou tradičně sbírany místními indiány kmenů Hohokam, Seri, Sinagua a O'odham (Akimel O'odham (River Pima), Hiach-ed O'odham (Papago), Tohono O'odham (Sand Papago)). Roční kalendář kmene Tohono O'odham začíná měsícem Hahšani Mašad, což znamená měsíc sklizně saguara. Sklizeň plodů dříve představovala významnou tradiční slavnost s posílením sociálních vazeb kmene. Muži budovali přechodné tábory a sháněli dřevo na vaření a vodu. Ženy ve dvojicích srážely plody pomocí dlouhých tyčí, vytvořených často právě ze starých dřevnatých koster saguara, a oddělovaly dužinu od slupky a od semen. Z dužiny se vařil džem nebo se zkvašovala na víno, případně silnou kořalku. Ze semen se mlela nepříliš kvalitní mouka nebo sloužila jako krmivo pro drůbež. Pro přípravu vína byl postaven speciální vinný sklípek a ustanoven oficiální vinař kmene zodpovědný za fermentaci. Oblíbené víno se pilo též při rituálech přivolávajících déšť. Dle měření v roce 1929 dovedlo 600 indiánských rodin sklidit 45 tun plodů (Crosswhite). Plody jsou velmi výživné, obsahují až 7 % cukrů a 13 % bílkovin.

Dřevitá kostra je používána jako stavební materiál, na výrobu nábytku a dalších předmětů a na otop.

Květ carnegie je jedním ze symbolů státu Arizona.

Pěstování

V našich podmínkách je možné pěstovat ve skleníku nebo na jižním okně pouze malé semenáčky, původem z dovezených semen z nalezišť, zcela odlišné od dospělých rostlin v domovině. Rostou velmi pomalu a je nutné teplé suché přezimování a opatrná zálivka v období růstu, tím jsou vhodné pro prostředí moderních bytů. V nabídce pro širokou veřejnost v květinářstvích se objevuje jen vzácně.

Taxonomie a historie

Španělský cestovatel Francisco Vasquez de Coronado napsal v roce 1540 : Pijí tam víno připravené z pitahaya, což je plod z velkých bodláků, který se otevírá jako granátové jablko. Toto víno je ohlupuje. Termín saguaro, též vyslovované jako suwarro, poprvé použil plukovník William H. Emory až v roce 1848. Dle jím zaslaných částí stonků a kreseb byl druh vědecky popsán prof. G. Engelmannem jako Cereus giganteus. Další přesnější popis pořídil dr. Parry v roce 1852 jako účastník další expedice plk. Emorye. V roce 1919 pro něj Britton a Rose vytvořili speciální rod Carnegiea, název je podle A. Carnegiho.

Galerie

Odkazy

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
  2. SKALICKÁ, Anna; VĚTVIČKA, Václav; ZELENÝ, Václav. Botanický slovník rodových jmen cévnatých rostlin. Praha: Aventinum, 2012. ISBN 978-80-7442-031-3.
  3. HELÁN VAŠKŮ, Kateřina. Pichlavý rekordman: Kolik měří nejvyšší známý kaktus na světě. 100+1 zahraniční zajímavost [online]. Extra Publishing, s. r. o., 19. únor 2018. Dostupné online. ISSN 1804-9907.

Literatura

  • Kunte L., Saguáro - živý symbol jihozápadu USA, Živa, 51: 259-261, 2003
  • Crosswhite, F. S. 1980. The annual saguaro harvest and crop cycle of the Papago, with reference to ecology and symbolism. Desert Plants 2:3-61.
  • Dimmit M. A., How fast cana Saguaro reach maturity?, Cact. Succ. J. (US), 69: 157-158, 1997

Externí odkazy

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CZ

Saguaro: Brief Summary ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ
Další významy jsou uvedeny na stránce Saguaro (rozcestník).

Saguaro je rod kaktusu, jehož jediným zástupcem je druh Carnegiea gigantea. Saguaro je nejvyšším druhem mezi kaktusy, nejvyšší zdokumentovaný exemplář dosáhl výšky 23,8 metrů. Saguaro je významným krajinotvorným prvkem Sonorské pouště. Poskytuje jedlé plody, které sklízejí místní obyvatelé. V jeho stonku si často vydlabávají hnízdní dutiny některé druhy ptáků žijících v Sonorské poušti. Saguaro obsahuje několik psychotropních alkaloidů, ale není využíváno jako droga. Druh je modelovým příkladem adaptace na pouštní podmínky. Stal svým specifickým tvarem daným růstem vedlejších větví symbolem amerických a mexických pouští a stylizovaně je součástí krajiny mnoha westernů, například filmu Limonádový Joe.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CZ

Kæmpekaktus ( Danish )

provided by wikipedia DA

Kæmpekaktus (Carnegiea gigantea) (i USA og de spansktalende lande også Saguaro) er en træagtig plante, som har en søjleformet vækst med én stamme og 5-6 grene. Blomstringen sker første gang efter 50-75 års vækst. Planten bliver op til 200 år gammel.

Beskrivelse

Alle overjordiske dele er ribbede og bladene er omdannet til torne, som det er sædvanligt blandt kaktusarter. Blomstringen sker i april-juni, hvor de endestillede, hvide blomster springer ud i løbet af natten og holder sig til hen på næste dag. De røde frugter er spiselige og regnes for en delikatese blandt de oprindelige amerikanere, men planten er fredet og frugterne må ikke høstes.

Rodnettet består af højtliggende og vidtrækkende rødder, som dækker et stort område. Der er derfor stor afstand mellem to individer af selvgroede Kæmpekatus.

Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 5 x 2 m (10 x 4 cm/år). Den årlige tilvækst er dog betydeligt mindre de første leveår, hvor rodnettet udbygges.

Hjemsted

Kæmpekatus hører hjemme i Mexico, Arizona og Californien, hvor den findes i ørkenområder.

Ved Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refugei Sonoraørkenen i Arizona findes den spredt blandt tandet kreosotbusk og Ambrosia deltoidea i lavninger eller flodlejer sammen med blandt andet Krameria grayii, Figenkaktus-arterne Opuntia fulgida og Opuntia ramosissima samt Parkinsonia microphylla og Pleuraphis rigida.

Commons-logo.svg
Wikimedia Commons har medier relateret til:
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DA

Kæmpekaktus: Brief Summary ( Danish )

provided by wikipedia DA

Kæmpekaktus (Carnegiea gigantea) (i USA og de spansktalende lande også Saguaro) er en træagtig plante, som har en søjleformet vækst med én stamme og 5-6 grene. Blomstringen sker første gang efter 50-75 års vækst. Planten bliver op til 200 år gammel.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DA

Carnegiea gigantea ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE
 src=
Dichter Bestand von Carnegiea gigantea auf dem Sentinel Peak bei Tucson in Arizona
 src=
Dornen
 src=
Blüte von Carnegiea gigantea mit sehr vielen Staubblättern
 src=
Unreife Früchte

Carnegiea gigantea ist die einzige Pflanzenart der monotypischen Gattung Carnegiea in der Familie der Kakteengewächse (Cactaceae). Der botanische Name ehrt den US-amerikanischen Industriellen und Philanthropen Andrew Carnegie. Das Artepitheton gigantea verweist auf die große Wuchshöhe der Art. Trivialnamen sind „Saguaro“ beziehungsweise „Sahuaro“. Die Deutsche Kakteen-Gesellschaft sowie die Gesellschaft Österreichischer Kakteenfreunde und die Schweizerische Kakteen-Gesellschaft wählten Carnegiea gigantea zum „Kaktus des Jahres 2017“.[1]

Beschreibung

Die Pflanzen sind sehr große, säulenförmige Stammsukkulenten mit einem sehr flachen Wurzelsystem und wenigen, erst in hohem Alter gebildeten Zweigen. Die Hauptsprosse werden etwa 12 bis 15 m (teilweise auch bis zu 20 m) groß und 30 bis 70 cm dick. Die in mehreren Metern Höhe stehenden Zweige sind aufrecht gehalten. Die auf den zwölf bis 24 gerundeten Rippen stehenden, braunen Areolen haben untereinander einen Abstand von etwa 2 bis 2,5 cm. Den Areolen entspringen zwölf und mehr, 1 bis 2 cm lange, strahlenförmig angeordnete Randdornen und drei bis sechs kräftige, bis 7 cm lange Mitteldornen. In der Höhe der Pflanze werden die grauen Dornen kürzer und feiner.

Die von den scheitelnahen Areolen gebildeten Blüten sind 8 bis 12 cm lang und öffnen sich bis zu einem Durchmesser von 12 cm. Ihre Blütenhüllblätter sind weiß bis cremefarben. Die nach Befruchtung gebildeten Früchte sind 6 bis 9 cm lang, außen schwach befilzt und tragen auf den Areolen manchmal ein bis drei dünne Dornen. Bei Reife werden die Früchte innen und außen rot und klappen von der Spitze her auf. Die sehr vielen (bis 4000), etwa 2 mm großen Samen sind schwarz.

Verbreitung

Carnegiea gigantea ist in den Vereinigten Staaten im Bundesstaat Arizona sowie im Süden des Bundesstaates Kalifornien westlich des Colorado River und im mexikanischen Bundesstaat Sonora in der Sonora-Wüste in Höhenlagen von 180 bis 1350 Metern verbreitet.[2]

Besonders große Bestände stehen im Hochland Arizonas und nahe Tucson sowie im Saguaro-Nationalpark.

Systematik

Äußere Systematik

Die Gattung Carnegiea wird innerhalb der Familie der Kakteengewächse in die Tribus Pachycereeae eingeordnet. Molekulargenetische Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die Gattung Carnegiea eng mit der Gattung Pachycereus verwandt ist:[3]

Subtribus Pachycereinae






Carnegiea


Pachycereus






Cephalocereus


Neobuxbaumia



Pseudomitrocereus



Marshallocereus




Backebergia




Lophocereus



Pterocereus




Lemaireocereus




Innere Systematik

George Engelmann schlug 1848 den provisorischen Namen Cereus giganteus vor.[4] Die Erstbeschreibung folgte vier Jahre später.[5] Nathaniel Lord Britton und Joseph Nelson Rose stellten die Art in die neue Gattung Carnegiea.[6]

Ein taxonomisches Synonym der Gattung ist Rooksbya (Backeb.) Backeb. Synonyme der Art sind Pilocereus giganteus (Engelm.) Rümpler (1886)[7] und Pilocereus engelmannii Lem. (1862)[8].

Ökologie

Die Blütezeit an den Standorten der Pflanzen ist Mai bis Juni, kurz vor Beginn der Regenzeit. Die Blüten öffnen sich etwa zwei Stunden nach Sonnenuntergang und bleiben dann bis zum Mittag des nächsten Tages geöffnet. Die Bestäuber sind neben einigen Insekten die Blütenfledermaus Leptonycteris curasoae und Vögel wie die Taube Zenaida asiatica, die Kolibris Calypte costae, Archilochus alexandri und Cynanthus latirostris, die Trupiale Icterus cucullatus und Icterus parisorum, die Spechte Melanerpes uropygialis und Colaptes chrysoides, die Beutelmeise Auriparus flaviceps und der Karmingimpel Carpodacus mexicanus.[9]

Die schon als Bestäuber erwähnten Spechte bauen in einigen Metern Höhe ihre Bruthöhlen in die Stämme. Die großen Kakteen dienen auch Greifvögeln wie Falken als Ansitze zur Jagd und in Ermangelung von Bäumen als einzige Gelegenheit, geschützte Horste zu bauen.

Das Verbreitungsgebiet von Carnegiea gigantea ist einerseits von zu großer Trockenheit, andererseits von Frost begrenzt, wie er in höheren Lagen der Sonora-Wüste vorkommt, von den Pflanzen aber nur in geringem Maße und nur kurzfristig vertragen wird. Weitere Gefahren drohen den Pflanzen von Buschbränden und Blitzschlägen. Ihre dicht unter der Erdoberfläche verlaufenden Wurzeln, mit denen sie auch kleinste Niederschlagsmengen schnell aufnehmen können, machen sie anfällig für Windbruch.

Das Durchschnittsalter der Carnegiea gigantea an den natürlichen Standorten beträgt etwa 85 Jahre, wobei einzelne Exemplare über 200 Jahre alt werden können. Die gefährlichste Zeit der Pflanzen ist ihre Jugend, in der sie extrem langsam wachsen und von Amerikanischen Buschratten (Neotoma), Dickhornschafen (Ovis canadensis) und Eselhasen (Lepus californicus) an- und weggefressen werden. Zehnjährige Pflanzen werden in der Natur nur etwa 4 cm (in Kultur bis 10 cm) groß. Die höchste Wuchsgeschwindigkeit von 10 bis 15 cm pro Jahr erreichen erst bereits 2 bis 8 m hohe Pflanzen, danach nehmen die jährlichen Zuwachsraten wieder ab. Mit einer von Taly Dawn Drezner ermittelten Formel[10] ist das Alter von Pflanzen bestimmter Größe und bestimmter Standorte recht genau ermittelbar. Demnach sind beispielsweise im Osten des Saguaro-Nationalparks wachsende, 16 m große Pflanzen etwa 220 Jahre alt. Blühfähig wird Carnegiea gigantea mit etwa 40 Jahren und 2,5 m Höhe, die ersten Zweige erscheinen im Alter von etwa 65 Jahren in etwa 6 m Höhe.

In der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN wird die Art als „Least Concern (LC)“, d. h. als nicht gefährdet geführt.[11]

Nachweise

Literatur

  • George Engelmann: Further Notes on Ceretus giganteus of Southeastern California, with a short account of another allied species of Sonora. In: American Journal of Science and Arts. 2. Folge, Band 17, 1854, S. 231–235, (online).
  • Warren F. Stenbergh, Charles H. Lowe: Ecology of the Saguaro III: Growth and Demography. Scientific Monograph Series 7, US Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington (D.C.) 1983.
  • Steven Phillips, Patricia Wentworth Comus: A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Press, Tucson (AZ) 2000.

Einzelnachweise

  1. 12. Oktober 2016: Kaktus des Jahres 2017 – Carnegiea gigantea
  2. Edward F. Anderson: Das große Kakteen-Lexikon. Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8001-4573-1, S. 99.
  3. Salvador Arias, Teresa Terrazas: Análisis cladístico del género Pachycereus (Cactaceae) con caracteres morfológicos. In: Brittonia. Band 58, Nummer 3, 2006, S. 197–216 (doi:10.1663/0007-196X(2006)58[197:ACDGPC]2.0.CO;2).
  4. George Engelmann: [Cactaceae.] In: William Hemsley Emory: Notes of a Military Recomnoissance from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego in California. Wendell & Benthuysen, Washington 1848, S. 158 (online).
  5. Geo. Engelmann: Notes on the Cereus giganteus of South Eastern California and some other Californian Cactaceae. In: American Journal of Science and Arts. 2. Folge, Band 14, 1852, S. 335–339, S. 446 (online).
  6. N. L. Britton, J. N. Rose: A new genus of Cactaceae. In: Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. Band 9, 1908, S. 185–188 (online).
  7. Theodor Rümpler: Carl Friedrich Förster's Handbuch der Cacteenkunde in ihrem ganzen Umfange: Oder, die erfolgreichsten, auf die neuesten Erfahrungen gegründeten Kulturangaben. Nach dem gegenwärtigen Stande der Wissenschaft bearbeitet und durch die seit 1846 begründeten Gattungen und neu eingeführten Arten vermehrt. Wöller, 1886, S. 662 (online).
  8. L'Illustration Horticole. Band 9, 1862, S. 97–99 (online).
  9. Theodore H. Fleming: Sonoran desert columnar cacti and the evolution of generalized pollination systems. In: Ecological Monographs. Band 71, Nummer 4, 2001, S. 511–530 (JSTOR 3100034).
  10. Taly Dawn Drezner: Saguaro (Canegiea gigantea, Cactaceae) age–height relationship and growth: The development of a general growth curve. In: American Journal of Botany. Band 90, Nummer 6, 2003, S. 911–914 (doi:10.3732/ajb.90.6.911).
  11. Carnegiea gigantea in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2021.1. Eingestellt von: Burquez Montijo, A., Butterworth, C., Baker, M. & Felger, R.S., 2017. Abgerufen am 19. August 2021.

Weiterführende Literatur

  • Nathan B. English, David L. Dettman, David G. Williams: A 26-year stable isotope record of humidity and El Niño-enhanced precipitation in the spines of saguaro cactus, Carnegiea gigantea. In: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Band 293, Nummer 1–2, 2010, S. 108–119 (doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.05.005).
  • Taly Dawn Drezner: Branch direction in Carnegiea gigantea (Cactaceae): Regional patterns and the effect of nurse plants. In: Journal of Vegetation Science. Band 14, Nummer 6, 2003, S. 907–910 (doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02224.x).
  • Taly Dawn Drezner: Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea, Cactaceae) growth rate over its American range and the link to summer precipitation. In: The Southwestern Naturalist. Band 50, Nummer 1, 2005, S. 65–68 (doi:10.1894/0038-4909(2005)0502.0.CO;2).
  • Taly Dawn Drezner: Regeneration of Carnegiea gigantea(Cactaceae) since 1850 in three populations in the northern Sonoran Desert. In: Acta Oecologica. Band 29, 2006, S. 178–186 (doi:10.1016/j.actao.2005.09.005).
  • Taly Dawn Drezner: The regeneration of a protected Sonoran Desert cactus since 1800 A.D. over 50,000 km² of its Range. In: Plant Ecology. Band 183, Nummer 1, 2006, S. 171–176 (doi:10.1007/s 11258-005-9015-1).
  • Taly Dawn Drezner: Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) densities and reproduction over the northern Sonoran Desert. In: Physical Geography. Band 27, Nummer 6, 2006, S. 505–518 (doi:10.2747/0272-3646.27.6.505).
  • Taly Dawn Drezner: Variation in age and height of onset of reproduction in the saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea) in the Sonoran Desert. In: Plant Ecology. Band 194, Nummer 2, 2008, S. 223–229, DOI:10.1007/s11258-007-9286-9.
  • Taly Dawn Drezner, Robert C. Balling, Jr.: Climatic controls of saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) regeneration: a potential link with El Niño. In: Physical Geography. Band 23, Nummer 6, 2002, S. 465–475 (doi:10.2747/0272-3646.23.6.465).
  • Taly Dawn Drezner, Robert C. Balling Jr.: Regeneration cycles of the keystone species Carnegiea gigantea are linked to worldwide volcanism. In: Journal of Vegetation Science. Band 19, Nummer 5, 2008, S. 587–596 (doi:10.3170/2008-8-18430).
  • Bill Thornton: The Crested Saguaro. In: Cactus and Succulent Journal. Band 79, Nummer 4, 2007, S. 152–158 (doi:10.2985/0007-9367(2007)79[152:TCS]2.0.CO;2).
  • Bill Thornton: How Many Saguaros. In: Cactus and Succulent Journal. Band 80, Nummer 4, 2008, S. 160–169 (doi:10.2985/0007-9367(2008)80[160:HMS]2.0.CO;2).

Weblinks

 src=
– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Carnegiea gigantea: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE
 src= Dichter Bestand von Carnegiea gigantea auf dem Sentinel Peak bei Tucson in Arizona  src= Dornen  src= Blüte von Carnegiea gigantea mit sehr vielen Staubblättern  src= Unreife Früchte

Carnegiea gigantea ist die einzige Pflanzenart der monotypischen Gattung Carnegiea in der Familie der Kakteengewächse (Cactaceae). Der botanische Name ehrt den US-amerikanischen Industriellen und Philanthropen Andrew Carnegie. Das Artepitheton gigantea verweist auf die große Wuchshöhe der Art. Trivialnamen sind „Saguaro“ beziehungsweise „Sahuaro“. Die Deutsche Kakteen-Gesellschaft sowie die Gesellschaft Österreichischer Kakteenfreunde und die Schweizerische Kakteen-Gesellschaft wählten Carnegiea gigantea zum „Kaktus des Jahres 2017“.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Carnegiea gigantea ( Javanese )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Saguaro (/[unsupported input]səˈwɑːr/; jeneng èlmiah Carnegiea gigantea) iku spésies wit kaktus kanthi ukuran gedhé sajeroning gènus monotypic Carnegiea. Kaktus iki asli saka ara-ara Sonora ing praja Arizona, Amérika Sarekat.

Jeneng umum saguaro mlebu sajeroning basa Inggris liwat basa Spanyol, sing asalé saka basa O'odham.

Réferènsi

Cathetan

Bibliografi

  • Benson, L. (1981). The Cacti of Arizona. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-0509-8.
  • Felger, Richard; Mary B. Moser. (1985). People of the desert and sea: ethnobotany of the Seri Indians. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Cite nganggo paramèter lawas |coauthors= (pitulung)
  • Drezner TD (2005) Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea, Cactaceae) growth rate over its American range and the link to summer precipitation. Southwest Nat 50:65–68.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Penulis lan editor Wikipedia

Carnegiea gigantea: Brief Summary ( Javanese )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

Saguaro (/[unsupported input]səˈwɑːroʊ/; jeneng èlmiah Carnegiea gigantea) iku spésies wit kaktus kanthi ukuran gedhé sajeroning gènus monotypic Carnegiea. Kaktus iki asli saka ara-ara Sonora ing praja Arizona, Amérika Sarekat.

Jeneng umum saguaro mlebu sajeroning basa Inggris liwat basa Spanyol, sing asalé saka basa O'odham.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Penulis lan editor Wikipedia

Saguaro ( Scots )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

The saguaro (/səˈwɑːr/; scienteefic name Carnegiea gigantea) is an arborescent (tree-lik) cactus species in the monotypic genus Carnegiea, which can grow tae be ower 20 meters (~70 ft) taw. It is native tae the Sonoran Desert in the U.S. state o Arizona, the Mexican state o Sonora, an the Whipple Muntains an Imperial Coonty auries o Californie. The saguaro blossom is the State Wildflouer o Arizona.

The common name saguaro came intae the Inglis leid through the Spainyie leid, oreeginatin in the Mayo leid.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors

பெரிய சப்பாத்தி கள்ளி மரம் ( Tamil )

provided by wikipedia emerging languages

பெரிய சப்பாத்தி கள்ளி மரம்

வகைப்பாடு

தாவரவியல் பெயர் :கார்னிஜியா ஜகாண்டியா

குடும்பம் : காக்டேசீயீ (சப்பாத்தி குடும்பம்)

இதரப் பெயர்கள்: சக்வாரோ சப்பாத்தி, சிரியஸ் போத்திச் சப்பாத்தி

செடியின் அமைவு

சப்பாத்திக் கள்ளிக் குடும்பத்தில் மிக உயரமாக வளரும் மரமாகும். இது 50 முதல் 70 அடி உயரம் வளரக் கூடியது. ஆடி மரம் 2 அடி விட்டம் கொண்டது. தூண் போன்ற பல கிளைகளைக் கொண்டு இருக்கும். பார்ப்பதற்கு மெழுகுவர்த்தி போன்று இருக்கும். கிளைகளின் முனைகளில் 10 செ.மீ. நீளமுடைய அழகிய வெள்ளை நிற புனல் வடிவப் பூக்கள் உண்டாகும். இப்பூக்கள் நண்பகல் நேரத்தில் வெடிக்கும். இதன் கனி ஜுன் மாதத்தில் பழுக்கும். இது ஊதா கலந்து செந்நிறமாக இருக்கும். அரி சோனா நாட்டில் பாப்பாகோ இந்தியர்கள் இதை உணவாக உண்கிறார்கள். விதை கருப்பாக, பளபளப்பாக இருக்கும்.

சிறப்பு பண்புகள்

இம்மரம் 250 ஆண்டுகள் வரை உயிர் வாழக் கூடியது. ஒரு இஞ்ச் வளர 30 வருடங்கள் ஆகிறது. அரிசோனாவிலும் மெக்ஸிகோ, கலிபோனியா ஆகிய இடங்களில் பாறை நிறைந்த பகுதியிலும் மலைப்பகுதியிலும் இவைகள் நன்கு வளர்கின்றன.

மேற்கோள்

| 1 || சிறியதும் - பெரியதும் [3] || அறிவியல் வெளியீடு || ஜூன் 2001

  1. "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species".
  2. "Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. பார்த்த நாள் 2014-09-19.
  3. சிறிதும் - பெரியதும். அறிவியல் வெளியீடு. http://books.google.com/books/about/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF.html?id=vKXyPAAACAAJ.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

Saguaro

provided by wikipedia EN

Example Of Old Growth Saguaro Cactus
Old growth saguaro

The saguaro (/səˈwɑːr/,[5] Spanish pronunciation: [saˈɣwaɾo]) (Carnegiea gigantea) is a tree-like cactus species in the monotypic genus Carnegiea that can grow to be over 12 meters (40 feet) tall. It is native to the Sonoran Desert in Arizona, the Mexican state of Sonora, and the Whipple Mountains and Imperial County areas of California. The saguaro blossom is the state wildflower of Arizona. Its scientific name is given in honor of Andrew Carnegie. In 1994, Saguaro National Park, near Tucson, Arizona, was designated to help protect this species and its habitat.

Some saguaros are cristate or "crested" due to fasciation.
A house sparrow nesting on a saguaro cactus

Saguaros have a relatively long lifespan, often exceeding 150 years. They may grow their first side arm around 75–100 years of age, but some never grow any arms. Arms are developed to increase the plant's reproductive capacity, as more apices lead to more flowers and fruit. A saguaro can absorb and store considerable amounts of rainwater, visibly expanding in the process, while slowly using the stored water as needed. This characteristic enables the saguaro to survive during periods of drought. It is a keystone species, and provides food and habitat to a large number of species.

Saguaros have been a source of food and shelter for humans for thousands of years. Their sweet red fleshed fruits are turned into syrup by native peoples, such as the Tohono Oʼodham and Pima. Their ribs are used as building materials in the wood-poor deserts. The saguaro cactus is a common image in Mexican and Arizonan culture, and American Southwest films.

Description

The saguaro is a columnar cactus that grows notable branches, usually referred to as arms. Over 50 arms may grow on one plant, with one specimen having 78 arms.[6] Saguaros grow from 3–16 m (10–52 ft) tall, and up to 75 cm (30 in) in diameter. They are slow growing, but routinely live 150 to 200 years. They are the largest cactus in the United States.[7][8]

A many armed saguaro in Tucson, AZ. Woman for scale.

The growth rate of this cactus is strongly dependent on precipitation; saguaros in drier western Arizona grow only half as fast as those in and around Tucson. Saguaros grow slowly from seed, and may be only 6.4 mm (14 in) tall after two years.[7] Cuttings rarely root, and when they do, they do not go through the juvenile growth phase, which gives a different appearance.[9] Since 2014, the National Register of Champion Trees listed the largest known living saguaro in the United States in Maricopa County, Arizona, measuring 13.8 m (45 ft 3 in) high with a girth of 3.1 m (10 ft 2 in); it has an estimated age of 200 years and survived damage in the 2005 Cave Creek Complex Fire.[10][11] The tallest saguaro ever measured was an armless specimen found near Cave Creek, Arizona. It was 78 ft (23.8 m) in height before it was toppled in 1986 by a windstorm.[12] Saguaros are stem succulents and can hold large amounts of water; when rain is plentiful and the saguaro is fully hydrated, it can weigh between 1,500 and 2,200 kg (3,200 and 4,800 lb).[8][7]

Saguaros have a very large root network that can extend up to 30 m (100 ft), and long taproots of up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep.[7]

Saguaros may take between 20 and 50 years to reach a height of 1 m (3 ft 3 in).[7] Individual stomatal guard cells and medulla cells can live and function for as long as 150 years,[14] possibly the longest living of all cells, except possibly nerve cells in some tortoises.

As a cactus, it uses crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis, which confers high levels of water-use efficiency. This allows the saguaro to only transpire at night, minimizing daytime water loss.[15]

A saguaro without arms is called a "spear".[16]

Some saguaros grow in rare formations called a cristate, or "crested" saguaro. This growth formation is believed to be found in one in roughly 10,000 saguaros, with 2743 known crested saguaros documented.[17] The crest formation, caused by fasciation, creates a seam of abnormal growth along the top or top of the arm of the saguaro.[18]

Ribs

Inside the saguaro, many "ribs" of wood form something like a skeleton, with the individual ribs being as long as the cactus itself and up to a few centimeters in diameter. The rib wood itself is also relatively dense, with dry ribs having a solid density around 430 kg/m3 (27 lb/cu ft), which made the ribs useful to indigenous peoples as a building material. While the ribs of dead plants are not protected by the Arizona native plant law, the Arizona Department of Agriculture has released a memo discussing when written permission is needed before harvesting them because of the importance of the decomposition of cactus remains in maintaining desert soil fertility.[19]

The composition of the ribs is similar to that of hardwoods.[20]: 326 

Spines

Saguaro spines

The spines on a saguaro are extremely sharp and can grow to 7 cm (3 in) long,[7] and up to 1 mm (132 in) per day. When held up to the light or bisected, alternating light and dark bands transverse to the long axis of spines are visible. These bands have been correlated to daily growth. In columnar cacti, spines almost always grow in areoles that originate at the apex of the plant. A spine stops growing in its first season. Areoles are moved to the side and the apex continues to grow upward. Thus, older spines are toward the base of a columnar cactus and newer spines are near the apex. Studies are underway to examine the relationship of carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in the tissues of spines of an individual to its climate and photosynthetic history (acanthochronology).[21]

The spines may cause significant injury to animals; one paper reported that a bighorn sheep skull had been penetrated by a saguaro spine after the sheep collided with a saguaro.[22] They can also cause severe injury to humans, being as sharp and nearly as strong as steel needles. Their long, unbarbed nature means that partially embedded spines can be easily removed, but their relative length can complicate injuries. The spines can puncture deeply, and if broken off, can leave splinters of spine deep in the tissue that can be difficult to remove. Fully embedded spikes are also difficult to remove. Such injuries do not usually result in infection, though, as the cactus spines are generally aseptic. However, spines that remain embedded may cause inflammatory granuloma.[23]

Flowers

Saguaro flowers

The white, waxy flowers appear in April through June, opening well after sunset and closing in midafternoon. They continue to produce nectar after sunrise.[24] Flowers are self-incompatible, thus requiring cross-pollination.[7] Large quantities of pollen are required for complete pollination because many ovules are present. This pollen is produced by the extremely numerous stamens, which in one notable case totaled 3,482 in a single flower.[25] A well-pollinated fruit contains several thousand tiny seeds.[24]

Pollination is considered relatively generalized in that multiple species can produce effective pollination when some populations are excluded. Main pollinators are honey bees, bats, and white-winged doves. In most, but not all studies, diurnal pollinators contributed more than nocturnal ones. Honey bees were the greatest contributors. Other diurnal pollinators are birds such as Costa's hummingbird, the black-chinned hummingbird, the broad-billed hummingbird, the hooded oriole, Scott's oriole, the Gila woodpecker, the gilded flicker, the verdin, and the house finch according to studies that examined the relative contributions of diurnal pollinators.[24]

The primary nocturnal pollinator is the lesser long-nosed bat, feeding on the nectar. Several floral characteristics are geared toward bat pollination (chiropterophily): nocturnal opening of the flowers, nocturnal maturation of pollen, very rich nectar, position high above ground, durable blooms that can withstand a bat's weight, and fragrance emitted at night. Claw marks on the flower indicate pollination by a bat.[26]

Flowers grow 8.6–12.4 cm (3.4–4.9 in) long, and are open for less than 24 hours. Since they form only at the top of the plant and the tips of branches, saguaros growing numerous branches is reproductively advantageous. Flowers open sequentially, with plants averaging four open flowers a day over a bloom period lasting a month.[7] In Southern Arizona, saguaros begin flowering around May 3 and peak on June 4.[27] A decline in bat populations causes more daytime flower openings, which favors other pollinators.[28]

Fruit

House finch perched atop fruits at the tip of a saguaro

The ruby red fruits are 6 to 9 cm (2+12 to 3+12 in) long and ripen in June, each containing around 2,000 seeds, plus sweet, fleshy connective tissue.[8][29]

The fruits are often out of reach and are harvested using a pole (made of two or three saguaro ribs) 4.5 to 9 m (15 to 30 ft) long, to the end of which cross-pieces, which can be made of saguaro rib, catclaw, or creosote bush, are attached. This pole is used to hook the fruits or knock them free.[30]

Saguaro seeds are small and short-lived. Although they germinate easily, predation and lack of moisture prevent all but about 1% of seeds from successful germination. Seeds must wait 12–14 months before germination; lack of water during this period drastically reduces seedling survival. The existence of nurse plants is critical to seedling establishment.[7] Palo verde trees and triangle bursage represent important nurse species. They act by regulating temperature extremes, increasing soil nutrients, and reducing evapotranspiration, among others. While nurse plants reduce summer temperature maxima by as much as 18 °C (32 °F), they are more important in raising winter minimum temperatures – as extended frosts limit the range of saguaros.[31]

Native American Indians of the Southwest would make bread from the ground seeds of saguaro.[32]

Genome

The saguaro genome is around 1 billion base pairs long.[33] Sequencing has revealed that the genome of the saguaro's chloroplast is the smallest known among nonparasitic flowering plants. Like several other highly specialized plant taxa, such as the carnivorous Genlisea and parasitic Cuscuta, the saguaro has lost the ndh plastid genes, which codes for production of NADPH dehydrogenase pathway, but unlike those taxa, the saguaro remains fully autotrophic; i.e. it does not eat or steal part of its food. The saguaro is remarkable for the scale and completeness of gene loss; essentially no traces of the 11 ndh genes remain in the plastid. The genes appear to have been copied to the nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA, but those copies are non-functional. How the saguaro thrives in a high stress environment without working copies of this fairly important gene remains unknown, but it is possible that the functions of the ndh genes have been taken on by another pathway.[34]

Taxonomy

Carnegiea gigantea is the only species in the monotypic genus Carnegiea.[7] The first description of the species was made by William H. Emory in 1848, during his surveys along the pre-Gadsden Purchase United States-Mexican border.[35] This description allowed cactus expert George Engelmann to formally name it, during his work on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, published in 1859.[36] The next major taxonomic treatment came from The Cactaceae, the seminal work on cactus by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose.

What tribe Carnegiea gigantea belongs to is a matter of taxonomic dispute. A molecular analysis of the cactus family in 2010 placed the saguaro in the Echinocereinae.[37] The ARS Germplasm Resources Information Network places it in the Echinocereeae.[38]

The generic name honors businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie.[39] The specific epithet gigantea refers to its formidable size.[40]

Distribution and habitat

Saguaros in their natural habitat in Ímuris, Sonora.

Saguaros are endemic to the Sonoran Desert and are found primarily in western Sonora in Mexico, and in southern and portions of western Arizona in the US. There are only 30 known wild plants found in southeastern California.[41] Elevation is a limiting factor to its environment, as the saguaro is sensitive to extended frost or cold temperatures.[8] No confirmed specimens of wild saguaros have been found anywhere in Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Colorado, Utah, nor in the high deserts of northern Arizona.[42] The northern limits of their range are the Hualapai Mountains in Arizona.[7] They are the northernmost columnar cacti in the Americas.[20]: 320 

Ecology

The saguaro is a keystone species, and provides food, shelter, and protection to hundreds of other species. Every stage of the saguaro's life sustains a significant number of species, from seedling to after its death.[43]

As food

The saguaro provides voluminous amounts of pollen, nectar, and fruits.[43] The fruits are eaten by the white-winged dove and ants, so that seeds rarely escape to germinate.[44] White-winged doves are important pollinators, visiting blooms more often than any other bird species. For desert white-winged doves, 60% or more of their diet is saguaro-based. Their breeding cycle coincides with that of the saguaro blooming.[45]

Nests

Gila woodpeckers and gilded flickers create holes in the cactus to make nests, which are later used by other birds, such as elf owls, purple martins, and house finches.[46][47][48][49][50] Gilded flickers excavate larger holes higher on the stem compared to Gila woodpeckers. The resulting nest cavity is deep, and the parents and young are entirely hidden from view. The saguaro creates callus tissue on the wound. When the saguaro dies and its soft flesh rots, the callus remains as a so-called saguaro boot, which was used by natives for storage.[44]

Gila woodpeckers (Melanerpes uropygialis) create new nest holes each season rather than reuse the old ones, leaving convenient nest holes for other birds, such as elf owls, tyrant flycatchers, and wrens.[51] In recent years, early-breeding aggressive non-native birds have taken over the nests, to the detriment of elf owls that breed and nest later. In 2020, a bald eagle was found nesting in a saguaro for the first time since 1937.[52][53]

Conservation

6-foot (1.8 m) man standing next to a large Saguaro at Saguaro National Park
6-foot (1.8 m) man, Saguaro National Park

Harming or vandalizing a saguaro in any manner, such as shooting them (sometimes known as "cactus plugging")[54] is illegal by state law in Arizona. When houses or highways are built, special permits must be obtained to move or destroy any saguaro affected.[55] Exceptions to this general understanding exist; for example, a private landowner whose property is 10 acres (4 hectares) or less, where the initial construction has already occurred, may remove a saguaro from the property.[56] This is common when the cactus falls over in a storm, its location interferes with a house addition, or it becomes a potential hazard to humans.[57]

In 1982, a man was killed after damaging a saguaro. David Grundman was shooting and poking at a saguaro cactus in an effort to make it fall. An arm of the cactus, weighing 230 kg (500 lb), fell onto him, crushing him and his car. The trunk of the cactus then also fell on him.[54][58] The Austin Lounge Lizards wrote the song "Saguaro" about this death.[58]

Contrary to published statements,[59] no law mandates prison sentences of 25 years for cutting a cactus down; however, it is considered a class-four felony with a possible 3-year, 9-month maximum sentence.[60]

Invasive species, such as buffelgrass and Sahara mustard, pose significant threats to the Sonoran Desert ecosystem by increasing the rate of fires.[61] Buffelgrass outcompetes saguaros for water, and grows densely. It is also extremely flammable, but survives fire easily due to deep root systems.[62] Saguaros did not evolve in an environment with frequent fires, thus are not adapted to fire survival. Most Sonoran desert ecosystems have a fire return interval greater than 250 years; buffelgrass thrives at fire return intervals of two to three years. This has led to the reshaping of the Sonoran Desert ecosystem and threatens the survival of the saguaro.[63]

Climate change may threaten saguaros and their ecosystems, as deserts are particularly susceptible to climate effects. Rising daytime and nighttime temperatures will reduce the water use efficiency of saguaros, forcing them to use more water and making them more likely to die during drought periods.[15]

Uses

Maricopa women gathering saguaro fruits, photo by Edward S. Curtis, 1907

Ethnobotany

The utility of the saguaro is well known to Native Americans such as the Tohono Oʼodham, Pima, and Seri peoples, who still use nearly every part of the plant.[20][64] The fruit and seeds are edible,[44] being consumed fresh and dried, and made it into preserves and drinks.[46] The Tohono O'odham use long sticks to harvest the fruits, which are then made into a variety of products including jams, syrups, and wine.[40] The Tohono O'odham begin their harvest in June. A pair of saguaro ribs, about 6 m (20 ft) long, is bundled together to make a harvesting tool called a kuibit. The Tohono O'odham traditionally reduce the freshly harvested fruit into a thick syrup through several hours of boiling, as the fresh fruit does not keep for long. Four kilograms (9 pounds) of fruit will yield about 1 liter (14 U.S. gallon) of syrup. Copious volumes of fruit are harvested; an example harvest in 1929 yielded 45,000 kg (99,000 lb) among 600 families.[20]: 324–326  At the end of the harvest, each family would contribute a small amount of syrup to a communal stock that would be fermented by the medicine man. This was cause for rainmaking celebrations. Stories would be told, there was much dancing, and songs would be sung. Each man would drink some of the saguaro wine. The resulting intoxicated state was seen as holy, and any dreams it brought on were considered portentous.[65]: 17–20 

The seeds are ground into meal or eaten raw, but the raw seeds are mostly indigestible. They are also pressed for their oils. They also have minor use in the tanning of leather. In modern times, these uses have declined, and the seeds are now mainly used as chicken feed.[20]: 324 

The ribs of the dead saguaro were used for construction and other purposes by Native Americans.[8] The Tohono O'odham use it for making fences and furniture. The ribs are also used as livestock fodder.[40]

A variety of alkaloids, including carnegine, gigantine, and salsolidine, make the stems quite bitter, and an unpalatable way to gain water.[20]: 323 

Reports of saguaro use date back to the Coronado expeditions of 1540–1542, which noted its use in winemaking.[20]: 324 

The old bird nests resist the elements and are gathered by Native Americans for use as storage vessels.[44] Cactus boots, excavated by gilded flickers and taken from dead saguaros, have been used by native peoples as water containers.[8]

The saguaro features prominently in indigenous folklore and religions.[20]: 320 

Culture

Arizona made the saguaro blossom its territorial flower on March 13, 1901, and on March 16, 1931, it became the state flower.[66]

The saguaro is often used as an emblem in commercials and logos that attempt to convey a sense of the Southwest. Notably, no naturally occurring saguaros are found within 400 kilometers (250 miles) of El Paso, Texas, but the silhouette is found on the label of Old El Paso brand products.[67][42] Though the geographic anomaly has lessened in recent years, Western films once enthusiastically placed saguaros in the Monument Valley of Arizona, (they only grow naturally in the Sonoran desert of Arizona and Mexico) as well as New Mexico, Utah, and Texas. The Dallas, Texas-based band Reverend Horton Heat pokes fun at this phenomenon in their song "Ain't no Saguaro in Texas."[68]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ Burquez Montijo, A.; Butterworth, C.; Baker, M.; Felger, R.S. (2017). "Carnegiea gigantea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T152495A121476885. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T152495A121476885.en. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
  2. ^ "Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  3. ^ "Carnegiea Britton & Rose". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  4. ^ "Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  5. ^ "Definition of SAGUARO".
  6. ^ "Saguaro with 78 arms is named 'Shiva'". KGUN 9. June 24, 2021. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Pavek, Diane S. (1993). "Carnegiea gigantea". US Forest Service Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d e f "Saguaro Cactus Fact Sheet". desertmuseum.org. Retrieved March 27, 2019.
  9. ^ Arizona–Sonora Desert Museum Staff (2000). A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert: Revised and Updated Edition. University of California Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0520219809.
  10. ^ Brean, Henry (September 22, 2019), "Tree hunters stalk giants for Arizona's growing list of champions", tucson.com, retrieved January 30, 2020
  11. ^ Muller, Seth (January 13, 2014), "Natural Selections: Searching out the saguaro", Arizona Daily Sun, retrieved January 30, 2020
  12. ^ "Windstorm Fells 78-Foot Cactus – Tallest in World". Retrieved August 4, 2015.
  13. ^ Hastings, James Rodney; Alcorn, Stanley M. (1961). "Physical Determinations of Growth and Age in the Giant Cactus". Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science. 2 (1): 32. doi:10.2307/40025669. JSTOR 40025669.
  14. ^ MacDougal, Daniel T. (September–October 1926). "Growth and Penetrability of Century-Old Cells". The American Naturalist. 60 (670): 411. doi:10.1086/280113. S2CID 84028206.
  15. ^ a b Bronson, Dustin R.; English, Nathan B.; Dettman, David L.; Williams, David G. (August 6, 2011). "Seasonal photosynthetic gas exchange and water-use efficiency in a constitutive CAM plant, the giant saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea)". Oecologia. 167 (3): 861–871. Bibcode:2011Oecol.167..861B. doi:10.1007/s00442-011-2021-1. ISSN 1432-1939. PMID 21822726. S2CID 25829629.
  16. ^ Krieg, John C. (2018). Desert Landscape Architecture. CRC Press. p. 466. ISBN 978-1351456104.
  17. ^ "Joe Orman's Photo Pages – Crested Saguaros". joeorman.shutterace.com. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  18. ^ "Crested Cactus". crestedsaguarosociety.org. Retrieved February 29, 2020.
  19. ^ "Arizona Dept. of Agriculture memo on harvesting Saguaro ribs" (PDF). Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h Bruhn, Jan G. (1971). "Carnegiea gigantea: The Saguaro and Its Uses". Economic Botany. 25 (3): 320–329. doi:10.1007/BF02860768. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 4253267. S2CID 44788245.
  21. ^ English, N. B.; Dettman, D. L.; Sandquist, D. R.; Williams, D. G. (2007). "Past climate changes and ecophysiological responses recorded in the isotope ratios of saguaro cactus spines". Oecologia. 154 (2): 247–258. Bibcode:2007Oecol.154..247E. doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0832-x. PMID 17724618. S2CID 282478.
  22. ^ Jansen, Brian D.; Krausman, Paul R.; Heffelfinger, James R.; Jr, James C. deVos (March 24, 2005). "Saguaro Spine Penetrated Bighorn Sheep Skull". The Southwestern Naturalist. 50 (4): 513–515. doi:10.1894/0038-4909(2005)050[0513:SSPBSS]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0038-4909. S2CID 85735736.
  23. ^ Lindsey, Douglas; Lindsey, Wally E. (July 1, 1988). "Cactus spine injuries". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 6 (4): 362–369. doi:10.1016/0735-6757(88)90158-1. ISSN 0735-6757. PMID 3390256.
  24. ^ a b c Fleming, Theodore H.; Sahley, Catherine T.; Holland, J. Nathaniel; Nason, John D.; Hamrick, J. L. (2001). "Sonoran Desert Columnar Cacti and the Evolution of Generalized Pollination Systems". Ecological Monographs. 71 (4): 511. doi:10.1890/0012-9615(2001)071[0511:SDCCAT]2.0.CO;2. hdl:1911/21702. ISSN 0012-9615.
  25. ^ Science Vol. 40 (November 6, 1914) p. 680.
  26. ^ Abrol, Dharam P. (2011). Pollination Biology: Biodiversity Conservation and Agricultural Production. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 294. ISBN 978-9400719422.
  27. ^ Renzi, Julianna (2019). "A decade of flowering phenology of the keystone saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea)". American Journal of Botany. 106 (2): 199–210. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1231. PMID 30791093.
  28. ^ Fleming TH, Geiselman C, Kress WJ (2009). "The evolution of bat pollination: a phylogenetic perspective". Annals of Botany. 104 (6): 1017–1043. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp197. PMC 2766192. PMID 19789175.
  29. ^ Nabhan, Gary Paul (2004). Conserving Migratory Pollinators and Nectar Corridors in Western North America. University of Arizona Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0816522545.
  30. ^ "Saguaro Fruit: A Traditional Harvest" (PDF). nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  31. ^ Drezner, Taly D.; Garrity, Colleen M. (November 1, 2003). "Saguaro Distribution under Nurse Plants in Arizona's Sonoran Desert: Directional and Microclimate Influences". The Professional Geographer. 55 (4): 505–512. doi:10.1111/0033-0124.5504008. ISSN 0033-0124. S2CID 128958283.
  32. ^ Niethammer, Carolyn (1974). American Indian Food and Lore. New York: A Simon & Schuster Macmillan Company. p. 27. ISBN 0-02-010000-0.
  33. ^ "SGP5_Cgig_v1.3 – Genome – Assembly – NCBI". ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  34. ^ Sanderson, Michael J.; Copetti, Dario; Búrquez, Alberto; Bustamante, Enriquena; Charboneau, Joseph L. M.; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Kumar, Sudhir; Lee, Hyun Oh; Lee, Junki (July 1, 2015). "Exceptional reduction of the plastid genome of saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea): Loss of the ndh gene suite and inverted repeat". American Journal of Botany. 102 (7): 1115–1127. doi:10.3732/ajb.1500184. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 26199368.
  35. ^ Spence, Mary Lee (1984). The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont, vol 3, Travels from 1848 to 1854. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. 495–496. ISBN 978-0252004162.
  36. ^ "George Engelmann – Scientist of the Day". Linda Hall Library. February 2, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  37. ^ Nyffeler, R.; Eggli, U. (2010). "A farewell to dated ideas and concepts: molecular phylogenetics and a revised suprageneric classification of the family Cactaceae". Schumannia. 6: 109–149. doi:10.5167/uzh-43285. ISSN 1437-2517. S2CID 89650660.
  38. ^ "Taxonomy – GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.5.0". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  39. ^ Schlosser, S. E. "Saguaro cactus: 8 things you might not know". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved December 17, 2019.
  40. ^ a b c Buckley, Steve (2011) [First published 2009]. Common Plants of Saguaro National Park (PDF). National Park Service; Sonoran Desert Network. p. 63.
  41. ^ "CNDDB News | Taxon of the Week: The Saguaro Cactus". wildlife.ca.gov.
  42. ^ a b "Where Saguaros Grow – Saguaro National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". nps.gov. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
  43. ^ a b Drezner, Taly Dawn (June 1, 2014). "The keystone saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea, Cactaceae): a review of its ecology, associations, reproduction, limits, and demographics". Plant Ecology. 215 (6): 581–595. doi:10.1007/s11258-014-0326-y. ISSN 1573-5052. S2CID 18807470.
  44. ^ a b c d Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. pp. 647, 649.
  45. ^ Rabe, Michael J. (June 2009). Sanders, Todd A. (ed.). "Mourning Dove, White-winged Dove, and Band-tailed Pigeon: 2009 population status" (PDF). Laurel, Maryland: United States Fish and Wildlife Service. pp. 25–32. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  46. ^ a b Little, Elbert L. (1994) [1980]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region (Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 562. ISBN 0394507614.
  47. ^ Mark Elbroch; Eleanor Marie Marks; C. Diane Boretos (2001). Bird tracks and sign. Stackpole Books. p. 311. ISBN 0811726967. Cavities in saguaro cactuses in the Southwest are common. Both gilded flickers and Gila woodpeckers make these cavities for nesting, but they often choose different locations on the cactus.
  48. ^ "Gila Woodpecker". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2011. Although they do not use them immediately, waiting first for the sap to harden, Gila Woodpeckers excavate cavities in cacti and trees as nesting sites.
  49. ^ Mark Elbroch; Eleanor Marie Marks; C. Diane Boretos (2001). Bird tracks and sign. Stackpole Books. p. 311. ISBN 0811726967. Cavities in saguaro cactuses in the Southwest are common. Both gilded flickers and Gila woodpeckers make these cavities for nesting, but they often choose different locations on the cactus. The stouter bills of the gilded flickers allow them to cut cavities through the wooden ribs near the top of the cactus where the ribs converge. Gila woodpeckers stay at midlevel on the cactus where the ribs are separated enough to cut a cavity between them. Cavities in saguaros are cut out by these birds the year before they are inhabited. The excavated cactus secretes a fluid that hardens into a scab, thus preventing water loss, which could kill the cactus, as well as waterproofing the inside of the nest cavity.
  50. ^ "Gila Woodpecker Fact Sheet". desertmuseum.org. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
  51. ^ "Gila woodpecker". Nature Conservancy. Archived from the original on May 2, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2011. Although they do not use them immediately, waiting first for the sap to harden, Gila woodpeckers excavate cavities in cacti and trees as nesting sites. Females typically lay two broods a year of three to five eggs, which incubate for 14 days. Once abandoned, the cavities are occupied by reptiles, rodents, and small birds like kestrels, elf owls, flycatchers, and wrens. In the desert, the woodpeckers perform the important ecological function of removing unhealthy flesh from the saguaro cactus. Some insects on which it feeds carry diseases, harmless to the bird, which damages the cactus and leaves discolorations. The marks signal larvae to the bird, and as it excavates the insects, it also cuts away the diseased tissue. As the sap hardens, the cactus is healed, and the excavation becomes a convenient nesting site.
  52. ^ "AZGFD spots first documented bald eagle nest in saguaro". KGUN. April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  53. ^ "Bald Eagles, Eaglets Found Nesting in Arms of Arizona Cactus". The New York Times. Associated Press. April 16, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  54. ^ a b Klingaman, Gerald (December 12, 2008), Plant of the Week: Saguaro Cactus, University of Arkansas, archived from the original on April 5, 2013, retrieved February 13, 2013.
  55. ^ "Article 11: Arizona Native Plants". Arizona Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on September 20, 2013.
  56. ^ "Private Landowners Clearing Protected Native Plants" (PDF). Arizona Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2013.
  57. ^ "Arizona Revised Statutes, A.R.S. 3-904.(H): Destruction of protected plants by private landowners; notice; exception". Arizona State Legislature. Archived from the original on October 16, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
  58. ^ a b Mikkelson, David (February 8, 2015), Death by Saguaro, Snopes, retrieved January 20, 2017
  59. ^ Trimble, Marshall (2012). "Only On Hold Strange Laws Still On The Books In Arizona". Tucson News Now. Hold. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
  60. ^ Snyder, Stephanie (2010). "Safety of native plants protected under Arizona law". ASU.edu. Chevas Samuels, McKenzie Manning, Stephanie Snyder. Retrieved July 2, 2017. While damaging a cactus in Arizona will not warrant the rumored possibility of 25 years in prison, it is still considered a class four felony.
  61. ^ Schiermeier, Quirin (June 1, 2005). "Pall hangs over desert's future as alien weeds fuel wildfires". Nature. 435 (7043): 724. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..724S. doi:10.1038/435724b. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15944662. S2CID 1678763.
  62. ^ Marshall, V. M.; Lewis, M. M.; Ostendorf, B. (March 1, 2012). "Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) as an invader and threat to biodiversity in arid environments: A review". Journal of Arid Environments. 78: 1–12. Bibcode:2012JArEn..78....1M. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.11.005. ISSN 0140-1963.
  63. ^ Hauser, A. Scott (1993). "Pennisetum ciliare". US Forest Service Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Retrieved October 2, 2019.
  64. ^ A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert, Edited by Steven J Phillips and Patricia Comus, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2000, p. 193
  65. ^ Greene, Jacqueline Dembar (1998). The Tohono O'Odham. New York: Franklin Watts. ISBN 0531203263. OCLC 36713087.
  66. ^ Arizona blue book, Janice K. Brewer, 2003–2004, retrieved January 31, 2020
  67. ^ Inc., General Mills. "Cooking Ideas from Old El Paso". oldelpaso.com. Retrieved April 24, 2018. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  68. ^ Courtney, David (January 2019), "The Texanist: There Ain't No Saguaro Cactus in Texas. Got It?", Texas Monthly, retrieved January 31, 2020

Further reading

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Saguaro: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN
Example Of Old Growth Saguaro Cactus Old growth saguaro

The saguaro (/səˈwɑːroʊ/, Spanish pronunciation: [saˈɣwaɾo]) (Carnegiea gigantea) is a tree-like cactus species in the monotypic genus Carnegiea that can grow to be over 12 meters (40 feet) tall. It is native to the Sonoran Desert in Arizona, the Mexican state of Sonora, and the Whipple Mountains and Imperial County areas of California. The saguaro blossom is the state wildflower of Arizona. Its scientific name is given in honor of Andrew Carnegie. In 1994, Saguaro National Park, near Tucson, Arizona, was designated to help protect this species and its habitat.

Some saguaros are cristate or "crested" due to fasciation. A house sparrow nesting on a saguaro cactus

Saguaros have a relatively long lifespan, often exceeding 150 years. They may grow their first side arm around 75–100 years of age, but some never grow any arms. Arms are developed to increase the plant's reproductive capacity, as more apices lead to more flowers and fruit. A saguaro can absorb and store considerable amounts of rainwater, visibly expanding in the process, while slowly using the stored water as needed. This characteristic enables the saguaro to survive during periods of drought. It is a keystone species, and provides food and habitat to a large number of species.

Saguaros have been a source of food and shelter for humans for thousands of years. Their sweet red fleshed fruits are turned into syrup by native peoples, such as the Tohono Oʼodham and Pima. Their ribs are used as building materials in the wood-poor deserts. The saguaro cactus is a common image in Mexican and Arizonan culture, and American Southwest films.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Saguaro ( Esperanto )

provided by wikipedia EO

Saguarogiganta kaktokandelabra kakto (Cereus giganteus) estas alta kakto el kaktacoj (Cactaceae), origine kreskante en Meksiko kaj Usono (en Arizono kaj Kalifornio). Kelkaj sciencistoj, la genron Cereus dividas al pluraj aliaj genroj, tiel ono povas renkonti la nomon Carnegiea gigantea.

La surfaco de la juna saguaro estas ripa kaj kolona, plenkreske ĝi disiĝas en alto de ĉ. 5 m al kvin-ses branĉoj. Ĝi komence malrapide kreskas – dum la unuaj dek jaroj nur 2 cm po jaro –, sed kiam ĝi atingas la alton de 2–3 m, la kreskorapido atingas la 10 cm/jaro. La unuaj floroj de la saguaro aperas en aĝo de 50–75 jaroj.

La plenkreskaj gigantaj kaktoj povas atingi la alton de 15 m kaj aĝon de 150–200 jaroj, kiam ili formortos plej ofte pro tio, ke pro vento aŭ inundo aperas surface la radikoj. Ĝiaj radikoj situas proksime al la surfaco kaj abunde disetendiĝas por kolekti akvon el granda areo.

La supergrunda maso de la kakto povas atingi 9000 kg. La floroj evoluas sur la trunko kaj sur pinto de la branĉoj. La floroj havas blankan koloron, ili ekfloras nokte kaj sekvatage restas malfermitaj. La fruktoj estas ruĝaj kaj estas gravaj manĝaĵoj por la indianoj de Meksiko, kiuj same uzas la elsekiĝintajn restaĵojn de la kakto.

Vidu ankaŭ

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EO

Saguaro: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

provided by wikipedia EO

Saguaro aŭ giganta kakto aŭ kandelabra kakto (Cereus giganteus) estas alta kakto el kaktacoj (Cactaceae), origine kreskante en Meksiko kaj Usono (en Arizono kaj Kalifornio). Kelkaj sciencistoj, la genron Cereus dividas al pluraj aliaj genroj, tiel ono povas renkonti la nomon Carnegiea gigantea.

La surfaco de la juna saguaro estas ripa kaj kolona, plenkreske ĝi disiĝas en alto de ĉ. 5 m al kvin-ses branĉoj. Ĝi komence malrapide kreskas – dum la unuaj dek jaroj nur 2 cm po jaro –, sed kiam ĝi atingas la alton de 2–3 m, la kreskorapido atingas la 10 cm/jaro. La unuaj floroj de la saguaro aperas en aĝo de 50–75 jaroj.

La plenkreskaj gigantaj kaktoj povas atingi la alton de 15 m kaj aĝon de 150–200 jaroj, kiam ili formortos plej ofte pro tio, ke pro vento aŭ inundo aperas surface la radikoj. Ĝiaj radikoj situas proksime al la surfaco kaj abunde disetendiĝas por kolekti akvon el granda areo.

La supergrunda maso de la kakto povas atingi 9000 kg. La floroj evoluas sur la trunko kaj sur pinto de la branĉoj. La floroj havas blankan koloron, ili ekfloras nokte kaj sekvatage restas malfermitaj. La fruktoj estas ruĝaj kaj estas gravaj manĝaĵoj por la indianoj de Meksiko, kiuj same uzas la elsekiĝintajn restaĵojn de la kakto.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedio aŭtoroj kaj redaktantoj
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EO

Carnegiea gigantea ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Carnegiea gigantea, de nombre común saguaro o sahuaro, es la única especie del género (monotípico) Carnegiea. Es nativa del Desierto de Sonora en Arizona, el estado mexicano de Sonora y las áreas de las Montañas Whipple y Condado de Imperial de California.[1]

 src=
Carnegiea gigantea en su hábitat

Descripción

C. gigantea es un cactus columnar, de porte arbóreo. De crecimiento extremadamente lento —1 m al cabo de veinticinco años—,[2]​ dada su longevidad, entre 150-200, años pueden llegar a alcanzar los 16 o 18 m de altura, algunos ejemplares incluso más.[3]​ Las ramificaciones, erectas, nacen de 2 a 3 m por encima de la base del tronco o incluso a más altura. La cantidad de brazos, o su total ausencia, depende de la climatología y la zona que habiten; en las zonas más húmedas del desierto o tras periodos de lluvias los ejemplares presentan más brazos, en las zonas más áridas pueden hasta carecer de ellos.[4]

El tronco puede alcanzar un diámetro de hasta 75 cm. Tiene de 12 a 30 costillas prominentes con areolas de color pardo y separadas entre sí unos 2 cm. En la zona apical la distancia es menor y aparecen recubiertas por un fieltro color pardo. Entre 15 a 28 espinas radiales o más, y de 4 a 7 centrales de hasta 7 cm de longitud agudas y más o menos curvadas.[5][6]​ Son de color pardo y se van volviendo grises a medida que la planta envejece.

Las flores nacen en la zona apical de los tallos, sobre las areolas, con pétalos cortos de color blanco céreo y exterior verdoso, escamas en el pericarpio y en el tubo, estambres muy numerosos con antenas amarillas y estigma blanco crema con 15 lóbulos; mide entre 8,5 a 12,5 cm de largo por 5-6 cm de diámetro.[5]​ La flor abre a la caída de la tarde y dura 24 horas. La floración se produce de mayo a junio.

El fruto, de unos 4 a 7 cm es ovoide, dehiscente, rojo brillante cuando ha madurado.[7]

Ecología

Resisten grandes diferencias térmicas, propias de los desiertos: temperaturas mínimas de -9 °C. hasta superiores a los 50 °C.

La polinización cruzada entre diferentes ejemplares es llevada a cabo, en el biotopo, por abejas, algunas aves y una especie de murciélago (Leptonycteris).

 src=
Flores del saguaro.
 src=
Detalle de la planta

El saguaro ha sido desde tiempos remotos parte muy importante en la economía y la tradición de los indígenas del desierto, particularmente de los pápagos. Sus troncos suelen servir como material para la construcción de viviendas, mientras que tanto sus flores como sus frutos, ricos en azúcares, y sus semillas son comestibles.[8]​ A partir de la pulpa roja de los frutos se prepara un jarabe, y en ocasiones también un vino que suelen usar de forma ritual en una ceremonia para la lluvia.[9]

Taxonomía

Carnegiea gigantea fue descrita por Britton & Rose y publicado en Kakteenkunde 1937: 162. 1937.[10]

Etimología

Carnegiea: nombre genérico que fue nombrado en honor del filántropo estadounidense Andrew Carnegie.

gigantea: epíteto latino que significa "enorme, gigante".[11]

Referencias

  1. Yetman, Burquez, Sanderson, Hutline, 2020, «Carnegiea gigantea in History», p. 5.
  2. Yetman, Burquez, Sanderson, Hutline, 2020, «Their growth», p. 68.
  3. Yetman, Burquez, Sanderson, Hutline, 2020, «Anatomical features of the Saguaro», p. 81.
  4. Yetman, Burquez, Sanderson, Hutline, 2020, «Their growth», p. 69.
  5. a b «Carnegiea gigantea». Jepson Flora Project (eds.) (en inglés). Consultado el 27 de junio de 2020.
  6. Pavek, Diane S. (1993). «Carnegiea gigantea». En Departemento de Agricultura de Estados Unidos, ed. US Forest Service Fire Effects Information System. Consultado el 27 de junio de 2020.
  7. «Carnegiea gigantea». Flora of North America (en inglés). Consultado el 27 de junio de 2020.
  8. Bravo-Hollis, Helia y Sánchez-Mejorada, Hernando (1991), Las cactáceas de México, Volumen 3 (tercera edición), México DF: UNAM, p. 515, ISBN 968-36-1760-3.
  9. Quinn, Meg (2001). Cacti of the Desert Southwest. Tucson: Rio Nuevo Publishers. ISBN 1-887896-28-7.
  10. «Carnegiea gigantea». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 14 de abril de 2013.
  11. En Epítetos Botánicos

Bibliografía

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Carnegiea gigantea: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Carnegiea gigantea, de nombre común saguaro o sahuaro, es la única especie del género (monotípico) Carnegiea. Es nativa del Desierto de Sonora en Arizona, el estado mexicano de Sonora y las áreas de las Montañas Whipple y Condado de Imperial de California.​

 src= Carnegiea gigantea en su hábitat
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Saguaaro-karneegiakaktus ( Estonian )

provided by wikipedia ET

Saguaaro-karneegiakaktus (Carnegiea gigantea) on kaktuseline karneegiakaktuse monotüüpsest perekonnast.

Levila

Saguaaro-karneegiakaktus on levinud Ameerika Ühendriikides Sonora kõrbes Arizonas ja California osariigi lõunaosas ning Mehhikos Sonora osariigis. Kasvab 180–1350 meetri kõrgusel merepinnast. Saguaaro-karneegiakaktuste kaitseks on loodud Arizona osariigis Tucsoni linna lähedal Saguaro rahvuspark.

Taksonoomia

Liigi nimetuse Cereus giganteus andis sellele 1848. aastal saksa botaanik George Engelmann. Liigikirjeldus anti neli aastat hiljem. USA botaanikud Nathaniel Lord Britton ja Joseph Nelson Rose paigutasid selle hiljem eraldi uude perekonda. Karneegiakaktuse teaduslik nimetus Carnegiea tuleneb USA töösturi ja filantroobi Andrew Carnegie nimest. Täiendnimi gigantea viitab liigi suurele kasvule.

Botaanilised tunnused

Saguaaro-karneegiakaktus on väga suur sambakujuline sukulentne taim. Juurestik ulatub sügavale maa sisse. Vanemaks saades tekivad kaktusele harud, mis annavad talle iseloomuliku kuju. Vars on 12–15 (20) m kõrge ja 30–70 cm jäme. Vars on ribiline. Pruunid areoolid esinevad 2–2,5 cm vahega. Astlad on kuni 7 cm pikad.

Ladava lähedal moodustavad areoolid õie, mis on avanenult kuni 12 cm läbimõõduga. Õiekate on värvuselt valgest võikjani. Pärast viljastumist moodustavd 6–9 cm pikkused viljad. Pärast küpsemist on viljad punakad. Viljal on palju (kuni 4000) umbes 2 mm pikkust musta seemet.

Ökoloogia

Saguaaro-karneegiakaktus õitseb aprillist juunini, vahetult enne vihmahooaja algust. Õied avanevad kaks tundi pärast päikeseloojangut ja jäävad avatuks järgmise päeva keskpäevani. Õie tolmeldajad on putukad, nahkhiired ja linnud, näiteks koolibrilased, valgetiib-tuvi ja kaktuse-leeträhn. Kaktuse-leeträhn ehitab mõne meetri kõrgusele kaktuse varre sisse pesa.

Saguaaro-karneegiakaktus elab keskmiselt 85-aastaseks, kuid mõned isendid võivad elada üle 200-aastaseks. Noorena, kui kaktus kasvab aeglaselt, ohustavad seda hiired ja jänesed, kes seda söövad. Kümneaastasena on looduses kaktus vaid 4 cm (kasvatuses 10 cm) kõrge. Kõige kiiremini (10–15 cm aastas) kasvab kaktus 2–8 m kõrgusena, misjärel kasvab taas aeglustub.

Kultuuris

Saguaaro-karneegiakaktust on kujutatud mitmel pool popkultuuris, eriti vesternides, kus need on ühed Metsiku Lääne sümbolid. Kaktustest joonistas karikatuure Reg Manning, kes sai selle eest ka Pulitzeri preemia.

Saguaaro-karneegiakaktus on 2017. aastal Saksamaal aasta kaktus.[2]

Galerii

Viited

  1. (2013). Carnegiea gigantea. IUCNi punane nimistu. Vaadatud 16.3.2017
  2. "Kaktus des Jahres". Deutsche Kakteen-Gesellschaft (DKG). 12.10.2016. Vaadatud 16.3.2017

Välislingid

 src= Saguaaro-karneegiakaktus – pildid, videod ja helifailid Wikimedia Commonsis
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ET

Saguaaro-karneegiakaktus: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

provided by wikipedia ET

Saguaaro-karneegiakaktus (Carnegiea gigantea) on kaktuseline karneegiakaktuse monotüüpsest perekonnast.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipeedia autorid ja toimetajad
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ET

Saguaro ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Saguaroa (Carnegiea gigantea) kaktazeoen familiako kaktus handia da, Mexikon, Arizonan eta Kalifornian hazten dena. Saguaroaren enborrak bost edo sei adar izaten ditu. 5 m inguru luze izaten da, baina batzuk 15 m-ra iristen dira. 150 edo 200 urteko bizitza dute, eta, askotan, haizeak sustraitik ateratzen dituenean hiltzen dira. Lore zuria du, gauean zabaltzen dena, enborraren eta adarren gainaldean. Fruitu gorriak ematen ditu, edateko onak.

Erreferentziak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Saguaro: Brief Summary ( Basque )

provided by wikipedia EU

Saguaroa (Carnegiea gigantea) kaktazeoen familiako kaktus handia da, Mexikon, Arizonan eta Kalifornian hazten dena. Saguaroaren enborrak bost edo sei adar izaten ditu. 5 m inguru luze izaten da, baina batzuk 15 m-ra iristen dira. 150 edo 200 urteko bizitza dute, eta, askotan, haizeak sustraitik ateratzen dituenean hiltzen dira. Lore zuria du, gauean zabaltzen dena, enborraren eta adarren gainaldean. Fruitu gorriak ematen ditu, edateko onak.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipediako egileak eta editoreak
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EU

Jättikaktus ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Jättikaktus eli saguarokaktus (Carnegiea gigantea) on puun kokoinen kaktuslaji, joka elää luonnonvaraisena Sonoran autiomaassa Yhdysvaltojen ja Meksikon rajalla. Se on sukunsa ainoa laji.

Ulkonäkö ja koko

 src=
Jättikaktuksen kukkia
 src=
Jättikaktuksen hedelmä

Jättikaktus kasvaa 13 m korkeaksi ja painaa useita tonneja. Suurin osa sen massasta on vettä.[2] Pinta on vahamainen ja siinä on harjanteita, joista kasvaa 5 cm pitkiä piikkejä.[3] Jättikaktuksen kukat ovat kermanvalkoiset ja noin 7 cm leveät.[4]

Levinneisyys

Jättikaktusta tavataan Sonoran autiomaassa joka ulottuu Yhdysvaltojen Kaliforniaan ja Arizonaan sekä Meksikon luoteisosaan.[4]

Lähteet

  1. Burquez Montijo, A., Butterworth, C., Baker, M. & Felger, R.S.: Carnegiea gigantea IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.2. 2013. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 8.9.2016. (englanniksi)
  2. http://rruff.info/uploads/AM88_1879.pdf
  3. http://www.blueplanetbiomes.org/saguaro_cactus.htm
  4. a b http://www.desertusa.com/july96/du_saguaro.html
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FI

Jättikaktus: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Jättikaktus eli saguarokaktus (Carnegiea gigantea) on puun kokoinen kaktuslaji, joka elää luonnonvaraisena Sonoran autiomaassa Yhdysvaltojen ja Meksikon rajalla. Se on sukunsa ainoa laji.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FI

Saguaro ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Carnegiea gigantea

Le Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) est un grand cactus arborescent, la seule espèce du genre monotypique Carnegiea. Le nom « saguaro » (prononcer "sah-wah-roh") est le nom amérindien[pas clair] du cactus. Cette espèce est originaire du désert de Sonora, la plus grande zone désertique de l'Amérique du Nord, situé à cheval sur le Sud-Ouest des États-Unis (Arizona) et le Nord du Mexique (Sonora et Basse-Californie). On la trouve aussi dans le Sud de la Californie.

L'espèce s'appelait précédemment Cereus giganteus. Le genre Carnegiea a été nommé en l'honneur d'Andrew Carnegie, mécène du centre d'études du désert de Tucson, qui a beaucoup fait pour la préservation de cette espèce[2].

A l'instar de plantes comme le cocotier, le saguaro est devenu un cliché. Il est souvent utilisé comme logo ou dans des publicités.

La fleur du saguaro est la fleur officielle de l'Arizona.

Description

 src=
Certains saguaros présentent des crêtes (espèces cristées) à la place des bras.

Certains spécimens atteignent 15 mètres de hauteur ce qui en fait la deuxième plus grande espèce de cactus au monde, après Pachycereus pringlei. Il peut peser de 4 à 5 tonnes et contenir jusqu'à 3 000 litres d'eau dans sa colonne et en perdre 50 % pendant les périodes de sécheresse. Ils ont une longue durée de vie, parfois plus de 150 ans[3]. Ils demandent de 75 à 100 ans avant de commencer à se ramifier et à dresser vers le ciel leurs bras qui augmentent la capacité de reproduction de la plante[4].

La croissance des saguaros dépend des précipitations : en Arizona, les saguaros de la partie la plus sèche de l'état poussent deux fois moins vite que ceux de la région de Tucson[5]. Le plus grand saguaro pousse dans le comté de Maricopa, Arizona : 13,8 m de hauteur et une circonférence de 3,1 m. Il a été endommagé par un incendie en juin 2005.

Les fleurs apparaissent la nuit en avril-mai et les fruits de couleur rubis fin juin. Chaque fruit, rouge à maturité, peut contenir jusqu'à 2 000 graines. Elles nécessitent une pollinisation, par exemple par des chauves-souris se nourrissant du nectar des fleurs, des abeilles ou des colombes.

Divers oiseaux creusent des nids dans les saguaros, notamment les piverts, les martinets et les pinsons. Les piverts creusent chaque année un nouveau nid, laissant celui de l'année passée à d'autres oiseaux, comme les chouettes. Les nids peuvent nuire au saguaro, voire le tuer.

Espèce protégée

Comme ils sont de croissance lente et lents à se propager, ils sont une espèce protégée. En Arizona, il est interdit de les détruire ou les déterrer et il faut une autorisation pour déplacer ou détruire un saguaro lors de la construction de maisons ou de routes.

Les troncs de saguaro furent utilisés par les Amérindiens pour la construction[6]. Il est possible de voir son bois dans le toit des cloîtres de la Mission San Xavier del Bac près de Tucson.

Galerie

Références

  1. (en) Référence Tropicos : Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose (+ liste sous-taxons)
  2. Mariella Pizzetti, Les plantes grasses, SOLAR, 1980, 176 p. (ISBN 978-2-263-00462-9) - page 23
  3. « cycle de vie du Saguaro », Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, 2008 (consulté le 20 mai 2008)
  4. (en) DK Eyewitness, Southwest USA and National Parks, Dorling Kindersley Ltd, 2019, p. 47
  5. Drezner TD (2005) Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea, Cactaceae) lien entre croissance et précipitations. Southwest Nat 50:65–68
  6. (en) Richard Felger et Mary B. Moser., People of the desert and sea : Ethnobotany of the Seri Indians, Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 1985

Voir aussi

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Saguaro: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Carnegiea gigantea

Le Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) est un grand cactus arborescent, la seule espèce du genre monotypique Carnegiea. Le nom « saguaro » (prononcer "sah-wah-roh") est le nom amérindien[pas clair] du cactus. Cette espèce est originaire du désert de Sonora, la plus grande zone désertique de l'Amérique du Nord, situé à cheval sur le Sud-Ouest des États-Unis (Arizona) et le Nord du Mexique (Sonora et Basse-Californie). On la trouve aussi dans le Sud de la Californie.

L'espèce s'appelait précédemment Cereus giganteus. Le genre Carnegiea a été nommé en l'honneur d'Andrew Carnegie, mécène du centre d'études du désert de Tucson, qui a beaucoup fait pour la préservation de cette espèce.

A l'instar de plantes comme le cocotier, le saguaro est devenu un cliché. Il est souvent utilisé comme logo ou dans des publicités.

La fleur du saguaro est la fleur officielle de l'Arizona.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Saguaro kaktus ( Croatian )

provided by wikipedia hr Croatian

Saguaro kaktus (lat. Carnegiea gigantea), jedina vrsta kaktusa u rodu Carnegiea, porodica kaktusovke[1]. Saguaro može narasti do 12 metara visine, i živjeti 150 godina. Rasprostranjen je po američkoj pustinji Sonora u Sjedinjenim državama i Meksiku.

Rod je imenovan u čast američkog magnata Andrewa Carnegiea.

Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja
Na Zajedničkom poslužitelju postoje datoteke vezane uz: Saguaro kaktus
Logotip Wikivrsta
Wikivrste imaju podatke o: Carnegiea gigantea

Izvori

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori i urednici Wikipedije
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia hr Croatian

Carnegiea gigantea ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

Il saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose, 1908) è un cactus di grandi dimensioni che cresce nel deserto di Sonora, nel sud dell'Arizona, e nell'area adiacente del Messico. Viene indicato anche con i nomi di cactus a candelabro e cactus gigante. È l'unica specie del genere Carnegiea[2].

Le fu dato questo nome per ricordare Andrew Carnegie (1835 - 1919), industriale e filantropo statunitense.

Descrizione

 src=
Esemplare di Carnegiea gigantea in fiore
 src=
Saguari nel deserto di Sonora

I saguari hanno tronco verde carnoso e colonnare, con alcune ramificazioni e con l'aspetto tipico dei cactus. Il tronco ha crescita molto lenta - la prima ramificazione richiede anche 75 anni - ma può raggiungere altezze imponenti. Il saguaro più alto esistente oggi supera i 13 m di altezza e i 3 m di circonferenza. Le foglie sono ridotte a piccole spine. I fiori sbocciano di notte ad aprile o maggio e vengono impollinati da pipistrelli, insetti e uccelli. I frutti maturano alla fine di giugno, sono rossi e succosi.

Subito dopo le rare piogge le radici poco profonde del saguaro raccolgono tutta l'acqua possibile. Le pieghe del corpo sono fatte in modo da contenere l'acqua, il fusto quindi si gonfia in modo notevole ed arriva a contenere anche 5 tonnellate di acqua per sopravvivere fino alla pioggia successiva. Così gonfio il saguaro sembra quasi una pianta diversa da quella iniziale.

I saguari possono vivere fino a 300 anni.[3]

Conservazione

Una parte del deserto di Sonora è stata eretta a monumento nazionale fin dal 1933 e a parco nazionale dal 1994. Non a caso, il parco si chiama Saguaro National Park.

Altre informazioni

 src=
Frutti del Saguaro
 src=
Nido scavato da un Picchio di Gila

Alcune specie di picchi scavano dei buchi nei saguari per nidificare. Poiché ogni anno creano nuovi nidi, i buchi abbandonati vengono usati da altri animali, soprattutto uccelli notturni.

Per centinaia di anni gli abitanti del deserto di Sonora hanno fatto uso dei prodotti naturali del saguaro. Nell'estate il saguaro produce una messe copiosa di frutti succosi simili a fichi. Gli indiani Tohono O'Odham utilizzavano grandi pali per raccogliere questi frutti con cui preparavano marmellate, sciroppi e vino per le cerimonie religiose. Il saguaro dava inoltre ai Tohono O'Odham semi edibili e costole di legno per costruire ripari e recinti.

Il saguaro, a differenza di quanto solitamente si crede, necessita di un certo tasso di umidità nell'aria. Questo stimola la pianta anche alla creazione delle note ramificazioni.

Il saguaro contiene alcaloidi psicoattivi, la carnegina e l'arizonina.

Il fiore del saguaro è il fiore simbolo dell'Arizona.

In Europa è possibile ammirare un saguaro di grandi dimensioni presso l'orto botanico di Palermo e all'ingresso del giardino botanico dell'isola di Maiorca.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Burquez Montijo, A., Butterworth, C., Baker, M. & Felger, R.S. 2013, Carnegiea gigantea, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 26 dicembre 2014.
  2. ^ (EN) Carnegiea, su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 17 marzo 2022.
  3. ^ Carnegia gigantea

Bibliografia

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia IT

Carnegiea gigantea: Brief Summary ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

Il saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose, 1908) è un cactus di grandi dimensioni che cresce nel deserto di Sonora, nel sud dell'Arizona, e nell'area adiacente del Messico. Viene indicato anche con i nomi di cactus a candelabro e cactus gigante. È l'unica specie del genere Carnegiea.

Le fu dato questo nome per ricordare Andrew Carnegie (1835 - 1919), industriale e filantropo statunitense.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia IT

Didžioji karnegija ( Lithuanian )

provided by wikipedia LT
Binomas Carnegiea gigantea

Didžioji karnegija (Carnegiea gigantea) – kaktusinių (Cactaceae) šeimos, monotipinės karnegijos (Carnegiea) genties kaktusas.

Indėnai vadina saguaro. Tai aukščiausias kaktusas visoje šeimoje, medžio pavidalo, išaugantis net iki 18 metrų aukščio. Stiebas storas. Pražysta maždaug 75-aisiais augimo metais. Pražysta gegužėsbirželio mėn., naktį, baltais žiedais. Žiedus apdulkina vabzdžiai ir šikšnosparniai.

Auga JAV (Arizonoje, Kalifornijoje) ir Meksikoje.

 src=
Didžiosios karnegijos žiedai


Vikiteka

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LT

Didžioji karnegija: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

provided by wikipedia LT

Didžioji karnegija (Carnegiea gigantea) – kaktusinių (Cactaceae) šeimos, monotipinės karnegijos (Carnegiea) genties kaktusas.

Indėnai vadina saguaro. Tai aukščiausias kaktusas visoje šeimoje, medžio pavidalo, išaugantis net iki 18 metrų aukščio. Stiebas storas. Pražysta maždaug 75-aisiais augimo metais. Pražysta gegužėsbirželio mėn., naktį, baltais žiedais. Žiedus apdulkina vabzdžiai ir šikšnosparniai.

Auga JAV (Arizonoje, Kalifornijoje) ir Meksikoje.

 src= Didžiosios karnegijos žiedai


Vikiteka

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LT

Saguaro (cactus) ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea, synoniemen: Cereus giganteus (basioniem), Pilocereus giganteus) is een reuzencactus en de enige soort binnen het geslacht Carnegiea. Saguaro's kunnen meer dan twintig meter hoog worden, maar groeien erg langzaam; pas na zo'n zeventig tot tachtig jaar krijgen ze hun eerste vertakkingen. De soort is inheems in het zuidwesten van de Verenigde Staten en het noorden van Mexico.

Het stuifmeel van een saguaro wordt overgedragen door vogels, insecten en vleermuizen. De stammen van saguaro's vertonen vaak beschadigingen door blikseminslag, spechten en vraat.

De bloem van de saguaro is de state flower van de staat Arizona.

Externe link

 src=
Een groep saguaro's
 src=
Bloemen
Wikimedia Commons Zie de categorie Carnegiea gigantea van Wikimedia Commons voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Saguaro (cactus): Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea, synoniemen: Cereus giganteus (basioniem), Pilocereus giganteus) is een reuzencactus en de enige soort binnen het geslacht Carnegiea. Saguaro's kunnen meer dan twintig meter hoog worden, maar groeien erg langzaam; pas na zo'n zeventig tot tachtig jaar krijgen ze hun eerste vertakkingen. De soort is inheems in het zuidwesten van de Verenigde Staten en het noorden van Mexico.

Het stuifmeel van een saguaro wordt overgedragen door vogels, insecten en vleermuizen. De stammen van saguaro's vertonen vaak beschadigingen door blikseminslag, spechten en vraat.

De bloem van de saguaro is de state flower van de staat Arizona.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Karnegia olbrzymia ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL

Karnegia olbrzymia, Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea Britton & Rose) – gatunek sukulenta z rodziny kaktusowatych, jedyny przedstawiciel monotypowego rodzaju Carnegiea Britton & Rose. Występuje w USA (Arizona, Kalifornia) i Meksyku (Sonora)[2]. W sąsiedztwie miasta Tucson w Arizonie znajduje się Park Narodowy Saguaro[3]. Kaktus saguaro jest symbolem stanu Arizona[4].

Morfologia

Pokrój
Kolumnowy, osiąga wysokość 18 m, jest uznawany za najwyższego przedstawiciela rodziny. Największym osobnikiem rosnącym w Stanach Zjednoczonych jest roślina znaleziona w hrabstwie Pinal w Arizonie, mierząca 16,5 m wysokości, o średnicy korony 4,7 metra oraz obwodzie pnia 2,1 m[5].
Kwiaty
Są białe, samosterylne, zakwitające wczesną wiosną[6].
Owoce: Czerwone[6], dojrzewają jesienią, zawierające około 2000 drobnych nasion[7].

Biologia i ekologia

Zakwita po raz pierwszy w wieku ok. 75 lat i wtedy pojawiają się pierwsze rozgałęzienia. Kwiaty otwierają się nocą i są otwarte do popołudnia[7]. Zapylane są przez nietoperze i owady[8]. Do prawidłowego wzrostu potrzebuje pełnego słońca. Preferuje podłoża dobrze przepuszczalne. Rośnie bardzo powoli. Po 10 latach ma około 15 cm wysokości. Ciepłolubny występuje głównie na południowych zboczach[6]. W czasie deszczu pobiera bardzo szybko wodę, którą magazynuje w łodydze na okres suszy.

Systematyka

Pozycja systematyczna według APweb (aktualizowany system system APG III z 2009)

Należy do rodziny kaktusowatych (Cactaceae) Juss., która jest jednym z kladów w obrębie rzędu goździkowców (Caryophyllales) i klasy roślin okrytonasiennych[1]. W obrębie kaktusowatych rodzaj klasyfikowany jest do plemienia Pachycereeae z podrodziny Cactoideae[2].

Galeria

 src=
Pokrój
 src=
Kwiat
 src=
Owoc

Przypisy

  1. a b P.F. Stevens: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-05-07].
  2. a b c Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). [dostęp 2011-01-17].
  3. Welcome to Saguaro National Park (ang.). National Park Service. [dostęp 2014-05-31].
  4. Arizona, Saguaro National Park (ang.). The American Southwest. [dostęp 2014-05-31].
  5. Carnegiea gigantea (ang.). American Forests, protecting and restoring forests. [dostęp 2014-05-31].
  6. a b c Plant Fact Sheet: Saguaro Cactus (ang.). Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. [dostęp 2014-05-31].
  7. a b How Saguaros Reproduce (ang.). National Park Service. [dostęp 2014-05-31].
  8. Rudolf Šubík, Libor Kunte: Encyklopedia kaktusów. Ewa Świerżewska (tłum.). Warszawa: Dom Wydawniczy Bellona, 2006. ISBN 83-11-10517-0.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia POL

Karnegia olbrzymia: Brief Summary ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL

Karnegia olbrzymia, Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea Britton & Rose) – gatunek sukulenta z rodziny kaktusowatych, jedyny przedstawiciel monotypowego rodzaju Carnegiea Britton & Rose. Występuje w USA (Arizona, Kalifornia) i Meksyku (Sonora). W sąsiedztwie miasta Tucson w Arizonie znajduje się Park Narodowy Saguaro. Kaktus saguaro jest symbolem stanu Arizona.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia POL

Saguaro ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

O saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) faz parte da família Cactaceae, sendo nativo da região do Deserto de Sonora, que abrange parte do México e Estados Unidos. Trata-se de um cacto colunar, com ramificações em forma de candelabro, espinhos curtos e grandes flores brancas e tubulares, com antese noturna.

Ecologia

Os saguaros apresentam um crescimento muito lento, crescendo entre 20 a 25 centímetro em seus primeiros oito anos de vida.[2]

O estabelecimento do saguaro é limitado apenas a áreas localizadas abaixo do dossel de algumas árvores e arbustos, as chamadas plantas facilitadoras, plantas estas que dão proteção contra as altas temperaturas do deserto, contra as geadas noturnas e danos causados por injúrias mecânicas ou predação. Além do microclima encontrado abaixo destas plantas, o saguaro beneficia-se das condições de fertilidade do solo, sendo que muitas destas plantas facilitadoras fixam nitrogênio do ar. As plantas facilitadoras mais conhecidas são o paloverde (Parkinsonia microphyllum), o ironwood (Olneya spp.) e a mesquite (Prosopis spp.). Como o saguaro é uma planta de crescimento lento, a princípio seu estabelecimento não afeta negativamente a planta facilitadora, porém com o passar do tempo e o crescimento do saguaro, a competição por nutrientes e água é acirrada e a facilitadora não resiste e acaba morrendo. Se várias plantas de saguaro estabelecem-se sob uma mesma planta facilitadora, esta tende a morrer mais rápido. Como estratégia de dispersão de sementes, os frutos do saguaro amadurecem nas épocas mais quentes que antecedem as monções no deserto, animais buscam estes frutos como alimento e os consomem abaixo das sombras das plantas facilitadoras, justamente antes do início do período de chuvas. As relações entre ambos são comparadas a um ciclo oscilatório entre predador e presa, onde o saguaro (predador) acelera a morte da planta facilitadora (presa), reduzindo potenciais microclimas para lento estabelecimento do próprio saguaro, possibilitando novo aumento das populações da plantas facilitadoras.[3]

Quando o saguaro independe de plantas facilitadoras, seu crescimento depende do clima, da precipitação e de sua localização. O período de maior crescimento do saguaro é quando começam a surgir seus característicos braços, normalmente aos 50 a 70 anos de idade. Em áreas de menores precipitações, o aparecimento dos braços pode levar até 100 anos. O período fértil da planta começa a partir dos 35 anos. Suas flores surgem no ápice do tronco principal e/ou no ápice dos braços. A idade de saguaro adulto é considerada é aproximadamente 125 anos. Pode pesar cerca de seis toneladas e chegar a 15 metros de altura. O tempo médio de vida de um saguaro é de cerca de 175 anos, porém há planta de até 200 anos.[4]

Referências

  1. Burquez Montijo, A., Butterworth, C., Baker, M. & Felger, R.S. (2013). Carnegiea gigantea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2.
  2. U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service, Saguaro National Park. "The Saguaro Cactus"
  3. Drezner, Taly Dawn. The keystone saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea, Cactaceae): a review of its ecology, associations, reproduction, limits, and demographics. Plant ecology, v. 215, n. 6, p. 581-595, 2014.
  4. U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service, Saguaro National Park "The Saguaro Cactus"
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Saguaro: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

O saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) faz parte da família Cactaceae, sendo nativo da região do Deserto de Sonora, que abrange parte do México e Estados Unidos. Trata-se de um cacto colunar, com ramificações em forma de candelabro, espinhos curtos e grandes flores brancas e tubulares, com antese noturna.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores e editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PT

Saguaro ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia SL

Cereus giganteus Engelm.

Saguaro (znanstveno ime Carnegiea gigantea) je že leta 1848 opisal George Engelmann (1809–1884) v Emory, Notes Mil. Reconnois. 158, kot Cereus giganteus, vendar sta ga Britton in Rose leta 1908 v Journal of the New York Botanical Garden 9:188 uvrstila v nov rod Carnegiea. Je monotipska vrsta v rodu in je zaradi svoje oblike najbolj znana vrsta kaktusa. Oblikuje značilno rogovilasto obliko in je pogosto predstavljen tako v literaturi, znan pa je predvsem iz ameriških western filmov kot tipična rastlina puščav. Prihaja celo do tega, da so saguari v kavbojkah predstavljeni kot rastline Nove Mehike, Utaha in Teksasa, kjer sploh ne rastejo.

Izvor imena

Rodovno ime Carnegiea izhaja po američanu Andrewu Carnegie (1835-1919), ki je podpiral raziskave in omogočil izdajo monografije The Cactaceae avtorjev Brittona in Rosea. Vrstno ime gigantea izvira iz grščine (gigas-velik, ogromen). Rastline zrastejo namreč preko 12 metrov v višino, zato so dobile tako ime. Domače ime saguaro (sahuaro) se je v angleščino preneslo iz španščine. Domorodci plemena Seri iz severozahodne Mehike ga imenujejo mojépe.

Saguaro raste v Sonorski puščavi v Arizoni in mehiškem delu Sonore, v manjšem področju Spodnje Kalifornije v puščavi San Felipe in v zelo majhnem področju Kalifornije. Saguarov cvet in saguaro sta simbol Arizone.

Saguaro je zelo počasi rastoča rastlina. V prvih 50 letih zraste le do višine pol metra in potrebuje 75 let, da iz glavnega stebla začnejo izraščati prve veje. Te običajno poženejo, ko kaktus preraste grmovje, v katerem se zaseje. Rast je odvisna od količine padavin, tako da tisti iz suhih delov Arizone rastejo dvakrat počasneje kot na primer v okolici Tucsona v Arizoni. Je eden od redkih stebričarjev, ki raste tako severno in lahko prenaša nočne temperature do -12ºC. Doseže starost preko 150 let. Največji izmerjeni saguaro raste v Maricopa County v Arizoni in meri 13,8 m v višino.

Saguaro je sorazmerno dobro raziskan kaktus. Na rastiščih saguara pade običajno zelo malo padavin, vendar rastlina razvije zelo plitve korenine, s katerimi je sposobna v nekaj urah posrkati večino razpoložljive vode iz zemlje. Tako zadostuje le 15 mm padavin, da kaktus s koreninskimi laski vpije vodo in jo shrani v sočnem tkivu. Po rehidraciji se vidno razširi, kar omogoča rebrasta oblika.

Razmnoževanje

Saguaro se lahko razmnoži s semenom. Ukoreninjanje vej je v večini primerov neuspešno.

Saguaro v svojem življenju tvori na milijone semen, vendar to kali le v zelo redkih ugodnih sezonah. Možnost preživetja male rastline je odvisna od mesta, kamor seme pade in od frekvence padavin. Sejanec lahko preživi le v senci grmovja in mora prejeti v prvih mesecih življenja občasne padavine, sicer zaradi suše odmre. Po prvih 50 dneh življenja lahko preživi le 9 dni suše, po 200 dneh življenja pa že 100 dni. Vendar je dovolj, da v življenju saguara preživi le ena rastlina od milijonov sejancev, da se vrsta ohrani. Da je preživetje mlade rastline odvisno od rednih padavin, so ugotovili iz primera umetnega nasada arizonskih saguarov v zahodni Kaliforniji, kjer so padavine obilnejše, vendar bolj redke. Odrasle rastline so tam preživele, mladih rastlin pa ni, ker kmalu po kalitvi semena odmrejo.

Cvetovi saguara so belo rumeni, nočni, vendar ostanejo odprti tudi čez dan. Rastlina cveti od aprila do junija. Je tujeplodna vrsta, za oploditev poskrbijo razne nočne živali kot so netopirji, ki sesajo nektar iz cvetov. Dnevni opraševalci so večinoma ose, čmrlji in čebele. Plodovi se razvijejo v koncu junija. So rožnati, vsebujejo pa do 2000 semen. Seme je v sladki pulpi, ki je užitna in jo cenijo tako živali kot tudi prebivalci puščave.

Visoke veje saguara omogočajo skrivališča raznim živalim, predvsem ptičem. Na saguarih gnezdijo rumene žolne (Melanerpes uropygialis), škrlatne obvodne lastovke (Progne subis), vrste škorcev (Carpodacus mexicanus) in razni detli, ki izdolbejo luknje v zgornjem delu stebla rastline in si v njih ustvarijo gnezda. Rumene žolne vsako leto izdolbejo nova gnezda, zato se v starih luknjah naselijo druge živali. Luknje so globoke, zato rastlina tvori na stenah lukenj kalus, ki oleseni. Po odmrtju rastline ostane tkivo v obliki nekakšnih čevljev, ki so jih staroselci uporabljali kot posode.

Zaščita rastlin

V Arizoni, kjer je saguaro nacionalno drevo, je prepovedano kakorkoli poškodovati ali uničevati saguare. Za gradnjo hiš mora lastnik zemljišča pridobiti posebno dovoljenje za odstranitev teh raslin. Carnegiea gigantea je uvrščen na CITES seznam App. II.

Uporaba

Les, ki nastaja v kambiju rastline, so uporabljali domačini za gradnjo. Obstajajo tudi govorice o zdravilnosti tkiva saguarov - pleme Pima je uporabljalo tkivo za povečanje mleka doječih mater po rojstvu otrok. Rebra mrtvih rastlin so uporabljali kot opornice pri zlomih.

Varietete

Carnegiea gigantea fa. aberrans P.V. Heath, Calyx 2 (3): 108 1992
Carnegiea gigantea fa. cristata P.V. Heath, Calyx 2 (3): 108 1992

Vrste, varietete in forme v rodu Carnegiea

Carnegiea euphorbioides (Haworth) Backeberg
Carnegiea euphorbioides var. olfersii (Salm-Dyck) P.V. Heath
Carnegiea fulviceps (F.A.C. Weber ex K. Schumann) P.V. Heath
Carnegiea gigantea (Engelmann) Britton & Rose
Carnegiea gigantea f. aberrans P.V. Heath
Carnegiea gigantea f. cristata P.V. Heath
Carnegiea laui P.V. Heath
Carnegiea macrocephala (F.A.C. Weber ex K. Schumann) P.V. Heath
Carnegiea mezcalaensis (H. Bravo Hollis) P.V. Heath
Carnegiea mezcalaensis var. multiareolata (E.Y. Dawson) P.V. Heath
Carnegiea nova P.V. Heath
Carnegiea polylopha (DC.) P.V. Heath
Carnegiea scoparia (Poselger) P.V. Heath
Carnegiea squamulosa (Scheinvar & Sanchez-Mej.) P.V. Heath
Carnegiea tetetzo (J.M. Coulter) P.V. Heath
Carnegiea tetetzo var. nuda (E.Y. Dawson) P.V. Heath

Viri

Nobel & Gibson, The Cactus Primer
David Hunt, CITES Cactaceae Checklist

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Avtorji in uredniki Wikipedije
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SL

Saguaro: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia SL

Saguaro (znanstveno ime Carnegiea gigantea) je že leta 1848 opisal George Engelmann (1809–1884) v Emory, Notes Mil. Reconnois. 158, kot Cereus giganteus, vendar sta ga Britton in Rose leta 1908 v Journal of the New York Botanical Garden 9:188 uvrstila v nov rod Carnegiea. Je monotipska vrsta v rodu in je zaradi svoje oblike najbolj znana vrsta kaktusa. Oblikuje značilno rogovilasto obliko in je pogosto predstavljen tako v literaturi, znan pa je predvsem iz ameriških western filmov kot tipična rastlina puščav. Prihaja celo do tega, da so saguari v kavbojkah predstavljeni kot rastline Nove Mehike, Utaha in Teksasa, kjer sploh ne rastejo.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Avtorji in uredniki Wikipedije
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SL

Saguarokaktus ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Saguarokaktus (Carnegiea gigantea) är en kaktus som endast återfinns i Sonoraöknen i sydvästra USA och nordvästra Mexiko. Det är den enda arten i släktet saguarokaktusar (Carnegiea).

Saguarokaktusen kan bli mycket gammal och vissa exemplar uppskattas vara över 200 år. Saguaron växer långsamt, speciellt i början av sitt liv. En tio år gammal planta är endast cirka fem centimeter stor, men när plantan blir äldre börjar den växa fortare. En gammal saguaro kan bli mellan tio och femton meter hög och har skarpa taggar som är cirka fem centimeter långa.

Saguarokaktusen börjar inte utveckla sina karaktäristiska armar förrän den blivit runt sex meter hög, vilket sker vid cirka 65 års ålder.

Blomperioden för en saguaro är maj till juni, då topparna av kaktusen pryds av gräddvita blommor vars mitt är gula. En saguarokaktus börjar dock inte blomma förrän den blivit 2,5 meter hög.

Kaktusens gröna frukter är ovala och runt sju centimeter stora. Fruktköttet är starkt rödfärgad och innehåller upp till 4000 frön, vilket anses vara en av de mest frörika frukterna inom växtvärlden. Frukten är traditionellt en viktig del av kosten i området, både för djur och människa.

Sagaurokaktusblomman är Arizonas delstatsblomma.

Se även

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] The Cactus Family, Edward F.AndersonISBN 0-88192-498-9
  2. ^ Plantae.se. Läst 2013-02-27.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Saguarokaktus: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Saguarokaktus (Carnegiea gigantea) är en kaktus som endast återfinns i Sonoraöknen i sydvästra USA och nordvästra Mexiko. Det är den enda arten i släktet saguarokaktusar (Carnegiea).

Saguarokaktusen kan bli mycket gammal och vissa exemplar uppskattas vara över 200 år. Saguaron växer långsamt, speciellt i början av sitt liv. En tio år gammal planta är endast cirka fem centimeter stor, men när plantan blir äldre börjar den växa fortare. En gammal saguaro kan bli mellan tio och femton meter hög och har skarpa taggar som är cirka fem centimeter långa.

Saguarokaktusen börjar inte utveckla sina karaktäristiska armar förrän den blivit runt sex meter hög, vilket sker vid cirka 65 års ålder.

Blomperioden för en saguaro är maj till juni, då topparna av kaktusen pryds av gräddvita blommor vars mitt är gula. En saguarokaktus börjar dock inte blomma förrän den blivit 2,5 meter hög.

Kaktusens gröna frukter är ovala och runt sju centimeter stora. Fruktköttet är starkt rödfärgad och innehåller upp till 4000 frön, vilket anses vara en av de mest frörika frukterna inom växtvärlden. Frukten är traditionellt en viktig del av kosten i området, både för djur och människa.

Sagaurokaktusblomman är Arizonas delstatsblomma.

Sahuaro or Giant Cactus (NGM XXXI p513).jpg  src=

Blommor

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Saguaro ( Turkish )

provided by wikipedia TR

Saguaro, (Latince: carnegiea gigantea) geniş, bir ağaç boyutuna (20 metrelik) yetişebilecek kadar büyüyen, kaktüs türünde, monotipik Carnegiea cinsi bir bitkidir. Anavatanı ABD'nin Arizona Eyaleti'nin Sonora Çölü olan bitki, Meksika'nin Sonora Eyaleti'nde, Whipple Dağları'nda ve Kaliforniya'nın Imperial County kasabasında yetişmektedir. Saguaro kelimesi dilimize İngilizce'den, İngilizce'ye İspanyolca'dan, İspanyolca'ya ise Orta Amerika Yerli dilleri'nden Mayo Dili'nden geçmiştir.

Galeri

Ayrıca bakınız

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia TR

Saguaro: Brief Summary ( Turkish )

provided by wikipedia TR

Saguaro, (Latince: carnegiea gigantea) geniş, bir ağaç boyutuna (20 metrelik) yetişebilecek kadar büyüyen, kaktüs türünde, monotipik Carnegiea cinsi bir bitkidir. Anavatanı ABD'nin Arizona Eyaleti'nin Sonora Çölü olan bitki, Meksika'nin Sonora Eyaleti'nde, Whipple Dağları'nda ve Kaliforniya'nın Imperial County kasabasında yetişmektedir. Saguaro kelimesi dilimize İngilizce'den, İngilizce'ye İspanyolca'dan, İspanyolca'ya ise Orta Amerika Yerli dilleri'nden Mayo Dili'nden geçmiştir.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia yazarları ve editörleri
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia TR

Carnegiea ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK

Етимологія

Рід названий на честь Ендрю Карнеґі (1835–1919), американського підприємця, сталепромисловця і мультимільйонера, а також відомого філантропа. Вернакулярна назва Сагуаро прийшла в англійську мову з мови майо за посередництва іспанської.

Біологічний опис

 src=
Деякі сагуаро ростуть у вигляді «гребеня» через фасціацію, а не через бокові відростки
 src=
Вершечок пагона, що розцвів.
 src=
Квітки кактуса.

Сагуаро мають відносно довгу тривалість життя. Перший боковий відросток може вирости у віці від 75 до 100 років, але в деяких він ніколи не виростає. Такі сагуаро називаються списами.

Швидкість росту рослин сильно залежить від атмосферних опадів; сагуаро в сухішій західній Аризоні ростуть удвічі повільніше, ніж в Тусоні. Деякі екземпляри доживають до 150 років;[1] найбільш відомим з них є Чемпіон Сагуаро, що росте в Марікопі заввишки 13,8 м. Ці кактуси ростуть повільно з насіння й ніколи з відростків. Коли вони вбирають дощову воду, то можна побачити неозброєним оком збільшення їхнього розміру. Потім вони повільно споживають цю воду.

Поширення та екологія

Батьківщиною цієї рослини є пустеля Сонора в Аризоні, штат Сонора в Мексиці, гори Віппі і округ Імперіал в Каліфорнії.

Див. також

Примітки

  1. Life Cycle of the Saguaro (PDF). Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. 2008. Процитовано 2013-12-04.

Посилання


Coryphantha radians BlKakteenT102.jpg Це незавершена стаття про Кактуси.
Ви можете допомогти проекту, виправивши або дописавши її.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia UK

Xương rồng Saguaro ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Xương rồng Saguaro (danh pháp hai phần: Carnegiea gigantea) là một loài xương rồng thuộc Họ Xương rồng. Đây là loài duy nhất trong chi Carnegiea, cây có thể cao 50 foot (15,2 m). Loài này có nguồn gốc sa mạc Sonoran ở bang Arizona của Hoa Kỳ, bang Mexico Sonora, một phần nhỏ của Baja California ở San Felipe sa mạc và một khu vực cực kỳ nhỏ của California, Đây là hoa hoang dã biểu tượng của tiểu bang Arizona. Saguaros có một tuổi thọ tương đối dài. Chúng mất đến 75 năm để phát triển một nhánh phụ.

Tốc độ tăng trưởng của loài xương rồng này phụ thuộc rất nhiều vào lượng mưa; cây xương rồng Saguaro ở khu vực khô hạn tây Arizona phát triển chỉ với tốc độ bằng một nửa so với những cây trong và xung quanh Tucson, Arizona. Một số mẫu vật có thể sống hơn 150 năm[1], xương rồng Saguaro lớn nhất được biết đến là cây xương rồng Saguaro vô địch. Nó phát triển trong quận Maricopa, Arizona với chiều cao 13,8 m (45,3 ft) cao với chu vi 3,1 mét (10 ft). Những cây xương rồng có thể phát triển bất cứ nơi nào từ 15 đến 50 chân. Họ phát triển chậm từ hạt giống, và không phải ở tất cả các từ hom. Bất cứ khi nào trời mưa, loài xương rồng này sẽ hút nước mưa. Có thể trông thấy cây xương rồng phát triển, chúng giữ lấy nước mưa và tiêu thụ từ từ sau.

Tham khảo

  1. ^ “Life Cycle of the Saguaro” (PDF). Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. 2008. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 5 năm 2008.

Bản mẫu:Sơ khai xương rồng

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Xương rồng Saguaro: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Xương rồng Saguaro (danh pháp hai phần: Carnegiea gigantea) là một loài xương rồng thuộc Họ Xương rồng. Đây là loài duy nhất trong chi Carnegiea, cây có thể cao 50 foot (15,2 m). Loài này có nguồn gốc sa mạc Sonoran ở bang Arizona của Hoa Kỳ, bang Mexico Sonora, một phần nhỏ của Baja California ở San Felipe sa mạc và một khu vực cực kỳ nhỏ của California, Đây là hoa hoang dã biểu tượng của tiểu bang Arizona. Saguaros có một tuổi thọ tương đối dài. Chúng mất đến 75 năm để phát triển một nhánh phụ.

Tốc độ tăng trưởng của loài xương rồng này phụ thuộc rất nhiều vào lượng mưa; cây xương rồng Saguaro ở khu vực khô hạn tây Arizona phát triển chỉ với tốc độ bằng một nửa so với những cây trong và xung quanh Tucson, Arizona. Một số mẫu vật có thể sống hơn 150 năm, xương rồng Saguaro lớn nhất được biết đến là cây xương rồng Saguaro vô địch. Nó phát triển trong quận Maricopa, Arizona với chiều cao 13,8 m (45,3 ft) cao với chu vi 3,1 mét (10 ft). Những cây xương rồng có thể phát triển bất cứ nơi nào từ 15 đến 50 chân. Họ phát triển chậm từ hạt giống, và không phải ở tất cả các từ hom. Bất cứ khi nào trời mưa, loài xương rồng này sẽ hút nước mưa. Có thể trông thấy cây xương rồng phát triển, chúng giữ lấy nước mưa và tiêu thụ từ từ sau.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Карнегия ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Caryophyllanae Takht., 1967
Семейство: Кактусовые
Подсемейство: Кактусовые
Род: Карнегия
Международное научное название

Carnegiea Britton & Rose (1908)

Синонимы
Cereus giganteus Engelm. basionym — Цереус гигантский
Единственный вид
Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose — Карнегия гигантская
Ареал

изображение

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
на Викивидах
Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 506151NCBI 171969EOL 483624GRIN g:2101IPNI 47644-2TPL kew-2701125

Карнегия (лат. Carnegiea) — монотипный род кактусов. Единственный видКарнегия гигантская (Carnegiea gigantea), или Сагуаро[2] (исп. Saguaro), растение размером с дерево, произрастающее в Мексике, Калифорнии и Аризоне. Реликтовый вид пустыни Сонора.[источник не указан 506 дней]

Изначально вид был отнесён к роду Цереус и носил название Цереус гигантский (Cereus giganteus), позже был выделен в отдельный род, который был назван в честь Эндрю Карнеги (1835—1919), американского предпринимателя, сталепромышленника и мультимиллионера, а также известного филантропа.

Ареал

Пустыня Сонора и прилегающие территории: юго-восток Калифорнии, южная Аризона и северо-запад Мексики у берегов Калифорнийского залива.

Биологическое описание

Кактус представляет собой огромную колонну, разветвлённую наподобие канделябра. Высота кактуса может достигать 18 м (по некоторым данным 20 м), толщина ствола-колонны — 65 см. Ствол растения имеет от 12 до 24 тупых рёбер с коричневыми околососковыми кружками. Длина колючек у этого кактуса может достигать 7 см. Листьев обычно нет, они бывают едва заметны лишь у проростков в виде мелких чешуек.

Цветёт с мая по июнь. Цветы одиночные, крупные, белые, пурпурно-красные, редко оранжевые, желтые или зеленоватые. Они появляются на более старых подушечках и бугорках растения. Цветок прямой, трубчатый, совершенно правильной формы или слегка зигоморфный. Когда цветок открывается (это происходит ночью), он привлекает летучих мышей. Пока он остается открытым, в течение дня притягивает пчел и колибри.[3]

Кактусы Сагуаро являются неотъемлемой частью пустынных пейзажей юго-запада Америки, символом пустыни Сонора, что простёрлась от Мексики до южных границ Аризоны. Чтобы не допустить исчезновения этих горделивых гигантов, был создан Национальный Парк Сагуаро.[4]

Охрана

  • В связи с активной вырубкой дикорастущих кактусов, особенно сагуаро, в американском штате Аризона был принят закон, согласно которому каждому, кто срежет, срубит или иным другим способом повредит дикорастущий кактус, грозит наказание до 25 лет тюремного заключения[5].
  • Стрельба по кактусам Карнегия в пустынях Аризоны происходила так часто, что власти Аризоны были вынуждена объявить этот «спорт» тяжким преступлением. Нарушителям грозит $ 100,000 штрафа и три года тюремного заключения[6].
Saguaro1.JPG

Общий вид

Carnegiea gigantea 1.jpg

Верхушка цветущего побега

Carnegiea gigantea flowers.jpg

Цветки

Ссылки

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Встречается также другой вариант русского написания названия растения — «сакуэро».
  3. Цереус - пустынный великан, myJane. Проверено 27 сентября 2017.
  4. Sagittarius. Карнегия. Сагуаро. Уход, выращивание, размножение. Кактус. Цветы. Комнатные растения. Фото. - Ботаничка.ru (рус.). www.botanichka.ru. Проверено 27 сентября 2017.
  5. Глупые законы Аризоны
  6. Номинант на премию Дарвина 1982


Карнегия Это заготовка статьи о кактусах. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её.  title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Карнегия: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Карнегия (лат. Carnegiea) — монотипный род кактусов. Единственный вид — Карнегия гигантская (Carnegiea gigantea), или Сагуаро (исп. Saguaro), растение размером с дерево, произрастающее в Мексике, Калифорнии и Аризоне. Реликтовый вид пустыни Сонора.[источник не указан 506 дней]

Изначально вид был отнесён к роду Цереус и носил название Цереус гигантский (Cereus giganteus), позже был выделен в отдельный род, который был назван в честь Эндрю Карнеги (1835—1919), американского предпринимателя, сталепромышленника и мультимиллионера, а также известного филантропа.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

巨人柱 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Carnegiea gigantea
Britton & Rose

巨人柱學名Carnegiea gigantea)是巨人柱属(Carnegiea)中唯一的一个物种,屬於仙人掌科,也是世界最高的仙人掌品種之一。其学名是为了纪念美国企业家和慈善家安德鲁·卡內基而起的。

外形

巨人柱是高大、柱状的肉质植物,其非常浅,只在高龄时会有少数分支。主茎约12至15米(最高可达20米)高,30至70厘米粗。分支在数米的高度产生,它们也向竖直的方向生长。茎有12至24个棱,上面棕色的刺座之间的距离约为2至2.5厘米。每个刺座上有12根以上一至二厘米长的、放射分布的小刺和三至六根至七厘米长的长刺。刺呈灰色。越向高处刺越细越短。

花开在茎顶附近的刺座上,长8至12厘米,开放的花直径达12厘米。花瓣白色至奶油色。受精后形成的果实长六至九厘米。表面有软毛,在刺座上有时有一至三根细刺。成熟后果实内外均呈红色,在尖端裂开,里面的许多黑色种子(可达4000枚),长约两毫米。

分布

巨人柱生活在美国加利福尼亚州亞利桑那州内以及墨西哥下加利福尼亞半島索諾拉州索諾拉沙漠的边缘,它们生长在高度180至1200米的范围内。在图森附近的亚利桑那高地上分布尤其广。由于当地旅游业的发达巨人柱國家公園的巨人柱最为著名。

生态学

在它的家乡巨人柱的开花期是五月至六月,这是当地雨季前不久。花在日落后约两小时后开放,开到第二天中午。传播花粉的动物包括昆虫以及长鼻蝙蝠Leptonycteris curasoae)和鸟类如白翅哀鸽Zenaida asiatica)、紫喉蜂鸟Calypte costae)、黑颏北蜂鸟Archilochus alexandri)、阔嘴蜂鸟Cynanthus latirostris)、巾冠拟黄鹂Icterus cucullatus)、斯氏拟黄鹂Icterus parisorum)、吉拉啄木鸟Melanerpes uropygialis)、黃撲翅鴷Colaptes chrysoides)、黄头金雀Auriparus flaviceps)和美洲家朱雀Carpodacus mexicanus)。[1]

上述的啄木鸟在巨人柱的茎的高处挖洞作为抚养小鸟的地方。猛禽利用大的巨人柱作为狩猎时瞭望的地方,此外还利用其茎的顶部筑巢。

巨人柱无法生活在太干燥和有冰冻危险的地区(比如索諾拉沙漠的高处)。火灾和雷击也对巨人柱造成威胁。此外巨人柱的根虽然分布得非常广,但是却非常浅,这样它们可以利用极小的降水,其缺点是稍微大的风就能将它们吹倒。

在它的家乡巨人柱的平均年龄可达约85岁,极少数甚至超过200岁。对它们来说最危险的时候是在它们年轻时,在这段时间里它们的生长非常缓慢,会被林鼠加拿大盘羊加利福尼亚兔等吃掉。10岁的巨人柱仅约四厘米高(养殖的可达10厘米高)。直到它们达到二至八米高时它们的生长速度才达到最高(约每年10至15厘米),此后其生长速度又降低。

养殖

养殖巨人柱与养殖其它仙人掌的规则一样。冬天最好在约10 °C的温度下完全不浇水。在商店里只能买到生长极缓慢的小植物。大植物受濒危野生动植物物种国际贸易公约附录二的保护,只能在一些植物园中观赏。

外部链接

 src=

参考资料

 src=
 src=
不成熟的果实
  1. ^ Theodore H. Fleming: Sonoran desert columnar cacti and the evolution of generalized pollination systems, Ecological Monographs 71(4): 511-530, 2001
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑

巨人柱: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

巨人柱(學名:Carnegiea gigantea)是巨人柱属(Carnegiea)中唯一的一个物种,屬於仙人掌科,也是世界最高的仙人掌品種之一。其学名是为了纪念美国企业家和慈善家安德鲁·卡內基而起的。

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
维基百科作者和编辑

변경주선인장 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

 src= 변경주는 여기로 연결됩니다. 행정 구역에 대해서는 변경주 (행정 구역) 문서를 참고하십시오.

변경주선인장(弁慶柱仙人掌, Carnegiea gigantea 카르네기이아 기간테아[*])은 변경주선인장속(Carnegiea)에 딸린 유일한 선인장 종이다. 미국의 애리조나주, 멕시코소노라주 등지에 서식한다.

변경주선인장의 이미지는 미국 남서부, 특히 서부 영화와 강렬하게 연관되어 있다. 영어권에서는 사과로(saguaro)라고 하는데, 이것은 마요족 인디언들의 언어가 에스파냐어를 거쳐 영어로 전래된 것이다. 한국에서는 '사와로'라는 잘못된 발음이 알려져 있다.

 src=
어떤 변경주선인장은 대화(en:fasciation)로 인해 "(en:Crest) 모양"을 띈다.
 src=
변경주선인장에 둥지를 튼 참새

변경주선인장은 수명이 긴 편이어서, 흔히 150년 이상 살아간다. 보통 75~100살에 가지가 자라나기 시작하지만, 어떤 개체는 죽을 때까지 가지가 자라나지 않기도 하는데 이러한 경우는 ''이라고 부른다. 가지가 자라나면 끄트머리가 많아지기 때문에, 오직 끄트머리에서 꽃을 피워내고 열매를 맺는 변경주선인장에게 생물학적으로 이득이라고 할 수 있다.

변경주선인장의 성장률은 강수량에 크게 좌우된다. 좀 더 건조한 서부 애리조나에서 자라는 변경주선인장은 투손과 그 근방의 변경주선인장의 절반의 속도로 자라난다. 변경주선인장은 씨앗에서부터 천천히 자라나며, 영양생식(en:vegetative reproduction)이 불가능하고, 40 피트 (12.2 미터) 이상의 높이로 자라난다.[1] 알려진 제일 거대한 변경주선인장은 애리조나 매리코파 군의 '챔피언 사구아로(Champion Saguaro)'이며, 높이 45.3 피트 (13.8 미터)에 둘레 10 피트 (3.1 미터)를 기록했다. 기록으로 남은 제일 키큰 변경주선인장은 케이브 크리크(en:Cave Creek) 근방에서 발견된 가지가 없는 개체인데, 높이 78 피트 (23.8 미터)를 기록했지만 1986년에 폭풍에 휩쓸려 쓰러졌다.[2]

변경주선인장은 상당한 양의 빗물을 흡수하여 저장할 수 있고, 그 과정에서 눈에 띌 정도로 부풀어오르며, 필요할 때 그 물을 천천히 사용한다. 이러한 특성 덕택에 가뭄이 들 때 살아남을 수 있다. 변경주선인장을 기를 때도, 물을 준 지 얼마 되지 않아 흙이 속까지 바싹 마른다면 물이 많이 필요하다는 신호이므로 흠뻑 젖을 정도로 물을 충분히 주면 된다.

비가 많이 내려서 몸에 물을 가득 머금은 변경주선인장의 무게는 3,200–4,800 파운드 (1,500–2,200 kg)까지 나간다.

변경주선인장의 게놈은 염기쌍 100만개 정도의 길이를 갖는다.[3] 염기서열분석(en:Whole genome sequencing)을 통해 변경주선인장의 엽록체의 게놈은 비기생 현화식물 중에서는 제일 짧다는 것을 밝혀냈다.[4]

가시

 src=
변경주선인장의 가시

변경주선인장의 가시는 하루에 1 밀리미터 (0.039 in)씩 자랄 수 있다. 가시를 빛에 비추어보거나 이등분하면, 번갈아가며 가시의 긴 축을 가로지르는 밝고 어두운 띠의 무늬를 볼 수 있다. 이 띠는 하루마다의 성장과 관련이 있다. 기둥선인장의 경우, 가시는 거의 언제나 선인장의 꼭대기에서 생겨나는 엽륜에서 자라나기 시작하며, 계절이 지나기 전에 생장을 멈춘다. 엽륜은 옆으로 밀려나고 꼭대기의 생장점은 계속해서 자라난다. 따라서 오래된 가시는 밑부분에, 새로운 가시는 끝부분에 자리한다. 최근 관련 학계는 개체의 가시 조직의 이산화탄소, 산소 동위원소 비율을 측정하여 개체의 기후, 광합성의 역사를 연구하고 있다.(가시연대학)[5]

 src=
변경주선인장의 꽃

꽃은 4월에서 6월에 개화한다. 색은 하얗고 해가 진 이후에 제대로 피어나며 오후 중반에 닫힌다. 꽃은 해가 떠오른 후에 계속해서 꿀을 생산한다.[6] 꽃은 스스로 수정할 수 없어서(en:Self-incompatibility) 교차수분을 해주어야 한다. 밑씨가 많이 존재하기 때문에 수분을 완전히 끝마치기 위해선 많은 양의 꽃가루가 필요하다. 이렇게 많은 꽃가루를 만들기 위해서 수술도 엄청나게 많은데, 꽃 하나에 3,482개의 수술이 존재한 경우도 보고되었다.[7] 잘 수분된 과일에는 수천개의 작은 씨앗이 들어있다. 변경주선인장은 불필요하게 비대한 수분 체계를 가지고 있는데, 수분을 매개해주는 종의 일부분만 존재하더라도 모든 과일을 수분할 수 있다.

주요 꽃가루매개자꿀벌, 박쥐, 흰날개비둘기(en:white-winged dove)다. 대부분의 개화 시기에는 주행성 동물들이 주로 수분하며, 그 중에서도 꿀벌이 대부분을 차지한다. 다른 주행성 매개자는 코스타벌새(en:Costa's hummingbird), 검은뺨벌새(en:black-chinned hummingbird), 넓적부리벌새(en:broad-billed hummingbird), 목도리찌르레기사촌(en:hooded oriole), 스코트찌르레기사촌(en:Scott's oriole), 힐라딱따구리(en:Gila woodpecker), 노랑머리박새(en:verdin), 멕시코양진이(en:house finch) 등의 새들이다.[8]

주된 야행성 매개자는 작은긴코박쥐이며 꽃꿀을 빨아먹는다. 수많은 꽃의 특징이 박쥐의 수분을 위해 만들어졌다: 밤에 꽃이 피고, 꽃가루는 밤에 성숙하고, 꽃꿀이 굉장히 많이 나오며, 꽃이 땅 위 높이 피어나며, 꽃이 박쥐의 무게를 견딜 수 있도록 튼튼하며, 밤에 향기를 풍긴다. 게다가 꽃가루의 아미노산은 박쥐의 젖의 분비를 유지하도록 돕는 것으로 보인다.

과일

 src=
변경주선인장의 꼭대기의 과일에 올라탄 새
 src=
에드워드 쉐리프 커티스(en:Edward Sheriff Curtis)가 1907년에 촬영한, 사과로 과일을 모으는 마리코파(en:Maricopa) 여성들

빨간색 과일은 길이가 6-9cm에 달하며 6월에 익는다. 과일마다 2,000개의 씨앗과 이를 담은 달콤한 다육질의 과육이 있는데 속의 생김새가 용과와 비슷하다. 과일은 먹을 수 있으며 지역 주민들은 이를 소중하게 여긴다.

과일은 변경주선인장의 높은 꼭대기에 열리기 때문에 손으로 딸 수 없어서, 변경주선인장의 능으로 만든 2-5m 길이의 두 장대를 이은 기다란 장대를 사용하여 수확한다.

오오담 부족은 오랫동안 변경주선인장의 과일을 이용해왔다.[9] 토호노 오오담 부족은 경작물이 자라는 데 필수적인 여름의 비를 위해 변경주선인장의 붉은 과일로 만든 발효 음료를 사용하여 의식을 진행하면서 여름의 성장기의 시작을 맞이한다.

둥지

힐라딱따구리, 멕시코양진이, 보라큰털발제비(en:purple martin), 금색딱따구리(en:Colaptes chrysoides) 등의 토착 조류가 변경주선인장에 난 구멍 안에서 살아간다. 딱다구리는 줄기 높은 곳에 더 큰 구멍을 파낸다.[10] 둥지 삼는 구멍은 새 가족이 밖에서 보이지 않을 정도로 깊다. 변경주선인장은 부상 입은 부위에 캘러스 조직을 만들어낸다. 변경주선인장이 죽어서 부드러운 부위가 썩어버리면 남은 캘러스변경주 주머니라고 불리며 현지인들이 보관 용도로 사용한다.

힐라딱따구리는 오래된 구멍을 재사용하기보다는 새로운 구멍을 파내며, 이전의 구멍은 요정올빼미(en:Elf owl), 산적딱새류, 굴뚝새류 등의 다른 새들이 사용하게 된다.[11] 요즈음에는 일찍 새끼를 치는 공격적인 외래조류가 둥지를 차지하여 나중에 번식하고 둥지를 치는 요정올빼미들에게 해를 끼치고 있다.

민족생물학

상징

변경주선인장은 미국 남서부의 느낌을 전하기 위해 상품과 로고에 흔히 상징으로 사용되는데, 제품이 애리조나주와 소노란 사막과 연관이 있든 없든 상관 없이 쓰인다. 예를 들어 엘 파소 반경 400km 안에는 자연히 자라는 변경주선인장이 발견되지 않지만, 올드 엘파소(en:Old El Paso) 브랜드 제품의 라벨에서 변경주선인장의 실루엣을 찾아볼 수 있다.[12][13] 최근 들어 줄어들긴 했지만, 서부 영화는 한때 애리조나의 모뉴먼트밸리, 뉴멕시코, 유타, 텍사스 등에 변경주선인장을 열정적으로 등장시켰다. 댈러스&텍사스에서 활동하는 밴드 레버런드 호턴 히트(en:Reverend Horton Heat)는 노래 "텍사스에는 사구아로가 없다네(Ain't no Saguaro in Texas)"에서 이러한 현상을 풍자했다.[14] 뉴멕시코, 텍사스, 콜로라도, 유타, 네바다, 애리조나 북부의 고지대 사막의 어떤 곳에서도 야생 변경주선인장은 발견되지 않는다.[13]

현지 규제

미국에서는 애리조나주 법률에 따라 어떤 이유에서든지 변경주선인장을 훼손하는 것은 불법이며, 주택이나 고속도로를 건설할 때 범위 안에 있는 변경주선인장을 부수거나 옮기기 위해선 특별한 허가를 받아야 한다.[15] 다만 10에이커 (40,400제곱미터) 이하의 개인 토지 내에서 건설을 시작한 후에 생겨난 변경주선인장은 토지 내에서 제거할 수 있다.[16] 선인장이 폭풍에 휩쓸려 날아가서 원래 있던 주택 부지에 옮겨지거나, 사람에게 잠재적인 위험이 되는 일은 흔하다.[17]

선인장을 자르면 징역 25년을 구형한다고 공표하고 있지만,[18] 그런 법은 없다. 실제로는 최고형이 3년 9개월에 달하는 클래스 4(class 4)의 중죄로 간주된다.[19]

갤러리

각주

  1. “Life Cycle of the Saguaro” (PDF). Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. 2008. 2013년 12월 4일에 확인함.
  2. “Windstorm Fells 78-Foot Cactus--Tallest in World”. 2015년 8월 4일에 확인함.
  3. “SGP5_Cgig_v1.3 - Genome - Assembly - NCBI”. 《www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov》. 2018년 4월 24일에 확인함.
  4. Sanderson, Michael J.; Copetti, Dario; Búrquez, Alberto; Bustamante, Enriquena; Charboneau, Joseph L. M.; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Kumar, Sudhir; Lee, Hyun Oh; Lee, Junki (2015년 7월 1일). “Exceptional reduction of the plastid genome of saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea): Loss of the ndh gene suite and inverted repeat”. 《American Journal of Botany》 (영어) 102 (7): 1115–1127. doi:10.3732/ajb.1500184. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 26199368.
  5. English, N. B.; Dettman, D. L.; Sandquist, D. R.; Williams, D. G. (2007). “Past climate changes and ecophysiological responses recorded in the isotope ratios of saguaro cactus spines”. 《Oecologia》 154 (2): 247. doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0832-x.
  6. Theodore H. Fleming: Sonoran desert columnar cacti and the evolution of generalized pollination systems. In: Ecological Monographs. Band 71, Number 4, 2001, pp. 511–530, JSTOR.
  7. SCIENCE Vol. 40 (November 6, 1914) p. 680.
  8. Theodore H. Fleming: Sonoran desert columnar cacti and the evolution of generalized pollination systems. In: Ecological Monographs. Band 71, Number 4, 2001, pp. 517–518, JSTOR.
  9. A Natural History of the Sonoran Desert, Edited by Steven J Phillips and Patricia Comus, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2000, p. 193
  10. Mark Elbroch; Eleanor Marie Marks; C. Diane Boretos (2001). 《Bird tracks and sign》. Stackpole Books. 311쪽. ISBN 0-8117-2696-7. Cavities in saguaro cactuses in the Southwest are common. Both gilded flickers and Gila woodpeckers make these cavities for nesting, but they often choose different locations on the cactus. The stouter bills of the gilded flickers allow them to cut cavities through the wooden ribs near the top of the cactus where the ribs converge. Gila woodpeckers stay at midlevel on the cactus where the ribs are separated enough to cut a cavity between them. Cavities in saguaros are cut out by these birds the year before they are inhabited. The excavated cactus secretes a fluid that hardens into a scab, thus preventing water loss, which could kill the cactus, as well as waterproofing the inside of the next cavity.
  11. “Gila woodpecker”. Nature Conservancy. 2010년 5월 2일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2011년 1월 24일에 확인함. Although they do not use them immediately, waiting first for the sap to harden, Gila woodpeckers excavate cavities in cacti and trees as nesting sites. Females typically lay two broods a year of three to five eggs, which incubate for 14 days. Once abandoned, the cavities are occupied by reptiles, rodents, and small birds like kestrels, elf owls, flycatchers, and wrens. In the desert, the woodpeckers perform the important ecological function of removing unhealthy flesh from the saguaro cactus. Some insects on which it feeds carry diseases, harmless to the bird, which damage the cactus and leave discolorations. The marks signal larvae to the bird, and as it excavates the insects, it also cuts away the diseased tissue. As the sap hardens, the cactus is healed, and the excavation becomes a convenient nesting site.
  12. Inc., General Mills. “Cooking Ideas from Old El Paso”. 《www.oldelpaso.com》. 2018년 4월 24일에 확인함.
  13. “Where Saguaros Grow - Saguaro National Park (U.S. National Park Service)”. 《www.nps.gov》. 2018년 4월 24일에 확인함.
  14. Yep Roc Records (2015년 3월 11일). “Reverend Horton Heat - Ain't No Saguaro in Texas" (Official Audio)”. 2018년 4월 24일에 확인함 – YouTube 경유.
  15. “Article 11: Arizona Native Plants”. 《Arizona Department of Agriculture》. 2013년 9월 20일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.
  16. “” (PDF). Arizona Department of Agriculture. 2013년 9월 20일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서.
  17. “Arizona Revised Statutes, A.R.S. 3-904.(H): Destruction of protected plants by private landowners; notice; exception”. Arizona State Legislature. 2018년 10월 16일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2019년 11월 15일에 확인함.
  18. Trimble, Marshall (2012). “Only On Hold Strange Laws Still On The Books In Arizona”. 《Tucson News Now》. Hold. 2017년 7월 2일에 확인함.
  19. Snyder, Stephanie (2010). “Safety of native plants protected under Arizona law”. 《ASU.edu》. Chevas Samuels, McKenzie Manning, Stephanie Snyder. 2017년 7월 2일에 확인함. “While damaging a cactus in Arizona will not warrant the rumored possibility of 25 years in prison, it is still considered a class four felony.”
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자

변경주선인장: Brief Summary ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과
 src= 변경주는 여기로 연결됩니다. 행정 구역에 대해서는 변경주 (행정 구역) 문서를 참고하십시오.

변경주선인장(弁慶柱仙人掌, Carnegiea gigantea 카르네기이아 기간테아[*])은 변경주선인장속(Carnegiea)에 딸린 유일한 선인장 종이다. 미국의 애리조나주, 멕시코소노라주 등지에 서식한다.

변경주선인장의 이미지는 미국 남서부, 특히 서부 영화와 강렬하게 연관되어 있다. 영어권에서는 사과로(saguaro)라고 하는데, 이것은 마요족 인디언들의 언어가 에스파냐어를 거쳐 영어로 전래된 것이다. 한국에서는 '사와로'라는 잘못된 발음이 알려져 있다.

 src= 어떤 변경주선인장은 대화(en:fasciation)로 인해 "(en:Crest) 모양"을 띈다.  src= 변경주선인장에 둥지를 튼 참새

변경주선인장은 수명이 긴 편이어서, 흔히 150년 이상 살아간다. 보통 75~100살에 가지가 자라나기 시작하지만, 어떤 개체는 죽을 때까지 가지가 자라나지 않기도 하는데 이러한 경우는 ''이라고 부른다. 가지가 자라나면 끄트머리가 많아지기 때문에, 오직 끄트머리에서 꽃을 피워내고 열매를 맺는 변경주선인장에게 생물학적으로 이득이라고 할 수 있다.

변경주선인장의 성장률은 강수량에 크게 좌우된다. 좀 더 건조한 서부 애리조나에서 자라는 변경주선인장은 투손과 그 근방의 변경주선인장의 절반의 속도로 자라난다. 변경주선인장은 씨앗에서부터 천천히 자라나며, 영양생식(en:vegetative reproduction)이 불가능하고, 40 피트 (12.2 미터) 이상의 높이로 자라난다. 알려진 제일 거대한 변경주선인장은 애리조나 매리코파 군의 '챔피언 사구아로(Champion Saguaro)'이며, 높이 45.3 피트 (13.8 미터)에 둘레 10 피트 (3.1 미터)를 기록했다. 기록으로 남은 제일 키큰 변경주선인장은 케이브 크리크(en:Cave Creek) 근방에서 발견된 가지가 없는 개체인데, 높이 78 피트 (23.8 미터)를 기록했지만 1986년에 폭풍에 휩쓸려 쓰러졌다.

변경주선인장은 상당한 양의 빗물을 흡수하여 저장할 수 있고, 그 과정에서 눈에 띌 정도로 부풀어오르며, 필요할 때 그 물을 천천히 사용한다. 이러한 특성 덕택에 가뭄이 들 때 살아남을 수 있다. 변경주선인장을 기를 때도, 물을 준 지 얼마 되지 않아 흙이 속까지 바싹 마른다면 물이 많이 필요하다는 신호이므로 흠뻑 젖을 정도로 물을 충분히 주면 된다.

비가 많이 내려서 몸에 물을 가득 머금은 변경주선인장의 무게는 3,200–4,800 파운드 (1,500–2,200 kg)까지 나간다.

변경주선인장의 게놈은 염기쌍 100만개 정도의 길이를 갖는다. 염기서열분석(en:Whole genome sequencing)을 통해 변경주선인장의 엽록체의 게놈은 비기생 현화식물 중에서는 제일 짧다는 것을 밝혀냈다.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자