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Fig 1: Schematic drawing of Prorocentrum lima
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Prorocentrum rhathymum cells are asymmetrical oval in valve view, with the left side of the right valve slightly longer at the apical end. Valve length 29 - 40 microns, valve width 18 - 27microns, length to width ratio 1.4 -1.6. The apical area is a small indentation, covered by many small pores. A spine (approximately 2 microns long) is present to the right of the apical area on the right valve. Cell surface smooth, with large (0.5 microns ) pores, which are arranged in rows radiating from the periphery of the valve. Very small pores (approximately 0.1 microns ) also present. Extrusomes (3 - 5 microns ) are present in the anterior part of the valve, pointing in the direction of the apical area. Nucleus 10 microns diameter, in the posterior part of the valve. Plastid yellow-brown, diffuse.
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Members of this species have a fusiform body. The apex bears a prominent winged spine. In valve view the cell will have one arched and one convex side.
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Exuviaella lima.
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Fig 5:Prorocentrum lima SEM image of cell in right valve view
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Prorocentrum rhathymum. Collected by ATOL team at Oyster Pond near to Woods Hole, Massachusetts for the Protistology Workshop at MBL. October-November 2005. Isolation and art by Adrian Reyes-Prieto.
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Prorocentrum (pro-row-sent-rum) clipeus Hoppenrath 2000. The image shows one of the two valves of a cell. The nucleus is in the posterior of the cell. The plastids are yellow-brown. The cingulum is not visible. There is an apical spine present.
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Fig 1: Prorocentrum emarginatum Schematic diagram (ventral view) redrawn from Tomas et al. 1997.
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Prorocentrum clipeus cells are round, 37 - 44 long, 35 - 42 microns wide, length to width ratio 1.0-1.1. Apical area a wide rounded indentation, with a small list/collar present to the left side of the apical region. Small spine present, projecting from the apical region. Very small pores, approximately 0.1 microns diameter, present around the periphery of the valve and in short rows radiating towards the centre of the cell. Intercalary region with a horizontal banding pattern. Large yellow-brown plastid fills the cytoplasm. Large extrusomes (12 - 13 microns ) present in the anterior part of the valve, pointing towards the apical area. Nucleus large, approximately 20 microns by 10 microns , in the posterior part of the valve.
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Figs 1-6. Plagiodinium belizeanum sp. nov. FIGS. 1-2. Light microscope view. Cells contain chloroplasts, spherical starch bodies (arrowheads) and a spherical posterior nucleus (n). FIG. 1. Cell is in left lateral view. FIG. 2. Cell is in right lateral view. FIGS.3-4. Cells viewed with the scanning electron microscope. FIG. 3. Cell is in left lateral view. FIG. 4. Cell is in right lateral view. Note an inclined, small, cap-shaped epitheca, deep cingulum, and an oblong hypotheca. The thecal surface is smooth. The large hypothecal plates 1'", 2'", 3'" (Fig. 3), and 4'" (Fig. 4) and antapical plate 1" are indicated. FIG. 5. The antapical 1" plate has a convex posterior shape. Small scattered thecal pores (arrowheads) are present. FIG. 6. Apical view of the epitheca. Epitheca narrowly oval pointed ventrally and rounded dorsally. The cingulum is deep, and the anterior and posterior margins are thickened. The cingulum has five plates (C1-C5) and is more depressed at its dorsal side. The hypothecal plates 1'", 2'", and 3'" are shown.
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Fig 2: Prorocentrum emarginatum Schematic diagram (Pore arrangement) from Faust 1990.
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Prorocentrum emarginatum, showing plastids, observed in marine muds and sandy sediments in the vicinity of Broome, Western Australia in September 2003. This image was taken using differential interference contrast optics. This work was supported by the Australian Biological Resources Study.
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Fig 1: Prorocentrum micans Schematic diagram (ventral view) redrawn from Tomas et al. 1997.
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Prorocentrum emarginatum, an empty valve, observed in marine muds and sandy sediments in the vicinity of Broome, Western Australia in September 2003. This image was taken using phase contrast optics. This work was supported by the Australian Biological Resources Study.
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Fig 1: Prorocentrum rhathymum Schematic diagram (valvar view) redrawn (and edited) from Cortés-Altamirano & Sierra-Beltran 2003.
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Prorocentrum (pro-row-sent-rum) lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge 1975. The image shows one of the two valves of a cell. The cingulum is not visible. The plastids are yellow-brown, and surround a large circular pyrenoid in the centre of the cell.
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Figs 7-12. Plagiodinium belizeanum sp. nov. FIG. 7. Cell is in ventral view. Two narrow plates 1'" and 5'" are present slightly displaced. The left ventral plate (‘’’) has an anterior indentation limited to the left by a longitudinal ridge extending posteriorly, decreasing in height, and ending at the middle of the plate. The sulcus is very small. The antapical (1’’’’) plate is convexed posteriorly with a pointed tip in the center of the ventral margin. FIG. 8. Cell is in dorsal view. Hypotheca is oblong and bilaterally flattened. Plates 3'" and 4'" and antapical 1" are separated by wide intercalary bands (arrowheads). FIG. 9. Dorsal view of epitheca. The shape of the epitheca is oblong, undifferentiated (arrow), and reduced in size relative to the hypotheca. Cingulum is broad. FIG. 10. Thecal surface is smooth with scattered pores. Intercalary band delineates plates 4'" and 5'" in the form of a distinct suture. FIG. 11. Inside view of the theca. The inner cell surface is smooth; thecal plates are relatively thick with a distinct intercalary band. Dorsal plate 3'" is convex and attached to plate 4'" (arrowheads). FIG. 12. Inside view of the intercalary band. At this magnification the cell's intercalary band is broadly striated inside (arrows) and outside (arrowheads).
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Fig 2: Prorocentrum rhathymum Schematic diagram (sagital view) redrawn from Cortés-Altamirano & Sierra-Beltran 2003.
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Prorocentrum lima valves are oval, 40 - 45 microns long, 27-33 microns wide , length to width ratio 1.3 - 1.5. Valve surface smooth. Valve pores scattered except in the centre, 58 - 80 per cell, approximately 0.3 microns diameter, round, oval to slightly kidney shaped. Marginal pores around periphery of cell, 51-74 per cell, round to oval approximately 0.3 microns diameter. Intercalary band smooth. Apical area consists of a small triangular indentation. A small flange (apical collar) is present. Plastids large, orange-brown. A pyrenoid, 7 - 8 microns diameter, is situated centrally. Nucleus in the posterior of the valve.
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Figs 13-20. Line drawings of thecal plates of Plagiodinium belizeanum sp. nov. FIG. 13. Left lateral view; FIG. 14. Ventral view; FIG. 15. Antapical view; FIGS. 16. a, b) Plate composition of the epitheca and cingulum. Architecture of epithecal and cingular plates in a left view and right view; FIG. 17. Cross-section of the epitheca (a), cingulum (c), and hypotheca (h); A schematic representation of a section of a cell along the midplane parallel to the ventral surface. FIG. 18. Shape position and designation of plates. Relationship on epitheca plates is: (1’-5' and Po) cingulum (C1-C5), and sulcus (S.a.). A minute thecal element (PO), perhaps the 6th epithecal plate situated by the ventral internal border of the 4' plate, probably represents the rudiment of the PO plate. FIG. 19. Hypothecal plates (1'"-5'") and antapical plate 1"). FIG. 20. Designation, shape, and location of five sulcal plates: S.a., S.d., S.p., S.s., and S.m., surrounded by cingular plates Cl and C5 and epithecal plates 1' and 5'.
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Fig 3: Prorocentrum rhathymum Schematic diagram (apical view) redrawn (and edited) from Cortés-Altamirano & Sierra-Beltran 2003.
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Prorocentrum (pro-row-sent-rum) mexicanum Tafall 1942. The image shows the valve of a cell. The plastid is yellow-brown. There is a small apical spine present. The cingulum is not visible.