Rudd

Distinguished from its congeners in Europe by the following combination of characters: 39-42 scales along lateral line; anal fin with 10-13½ branched rays; 9-12 gill rakers; dorsal head profile straight or slightly convex, snout pointing forward, tip at or slightly above level of middle of eye; back not humped behind nape; eye bit close to dorsal head profile when viewed laterally; articulation of lower jaw in front of anterior margin of eye; head and body compressed, head width 13-14% SL; head length 24-28% SL; caudal peduncle depth 1.5-2.0 times in its length, 11-12% SL; and all fins with reddish hue, pelvic fin deep red (Ref. 59043).Caudal fin with 18-19 rays (Ref. 2196)

Black Spot Disease 1. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)

Males gather at spawning grounds and drive ripe females, often with much splashing, into dense vegetation to spawn (Ref. 59043). Eggs are very sticky (Ref. 59043) and colorless or pale yellow which are found attached to vegetation in shallow water (Ref. 41678).

Potamodromous. Migrating within streams, migratory in rivers, e.g. Saliminus, Moxostoma, Labeo. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.

Dorsal spines (total): 3; Dorsal soft rays (total): 8 - 9; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8 - 12; Vertebrae: 36 - 39

large fish appear to be solitary and join schools of medium-sized individuals only over short stretches (Ref. 46637). Feeds on insects, benthic invertebrates and plants (Ref. 6258). Employs three foraging techniques, either concurrently or alternately. Windborne seeds are taken at the surface; plankton is consumed by swimming up and down and halting abruptly at periodic intervals to snap at prey. When feeding on plant material, the fish tears off pieces of the plant with a jerk of the head. This is often preceded by brief searching activity (Ref. 46637).

Occurs mainly in nutrient-rich, well vegetated lowland rivers, backwaters, oxbows, ponds and lakes. Feeds mainly on plankton, terrestrial insects and plant material. Breeds on roots or submerged plants. Can adapt to unfavorable environmental condition (Ref. 59043). Colorless or pale yellow eggs are found attached to vegetation in shallow water (Ref. 41678). Consumed fresh (Ref. 30578). Threatened due to the introduction of other species (Ref. 26100).

fisheries: minor commercial; aquaculture: commercial; gamefish: yes; aquarium: commercial; bait: usually