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Malacoctenus culebrae.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 1.Neighbor-joining tree derived from cytochrome c oxidase I sequences showing genetically distinct lineages of western Atlantic Starksia.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 2.Male and female color patterns of Starksia sangreyae: A USNM 398932, holotype, BLZ 5111, 16.0 mm SL, male B USNM 398933, BLZ 5033, 16.5 mm SL, female. C–D Diagnostic patterns of cheek pigment of preserved female and male – C USNM 276147, 15.0 mm SL, male D USNM 321073, 18.0 mm SL, female. Photographs by Carole Baldwin, Cristina Castillo, Donald Griswold, and Julie Mounts.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 4.Comparisons among species of the Starksia atlantica complex. Left to right for each row -- Starksia atlantica: AMNH 241247; USNM 399621, BAH 8176, 15.0 mm SL; USNM 386971, 19.0 mm SL; USNM 386242, 17.0 mm SL. Starksia sangreyae: (Note: top and bottom images in first two columns represent Starksia sangreyae A and Starksia sangreyae B genetic sublineages, respectively.) Males – USNM 398936 (top), paratype, BLZ 8028, 17.0 mm SL and USNM 398937 (bottom), paratype, BLZ 8029, 17 mm SL; Females – USNM 398934 (top), paratype, BLZ 5161, 17.0 mm SL and USNM 398940 (bottom), paratype, BLZ 8353, 16.0 mm SL; preserved – USNM 276147, paratype, 15.5 mm SL; USNM 321073, paratype, 18.0 mm SL. Starksia springeri: USNM 399658, paratype, CUR 8148, 15.0 mm SL; USNM 398945, holotype, CUR 08-10, 19.0 mm SL; Starksia sp. (Saba): SABA-06-01, 15.0 mm SL (no voucher).Photographs by Carole Baldwin, Cristina Castillo, Donald Griswold, Julie Mounts, Ross Robertson, James Van Tassell, and Jeffrey Williams.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 1.Neighbor-joining tree derived from cytochrome c oxidase I sequences showing genetically distinct lineages of western Atlantic Starksia.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 3.A Color pattern of Starksia springeri, USNM 399658, CUR 8148, paratype, 15.0 mm SL, male(?) B diagnostic pigment pattern on cheek and pectoral-fin base in preserved Starksia springeri, USNM 398945, holotype, 19.0 mm SL, female. Photographs by Carole Baldwin, Cristina Castillo, and Donald Griswold.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 4.Comparisons among species of the Starksia atlantica complex. Left to right for each row -- Starksia atlantica: AMNH 241247; USNM 399621, BAH 8176, 15.0 mm SL; USNM 386971, 19.0 mm SL; USNM 386242, 17.0 mm SL. Starksia sangreyae: (Note: top and bottom images in first two columns represent Starksia sangreyae A and Starksia sangreyae B genetic sublineages, respectively.) Males – USNM 398936 (top), paratype, BLZ 8028, 17.0 mm SL and USNM 398937 (bottom), paratype, BLZ 8029, 17 mm SL; Females – USNM 398934 (top), paratype, BLZ 5161, 17.0 mm SL and USNM 398940 (bottom), paratype, BLZ 8353, 16.0 mm SL; preserved – USNM 276147, paratype, 15.5 mm SL; USNM 321073, paratype, 18.0 mm SL. Starksia springeri: USNM 399658, paratype, CUR 8148, 15.0 mm SL; USNM 398945, holotype, CUR 08-10, 19.0 mm SL; Starksia sp. (Saba): SABA-06-01, 15.0 mm SL (no voucher).Photographs by Carole Baldwin, Cristina Castillo, Donald Griswold, Julie Mounts, Ross Robertson, James Van Tassell, and Jeffrey Williams.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 1.Neighbor-joining tree derived from cytochrome c oxidase I sequences showing genetically distinct lineages of western Atlantic Starksia.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 7.Male and female color patterns of Starksia weigti: A USNM 399648, holotype, BLZ 5010, 25.0 mm SL, male B BLZ 6121 (no voucher), 18.0 mm SL, female C–D close-up views of diagnostic spotting on lips in life – C BLZ 6120,24.0 mm SL (no voucher), male D USNM 399650, BLZ 5193, 24.0 mm SL, female. Photographs by Carole Baldwin and Julie Mounts.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 10.Comparisons among species of the Starksia lepicoelia complex. Left to right: Starksia lepicoelia (BAH): USNM 399928, BAH 10050, 25.0 mm SL; USNM 399617, BAH 8079, 19.0 mm SL; USNM 399921, BAH 9103, 26.0 mm SL; USNM 386972, 14.0 mm SL; Starksia lepicoelia (TCI): USNM 399638, TCI 9291, 23.5 mm SL; USNM 399641, TCI 9294, 25.5 mm SL; USNM 399642, 23.0 mm SL; USNM 399641, TCI 9294, 25.5 mm SL; Starksia weigti: BLZ 6120, 24.0 mm SL (no voucher); USNM 399650, BLZ 5193, 24.0 mm SL; USNM 399648, BLZ 5010, holotype, 20.5 mm SL; USNM 274922, paratype, 20.0 m SL; Starksia williamsi: USNM 387767, 19.8 mm SL; USNM 387767, 20.2 mm SL; USNM 387675, holotype, 21.0 mm SL; USNM 387869, paratype, 19.5 mm SL; Starksia robertsoni: AMNH 249642, paratype, 21.5 mm SL; USNM 399909, PAN 1419, paratype, 21.0 mm SL; AMNH 249667, holotype, 22.0 mm SL. Photographs by Carole Baldwin, Cristina Castillo, Donald Griswold, Ross Robertson, James Van Tassell, and Jeffrey Williams.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 11.A Comparisons of head pigment of preserved males and females among species of the Starksia lepicoelia complex. Starksia lepicoelia: A USNM 399921, BAH 9103, 26.0 mm SL, male B USNM 399617, BAH 8079, 19.0 mm SL, female; Starksia weigti: C USNM 399648, BLZ 5010, holotype, 20.5 mm SL, male D USNM 399651, BLZ 8024, paratype, 19.0 mm SL, female; Starksia williamsi: E USNM 387675, holotype, 21.0 mm SL, male F USNM 387869, paratype, 19.5 mm SL, female; Starksia robertsoni: G USNM 399913, paratype, 18.0 mm SL, male H AMNH 249667, holotype, 22.0 mm SL, female. Photographs by Carole Baldwin, Cristina Castillo, and Donald Griswold.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 1.Neighbor-joining tree derived from cytochrome c oxidase I sequences showing genetically distinct lineages of western Atlantic Starksia.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 8.Male and female color patterns of Starksia williamsi: A USNM 387869, 19.5 mm SL, male, paratype B USNM 387767, 20.2 mm SL, female, paratype. Photographs by Jeffrey Williams.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 10.Comparisons among species of the Starksia lepicoelia complex. Left to right: Starksia lepicoelia (BAH): USNM 399928, BAH 10050, 25.0 mm SL; USNM 399617, BAH 8079, 19.0 mm SL; USNM 399921, BAH 9103, 26.0 mm SL; USNM 386972, 14.0 mm SL; Starksia lepicoelia (TCI): USNM 399638, TCI 9291, 23.5 mm SL; USNM 399641, TCI 9294, 25.5 mm SL; USNM 399642, 23.0 mm SL; USNM 399641, TCI 9294, 25.5 mm SL; Starksia weigti: BLZ 6120, 24.0 mm SL (no voucher); USNM 399650, BLZ 5193, 24.0 mm SL; USNM 399648, BLZ 5010, holotype, 20.5 mm SL; USNM 274922, paratype, 20.0 m SL; Starksia williamsi: USNM 387767, 19.8 mm SL; USNM 387767, 20.2 mm SL; USNM 387675, holotype, 21.0 mm SL; USNM 387869, paratype, 19.5 mm SL; Starksia robertsoni: AMNH 249642, paratype, 21.5 mm SL; USNM 399909, PAN 1419, paratype, 21.0 mm SL; AMNH 249667, holotype, 22.0 mm SL. Photographs by Carole Baldwin, Cristina Castillo, Donald Griswold, Ross Robertson, James Van Tassell, and Jeffrey Williams.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 11.A Comparisons of head pigment of preserved males and females among species of the Starksia lepicoelia complex. Starksia lepicoelia: A USNM 399921, BAH 9103, 26.0 mm SL, male B USNM 399617, BAH 8079, 19.0 mm SL, female; Starksia weigti: C USNM 399648, BLZ 5010, holotype, 20.5 mm SL, male D USNM 399651, BLZ 8024, paratype, 19.0 mm SL, female; Starksia williamsi: E USNM 387675, holotype, 21.0 mm SL, male F USNM 387869, paratype, 19.5 mm SL, female; Starksia robertsoni: G USNM 399913, paratype, 18.0 mm SL, male H AMNH 249667, holotype, 22.0 mm SL, female. Photographs by Carole Baldwin, Cristina Castillo, and Donald Griswold.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 1.Neighbor-joining tree derived from cytochrome c oxidase I sequences showing genetically distinct lineages of western Atlantic Starksia.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 9.Color and preserved pigment patterns in Starksia robertsoni: A AMNH 249667, 22.0 mm SL, female, holotype (photograph by James Van Tassell and Ross Robertson) B USNM 399911, PAN 1418, 20.0 mm SL, male, paratype (photograph by Carole Baldwin).
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 10.Comparisons among species of the Starksia lepicoelia complex. Left to right: Starksia lepicoelia (BAH): USNM 399928, BAH 10050, 25.0 mm SL; USNM 399617, BAH 8079, 19.0 mm SL; USNM 399921, BAH 9103, 26.0 mm SL; USNM 386972, 14.0 mm SL; Starksia lepicoelia (TCI): USNM 399638, TCI 9291, 23.5 mm SL; USNM 399641, TCI 9294, 25.5 mm SL; USNM 399642, 23.0 mm SL; USNM 399641, TCI 9294, 25.5 mm SL; Starksia weigti: BLZ 6120, 24.0 mm SL (no voucher); USNM 399650, BLZ 5193, 24.0 mm SL; USNM 399648, BLZ 5010, holotype, 20.5 mm SL; USNM 274922, paratype, 20.0 m SL; Starksia williamsi: USNM 387767, 19.8 mm SL; USNM 387767, 20.2 mm SL; USNM 387675, holotype, 21.0 mm SL; USNM 387869, paratype, 19.5 mm SL; Starksia robertsoni: AMNH 249642, paratype, 21.5 mm SL; USNM 399909, PAN 1419, paratype, 21.0 mm SL; AMNH 249667, holotype, 22.0 mm SL. Photographs by Carole Baldwin, Cristina Castillo, Donald Griswold, Ross Robertson, James Van Tassell, and Jeffrey Williams.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 11.A Comparisons of head pigment of preserved males and females among species of the Starksia lepicoelia complex. Starksia lepicoelia: A USNM 399921, BAH 9103, 26.0 mm SL, male B USNM 399617, BAH 8079, 19.0 mm SL, female; Starksia weigti: C USNM 399648, BLZ 5010, holotype, 20.5 mm SL, male D USNM 399651, BLZ 8024, paratype, 19.0 mm SL, female; Starksia williamsi: E USNM 387675, holotype, 21.0 mm SL, male F USNM 387869, paratype, 19.5 mm SL, female; Starksia robertsoni: G USNM 399913, paratype, 18.0 mm SL, male H AMNH 249667, holotype, 22.0 mm SL, female. Photographs by Carole Baldwin, Cristina Castillo, and Donald Griswold.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 1.Neighbor-joining tree derived from cytochrome c oxidase I sequences showing genetically distinct lineages of western Atlantic Starksia.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 12.Male and female color patterns of Starksia greenfieldi:A USNM 398920, TOB 9212, 15.0 mm SL, male B USNM 398922, TOB 9282, 19.0 mm SL, female C–E Diagnostic features of preserved Starksia greenfieldi - C USNM USNM 398919, paratype, male, 22.0 m SL, note pale spots on head D USNM 320832, holotype, male, 19.0 mm SL, note pale spots on head and dark blotch in anterior portion of spinous dorsal fin E USNM 320829, female, 22.0 mm SL, note pale spots on head. Photographs by Carole Baldwin, Cristina Castillo, and Donald Griswold.
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Carole C. Baldwin, Cristina I. Castillo, Lee A. Weigt, Victor Benjamin C.
Zookeys
Figure 15.Comparisons among species of the Starksia sluiteri complex and Starksia fasciata. Starksia greenfieldi, left to right: USNM 398921, paratype, TOB 9275, 17.0 mm SL; USNM 398922, paratype, TOB 9282, 19.0 mm SL; USNM, 320832, holotype, 19.0 mm SL; USNM 320829, paratype, 22.0 mm SL. Starksia langi: USNM 398931, BLZ 8266, 18.0 mm SL; USNM 398928, BLZ 8062, 17.0 mm SL; USNM 349080, paratype, 18.0 mm SL; USNM 398927, holotype, 17.0 mm SL. Starksia sluiteri: USNM 399626, CUR8271, 16.5 mm SL; USNM 399624, CUR8226, 18.5 mm SL; USNM 195750, 16.9 mm SL. Starksia fasciata:USNM 399681, TCI 9204, 14.0 mm SL; USNM 399683, TCI 9349, 18.0 mm SL. Juveniles/small adults: Starksia greenfieldi, USNM 398925, TOB 9213; Starksia langi, USNM 398930, paratype, BLZ 8216; Starksia sluiteri, USNM 399625, CUR 8227. Photographs by Carole Baldwin, Cristina Castillo, Donald Griswold, and Jeffrey Williams.
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larval Starksia occidentalis