Year-to-year survival is age dependent for brown thrashers. Survival rate is approximately 35% for their first and second years, 50% between second and third years, and 75% between third and fourth years. Limitations to lifespan include disease (for example Salmonella tymphimurium), parasitism, and sometimes exposure to cold temperatures. The longest known lifespan in the wild is twelve years and in captivity, ten to twelve years.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 12 (high) years.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 10 to 12 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 11.34 to 17.61 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 14.14 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 12 years.
Brown thrashers communicate mainly with vocalizations. They use mimicry extensively as well and are well known for their songs. Males have the largest documented song repertoire of all North American bird. This includes over 1100 types of songs. At young ages, birds most commonly use "alarm noises". Primary modes of perception include visual and tactile. Brown thrashers use mainly vision to find food and their tactile abilities to search for and manipulate food.
Communication Channels: acoustic
Other Communication Modes: mimicry
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Brown thrashers are not listed as threatened or endangered in any part of their range. No management actions are known to increase or maintain populations. Dangers include pesticides, collisions with structures, and some degradation of habitats. These effects have yet to become harmful enough to cause concern.
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Brown thrashers can be significant pests in fruit orchards and crop fields.
Negative Impacts: crop pest
Brown thrashers are one of the best and most spectacular singers of all North American birds. Avid bird watchers enjoy the chance to see and hear these birds.
Positive Impacts: ecotourism ; research and education
Ecosystem roles include competition with other birds for nesting sites and resources. Also these birds are prey for many snakes and other birds.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Brown thrashers eat insects, primarily beetles and other arthropods, fruits, and nuts. They forage for food on the ground in leaf litter below trees and shrubs. These birds sweep the soil and leaf litter with rapid side-to-side movements that scatter leaves. After sweeping a few times, they will probe the soil and litter with their beaks.
Animal Foods: insects
Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit
Primary Diet: omnivore
Brown thrashers are found from southeastern Canada through eastern, central, and southeastern United States. Brown thrashers are the only thrasher species east of the Rocky Mountains and central Texas. During the breeding season brown thrashers primarily inhabit areas of southern Canada south to east central Texas. Migration is over short distances and at night. In winter, these birds migrate from the northern parts of their range into the southern parts of their range.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )
Brown thrashers are found in warm, dry habitats, such as warm forest edges and dense thickets. They are also found in suburban and agricultural areas.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; scrub forest
Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural ; riparian
Adults have rufous upperparts and white underparts with a long, black tail. They have long, straight bills and yellow eyes. Males and females are alike in size and coloration. They are from 23.5 cm to 30.5 cm long, with wingspans of 9.4 to 11.1 cm long. The young appear the same except their upperparts are spotted and their eyes are gray. There are two sub-species, brown thrashers (T. rufum rufum) and long-billed thrashers (T.rufum longirostre). Long-billed thrashers are unique in their dull upperparts, gray head, orange eye, and long, straight bill.
Range mass: 89 (high) g.
Average mass: 68.8 g.
Range length: 235 to 305 mm.
Range wingspan: 94 to 111 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) have been documented visiting brown thrasher nests to break the eggs. Two hypotheses are proposed to explain this heterospecific egg destruction behavior: resource competition and egg predation. These birds both live in shrubs and have similar timing in breeding. They compete for the resources of this habitat. Once the catbird has broken the egg, usually it will consume the contents. This egg consumption is consistent with the proposed egg predation hypothesis. The eggs of brown thrashers are also preyed on by many species of snakes. Adults and nestlings are preyed on by falcons.
To respond to predation, brown thrashers have a few natural defenses. Adults are aggressive and often chase predators from the nest. Adults will use their bill to hit predators, these are large birds and they can cause significant damage to small and medium-sized predators. Other defenses include flapping theirwings and vocalizations.
Known Predators:
Brown thrashers belong to the mimic thrush family, Mimidae. They are among the most vocal birds and often mimic other species. Other birds in this group include northern mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) and gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis).
The best time to observe these birds is in April, before nest sites are established. During this time males sing on high branches to attract mates.
When males arrive at the breeding grounds they establish a territory. In the southern parts of their range breeding starts in February and March, in the northern parts, breeding starts in May and June. Soon after this, pairs are formed and they begin to build a nest. Mates find each other with calls, most commonly using a call similar to a "tick" or "tchuck". Once the bond is formed and the nest is built, the pair will mate.
Mating System: monogamous
Brown thrasher breeding seasons vary with geographic region. Birds in the southern region breed from February to March; while those in the northern region breed from May to June. Brown thrashers lay three to five eggs each breeding season. Incubation takes about two weeks, once the eggs have hatched, nestlings take from 9 to 13 days to fledge. Independence is reached 17 to 19 days later.
Breeding interval: Brown thrashers breed once yearly.
Breeding season: Breeding season varies geographically. Southern populations breed in February and March, northern populations birds breed in May and June
Range eggs per season: 3 to 5.
Range time to hatching: 11 to 14 days.
Range fledging age: 9 to 13 days.
Range time to independence: 17 to 19 days.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Average eggs per season: 4.
Both parents incubate, brood, and feed nestlings. They incubate by sitting tightly on the nest and slip off when disturbed. During the incubation period, the female does the majority of the incubating. Both parents feed the chicks.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female)
A large (11 ½ inches) songbird, the Brown Thrasher is most easily identified by its rusty-brown back, speckled breast, long rounded tail, and long curved bill. This species may be distinguished from the related Long-billed Thrasher (Toxostoma longirostre) by that species’ paler plumage and from several species of brown New World thrushes by their smaller sizes and shorter tails. Male and female Brown Thrashers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Brown Thrasher breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada. Northerly-breeding populations migrate to the southeastern U.S. and east Texas for the winter. Populations breeding further south are non-migratory. Brown Thrashers breed in a variety of semi-open habitats with large quantities of groundcover, including forest edges, grasslands, and shrubby fields. Birds that migrate south in winter utilize similar habitat types as they do on their breeding grounds further north. Brown Thrashers eat a variety of plant and animal foods, including insects, spiders, berries, and fruits. In appropriate habitat, Brown Thrashers may be seen foraging for food on the ground or in the branches of low bushes and shrubs. A close relative of the mockingbirds, this species is also known for its ability to mimic other birds, and may be identified aurally by its habit of repeating each mimicked bird vocalization twice in a row before moving on (for comparison, the Northern Mockingbird repeats each vocalization three or more times, while the Gray Catbird, another mimic, switches vocalizations for each refrain). Brown Thrashers are primarily active during the day.
A large (11 ½ inches) songbird, the Brown Thrasher is most easily identified by its rusty-brown back, speckled breast, long rounded tail, and long curved bill. This species may be distinguished from the related Long-billed Thrasher (Toxostoma longirostre) by that species’ paler plumage and from several species of brown New World thrushes by their smaller sizes and shorter tails. Male and female Brown Thrashers are similar to one another in all seasons. The Brown Thrasher breeds across much of the eastern United States and southern Canada. Northerly-breeding populations migrate to the southeastern U.S. and east Texas for the winter. Populations breeding further south are non-migratory. Brown Thrashers breed in a variety of semi-open habitats with large quantities of groundcover, including forest edges, grasslands, and shrubby fields. Birds that migrate south in winter utilize similar habitat types as they do on their breeding grounds further north. Brown Thrashers eat a variety of plant and animal foods, including insects, spiders, berries, and fruits. In appropriate habitat, Brown Thrashers may be seen foraging for food on the ground or in the branches of low bushes and shrubs. A close relative of the mockingbirds, this species is also known for its ability to mimic other birds, and may be identified aurally by its habit of repeating each mimicked bird vocalization twice in a row before moving on (for comparison, the Northern Mockingbird repeats each vocalization three or more times, while the Gray Catbird, another mimic, switches vocalizations for each refrain). Brown Thrashers are primarily active during the day.
'''Toxostoma rufum[2] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Mimidae mesma de Norteamérica.
El cuitlacoche acoloratáu ye color castañu acoloratáu nes partes cimeres y blancu con un motudu escuru nes partes inferiores. La so cola ye llarga, acoloratada con cantos más claros arrondaos. Los güeyos son de color mariellu intensu. El promediu de los adultos ye de 29 cm de llongura con un valumbu alar de 33 cm, y pesa alredor de 68 gramos.[3]
Sábese que los cuitlacoche acolorataos tienen hasta más de 3000 cantares únicos nel so repertoriu vocal. [4] [5] [6]
Alcuéntrase en carbes y parrotales trupos, de cutiu en busca d'alimentu nes fueyes seques nel suelu. Tamién esfruta de la converxencia del verde cortáu y non cortáu, sobremanera si hai un ampliu terrén de parrotales, esto ye, árboles frutales con maleza. Tamién esfruta de xardinos perennes y puede vese saltando dende'l suelu p'atrapar inseutos nes flores y la xamasca. La so área de reproducción inclúi los Estaos Xuníos y Canadá, al este de la montes predresos.Trátase d'una migración parcial, onde les aves del norte pasen l'iviernu nel sur d'EE.XX. Solo hai un rexistru británicu d'este viaxe tresatlánticu.
Esta ave ye omnívora, come inseutos, bayes, nueces y semilla, según lombriz, caracoles y, dacuando lagartija.
La fema pon 3-5 güevos nun nial de ramines llenes de yerba.El nial ye construyíu nun parrotal trupu o na parte baxa d'un árbol. Dambos padres guaren y alimenten a les sos críes.Estes aves tienen dos o tres generaciones nun añu. Ellos son capaces de cantar hasta 3000 distintes cantares. El machu canta una serie de frases curties repitíes melodiosamente dende una percha abierta pa defender el so territoriu y ye tamién bien agresivu na defensa del nial.
A pesar d'esta ave espandióse a munchos llugares y entá ye común, menguó la so población en delles árees por cuenta de la perda d'hábitat fayadizu.
El cuitlacoche acoloratáu ye'l páxaru oficial del estáu de Xeorxa, y foi la inspiración pal nome de l'antigua Lliga Nacional del equipu de Ḥoquei n'Atlanta, los Atlanta Thrashers, pol so nome n'inglés.
'''Toxostoma rufum ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Mimidae mesma de Norteamérica.
Ar risweer rous a zo un evn hag a vev e Norzhamerika. Toxostoma rufum eo e anv skiantel.
Diouzh an evnoniourien e vez renket ar risweer rous er c'herentiad Mimidae pe Sturnidae.
Ar risweer rous a zo un evn hag a vev e Norzhamerika. Toxostoma rufum eo e anv skiantel.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Tresglen gynffonhir (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: tresglod cynffonhir) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Toxostoma rufum; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Brown thrasher. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Gwatwarwyr (Lladin: Mimidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1] Dyma aderyn sydd i'w gael yng ngwledydd Prydain, ond nid yng Nghymru.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn T. rufum, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.
Mae'r tresglen gynffonhir yn perthyn i deulu'r Gwatwarwyr (Lladin: Mimidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Cathaderyn du Melanoptila glabrirostris Cathaderyn llwyd Dumetella carolinensis Crynwr brown Cinclocerthia ruficauda Gwatwarwr cefnwinau Mimus dorsalis Gwatwarwr glas Melanotis caerulescens Gwatwarwr y Gogledd Mimus polyglottos Gwatwarwr y paith Mimus patagonicus Tresglen Cozumel Toxostoma guttatum Tresglen grymbig Toxostoma curvirostre Tresglen gynffonhir Toxostoma rufum Tresglen hirbig Toxostoma longirostre Tresglen saets Oreoscoptes montanus Tresglen Sorocco Mimus graysoniAderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Tresglen gynffonhir (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: tresglod cynffonhir) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Toxostoma rufum; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Brown thrasher. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Gwatwarwyr (Lladin: Mimidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes. Dyma aderyn sydd i'w gael yng ngwledydd Prydain, ond nid yng Nghymru.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn T. rufum, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.
Die Rotspottdrossel oder Rotrücken-Spottdrossel (Toxostoma rufum) ist ein nordamerikanischer Singvogel.
Die 29 cm lange Rotspottdrosselist ist oberseits rotbraun gefärbt, unterseits weiß mit braunen Streifen. Der Vogel besitzt zwei weiße Flügelstreifen und einen langen Schwanz mit weißen äußeren Schwanzfedern. Der lange Schnabel ist etwas nach unten gebogen.
Die Rotspottdrossel lebt in Südkanada und den zentralen und östlichen USA in Waldregionen, Gebüsch, Hecken und Gärten. Die nördlichen Populationen ziehen im Winter nach Süden.
Der scheue Vogel sucht am Boden unter Blättern nach Insekten, Regenwürmern und manchmal auch Eidechsen. Nüsse, Samen und Beeren ergänzen den Speiseplan.
In einem Schalennest aus Zweigen, mit feinerem Pflanzenmaterial ausgekleidet, in Gestrüpp oder dichtem Unterwuchs bebrüten beide Elternvögel abwechselnd zwei bis sechs Eier rund zwei Wochen lang. Mit nur neun Tagen werden die Jungvögel flügge. Die Vögel verteidigen ihre Nester aggressiv und greifen auch Hunde und Menschen an, manchmal sogar so heftig, dass Blut fließt. Die Rotrücken-Spottdrossel brütet gewöhnlich zwei-, selten auch dreimal im Jahr.
Die Rotspottdrossel ist der offizielle Staatsvogel von Georgia und der Namensgeber der Atlanta Thrashers, des Clubs in der National Hockey League aus Atlanta.
Die Rotspottdrossel oder Rotrücken-Spottdrossel (Toxostoma rufum) ist ein nordamerikanischer Singvogel.
The brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), sometimes erroneously called the brown thrush or fox-coloured thrush, is a bird in the family Mimidae, which also includes the New World catbirds and mockingbirds. The brown thrasher is abundant throughout the eastern and central United States and southern and central Canada, and it is the only thrasher to live primarily east of the Rockies and central Texas. It is the state bird of Georgia.
As a member of the genus Toxostoma, the bird is relatively large-sized among the other thrashers. It has brown upper parts with a white under part with dark streaks. Because of this, it is often confused with the smaller wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), among other species. The brown thrasher is noted for having over 1000 song types, and the largest song repertoire of birds.[3] However, each note is usually repeated in two or three phrases.
The brown thrasher is an omnivore, with its diet ranging from insects to fruits and nuts. The usual nesting areas are shrubs, small trees, or at times on ground level. Brown thrashers are generally inconspicuous but territorial birds, especially when defending their nests, and will attack species as large as humans.[4]
The brown thrasher was originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae as Turdus rufus.[5] The genus name Toxostoma comes from the Ancient Greek toxon, "bow" or "arch" and stoma, "mouth". The specific rufum is Latin for "red", but covers a wider range of hues than the English term.[6]
Although not in the thrush family, this bird is sometimes erroneously called the brown thrush.[7] The name misconception could be because the word thrasher is believed to derive from the word thrush.[8][9] The naturalist Mark Catesby called it the fox-coloured thrush.[10]
Genetic studies have found that the brown thrasher is most closely related to the long-billed and Cozumel thrashers (T. longirostre & guttatum), within the genus Toxostoma.[11][12]
The brown thrasher is bright reddish-brown above with thin, dark streaks on its buffy underparts.[13] It has a whitish-colored chest with distinguished teardrop-shaped markings on its chest. Its long, rufous tail is rounded with paler corners, and eyes are a brilliant yellow. Its bill is brownish, long, and curves downward. Both male and females are similar in appearance.[14] The juvenile appearance of the brown thrasher from the adult is not remarkably different, except for plumage texture, indiscreet upper part markings, and the irises having an olive color.[10]
The brown thrasher is a fairly large passerine, although it is generally moderate in size for a thrasher, being distinctly larger than the sage thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus) but similar or somewhat smaller in size than the more brownish Toxostoma species found further west. Adults measure around 23.5 to 30.5 cm (9.3 to 12.0 in) long with a wingspan of 29 to 33 cm (11 to 13 in), and weigh 61 to 89 g (2.2 to 3.1 oz), with an average of 68 g (2.4 oz).[15] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 9.5 to 11.5 cm (3.7 to 4.5 in), the tail is 10.9 to 14.1 cm (4.3 to 5.6 in), the culmen is 2.2 to 2.9 cm (0.87 to 1.14 in) and the tarsus is 3.2 to 3.6 cm (1.3 to 1.4 in).[10] There are two subspecies:[10] the 'brown thrasher' (T. rufum rufum), which lies in the eastern half of Canada and the United States,[10] and the 'western brown thrasher' (T. rufum longicauda (Baird, 1858)),[16][17] which resides in the central United States east of the Rocky Mountains and southern central Canada. The western brown thrasher is distinguished by a more cinnamon upper part, whiter wing bars, and darker breast spots than T.rufum rufum.[10][17]
The lifespan of the brown thrasher varies on a year-to-year basis, as the rate of survival the first year is 35%, 50% in between the second and third year, and 75% between the third and fourth year.[14] Disease and exposure to cold weather are among contributing factors for the limits of the lifespan. However, the longest lived thrasher in the wild is 12 years, and relatively the same for ones in captivity.[14]
The similar-looking long-billed thrasher has a significantly smaller range.[18] It has a gray head and neck, and has a longer bill than the brown thrasher.[10] The brown thrasher's appearance is also strikingly similar to the wood thrush, the bird that it is usually mistaken for.[10] However, the wood thrush has dark spots on its under parts rather than the brown thrashers' streaks, has dark eyes, shorter tail, a shorter, straighter bill (with the head generally more typical of a thrush) and is a smaller bird.[10][19]
The brown thrasher resides in various habitats. It prefers to live in woodland edges, thickets and dense brush,[20] often searching for food in dry leaves on the ground.[21] It can also inhabit areas that are agricultural and near suburban areas, but is less likely to live near housing than other bird species.[10][14] The brown thrasher often vies for habitat and potential nesting grounds with other birds, which is usually initiated by the males.[14]
The brown thrasher is a strong, but partial migrant, as the bird is a year-round resident in the southern portion of its range.[8] The breeding range includes the United States and Canada east of the Rocky Mountains, but has been occasionally spotted West of the Rockies.[22][23] The increase in trees throughout the Great Plains during the past century due to fire suppression and tree planting facilitated a westward range expansion of the brown thrasher[24] as well as range expansions of many other species of birds.[25][26][27] Studies indicate that thrashers that reside in the New England region of the United States during the breeding season fly toward the Carolinas and Georgia, birds located in the east of the Mississippi winter from Arkansas to Georgia, and birds located in the Dakotas and the central Canadian provinces head towards eastern Texas and Louisiana.[10] When the species does migrate, it is typically for short distances and during the night.[14] There are also records of the bird wintering in Mexico,[28] as well as a British record of a transatlantic vagrant.[29]
The brown thrasher has been observed either solo or in pairs. The brown thrasher is usually an elusive bird, and maintains its evasiveness with low-level flying.[30][31] When it feels bothered, it usually hides into thickets and gives cackling calls.[31] Thrashers spend most of their time on ground level or near it. When seen, it is commonly the males that are singing from unadorned branches.[32] The brown thrasher has been noted for having an aggressive behavior,[33] and is a staunch defender of its nest.[14] However, the name does not come from attacking perceived threats, but is believed to have come from the thrashing sound the bird makes when digging through ground debris.[14][34] It is also thought that the name comes from the thrashing sound that is made while it is smashing large insects to kill and eventually eat.[35]
This bird is omnivorous, which has a diet that includes insects, berries, nuts and seeds, as well as earthworms, snails, and sometimes lizards and frogs.[36] Across seasons and its breeding range, it was found 63% of stomach contents were made of animal matter, the remaining 37% being plant material.[37] During the breeding season, the diet consists primarily of beetles, grasshoppers, and other arthropods, and fruits, nuts and seeds. More than 80% of the diet of brown thrasher from Illinois is made of animal matter, about 50% being beetles.[38] In Iowa, about 20% of the summer diet was found to consist of grasshoppers.[39] By the late summer, it begins to shift towards more of a herbivore diet, focusing on fruits, nuts, seeds, and grains, 60% of the food in Illinois being fruits and seeds.[38][40] By winter, the customary diet of the brown thrasher is fruit and acorns.[41] Wintering birds in Texas were found to eat 58% plant material (mainly sugar berry and poison ivy) and 42% animal material in October; by March, in the dry period when food supply is generally lower, 80% of the food became animal and only 20% plants.[42] Vertebrates are only eaten occasionally and are often comprised by small reptiles and amphibians, such as lizards, small or young snakes, tree frogs and salamanders.[37][43]
The brown thrasher utilizes its vision while scouring for food. It usually forages for food under leaves, brushes, and soil debris on the ground using its bill.[44] It then swipes the floor in side-to-side motions, and investigates the area it recently foraged in.[14] The brown thrasher forages in a similar method to the long-billed thrasher and Bendire's thrasher (T. longirostre & bendirei), picking food off the ground and under leaf litter, whereas thrashers with sharply decurved bills are more likely to dig into the ground to obtain food.[45] Foraging success is 25% greater in dry leaf litter as compared to damp leaf letter.[46] The brown thrasher can also hammer nuts such as acorns in order to remove the shell.[14] It has also been noted for its flexibility in catching quick insects, as the amount of vertebrae in its neck exceeds giraffes and camels.[47] In one case, a brown thrasher was observed to dig a hole about 1.5 cm (0.59 in) deep, place an acorn in it and hit the acorn until it cracked, considered to be a form of tool usage.[48] In a laboratory experiment, a brown thrasher was found to be able to discern and reject the toxic eastern newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) and a palatable mimic of that species, the red salamander (Pseudotriton ruber), but continued to eat palatable dusky salamanders (Desmognathus spp.).[49]
Brown thrashers are typically monogamous birds, but mate-switching does occur, at times during the same season.[36][50] Their breeding season varies by region. In the southeastern United States, the breeding months begin in February and March, while May and June see the commencement of breeding in the northern portion of their breeding range. When males enter the breeding grounds, their territory can range from 2 to 10 acres (0.81 to 4.05 ha).[50][51] Around this time of the year the males are usually at their most active, singing loudly to attract potential mates, and are found on top of perches.[36][52] The courting ritual involves the exchanging of probable nesting material. Males will sing gentler as they sight a female, and this enacts the female to grab a twig or leaf and present it to the male, with flapping wings and chirping sounds. The males might also present a gift in response and approach the female.[53][54] Both sexes will take part in nest building once mates find each other, and will mate after the nest is completed.[14]
The female lays 3 to 5 eggs, that usually appears with a blueish or greenish tint along with reddish-brown spots.[20] There are rare occurrences of no spots on the eggs.[4] The nest is built twiggy, lined with grass, leaves, and other forms of dead vegetation. The nests are typically built in a dense shrub or low in a tree, usually up to 2.1 m (6.9 ft) high, but have built nests as high as 6 m (20 ft).[4] They also on occasion build nests on the ground. Between eleven days to two weeks, the eggs hatch. Both parents incubate and feed the young, with the female doing most of the incubating. Nine to thirteen days after hatching, the nestlings begin to fledge. These birds raise two, sometimes even three, broods in a year.[55] The male sings a series of short repeated melodious phrases from an open perch to declare his territory,[56] and is also very aggressive in defending the nest, known to strike people and animals.[57]
The male brown thrasher may have the largest song repertoire of any North American bird, which has been documented as at least over 1,100.[14] Some sources state that each individual has up to 3,000 song phrases,[58][59] while others put the number beyond 3,000.[60][61][62] The males' singing voice usually contains more of a melodic tone than that of the related grey catbird.[63] Its song are coherent phrases that are iterated no more than three times, but has been done for minutes at a time.[4][64] By the fall, the male sings with smoother sub-songs.[4] During the winter, the males may also sing in short spurts during altercations with neighboring males.[41]
In the birds' youth, alarm noises are the sounds made.[14] As an adult, the brown thrasher has an array of sounds it will make in various situations. Both male and females make smack and teeooo-like alarm calls when provoked, and hijjj sounds at dusk and dawn.[65] Others calls may consist of an acute, sudden chakk,[4] rrrrr, a Tcheh sound in the beginning that ends with an eeeur, kakaka, and sounds reminiscent of a stick scraping a concrete sidewalk.[66] Brown thrashers are noted for their mimicry (as a member of the family Mimidae), but they are not as diverse in this category as their relative the northern mockingbird.[4][35] However, during the breeding season, the mimicking ability of the male is at its best display, impersonating sounds from tufted titmice (Baeolophus bicolor), northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), wood thrushes, northern flickers (Colaptes auratus), among other species.[50]
Although this bird is widespread and still common, it has declined in numbers in some areas due to loss of suitable habitat.[67][68][69] Despite the decrease, the rate does not warrant a status towards vulnerable.[70] One of the natural nuisances is the parasitic brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater), but these incidents are rare. Whenever these situations occur, the brown thrashers usually discard of the cowbirds' eggs.[24][71] Occasionally, the thrasher has thrown out their own eggs instead of the cowbird eggs due to similar egg size,[72] and at least one recorded event raised a fledgling.[71] Northern cardinals and grey catbirds are also major competitors for thrashers in terms of territorial gain.[72] Because of the apparent lack of opportunistic behavior around species like these, thrashers are prone to be driven out of zones for territory competition.[73] Brown thrashers have tendencies to double-brood or have failures on their first nesting attempts due to predation.[74] Grey catbirds have been seen invading brown thrashers' nests and breaking their eggs.[14] Other than the catbird, snakes, birds of prey, and cats are among the top predators of the thrasher.[75] In Kansas, at least eight species of snake were identified as potentially serious sources of nest failure.[76] Among the identified avian predators of adults are Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperii),[77] northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis),[78] broad-winged hawks (Buteo platypterus),[79] merlins (Falco columbarius),[80] peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus),[81] eastern screech-owls (Megascops asio),[82] great horned owls (Bubo virginianus)[83] barred owls (Strix varia)[84] and long-eared owls (Asio otus).[84]
The brown thrasher methods of defending itself include using its bill, which can inflict significant damage to species smaller than it, along with wing-flapping and vocal expressions.[75]
The brown thrasher is the state bird of Georgia. The brown thrasher also was the inspiration for the name of Atlanta's former National Hockey League team, the Atlanta Thrashers, who relocated in 2011 to become the current Winnipeg Jets (the original Jets relocated in 1996 to become the Coyotes).[85]
The brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), sometimes erroneously called the brown thrush or fox-coloured thrush, is a bird in the family Mimidae, which also includes the New World catbirds and mockingbirds. The brown thrasher is abundant throughout the eastern and central United States and southern and central Canada, and it is the only thrasher to live primarily east of the Rockies and central Texas. It is the state bird of Georgia.
As a member of the genus Toxostoma, the bird is relatively large-sized among the other thrashers. It has brown upper parts with a white under part with dark streaks. Because of this, it is often confused with the smaller wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), among other species. The brown thrasher is noted for having over 1000 song types, and the largest song repertoire of birds. However, each note is usually repeated in two or three phrases.
The brown thrasher is an omnivore, with its diet ranging from insects to fruits and nuts. The usual nesting areas are shrubs, small trees, or at times on ground level. Brown thrashers are generally inconspicuous but territorial birds, especially when defending their nests, and will attack species as large as humans.
El cuitlacoche rojizo (Toxostoma rufum)[2] es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Mimidae propia de Norteamérica.
El cuitlacoche rojizo es color castaño rojizo en las partes superiores y blanco con un moteado oscuro en las partes inferiores. Su cola es larga, rojiza con bordes más claros redondeados. Los ojos son de color amarillo intenso. El promedio de los adultos es de 29 cm de largo con una envergadura alar de 33 cm, y pesa alrededor de 68 gramos.[3]
Se sabe que los cuitlacoche rojizos tienen hasta más de 3000 cantos únicos en su repertorio vocal. [4] [5] [6]
Se encuentra en matorrales y arbustos densos, a menudo en busca de alimento en las hojas secas en el suelo. También disfruta de la convergencia del césped cortado y no cortado, sobre todo si hay un amplio terreno de arbustos, es decir, árboles frutales con maleza. También disfruta de jardines perennes y se puede ver saltando desde el suelo para atrapar insectos en las flores y el follaje. Su área de reproducción incluye los Estados Unidos y Canadá, al este de la montañas rocosas.Se trata de una migración parcial, donde las aves del norte pasan el invierno en el sur de EE.UU. Solo hay un registro británico de este viaje transatlántico.
Esta ave es omnívora, come insectos, bayas, nueces y semillas, así como lombrices, caracoles y, a veces lagartijas.
La hembra pone 3-5 huevos en un nido de ramitas llenas de hierba.El nido es construido en un arbusto denso o en la parte baja de un árbol. Ambos padres incuban y alimentan a sus crías.Estas aves tienen dos o tres generaciones en un año. Ellos son capaces de cantar hasta 3000 distintas canciones. El macho canta una serie de frases breves repetidas melodiosamente desde una percha abierta para defender su territorio y es también muy agresivo en la defensa del nido.
A pesar de esta ave se ha expandido a muchos lugares y aún es común, ha disminuido su población en algunas áreas debido a la pérdida de hábitat adecuado.
El cuitlacoche rojizo es el pájaro oficial del estado de Georgia, y fue la inspiración para el nombre de la antigua Liga Nacional del equipo de Hockey en Atlanta, los Atlanta Thrashers, por su nombre en inglés.
El cuitlacoche rojizo (Toxostoma rufum) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Mimidae propia de Norteamérica.
Toxostoma rufum Toxostoma generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Mimidae familian sailkatua dago.
Ruostesirppimatkija (Toxostoma rufum) on pitkäpyrstöinen matkijoiden heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.
Linnun pituus on noin 2330– cm, siipien kärkiväli 29–31 cm ja paino noin 60–90 g. Ruostesirppimatkija on helppo tuntea: sen höyhenpuku on päältä ruosteenruskea ja alta vaalea tummin nuolenkärkitäplin. Sen pyrstö on hyvin pitkä, lähes puolet linnun pituudesta. Sukupuolet ovat samanvärisiä.[2] Laji on tiheiköissä piileskelevä.
Ruostesirppimatkija elää Pohjois-Amerikan itäosassa, Itä-Teksasista ja Floridasta Kanadan eteläosiin. Pohjoiset kannat ovat muuttolintuja, jotka talvehtivat Yhdysvaltain kaakkoisosissa. Laji on tavattu Englannissa ainakin vuonna 1967 ja myöhemmin Saksassa.[2] Lajin esiintymisalueen laajuus on noin 5,7 miljoonaa neliökilometriä ja populaation koko noin 7,3 miljoonaa yksilöä.
Ruostesirppimatkijat asuvat harvoissa metsissä, joissa on runsas pensaskerros. Ne viihtyvät myös pusikkoisilla viljelmillä ja muun kaltaisissa tiheiköissä.[2] Lajin kanta on pienentynyt, johtuen pesimäalueiden eli tiheikköjen ja pensaikkojen vähenemisestä.
Pesä on matalalla puussa tai pensaassa, ja se on rakennettu ohuista oksista ja ruohoista. Naaras munii 3–5 munaa. Sekä naaras että koiras hautovat. Poikaset jättävät pesän 9–13 päivän ikäisinä. Pesyeitä on kaksi tai kolme. Emot puolustavat pesäänsä raivokkaasti ja saattavat hyökätä ihmisenkin kimppuun.
Ruostesirppimatkija on kaikkiruokainen, syöden marjoja, hedelmiä, pähkinöitä ja pieniä selkärangattomia.
Ruostesirppimatkija (Toxostoma rufum) on pitkäpyrstöinen matkijoiden heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.
Toxostoma rufum
Le Moqueur roux (Toxostoma rufum) est une espèce d'oiseau appartenant à la famille des Mimidae. Le moqueur roux (en anglais thrasher), est le symbole de l'ancienne équipe de hockey sur glace des Thrashers d'Atlanta qui évoluait dans la Ligue nationale de hockey.
Toxostoma rufum
Un moqueur roux à Central Park, New York, dans le jardin de Shakespeare. Février 2021.Le Moqueur roux (Toxostoma rufum) est une espèce d'oiseau appartenant à la famille des Mimidae. Le moqueur roux (en anglais thrasher), est le symbole de l'ancienne équipe de hockey sur glace des Thrashers d'Atlanta qui évoluait dans la Ligue nationale de hockey.
De rosse spotlijster (Toxostoma rufum) is een vogel uit de familie van de spotlijsters (Mimidae).
De vogel een heeft vosbruine kop en bruine bovendelen. De borst is gestreept zoals bij de grote lijster. Spotlijsters zijn echter wat forser en langgerekter dan echte lijsters.
Hij zoekt insecten tussen de dode bladeren in de herfst, vandaar zijn Amerikaanse naam thrasher. De vogel weet zich goed te verbergen en is vaak alleen aan zijn roep te herkennen. Hij is in de afgelopen jaren duidelijk wat zeldzamer geworden.
Hij komt algemeen voor in het oosten van de Verenigde Staten (in Europa soms als dwaalgast) en is een vogel van tuin- en parklandschappen.
De soort telt 2 ondersoorten:
De rosse spotlijster (Toxostoma rufum) is een vogel uit de familie van de spotlijsters (Mimidae).
Przedrzeźniacz rudy (Toxostoma rufum) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny przedrzeźniaczy (Mimidae).
Wyróżniono dwa podgatunki T. rufum[3][4]:
Ptak był oficjalną maskotką klubu hokejowego Atlanta Thrashers (oficj. ang. Brown Thrasher), w latach 1999-2011 występującego w lidze NHL.
Przedrzeźniacz rudy (Toxostoma rufum) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny przedrzeźniaczy (Mimidae).
Rödbrun härmtrast[2] (Toxostoma rufum) är en tätting i familjen härmtrastar som förekommer i östra Nordamerika, känd för sin mycket rika sångrepertoar.[3]
Rödbrun härmtrast är en medelstor härmtrast med en kroppslängd på 23,5 till 30 centimeter.[4] Den är starkt rödbrun ovan med vita vingband och tunna mörka streck på dess beige undersida.[5] Det vita bröstet är täckt av droppformade fläckar. Stjärten är lång, rödbrun och rundad med blekare hörn. Ögonen är lysande gula. Den bruna näbben är lång och nerböjd. Könen liknar varandra.[6] Den västliga underarten (se nedan) är något mer kanelbrun ovan, har vitare vingband och mörkare fläckar. [7][8]
Med över 1.100 varianter kan hanen rödbrun härmtrast kan ha den största sångrepertoaren av alla nordamerikanska fåglar.[9] Sången består av olika fraser som upprepas upp till tre gånger, men som kan hålla på i flera minuter.[10][11]
Rödbrun härmtrast delas in i två underarter med följande utbredning:[3]
En enda gång har arten påträffats i Europa, i Dorset, Storbritannien 5 februari 1967.[12]
Dess närmaste släktingar är långnäbbad härmtrast och den möjligen utdöda cozumelhärmtrasten.[13]
Rödbrun härmtrast förekommer i olika typer av miljöer men föredrar skogskanter och täta buskage[14] där den ofta söker efter föda bland torra löv på marken.[15] Den förekommer också i jordbruksområden och stadsnära natur, men är mindre benägen att hålla sig nära bebyggelse än andra arter.[7][6] Arten lever ett tillbakadraget liv och ses enstaka eller i par. Fågeln är en allätare som intar både insekter, maskar, sniglar och ibland ödlor och groddjur, men även nötter, bär och frön.[16]
Rödbruna härmtrastar är vanligtvis monogama fåglar, men kan byta partner, till och med mitt under en och samma säsong.[16][17] I sydöstra USA häckar från februari och mars, i norr i maj och juni. Hanen och honan bygger boet tillsammans[6] i en tät buske eller lågt i ett träd, vanligtvis upp till drygt två meter ovan mark.[10] De parar sig efter det.[6] Honan lägger tre till fem blå- eller grönaktiga rödbrunfläckade ägg[14] som ruvas av båda könen i mellan elva och 14 dagar. De hjälps även åt med att mata ungarna som är flygga nio till 13 dagar efter kläckning. Rödbrun härmtrast lägger två, ibland tre kullar per år.[18] Hanen försvarar aggressivt boet och är känd för att attackera andra djur och till och med människor.[19]
Det senaste århundradet har arten expanderat västerut när prärien beskogats.[20] Arten minskar dock i antal i vissa områden på grund av habitatförlust.[21][22][23] Mellan 1966 och 2015 har populationen minskat med så mycket som 41%.[24] Den betraktas dock ändå inte som hotad. Internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN kategoriserar därför arten som livskraftig (LC).[1] Världspopulationen uppskattas till 4,9 miljoner häckande individer.[25]
Även om det är sällsynt drabbas rödbrun härmtrast av boparasiten brunhuvad kostare. Den försvarar sig dock oftast genom att kasta ut kostarens ägg ur boet.[26][27] Röd kardinal och grå kattfågel konkurrerar med rödbrun härmtrast om samma levnadsmiljö,[28] varvid härmtrasten oftast körs iväg.[29] Grå kattfågel har till och med setts invadera rödbrun härmtrasts bon för att förstöra äggen.[6] I övrigt är artens största hot ormar, rovfåglar och katter.[30]
Rödbrun härmtrast är deltstaten Georgias officiella fågel. Den är även inspirationskälla för det före detta NHL-laget Atlanta Thrashers.[31]
Rödbrun härmtrast (Toxostoma rufum) är en tätting i familjen härmtrastar som förekommer i östra Nordamerika, känd för sin mycket rika sångrepertoar.
Toxostoma rufum là một loài chim trong họ Mimidae.[1]
Toxostoma rufum (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ареал Охранный статусКори́чневый пересме́шник[1] (лат. Toxostoma rufum) — североамериканская певчая птица семейства пересмешниковых.
Длина тела коричневого пересмешника 29 см. Оперение сверху окрашено в красно-коричневый цвет, низ белый с коричневыми полосками. У птицы 2 белых полосы на крыльях и длинный хвост с белыми внешними перьями. Длинный клюв загнут немного вниз.
Обитает на юге Канады и в центральных и восточных районах США в лесных регионах, кустарнике, живых изгородях и садах. Северные популяции мигрируют зимой на юг.
Робкая птица ищет на земле среди листьев насекомых, дождевых червей и иногда также ящериц. Орехи, семена и ягоды дополняют её рацион.
В чашеобразном гнезде из веток, выстланном более тонким материалом из растений, в густом кустарнике или в гуще ветвей обе родительских птицы высиживают попеременно от 2 до 6 яиц примерно 2 недели. Только на девятый день молодые птицы становятся самостоятельными. Птицы защищают свои гнёзда агрессивно и атакуют также собак и людей, иногда даже настолько сильно, что течёт кровь. Птицы гнездятся обычно два, редко три раза в год.
Коричневый пересмешник является официальным символом американского штата Джорджия. птица дала название хоккейному клубу из американского города Атланта Атланта Трэшерз («Пересмешники Атланты»).
Кори́чневый пересме́шник (лат. Toxostoma rufum) — североамериканская певчая птица семейства пересмешниковых.
チャイロツグミモドキ(茶色鶫擬[2]、Toxostoma rufum)は、鳥類の一種。
北アメリカ大陸
チャイロツグミモドキ(茶色鶫擬、Toxostoma rufum)は、鳥類の一種。