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Zhelèstids ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els zhelèstids (Zhelestidae) són una família de mamífers extints que visqueren durant el Cretaci en allò que avui en dia és Euràsia i Nord-amèrica.[1] Se'ls ha classificat de diferents maneres dins del clade dels euteris i fins i tot s'ha dit que formen un tàxon parafilètic,[2] però la solució més acceptada és classificar-los com a família incertae sedis dins del clade Eutheria.

Referències

  1. 1,0 1,1 «The Paleobiology Database. Informació taxonòmica i de distribució sobre plantes i animals fòssils.» (en anglès).
  2. A. Averiànov i J. D. Archibald «Mammals from the mid-Cretaceous Khodzhakul Formation, Kyzylkum Desert, Uzbekistan» (en anglès). Cretaceous Research, vol. 26, 4, 2005, pàg. 593-608.
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Zhelèstids: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Els zhelèstids (Zhelestidae) són una família de mamífers extints que visqueren durant el Cretaci en allò que avui en dia és Euràsia i Nord-amèrica. Se'ls ha classificat de diferents maneres dins del clade dels euteris i fins i tot s'ha dit que formen un tàxon parafilètic, però la solució més acceptada és classificar-los com a família incertae sedis dins del clade Eutheria.

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Zhelestidae

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Zhelestidae is a lineage of extinct eutherian mammals. Occurring in the Late Cretaceous from the Turonian to the Maastrichtian, they were an extremely successful group, with representatives present in Europe, Asia, India (and subsequently in Madagascar), Africa and North America, ostensibly rendering them a cosmopolitan clade. They were specialised towards an herbivorous lifestyle and were in fact initially considered stem-ungulates,[2] but the presence of epipubics and "archaic" dental characters render them as non-placental eutherians.[3][4][5][6][7][8]

Range

The earliest zhelestid remains occur in the Cenomanian of Central Asia. By the Campanian, however, they are present in Europe and North America, and by the Maastrichtian in India and in Madagascar (UA 8699). In Europe, then an island continent, taxa usually accepted to be zhelestids are the most common Late Cretaceous mammal remains, aside from Hateg Island where kogaionid multituberculates are more common instead, though there is a single possible zhelestid tooth there as well.[9]

Ecology

Zhelestids are well specialised towards an herbivorous diet, their teeth suited for a lateral chewing mechanism similar to that of modern ungulates. An exception to this might be forms like Oxlestes and Khuduklestes, which are normally interpreted as carnivorous, and perhaps a few forms like Borisodon which may have been insectivorous. Ranging from mouse sized forms to ones comparable to small ungulates in size, zhelestids occupied a massive variety of ecological guilds.

In contrast to their dietary divergence, the few available limb remains suggest that they weren't very specialised locomotion wise, in contrast to some other basal eutherians like for instance Zalambdalestes, which was long-limbed and had several adaptations for cursoriality and hopping.

There is evidence that zhelestids were in direct competition with another clade of Mesozoic herbivorous mammals, the multituberculates, being rarer in places where these were most common and vice versa.[10] However, multituberculates eventually outlived zhelestids, surviving the K-Pg extinction event everywhere but Asia, where the niches taken by both clades in the Cretaceous would be taken by early rodents.[11]

References

  1. ^ "Zhelestidae". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
  2. ^ L. A. Nessov, J. D. Archibald, and Z. Kielan-Jaworowska. 1998. Ungulate-like mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and a phylogenetic analysis of Ungulatomorpha. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 34:40-88
  3. ^ J. R. Wible, G. W. Rougier, M. J. Novacek and R. J. Asher. 2007. Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary. Nature 447:1003-1006
  4. ^ J. DAVID ARCHIBALD and ALEXANDER AVERIANOV, Phylogenetic analysis, taxonomic revision, and dental ontogeny of the Cretaceous Zhelestidae (Mammalia: Eutheria), Version of Record online: 25 JAN 2012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00771.x
  5. ^ Kenneth D. Rose, J. David Archibald, The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades, JHU Press, 22/02/2005
  6. ^ Rodolphe Tabuce, Thierry Tortosa, Monique Vianey-Liaud, Géraldine Garcia, Renaud Lebrun, Pascal Godefroit, Yves Dutour, Sévérine Berton, Xavier Valentin and Gilles Cheylan (2013). «New eutherian mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Aix-en-Provence Basin, south-eastern France». Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 169 (3): 653-672. doi:10.1111/zoj.12074.
  7. ^ Averianov, A.O. and Archibald, J.D. 2013. New material and reinterpretation of the Late Cretaceous eutherian mammal Paranyctoides from Uzbekistan. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (1): 17–23. https://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2011.0131
  8. ^ Gheerbrant E. & Teodori D. 2021. — An enigmatic specialized new eutherian mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Western Europe (Northern Pyrenees), in Folie A., Buffetaut E., Bardet N., Houssaye A., Gheerbrant E. & Laurin M. (eds), Palaeobiology and palaeobiogeography of amphibians and reptiles: An homage to Jean-Claude Rage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (13): 207-223. https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a13
  9. ^ Rodolphe Tabuce Thierry Tortosa Monique Vianey‐Liaud Géraldine Garcia Renaud Lebrun Pascal Godefroit Yves Dutour Sévérine Berton Xavier Valentin Gilles Cheylan, New eutherian mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Aix‐en‐Provence Basin, south‐eastern France, 29 October 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12074
  10. ^ Guillermo W. Rougier; Amir S. Sheth; Barton K. Spurlin; Minjin Bolortsetseg; Michael J. Novacek (2016). "Craniodental anatomy of a new Late Cretaceous multituberculate mammal from Udan Sayr, Mongolia" (PDF). Palaeontologia Polonica. 67: 197–248. doi:10.4202/pp.2016.67_197.
  11. ^ Wood, D. Joseph (2010). The Extinction of the Multituberculates Outside North America: a Global Approach to Testing the Competition Model (M.S.). The Ohio State University.
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Zhelestidae: Brief Summary

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Zhelestidae is a lineage of extinct eutherian mammals. Occurring in the Late Cretaceous from the Turonian to the Maastrichtian, they were an extremely successful group, with representatives present in Europe, Asia, India (and subsequently in Madagascar), Africa and North America, ostensibly rendering them a cosmopolitan clade. They were specialised towards an herbivorous lifestyle and were in fact initially considered stem-ungulates, but the presence of epipubics and "archaic" dental characters render them as non-placental eutherians.

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Zhelestidae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Zhelestidae es una familia extinta de mamíferos euterios. Se encuentran en localidades del Cretácico Superior desde el Turoniano hasta el Maastrichtiano, siendo un grupo extremadamente exitoso, con representantes presentes en Europa, Asia, India (y posteriormente en Madagascar), África y América del Norte. Se especializaron en un estilo de vida herbívoro e inicialmente se los consideró ungulados basales, [1]​ pero, por la presencia de huesos epipúbicos y caracteres dentales "arcaicos", fueron reclasificados como euterios no placentarios.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Taxonomía

Actualmente se consideran válidos los siguientes géneros:

El género Paranyctoides se considera el taxón hermano de todos los Zhelestidae.

Referencias

  1. L. A. Nessov, J. D. Archibald, and Z. Kielan-Jaworowska. 1998. Ungulate-like mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan and a phylogenetic analysis of Ungulatomorpha. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History 34:40-88
  2. J. R. Wible, G. W. Rougier, M. J. Novacek and R. J. Asher. 2007. Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary. Nature 447:1003-1006
  3. J. DAVID ARCHIBALD and ALEXANDER AVERIANOV, Phylogenetic analysis, taxonomic revision, and dental ontogeny of the Cretaceous Zhelestidae (Mammalia: Eutheria), Version of Record online: 25 JAN 2012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00771.x
  4. Kenneth D. Rose, J. David Archibald, The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades, JHU Press, 22/02/2005
  5. Rodolphe Tabuce, Thierry Tortosa, Monique Vianey-Liaud, Géraldine Garcia, Renaud Lebrun, Pascal Godefroit, Yves Dutour, Sévérine Berton, Xavier Valentin and Gilles Cheylan (2013). «New eutherian mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Aix-en-Provence Basin, south-eastern France». Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 169 (3): 653-672. doi:10.1111/zoj.12074.
  6. Averianov, A.O. and Archibald, J.D. 2013. New material and reinterpretation of the Late Cretaceous eutherian mammal Paranyctoides from Uzbekistan. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (1): 17–23. https://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2011.0131
  7. Gheerbrant E. & Teodori D. 2021. — An enigmatic specialized new eutherian mammal from the Late Cretaceous of Western Europe (Northern Pyrenees), in Folie A., Buffetaut E., Bardet N., Houssaye A., Gheerbrant E. & Laurin M. (eds), Palaeobiology and palaeobiogeography of amphibians and reptiles: An homage to Jean-Claude Rage. Comptes Rendus Palevol 20 (13): 207-223. https://doi.org/10.5852/cr-palevol2021v20a13
  8. Emmanuel Gheerbrant and Humberto Astibia (2012). «Addition to the Late Cretaceous Laño mammal faunule (Spain) and to the knowledge of European "Zhelestidae" (Lainodontinae nov.)». Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183 (6): 537-546. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.537.

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Zhelestidae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Zhelestidae es una familia extinta de mamíferos euterios. Se encuentran en localidades del Cretácico Superior desde el Turoniano hasta el Maastrichtiano, siendo un grupo extremadamente exitoso, con representantes presentes en Europa, Asia, India (y posteriormente en Madagascar), África y América del Norte. Se especializaron en un estilo de vida herbívoro e inicialmente se los consideró ungulados basales, ​ pero, por la presencia de huesos epipúbicos y caracteres dentales "arcaicos", fueron reclasificados como euterios no placentarios.​​​​​​

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Zhelestidae ( Italian )

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Gli zhelestidi (Zhelestidae) sono un gruppo di mammiferi euteri estinti, di incerta collocazione sistematica. Vissero nel Cretacico superiore (Cenomaniano - Maastrichtiano, circa 95 - 66 milioni di anni fa), ma vi è la possibilità che alcuni di essi siano sopravvissuti fino al Paleocene inferiore (circa 60 milioni di anni fa). I loro resti fossili sono stati ritrovati in Asia centrale, Nordamerica ed Europa.

Descrizione

Di questi animali sono noti solo frammenti fossili, principalmente della dentatura, ed è quindi impossibile ipotizzarne l'aspetto complessivo. Da alcuni resti cranici della specie Aspanlestes aptap, sembra che l'aspetto dovesse essere abbastanza simile a quello di un insettivoro di forma robusta, con una scatola cranica bassa e un muso stretto. Le dimensioni delle varie specie erano molto variabili, e potevano avere una taglia compresa tra quella di un toporagno a quella di un piccolo gatto.

Gli zhelestidi erano caratterizzati da una dentatura simile a quella riscontrabile negli ungulati primitivi (ad esempio il gruppo polifiletico dei condilartri). I premolari erano stretti e non rigonfi, e alcune forme possedevano premolari a doppia radice. Il terzo premolare superiore era più grande del quarto, e poteva essere leggermente molariforme in alcuni generi; il quarto premolare superiore, a volte, possedeva un piccolo paraconulo. Il quinto premolare inferiore era sprovvisto di paraconide ma possedeva un piccolo metaconide e un abbozzo di bacino del talonide. In generale, i molari erano di forma intermedia tra quelli degli euteri primitivi e quelli degli ungulati.

Classificazione

La famiglia Zhelestidae è stata istituita da Nessov nel 1990, per accogliere alcune forme di mammiferi del Cretaceo superiore dell'Asia centrale, caratterizzati da una dentatura che per certi versi richiamava gli ungulati arcaici. Sono generalmente classificati tra gli zhelestidi quattro generi provenienti dalla zona di Dzharakuduk in Uzbekistan (Zhelestes, Aspanlestes, Parazhelestes, Eoungulatum); altri zhelestidi di incerta classificazione sono noti in Uzbekistan (Sheikhdzheilia, Eozhelestes), Kazakhstan (Borisodon), Giappone ("Sorlestes"), Spagna (Lainodon e Labes), Francia (Labes), USA (Avitotherium, Gallolestes) e Messico (Gallolestes). Il genere Paranyctoides del Nordamerica e dell'Asia è stato considerato uno stretto parente degli zhelestidi (Averianov e Archibald, 2013).

Gli zhelestidi sono stati a lungo accostati agli ungulati primitivi, a causa di molte caratteristiche della dentatura; tuttavia, secondo Archibald e Averianov (2007) le analisi cladistiche di questi studi non avrebbero utilizzato abbastanza mammiferi placentali cenozoici per determinare se effettivamente gli zhelestidi fossero placentali arcaici vicini agli ungulati. Le analisi cladistiche più recenti sembrerebbero indicare che gli zhelestidi siano addirittura al di fuori del gruppo dei placentali, pur rimanendo all'interno degli euteri basali (Wible et al., 2007; Giallombardo, 2009). Secondo queste analisi, quindi, la dentatura simile tra zhelestidi e ungulati arcaici sarebbe frutto di convergenza evolutiva.

Paleoecologia

Gli zhelestidi furono i primi mammiferi euteri a specializzarsi nella dieta erbivora. Questi animali potrebbero aver occupato con successo la nicchia ecologica dei piccoli erbivori nel Cretaceo superiore dell'Asia centrale, all'epoca costituita da una pianura semitropicale e da ambienti costieri. Nello stesso periodo, la stessa nicchia ecologica era occupata in Mongolia dai multitubercolati, che abitavano un ambiente più arido e di altipiano.

Bibliografia

  • Averianov, AO (2000), Mammals from the Mesozoic of Kirgizstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan and Tadzhikistan in MJ Benton, MA Shishkin, DM Unwin & EN Kurochkin (eds.), The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia, Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 627-652.
  • J. David Archibald, & Alexander O. Averianov, 2007. Zhelestids: stem eutherians or basal laurasiatherians, but no evidence for placental orders in the Cretaceous, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology vol. 27 (supplement to no. 3): 41A.
  • Wible, J. R., G. W. Rougier, M. J. Novacek & R. J. Asher. 2007. Cretaceous eutherians and Laurasian origin for placental mammals near the K/T boundary. Nature 447: 1003-1006.
  • Giallombardo, Andres, 2009. New Cretaceous mammals from Mongolia and the early diversification of Eutheria Ph.D. dissertion, Columbia University, 2009. 402 pages; AAT 3373736
  • Archibald, J. D., and Averianov, A., 2012, Phylogenetic analysis, taxonomic revision, and dental ontogeny of the Cretaceous Zhelestidae (Mammalia: Eutheria): Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 164, p. 361-426. doi 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00771.x
  • Emmanuel Gheerbrant and Humberto Astibia (2012). «Addition to the Late Cretaceous Laño mammal faunule (Spain) and to the knowledge of European "Zhelestidae" (Lainodontinae nov.)». Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183 (6): 537-546.
  • Averianov, A.O. and Archibald, J.D. 2013. New material and reinterpretation of the Late Cretaceous eutherian mammal Paranyctoides from Uzbekistan. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (1): 17–23. https://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2011.0131

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Zhelestidae: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Gli zhelestidi (Zhelestidae) sono un gruppo di mammiferi euteri estinti, di incerta collocazione sistematica. Vissero nel Cretacico superiore (Cenomaniano - Maastrichtiano, circa 95 - 66 milioni di anni fa), ma vi è la possibilità che alcuni di essi siano sopravvissuti fino al Paleocene inferiore (circa 60 milioni di anni fa). I loro resti fossili sono stati ritrovati in Asia centrale, Nordamerica ed Europa.

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Zhelestidae ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Zhelestidae is een familie van uitgestorven zoogdieren uit de Eutheria. De dieren uit deze familie leefden tijdens het Krijt in Noord-Amerika, Azië en Europa.[1]

Verwantschap

De Zhelestidae bevindt zich aan de basis van de placentadieren, na eerder als basale Laurasiatheria te zijn beschouwd.[2] Als mogelijke Laurasiatheria werd de Zhelestidae aangedragen als ondersteuning voor het moleculaire bewijs van splitsing in het Krijt binnen de Boreoeutheria in de Laurasiatheria en de Euarchontoglires. Vondsten uit Centraal-Azië van de Zhelestidae van ongeveer 85 miljoen jaar oud vallen binnen de veronderstelde periode van deze splitsing.[3]

Beschrijving

De zoogdieren uit de Zhelestidae waren spitsmuisachtige insectivoren. Het waren kleine dieren met schedels van mogelijk 10 tot 30 mm lang en bekend van tanden, kaken en beenderen van de oorregio.[4]

Voorkomen

De oudste soorten zijn bekend uit Oezbekistan en leefden 85 tot 90 miljoen jaar geleden. Zhelestes, de naamgever van de familie, behoort tot de vroege vormen. Later leefden ook soorten in Noord-Amerika en Europa. Alostera en Paranyctoides zijn bekend van fossielen uit het Maastrichtien van het voormalige Noord-Amerikaanse subcontinent Laramidia. Paranyctoides werd eerder bij de Nyctitheriidae ingedeeld, een groep van spitsmuisachtige insectivoren uit het Paleogeen die mogelijk tot de Eulipotyphla behoort.[5]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Fossilworks: family Zhelestidae
  2. Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals. TJD Halliday, P Upchurch & A Goswami. Biological Reviews (2015).
  3. Geography and dating of the basal placental divergence. In: Vertebrate Palaeontology. MJ Benton (2005).
  4. Cretaceous placental mammals. In: Vertebrate Palaeontology. MJ Benton (2005).
  5. Mammals from the age of dinosaurs: origins, evolution and structure. Z Kielan-Jaworowska, RL Cifelli & ZX Luo. Columbia University Press (2004).
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Zhelestidae: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Zhelestidae is een familie van uitgestorven zoogdieren uit de Eutheria. De dieren uit deze familie leefden tijdens het Krijt in Noord-Amerika, Azië en Europa.

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Zhelestidae ( Ukrainian )

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Zhelestidae — викопна родина плацентарних ссавців, що існувала протягом крейдового періоду. Скам'янілі рештки представників родини знаходять у Північній Америці та Євразії. Zhelestidae вважаються предками сучасних парнокопитних.

Роди

Рід Paranyctoides вважається сестринським таксоном до родини Zhelestidae.

Посилання

  • Archibald, J.D.; Averianov, A. 2012: Phylogenetic analysis, taxonomic revision, and dental ontogeny of the Cretaceous Zhelestidae (Mammalia: Eutheria). Zoological journal of the Linnean Society, 164(2): 361–426. DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00771.x
  • Averianov, A.O. and Archibald, J.D. 2013. New material and reinterpretation of the Late Cretaceous eutherian mammal Paranyctoides from Uzbekistan. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 58 (1): 17-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2011.0131
  • Rodolphe Tabuce, Thierry Tortosa, Monique Vianey-Liaud, Géraldine Garcia, Renaud Lebrun, Pascal Godefroit, Yves Dutour, Sévérine Berton, Xavier Valentin and Gilles Cheylan (2013). «New eutherian mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Aix-en-Provence Basin, south-eastern France». Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 169 (3): pp. 653–672. doi:10.1111/zoj.12074.


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Zhelestidae: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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Zhelestidae — викопна родина плацентарних ссавців, що існувала протягом крейдового періоду. Скам'янілі рештки представників родини знаходять у Північній Америці та Євразії. Zhelestidae вважаються предками сучасних парнокопитних.

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