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Trophic Strategy

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Green monkeys are both frugivorous and folivorous depending on the availability of leaves and fruit. Green monkeys adapt to available resources depending on the time of year and environmental conditions. During the dry season or after a fire, little fruit is available. Green monkeys forage across short expanses of grassland eating available plants. Nonetheless, fruits are preferred to leaves and less nutritious grasses commonly found in savannas. When rain is plentiful, fruits become more abundant. Fruits typically are collected in the trees and common fruit species eaten include wild bananas, papayas, and mangos. In the wild, green monkeys commonly use a mouth pouch to store and carry food as it is found. These pouches are present in all members of the Cercopithecoidea. This behavior protects valuable food from other consumers and allows green monkeys to continue collecting food for extended periods.

Plant Foods: leaves; roots and tubers; fruit; nectar; flowers; sap or other plant fluids

Other Foods: fungus

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore , Frugivore )

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Keller, M. 2010. "Chlorocebus sabaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_sabaeus.html
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Untitled

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The taxonomy of green monkeys has recently been a topic of discussion. In the past, green monkeys and their close relatives were included in the species Cercopithecus aethiops. However, recently green monkeys received specific status. The generic name Cercopithecus is still mistakenly used in reference to green monkeys occasionally and is the name that was used in older literature.

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Keller, M. 2010. "Chlorocebus sabaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_sabaeus.html
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Behavior

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Green monkeys are very vocal primates. Vocalizations serve mainly to alert local members to danger. Using distinct vocalizations, green monkeys are able to differentiate among various predators and levels of danger. Green monkeys have evolved a unique call for each predator. Males are also capable of communicating through body language. Using brightly colored genitalia, green monkeys can signal danger to other monkeys without vocalizations. This form of non-verbal communication is also a method of establishing social hierarchies and male dominance. A more subtle mode of communication is through facial expressions. Research demonstrates that facial expression is correlated with emotional state. Feelings of anger, elation, and even frustration are manifested in distinct facial expressions. It is possible that green monkeys use facial expressions to indicate danger or satisfaction, depending on the circumstances.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Keller, M. 2010. "Chlorocebus sabaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_sabaeus.html
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Conservation Status

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Although green monkeys are not considered endangered, it is feared that continued hunting, trapping, and habitat destruction will drive populations to low levels in their native range in Africa. Continued research is being conducted in order to better understand the ecology of green monkeys and how to protect populations. However, in the Caribbean, where they are introduced, green monkeys are considered pests and populations have become dense in some areas.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Keller, M. 2010. "Chlorocebus sabaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_sabaeus.html
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Benefits

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In West Africa, humans rarely come into contact with green monkeys. In the Caribbean, green monkey populations have expanded due to a lack of natural predators. There, they are crop pests, foraging on fruit and other crops.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Keller, M. 2010. "Chlorocebus sabaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_sabaeus.html
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Benefits

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Green monkeys and related species have been used extensively in biomedical research. Many studies have been conducted on the effects of infectious diseases on primate biology. Most notably, valuable advances in HIV/AIDS can be directly connected to experiments performed on green monkeys.

Positive Impacts: pet trade ; food ; research and education

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Keller, M. 2010. "Chlorocebus sabaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_sabaeus.html
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Associations

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Very little is known about the ecosystem role of green monkeys. However, they are highly frugivorous and likely play a large role in spreading seeds throughout the ecosystem. Also, their herbivorous diet competes with that of insects, birds, bats, and other species of primates. The large population density of green monkeys makes them accessible to many predators. Thus, they are a valuable source of food for other organisms including African cats, predatory birds, and sometimes baboons.

Documented cases of green monkey parasites are prevalent. Protozoan parasites and helminths (parasitic worms) are the most common and harmful organisms that plague green monkeys in the wild.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium parvum)
  • parasitic worms
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Keller, M. 2010. "Chlorocebus sabaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_sabaeus.html
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Distribution

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Chlorocebus sabaeus (the green monkey) is found almost exclusively in West Africa. It ranges from Senegal to the White Volta River in Ghana and can be found in many other African nations. Chlorocebus sabaeus was introduced to the Caribbean islands during extensive slave trading in the 1600s. These islands include St. Kitts, Nevis, and Bardados.

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native ); neotropical (Introduced )

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Keller, M. 2010. "Chlorocebus sabaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_sabaeus.html
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Habitat

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Although green monkeys prefer specific environmental conditions, they easily adapt to a wide range of habitats. In Africa, green monkeys live south of the Sahara Desert in forests that border woody grasslands. These areas are normally characterized by low, bushy foliage and tall grasses. Green monkeys live near the edges of these transitional forests and can be found crossing savannas between forest edges. They avoid the interior of dense, wet forests. Green monkeys also have colonized coastal regions of West Africa, although this is a deviation from habitat norms. Recent habitat destruction and deforestation are thought to have contributed to these recent migrations. In the Caribbean, green monkeys occupy a variety of habitats including mangrove swamps, agricultural sectors, and highly populated urban settings.

Range elevation: 0 to 4500 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest

Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural

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Keller, M. 2010. "Chlorocebus sabaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_sabaeus.html
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Life Expectancy

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The lifespan of green monkeys has not been well studied. Green monkeys are heavily preyed on and affected by a variety of diseases. In captive conditions the lifespan ranges from 11 to 13 years. This is assumed to be the upper limit for age of green monkeys in the wild.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
11 to 13 years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
13 (high) years.

Typical lifespan
Status: captivity:
11 to 13 years.

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Keller, M. 2010. "Chlorocebus sabaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_sabaeus.html
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Morphology

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These medium-sized monkeys are covered in thick golden fur with a green tint, which is how they get their common name, green monkeys. The face is hairless, but is covered with dark blue skin outlined by a soft line of white fur. Like other monkeys, they have long, slender, semi-prehensile tails. Males and females are sexually dimorphic. Males can weigh between 4 and 8 kg and measure an average of 500 mm in length. Adult females normally weigh between 3.5 and 5 kg and measure approximately 450 mm in length.

Males have blue scrotal regions and distinctly red penises. The combination of colors is said to present a distinctive “red, white, and blue” display.

Green monkey locomotion varies little, regardless of habitat or substrate. In almost all circumstances, they travel quadrupedally on the ground or in tree canopies. Being relatively light, green monkeys are able to nimbly travel on the tops of branches using all four limbs.

Range mass: 3.5 to 8 kg.

Range length: 300 to 500 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently; male more colorful

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Keller, M. 2010. "Chlorocebus sabaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_sabaeus.html
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Associations

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In West Africa, leopards, martial eagles, and pythons are primary predators of green monkeys. In the Caribbean and the West Indies, humans are the only documented predators.

Known Predators:

  • leopards (Panthera pardus)
  • pythons (Python)
  • Martial eagles (Polemaetus bellicosus)
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Keller, M. 2010. "Chlorocebus sabaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_sabaeus.html
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Reproduction

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Green monkey social structure revolves around alpha males. These males control interactions and contact of males and females. The alpha male dictates which males mate with females in this polygynous mating system and dominate most of the matings.

Mating System: polygynous

Green monkeys are seasonal breeders, breeding between April and June. In the area typically inhabited by green monkeys, these months are characterized by heavy rainfall. Abundant rainfall results in an exponential increase in available food and nutritional resources. It is thought that this particular breeding season is an adaptation to take advantage of abundant resources. Green monkeys breed approximately once a year. The time interval between each breeding attempt depends on the success or failure of the previous pregnancy. Females reach sexual maturity in 2 years and males in 5 years. Infant mortality is high, resulting in a loss of about 57% of all newborns.

Breeding interval: Breeding occurs approximately once a year.

Breeding season: Breeding is from April to July.

Range number of offspring: 0 to 1.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 163 to 165 days.

Average gestation period: 165 days.

Range weaning age: 12 to 24 months.

Average weaning age: 12 months.

Range time to independence: 1 to 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

From birth, mothers are closely attached to their offspring. Mothers tend to their offspring for approximately 1 year until they are fully weaned and independent.

Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); extended period of juvenile learning

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Keller, M. 2010. "Chlorocebus sabaeus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_sabaeus.html
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Mona verda de Saba ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La mona verda de Saba (Chlorocebus sabaeus) és una espècie de primat catarí de la família dels cercopitècids. Té el pelatge de color daurat verdós. La punta de la cua és de color groc daurat, igual que les cuixes i els bigotis. No tenen una banda distintiva de pèl al front, com altres espècies del gènere Chlorocebus, i els mascles tenen l'escrot de color blau pàl·lid. Alguns científics consideren que la mona verda de Saba i les altres espècies del gènere Chlorocebus formen en realitat una única espècie, Chlorocebus aethiops.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Mona verda de Saba Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Mona verda de Saba: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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La mona verda de Saba (Chlorocebus sabaeus) és una espècie de primat catarí de la família dels cercopitècids. Té el pelatge de color daurat verdós. La punta de la cua és de color groc daurat, igual que les cuixes i els bigotis. No tenen una banda distintiva de pèl al front, com altres espècies del gènere Chlorocebus, i els mascles tenen l'escrot de color blau pàl·lid. Alguns científics consideren que la mona verda de Saba i les altres espècies del gènere Chlorocebus formen en realitat una única espècie, Chlorocebus aethiops.

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Westliche Grünmeerkatze ( German )

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Westliche Grünmeerkatze

Die Westliche Grünmeerkatze (Chlorocebus sabaeus) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Meerkatzenverwandten (Cercopithecidae). Sie ist eine der sechs Arten, in die die Grünen Meerkatzen in jüngeren Systematiken unterschieden werden.

Merkmale

Westliche Grünmeerkatzen haben an der Oberseite ein gelbgrünes Fell, die Unterseite ist heller, fast weißlich, und das Gesicht ist dunkel. Die Schwanzspitze ist goldgelb gefärbt, ebenso die Rückseite der Oberschenkel und die Backenhaare. Im Gegensatz zu den anderen Grünen Meerkatzen sind die Hände und Füße hell gefärbt und die charakteristischen hellen Haare auf der Stirn fehlen. Auch ist das Skrotum heller als bei den anderen Arten. Diese Meerkatzen erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 40 bis 60 Zentimetern und eine Schwanzlänge von bis zu 70 Zentimeter und ein Gewicht von 4 bis 6 Kilogramm, wobei die Männchen deutlich schwerer werden als die Weibchen.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet der Westlichen Grünmeerkatze

Westliche Grünmeerkatzen sind im westlichen Afrika beheimatet, ihr Verbreitungsgebiet reicht vom Senegal bis zum Volta in Ghana. Auf Kap Verde sowie den Karibikinseln St. Kitts und Nevis und Barbados wurde die Art eingeführt. Sie sind nicht wählerisch in Bezug auf ihren Lebensraum und bewohnen sowohl Wälder als auch offenere Gebiete wie Savannen.

Lebensweise

Die Lebensweise der Westlichen Grünmeerkatzen dürfte mit der der anderen Grünmeerkatzen übereinstimmen. Sie sind tagaktiv und halten sich häufiger als andere Meerkatzenartige am Boden auf, obgleich sie gut klettern können. Sie leben in großen Gruppen, die aus einigen Männchen, vielen Weibchen und deren Nachwuchs bestehen und bis zu 80 Tiere umfassen können. In den Gruppen etablieren Männchen und Weibchen eine ausgeprägte Hierarchie, die unter anderem im Zugang zu Nahrungsressourcen und der gegenseitigen Fellpflege zum Ausdruck kommt.

 src=
Westliche Grünmeerkatze in Gambia
Westliche Grünmeerkatze in Gambia (54 sec.)

Sie sind Allesfresser, die Früchte, Triebe und andere Pflanzenteile, aber auch Insekten zu sich nehmen. Eine Population im Senegal hat sich in Konvergenz zum Javaneraffen an eine Ernährung von Krabben angepasst.

Fortpflanzung

Nach einer rund 160-tägigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Die Geburt fällt in den Beginn der Regenzeit, in der ausreichend Nahrung zur Verfügung steht. Das Jungtier wird nach rund 6 Monaten entwöhnt und ist mit 4 bis 5 Jahren geschlechtsreif.

Bedrohung

Zwar werden sie mancherorts wegen ihres Fleisches bejagt und leiden an der Zerstörung ihres Lebensraumes, dennoch dürften die Westlichen Grünmeerkatzen nicht zu den bedrohten Arten zählen.

Literatur

Weblinks

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Westliche Grünmeerkatze: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Westliche Grünmeerkatze

Die Westliche Grünmeerkatze (Chlorocebus sabaeus) ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Meerkatzenverwandten (Cercopithecidae). Sie ist eine der sechs Arten, in die die Grünen Meerkatzen in jüngeren Systematiken unterschieden werden.

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Green monkey

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The green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus), also known as the sabaeus monkey,[3] is an Old World monkey with golden-green fur and pale hands and feet.[4] The tip of the tail is golden yellow as are the backs of the thighs and cheek whiskers.[4] It does not have a distinguishing band of fur on the brow, like other Chlorocebus species, and males have a pale blue scrotum.[4] Some authorities consider this and all of the members of the genus Chlorocebus to be a single widespread species, C. aethiops.

Physical description

The green monkey is a sexually dimorphic species, with males typically being slightly larger than females. Wild adult males weigh between 3.9 and 8.0 kg (8.6 and 17.6 lb) and measure between 420 and 600 mm (1.38 and 1.97 ft), while the females usually weigh between 3.4 and 5.3 kg (7.5 and 11.7 lb) and measure between 300 and 495 mm (0.984 and 1.624 ft).[4]

Habitat and distribution

The green monkey can be found in a wide range of wooded habitats, ranging from very dry Sahel woodland to the edge of rainforests. It is also commonly seen in coastal regions, where known to feed on seashore foods such as crabs.[3] It also takes a wide variety of other foods, including fruits and invertebrates.[3]

The green monkey is found in West Africa from Senegal and The Gambia to the Volta River. It has been introduced to the Cape Verde islands off north-western Africa (islands of Santiago and Brava only) as early as the second half of the 16th century,[5] and the West Indian islands of Saint Kitts, Nevis, Saint Martin, and Barbados,[1] having been introduced in the late 17th century by slave ships coming from West Africa.[4] A small colony descended from 20th century zoo escapees exists in Broward County, Florida.[6]

Behavior

As other members of the genus Chlorocebus, the green monkey is highly social and usually seen in groups. They usually live in groups of 7 up to 80 individuals. Within these groups, there is distinct social hierarchy evidenced by grooming behaviors and gender relationships.

Green monkeys are known to communicate both verbally and non-verbally. They have distinct calls which they use to warn others in the group of predators, and even have specific calls for specific predators. Body language, such as the display of brightly colored genitalia is also used to communicate danger, but can also be used as a way of establishing dominance. It has also been documented that green monkeys may use facial expressions to express their emotional state.[7]

Reproduction

Green monkeys live in a polygynous society, revolving around the alpha males. The alpha males have control over social interactions and mating between other males and females in the group.

These monkeys are seasonal breeders, breeding during the April to June months (October and November in the Nyes area North West of Thies), during which rainfall is the heaviest. It is during these rainy seasons that fruit is most abundant, so it is speculated that green monkeys schedule their breeding around this time, when resources are most abundant. They breed about once a year, with males reaching sexual maturity in five years, females in two. Despite infant mortality being fairly high, at roughly 57%, green monkeys are known to be heavily invested in their offspring, with mothers taking care of their young for about a year before letting them venture out as individual adults.

Gallery

References

  1. ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Gonedelé Bi, S.; Galat, G.; Galat-Luong, A.; Koné, I.; Osei, D.; Wallis, J.; Wiafe, E.; Zinner, D. (2020). "Chlorocebus sabaeus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T136265A17958099. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T136265A17958099.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Kingdon, J. (1997). The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals. London: Academic Press Limited (AP). ISBN 0-12-408355-2.
  4. ^ a b c d e Cawthon Lang, K. A. (2006). "Primate Factsheets: Vervet (Chlorocebus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". Retrieved 2007-08-13.
  5. ^ Hazevoet1, Cornelis J.; Masseti, Marco (2011). "On the history of the green monkey Chlorocebus sabaeus (L., 1766) in the Cape Verde Islands, with notes on other introduced mammals" (PDF). Zoologia Caboverdiana. 2 (1): 12–24. ISSN 2074-5737.
  6. ^ "Monkeys Living Near Florida Airport Connected to 1948 Zoo Escape". Gizmodo. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  7. ^ Matthew Keller, [1], "Animal Diversity Web", 3/26/12

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Green monkey: Brief Summary

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The green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus), also known as the sabaeus monkey, is an Old World monkey with golden-green fur and pale hands and feet. The tip of the tail is golden yellow as are the backs of the thighs and cheek whiskers. It does not have a distinguishing band of fur on the brow, like other Chlorocebus species, and males have a pale blue scrotum. Some authorities consider this and all of the members of the genus Chlorocebus to be a single widespread species, C. aethiops.

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Chlorocebus sabaeus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El mono verde (Chlorocebus sabaeus) es una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae con un pelaje de un color dorado verdoso. La punta de su cola es de un dorado amarillo, así como sus muslos y los bigotes de sus mejillas. No tienen una banda distintiva de pelo en la frente, como otras especies del género Chlorocebus, y los machos tienen el escroto de color azul pálido. Algunas autoridades consideran a esta y a todas las otras especies del género Chlorocebus como una sola especie, Cercopithecus aethiops.

Distribución

Además de estar presentes en el África subsahariana occidental desde Senegal hasta el río Volta, los monos verdes fueron introducidos en las islas Santiago y Brava del archipiélago de Cabo Verde en la segunda mitad del siglo XVI,[2]​ y en las islas caribeñas de San Cristóbal, Nieves, San Martín y Barbados a finales del siglo XVII cuando los barcos de tráfico de esclavos viajaban al Caribe desde el oeste de África.

Los estudios genéticos indicaron que los monos caribeños descienden de una subespecie de África occidental (Chlorocebus sabaeus).[3]

 src=
Cráneo

Referencias

  1. Kingdon, J. y Gippoliti, S. (2008). «Chlorocebus sabaeus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 18 de enero de 2013.
  2. Cornelis J. Hazevoet1 & Marco Masseti (2011). On the history of the green monkey Chlorocebus sabaeus (L., 1766) in the Cape Verde Islands, with notes on other introduced mammals. Sociedade Caboverdiana de Zoologia. ISBN 2074-5737 |isbn= incorrecto (ayuda).
  3. Svardal, Hannes; Jasinska, Anna J; Apetrei, Cristian; Coppola, Giovanni; Huang, Yu; Schmitt, Christopher A; Jacquelin, Beatrice; Ramensky, Vasily et al. (1 de diciembre de 2017). «Ancient hybridization and strong adaptation to viruses across African vervet monkey populations». Nature Genetics (en inglés) 49 (12): 1705-1713. ISSN 1061-4036. doi:10.1038/ng.3980. Consultado el 9 de noviembre de 2020.

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Chlorocebus sabaeus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El mono verde (Chlorocebus sabaeus) es una especie de primate catarrino de la familia Cercopithecidae con un pelaje de un color dorado verdoso. La punta de su cola es de un dorado amarillo, así como sus muslos y los bigotes de sus mejillas. No tienen una banda distintiva de pelo en la frente, como otras especies del género Chlorocebus, y los machos tienen el escroto de color azul pálido. Algunas autoridades consideran a esta y a todas las otras especies del género Chlorocebus como una sola especie, Cercopithecus aethiops.

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Chlorocebus sabaeus ( Basque )

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Chlorocebus sabaeus Chlorocebus generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Cercopithecinae azpifamilia eta Cercopithecidae familian sailkatuta dago

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Linnaeus (1766) 1 Syst. Nat. 38. or..

Ikus, gainera

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Chlorocebus sabaeus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Chlorocebus sabaeus Chlorocebus generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Cercopithecinae azpifamilia eta Cercopithecidae familian sailkatuta dago

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Chlorocebus sabaeus ( French )

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Singe vert, Vervet vert, Callitriche

Le Vervet vert ou Singe vert (Chlorocebus sabaeus) est un primate de taille moyenne du genre Chlorocebus, de la famille des Cercopithecidae. Son aire de répartition est l'Afrique subsaharienne. Il est également connu sous le nom de Callitriche[1]. Certains scientifiques pensent que tous les membres du genre Chlorocebus appartiennent à une seule et même espèce.

L'expression « singe vert » est ambiguë puisqu'elle est parfois employée également pour désigner Cercopithecus aethiops.

Description

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Face sombre aux favoris paille.
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Crâne d'un mâle
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Un jeune individu
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Singe Vert de Saint-Martin ( Bellevue)

La longueur du corps varie de 40 à 60 cm. La queue peut atteindre jusqu'à 70 cm. La masse se situe entre 4 et 6 kg. Les mâles sont beaucoup plus grands que les femelles.

L'extrémité de la queue est jaune d'or ainsi que le dos des cuisses et les favoris sur les joues. Il n'a pas de bande de fourrure sur le front, comme les autres espèces de Chlorocebus. Les mâles ont un scrotum bleu pâle voire un peu verdâtre.

Séance d'épouillage.

Habitat

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Chlorocebus sabaeus de Saint-Martin
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Singe vert de Saint-Martin

Il vit en lisière des zones boisées et dans les savanes africaines, notamment du Sénégal et de la Guinée. Il est abondant dans le parc national du Niokolo-Koba au Sénégal. Sa population y est estimée à 30 000 individus. Il a été introduit dans les îles du Cap-Vert, au nord-ouest de l'Afrique, dans les îles antillaises de Saint-Kitts, Niévès, Saint-Martin et à la Barbade[2]

Il se rencontre dans un large éventail d'habitats boisés, allant de la forêt du Sahel très sèche jusqu'aux forêts tropicales. Il est également souvent vu dans les régions côtières, où il se nourrit d'aliments de bord de mer comme les crabes[1].

Biologie

L'activité est diurne. Il vit sur le sol, ainsi que dans les arbres. Il se rencontre en groupes constitués de quelques mâles, de femelles et de jeunes, qui peuvent atteindre 80 individus. Au sein des groupes existe une hiérarchie stricte pour l'accès à la nourriture et aux soins de toilette quotidienne (Social grooming).

La femelle, après une gestation d'environ 160 jours donne naissance à un petit, qui atteint la maturité sexuelle entre 4 et 5 ans.

Alimentation

En milieu naturel, son alimentation comprend des fruits, des feuilles, des racines, des graines et à l'occasion des œufs, de petits reptiles ou des oiseaux.

Relations à l'homme

Les singes verts sont assez téméraires et ne craignent pas la cohabitation avec l'homme dans de nombreuses grandes villes d'Afrique, où ils disputent souvent les déchets d'origine humaine aux autres animaux commensaux, chats, rats et oiseaux (pigeons, corbeaux). Particulièrement agiles, ils sont également capables de voler de la nourriture laissée sans surveillance et se livrent parfois à de véritables pillages dans les maisons, à la recherche de nourriture (fruits, gâteaux…).

S'ils constituent parfois un problème, ces animaux sont bien trop charismatiques auprès des touristes pour que les pouvoirs publics entreprennent la moindre action à leur encontre. La lutte se limite généralement à l'interdiction de les nourrir.

De jeunes singes verts sont parfois élevés comme animaux de compagnie, les propriétaires recourant souvent à la castration et au limage des canines pour diminuer leur agressivité et leur dangerosité. Néanmoins, un tel animal est susceptible d'avoir des réactions imprévisibles et surtout un potentiel de destruction extrêmement élevé dans une habitation. Leur détention en captivité est interdite ou étroitement réglementée dans de nombreux pays.

Notes et références

  1. a et b Kingdon, J., The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals, Academic Press Limited, London, 1997, 464 p. (ISBN 978-0-12-408355-4)
  2. Groves, C. (2005) in Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M, éds., Mammal Species of the World, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 3ème édition, pp. 158-159. (ISBN 0-801-88221-4).

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Chlorocebus sabaeus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Singe vert, Vervet vert, Callitriche

Le Vervet vert ou Singe vert (Chlorocebus sabaeus) est un primate de taille moyenne du genre Chlorocebus, de la famille des Cercopithecidae. Son aire de répartition est l'Afrique subsaharienne. Il est également connu sous le nom de Callitriche. Certains scientifiques pensent que tous les membres du genre Chlorocebus appartiennent à une seule et même espèce.

L'expression « singe vert » est ambiguë puisqu'elle est parfois employée également pour désigner Cercopithecus aethiops.

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Chlorocebus sabaeus ( Italian )

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Il cercopiteco gialloverde (Chlorocebus sabaeus (Linnaeus, 1766)) è un primate della famiglia Cercopithecidae.

Descrizione

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Cranio di maschio

La lunghezza del corpo varia tra 40 e 60 cm, quella della coda può arrivare a 70 cm; il peso è tra 4 e 6 kg, con i maschi nettamente più grandi delle femmine. La punta della coda, il lato posteriore delle cosce e il pelo sulle guance sono giallo oro. I maschi, come nelle altre specie del genere, presentano una caratteristica colorazione bluastra dello scroto che contrasta con il colore rosso vivo del pene. Sulla fronte manca la striscia bianca caratteristica delle altre specie del genere Chlorocebus.

Biologia

L'attività è diurna. Vive al suolo, oltre che sugli alberi, più frequentemente delle specie congeneri. Forma gruppi numerosi costituiti da alcuni maschi, molte femmine e piccoli, che possono arrivare a 80 individui. All'interno dei gruppi viene rispettata una rigida gerarchia sia nell'accesso al cibo sia nelle attività di grooming.

La dieta è varia e comprende molta frutta, altri vegetali e piccoli animali. Una popolazione in Senegal si è adattata a nutrirsi anche di granchi.

La femmina dopo una gestazione di circa 160 giorni dà alla luce un solo piccolo, che raggiunge la maturità sessuale tra 4 e 5 anni.

Distribuzione e habitat

L'areale di questa specie si estende nell'Africa occidentale dal Senegal al fiume Volta. L'uomo lo ha introdotto in alcune isole dei Caraibi.

Sistematica

Una volta tutti gli appartenenti al genere Chlorocebus erano raggruppati in un'unica specie, detta Chlorocebus aethiops. La suddivisione del genere in sei specie, qui adottata, non è universalmente accettata. Alcuni autori (e anche la IUCN) includono inoltre quest'unica specie nel genere Cercopithecus.

Note

Bibliografia

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Chlorocebus sabaeus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il cercopiteco gialloverde (Chlorocebus sabaeus (Linnaeus, 1766)) è un primate della famiglia Cercopithecidae.

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Žalioji markata ( Lithuanian )

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Žalioji markata (lot. Chlorocebus sabaceus, angl. Green Monkey, vok. Westliche Grünmeerkatze) – šunbeždžionių (Cercopithecidae) šeimos primatas, priklausantis markatų pošeimiui.

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Žalioji markata: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Geelgroene meerkat ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De geelgroene meerkat (Chlorocebus sabaeus) is een soort van het geslacht Groene meerkatten (Chlorocebus). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Linnaeus in 1766.

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivoorkust, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinee-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone en Togo.

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Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Geelgroene meerkat: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De geelgroene meerkat (Chlorocebus sabaeus) is een soort van het geslacht Groene meerkatten (Chlorocebus). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Linnaeus in 1766.

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Kotawiec jasnonogi ( Polish )

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Kotawiec jasnonogi[3] (Chlorocebus sabaeus)gatunek ssaka naczelnego z rodziny koczkodanowatych (Cercopithecidae). Niektóre źródła podają, że wszyscy członkowie rodzaju kotawiec są jednym rozpowszechnionym gatunkiem Chlorocebus aethiops[4] (kotawiec zielonosiwy[3]). Pomimo iż nie jest zagrożony wyginięciem, jest wymieniony w Załączniku II konwencji CITES oraz przydzielony do kategorii B w konwencji Algierskiej. Żyje również na wielu obszarach chronionych[2].

Charakterystyka

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Młody dorosły, Gambia
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Dorosłe osobniki, Gambia

Jego ciało pokryte jest gęstym złotym futrem z zielonym odcieniem[5]. Końcówka ogona, tył ud, jak i wąsy na policzkach są żółtozłote[4]. Dłonie i stopy są blade[4], twarz pozbawiona jest włosów, ale pokryta ciemnobrązową skórą, obrysowaną delikatną linią białego futra[5]. Nie ma wyróżnionych kępek futra na brwiach, jak u innych gatunków kotawca[4].Podobnie jak inne małpy zwierzokształtne, ma długie, smukłe, chwytne ogony. Porusza się na czterech łapach na ziemi lub na drzewach. Jest stosunkowo lekki, więc zwinnie podróżuje na szczytach gałęzi, używając czterech kończyn[5].

Kotawce jasnonogie cechuje dymorfizm płciowy, przejawiający się w różnicach w wielkości obu płci. Dziko żyjące dorosłe samce ważą 4–8 kg i mierzą 42–60 cm, natomiast samice zwykle ważą 3,5–5 kg i mierzą 30–50 cm[4].

Samce mają bladoniebieską mosznę oraz wyraźnie czerwone prącia[5].

Występowanie

Występuje w Afryce Zachodniej, od Senegalu po rzekę Woltę. Został introdukowany na Wyspy Zielonego Przylądka oraz na wyspy Ameryki Środkowej: Saint Kitts, Nevis, Saint-Martin i Barbados[6], gdzie został przywieziony pod koniec XVII wieku, kiedy statki handlarzy z niewolnikami kursowały z Afryki Zachodniej na Karaiby[4].

Chociaż preferuje on określone warunki środowiskowe, potrafi łatwo zaadaptować się do różnych siedlisk. W Afryce występuje na południe od Sahary, w lasach przygranicznych sawann. Obszary te charakteryzują się zwykle niskimi, krzaczastymi drzewami i wysokimi trawami. Małpy te unikają wnętrza gęstych, wilgotnych lasów równikowych. Skolonizowały one również regiony przybrzeżne Afryki Zachodniej, chociaż jest to odstępstwo od norm siedliskowych. Uważa się, że ostatnie zniszczenia siedlisk i wylesianie przyczyniły się do niedawnych migracji. Na Karaibach gatunek ten zajmuje rozmaite siedliska, w tym bagna namorzynowe, sektory rolne i wysoce zaludnione tereny miejskie[4].

Pomimo że kotawiec jasnonogi nie jest uważany za gatunek zagrożony, istnieją obawy, że dalsze łowiectwo, pułapki i niszczenie siedlisk mogą doprowadzić do znacznego spadku populacji w rodzimej Afryce. Na Karaibach, gdzie zostały introdukowane, koczkodany uważane są za szkodniki. Ich populacja znacznie się zagęściła na niektórych obszarach z powodu braku naturalnych drapieżników[7].

Ekologia

Jako przedstawiciele rodziny koczkodanowatych kotawce jasnonogie są wysoce uspołecznione i zazwyczaj żyją w grupach liczących od 7 do 80 osobników. W obrębie tych grup można zauważyć odrębną hierarchię społeczną, o której świadczą przez zachowania pielęgnacyjne oraz stosunki płciowe. Samce i samice współuczestniczą w wymianie między grupami. Gdy osiągną dojrzałość płciową, przenoszą się z grupy do grupy z najbliższymi członkami rodziny. To pomaga uniknąć drapieżników, zmniejszyć kojarzenie krewniacze i zwiększyć rozprzestrzenianie się genów. Małe pokrywanie się terytorium koczkodanów istnieje w wielu siedliskach[4]. Samce alfa ustanawiają dominacje poprzez walkę fizyczną lub pokazywanie moszny. Pozycja społeczna determinuje dostęp do kolegów i zasobów. Samce alfa ograniczają bliskość innych samców do samic i bronią swojego terytorium fizyczną agresją przed obcymi samcami. Tylko wtedy, gdy żywność lub siedlisko stają się niewystarczające, pojawia się konfrontacja terytorialna[8].

Małpy te porozumiewają się zarówno werbalnie, jak i niewerbalnie. Mają inny głos, którego używają, aby ostrzec innych w grupie przed drapieżnikiem, a nawet potrafią wydawać inne dźwięki dla konkretnych drapieżników. Język ciała, tak jak jasno ubarwione genitalia, jest używany do zaalarmowania niebezpieczeństwa, ale może zostać również użyty jako sposób ustanawiania dominacji. Udokumentowano także, że kotawce jasnonogie mogą używać wyrazu twarzy do wyrażania swojego stanu emocjonalnego[5].

Pożywienie

Odżywia się zarówno owocami, jak i liśćmi, w zależności od dostępności zasobów. Dostosowuje się do dostępnych bogactw naturalnych w zależności od pory roku i warunków środowiskowych. Szukaj pożywienia wzdłuż sawann, jedząc dostępne trawy. Niemniej jednak owoce są bardziej preferowane, niż liście i mniej pożywne trawy powszechnie występujące w sawannach. Owoce zazwyczaj są zbierane na drzewach, w głónej mierze są to: banany, papaje i mango. Na wolności używa worków policzkowych, charakterystycznych dla wszystkich przedstawicieli koczkodanowatych, do przechowywania i przenoszenia żywności. Takie zachowanie chroni cenny pokarm przed innymi konsumentami i pozwala dalej zbierać jedzenie przez dłuższy czas[9].

Rozmnażanie

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Samica z młodym, Gambia

Kotawce jasnonogie żyją w stadzie obracającym się wokół samców alfa, którzy mają kontrolę nad interakcjami społecznymi i współżyciem pomiędzy innymi samcami i samicami w grupie[5]. Rozmnażają się raz w roku. Odstęp czasu między każdą próbą kopulacji zależy od sukcesu lub porażki poprzedniej ciąży. Ta zazwyczaj trwa około 165 dni. Samce osiągają dojrzałość płciową w wieku 5 lat, natomiast samice w wieku 2 lat. Pomimo wysokiej śmiertelności niemowląt, wynoszącej około 57%, koczkodany silnie inwestują w swoje potomstwo. Matki opiekują się swoimi młodymi przez około rok, zanim pozwolą im wieść indywidualne życie[4].

Rola w ekosystemie

Z racji iż gatunek ten żywi się on owocami, prawdopodobnie odgrywa dużą rolę w rozsiewaniu nasion. Ponadto w związku z roślinożerną dietą konkuruje z owadami, ptakami, nietoperzami i innymi naczelnymi. Duże zagęszczenie tych małp czyni je dostępnymi dla wielu drapieżników. Są więc źródłem żywności dla innych organizmów, w tym afrykańskich kotów, drapieżnych ptaków, a czasem pawianów[10]. Na Karaibach i w Ameryce Środkowej ludzie są jedynymi udokumentowanymi zagrażającymi im drapieżnikami[4]. Pomimo tego to pierwotniaki i pasożytnicze robaki są najczęstszymi i najbardziej szkodliwymi organizmami, które atakują te małpy na wolności[11].

Przypisy

  1. Chlorocebus sabaeus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Chlorocebus sabaeus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. a b Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN w Warszawie, 2015, s. 44–46. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
  4. a b c d e f g h i j K.A. Cawthon Lang: Vervet (Chlorocebus) Taxonomy, Morphology & Ecology (ang.). Primate Factsheets, 2006. [dostęp 2017-03-20].
  5. a b c d e f Chlorocebus sabaeus (green monkey) (ang.). Animal Diversity Web. [dostęp 2017-05-01].
  6. Don E. Wilson: Mammal species of the world. A taxonomic and geographic reference. Wyd. 3. T. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. OCLC 644149134. (ang.)
  7. A.M. Boulton, J.A. Horrocks, Jean Baulu. The barbados vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaens): Changes in population size and crop damage, 1980–1994. „International Journal of Primatology”. 17 (5), s. 831–844, 1996. DOI: 10.1007/BF02735267. ISSN 0164-0291 (ang.).
  8. Reproductive Success. Studies of individual variation in contrasting breeding systems. T. H. Clutton-Brock (red.). The University of Chicago Press. [dostęp 2017-05-02]. (ang.)
  9. R.I.M. Dunbar. Observations on the ecology and social organization of the green monkey, Cercopithecus sabaeus, in Senegal. „Primates”. 15 (4), s. 341–350, 1974. DOI: 10.1007/BF01791671. ISSN 0032-8332 (ang.).
  10. François Bourlière. Primate communities: Their structure and role in tropical ecosystems. „International Journal of Primatology”. 6 (1), s. 1, 1985. DOI: 10.1007/BF02693694. ISSN 0164-0291 (ang.).
  11. Mengistu Legesse, Berhanu Erko. Zoonotic intestinal parasites in Papio anubis (baboon) and Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet) from four localities in Ethiopia. „Acta Tropica”. 90 (3), s. 231–236, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.12.003. ISSN 0001-706X. PMID: 15099809 (ang.).
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Kotawiec jasnonogi: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Kotawiec jasnonogi (Chlorocebus sabaeus) – gatunek ssaka naczelnego z rodziny koczkodanowatych (Cercopithecidae). Niektóre źródła podają, że wszyscy członkowie rodzaju kotawiec są jednym rozpowszechnionym gatunkiem Chlorocebus aethiops (kotawiec zielonosiwy). Pomimo iż nie jest zagrożony wyginięciem, jest wymieniony w Załączniku II konwencji CITES oraz przydzielony do kategorii B w konwencji Algierskiej. Żyje również na wielu obszarach chronionych.

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Chlorocebus sabaeus ( Portuguese )

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Chlorocebus sabaeus é um Macaco do Velho Mundo, da subfamília Cercopithecinae[3] com pelagem dourada-esverdeada e mãos e pés pálidos.[4] A ponta da cauda é amarelo-dourado como a parte posterior das coxas e os pelos das bochechas. [4] Não possui uma banda na pelagem das sobrancelhas, como outros do gênero Chlorocebus, e machos possuem o escroto de cor azul-claro.[4] Alguns autores consideram este e os outros membros do gênero Chlorocebus como uma única espécie, Chlorocebus aethiops – o nome, traduzido do inglês, macaco-verde pode ser usado para todos os primatas do gênero.

Descrição física

C. sabeus é sexualmente dimórfico com machos sendo um pouco maiores que as fêmeas. Machos adultos pesam entre 3,9 e 8 kg e medem entre 42 e 60 cm, enquanto as fêmeas possuem entre 3,4 e 5,3 kg e medem entre 30 e 49,5 cm de comprimento.[4]

Distribuição geográfica e habitat

Ocorre em uma ampla variedade de habitats florestados, desde florestas secas do Sahel, até a borda de florestas chuvosas. É comum em áreas costeiras, onde se alimenta de frutos do mar, como caranguejos.[3]

É encontrado na África Ocidental do Senegal até o rio Volta. Foi introduzido em Cabo Verde e ilhas do noroeste da África, e no Caribe.[1] Foi introduzido no Caribe no fim do século XVII através de navios de escravos. [4]

Comportamento

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Crânio de um macho

Como outros membros do gênero Chlorocebus, vive em grupos complexos, compostos por até 80 indivíduos. Dentro desses grupos, uma distinta hierarquia social, evidenciada pelo comportamento de catação e relações de gênero. Eles possuem chamadas distintas de alarme para cada predador. [5]

Reprodução

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Adulto

O sistema de acasalamento é poligínico, e existe um macho alfa, que controla as interações sociais e as cópulas das fêmeas com outros machos. São reprodutores sazonais, acasalando entre os mês de abril e junho, durante a estação chuvosa. É durante esta estação que há abundância de frutos. Machos alcançam a maturidade sexual com 5 anos, e as fêmeas, com 2 anos.

Referências

  1. a b Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.), ed. Mammal Species of the World 3 ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de editores (link)
  2. Kingdon, J. & Gippoliti, S. (2008). Chlorocebus sabaeus (em inglês). IUCN 2012. Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN de 2012 . Página visitada em 02 de abril de 2013..
  3. a b Kingdon, J. (1997). The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals. [S.l.]: Academic Press Limited, London. ISBN 0-12-408355-2
  4. a b c d e Cawthon Lang, K. A. (2006). «Primate Factsheets: Vervet (Chlorocebus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology». Consultado em 13 de agosto de 2007
  5. Matthew Keller, [1], "Animal Diversity Web", 3/26/12
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Chlorocebus sabaeus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Chlorocebus sabaeus é um Macaco do Velho Mundo, da subfamília Cercopithecinae com pelagem dourada-esverdeada e mãos e pés pálidos. A ponta da cauda é amarelo-dourado como a parte posterior das coxas e os pelos das bochechas. Não possui uma banda na pelagem das sobrancelhas, como outros do gênero Chlorocebus, e machos possuem o escroto de cor azul-claro. Alguns autores consideram este e os outros membros do gênero Chlorocebus como uma única espécie, Chlorocebus aethiops – o nome, traduzido do inglês, macaco-verde pode ser usado para todos os primatas do gênero.

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Chlorocebus sabaeus ( Swedish )

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Chlorocebus sabaeus[2] är en primat i familjen markattartade apor som förekommer i västra Afrika.

Utseende

Hannar är med en genomsnittlig kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 50 cm och en vikt av 4 till 8 kg större än honor. Honor når allmänt 45 cm kroppslängd och 3,5 till 5 kg vikt. Därtill kommer svansen som är något längre än övriga kropp. Pälsen på ryggen är liksom hos andra arter från samma släkte grönaktig och buken är täckt av vitaktig päls. Huden i ansiktet som saknar hår är blek mörkblå. Hannens penis är påfallande färgsatt i ljusblå, vit och röd.[3]

Utbredning och habitat

Artens utbredningsområde sträcker sig från södra Mauretanien och sydvästra Mali till Sierra Leone, Elfenbenskusten och Ghana. Habitatet utgörs av galleriskogar, mangrove, utkanter av tropiska regnskogar och savanner med acacior.[1]

Chlorocebus sabaeus introducerades på några västindiska öar som Barbados och Saint Kitts.[1]

Ekologi

Vuxna hannar och honor bildar flockar med 7 till 80 medlemmar. Hos hannar finns en hierarki med en alfahanne i spetsen. För kommunikationen har de olika läten och ömsesidig pälsvård stärker det sociala bandet. Unga hannar som blev könsmogna lämnar sin ursprungliga flock, ibland tillsammans med några fler individer.[3]

Chlorocebus sabaeus äter huvudsakligen frukter och blad. Födan kompletteras med blommor, rötter, svampar, nekar eller andra vätskor från växter.[3]

Alfahannen och några få följeslagare är de enda som parar sig med honorna. Parningen sker mellan april och juli och efter cirka 164 dagar dräktighet föder honan ett enda ungdjur. Ungdjuret får ett eller ibland upp till två år di. Bara 40 procent av ungarna överlever första året. Könsmognaden infaller för honor efter 2 och för hannar efter 5 år. Med människans vård kan Chlorocebus sabaeus leva 13 år.[3]

Status och hot

Artens naturliga fiender utgörs av leoparden, större rovfåglar och större ormar.[3]

Beståndet är inte hotad och arten listas av IUCN som livskraftig (LC).[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c d] Kingdon, J. & Gippoliti, S. 2008 Chlorocebus sabaeus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2014-02-03.
  2. ^ Wilson & Reeder, red (2005). Chlorocebus sabaeus (på engelska). Mammal Species of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4
  3. ^ [a b c d e] M. Keller (15 april 2010). ”Green monkey” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chlorocebus_sabaeus.html. Läst 3 februari 2014.

Externa länkar

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Chlorocebus sabaeus: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Chlorocebus sabaeus är en primat i familjen markattartade apor som förekommer i västra Afrika.

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Зелена мартишка ( Ukrainian )

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 src=
Череп самця

Посилання

  1. Kingdon, J. & Gippoliti, S. (2008) Chlorocebus sabaeus: інформація на сайті МСОП (версія 2008) (англ.) 30 June 2008
  2. Cawthon Lang, K. A. (2006). Primate Factsheets: Vervet (Chlorocebus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology. Архів оригіналу за 2013-06-27. Процитовано 2007-08-13.
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Зелена мартишка: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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Chlorocebus sabaeus ( Vietnamese )

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Chlorocebus sabaeus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cercopithecidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả năm 1766.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Kingdon, J. & Gippoliti, S. (2008). Chlorocebus sabaeus. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 1 năm 2009.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Chlorocebus sabaeus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Chlorocebus sabaeus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Chlorocebus sabaeus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cercopithecidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả năm 1766.

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Зелёная мартышка ( Russian )

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Латинское название Chlorocebus sabaeus Linnaeus, 1758 Ареал
изображение

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ITIS 944215 NCBI 60711 Охранный статус
Status iucn3.1 LC ru.svg
Вызывающие наименьшие опасения
IUCN 3.1 Least Concern: 136265

Зелёная мартышка (лат. Chlorocebus sabaeus) — вид обезьян семейства мартышкообразных отряда приматов, один из шести видов рода Chlorocebus.

Описание

Зелёная мартышка по размерам крупнее домашней кошки, длина тела с головой — 57—71 см, длина хвоста 30—48 см. Масса самцов около 5 кг, самок — 3,5 кг, у особей обоих полов имеются длинные острые клыки.

У самцов зеленой мартышки мошонка голубого цвета. Чем выше уровень тестостерона, тем цвет мошонки более яркий и насыщенный. Соответственно, его обладатель пользуется повышенным вниманием самок в брачный период.

Распространение

Распространены в Западной Африке от Сенегала до реки Вольта, также интродуцированы в Кабо-Верде и завезены на ряд островов Вест-Индии на кораблях работорговцев. Этот вид обитает в саваннах и на лесных опушках. Как правило, зелёную мартышку можно встретить недалеко от водных источников. Ночь она проводит на ветвях деревьев или кустов.

Питание

Питается плодами и семенами деревьев, листьями, а также насекомыми, мелкими птицами и их яйцами, как правило, на земле.

Образ жизни

Каждое стадо (до 80 животных) мартышек состоит из нескольких групп (от 2 до 11 особей), состав которых разнообразен — молодые самцы-холостяки; самцы, самки и их потомство. Самки держатся вместе, самцы ведут более рассеянную жизнь. Среди самок и самцов существует строгая иерархическая система. Самец-вожак выполняет сторожевые функции. Каждое стадо имеет своё место. В защите территории от соперников участвуют особи обоих полов.

В природе самки созревают к 4 годам, самцы к 5 годам.

Продолжительность жизни в природе до 20 лет, в неволе — до 45 лет.

Значение

В природе мартышки иногда уничтожают посевы зерновых культур, урожаи садов и плантаций что побуждает местных фермеров охотиться на них.

Является переносчиком особо опасной инфекции — вируса Марбург, вызывающего геморрагическую лихорадку Марбург (Мариди), известную также как «Болезнь зеленых мартышек» (код по МКБ-10 — A98.4).

Зелёная мартышка являются важной моделью исследований СПИДа, поведения, метаболизма, ожирения[1]. Геном зеленой мартышки был секвенирован[2] и доступен через геномные браузеры NCBI Chlorocebus_sabeus 1.1 и Ensembl Vervet-AGM (Chlorocebus sabaeus).

Галерея

  • Chlorocebus sabaeus 0117.jpg
  •  src=

    Череп самца зелёной мартышки

  • Chlorocebus sabaeus 1.jpg
  • Chlorocebus sabaeus 2.jpg
  • Chlorocebus sabaeus 3.jpg

Примечания

  1. Anna J. Jasinska, Christopher A. Schmitt, Susan K. Service, Rita M. Cantor, Ken Dewar. Systems biology of the vervet monkey // ILAR journal. — 2013. — Т. 54, вып. 2. — С. 122–143. — ISSN 1930-6180. — DOI:10.1093/ilar/ilt049.
  2. Wesley C. Warren, Anna J. Jasinska, Raquel García-Pérez, Hannes Svardal, Chad Tomlinson. The genome of the vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) // Genome Research. — December 2015. — Т. 25, вып. 12. — С. 1921–1933. — ISSN 1549-5469. — DOI:10.1101/gr.192922.115.
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Зелёная мартышка: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Зелёная мартышка (лат. Chlorocebus sabaeus) — вид обезьян семейства мартышкообразных отряда приматов, один из шести видов рода Chlorocebus.

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绿猴 ( Chinese )

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绿猴Chlorocebus sabaeus)是绿猴属下的一种猴子[2],分布于西非。

体型

绿猴有着金色的尾巴和灰绿色的毛皮。绿猴体型上两性差异明显,雄性个头较大。野生成年绿猴体重3.9~8.0公斤(8.6~17.6英磅),体长420~600毫米(1.38~1.97英尺)。雌性重3.4~5.3公斤(7.5~11.7英磅),体长300~495毫米(0.984~1.624英尺)。[3]

  •  src=

    母猴和幼崽

  •  src=

    雄猴

参考文献

  1. ^ Kingdon, J.; Gippoliti, S. Chlorocebus sabaeus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008.
  2. ^ Kingdon, J. The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals. London: Academic Press Limited. 1997. ISBN 0-12-408355-2.[页码请求]
  3. ^ Cawthon Lang, K. A. Primate Factsheets: Vervet (Chlorocebus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology. 2006 [2007-08-13].

外部链接

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绿猴: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

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绿猴(Chlorocebus sabaeus)是绿猴属下的一种猴子,分布于西非。

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사바나원숭이 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

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수컷 두개골

사바나원숭이(Chlorocebus sabaeus)는 버빗원숭이속에 속하는 구세계원숭이의 일종이다. 수단, 에티오피아에 분포한다. 건기동안에는 매일 물을 마셔야 하기 때문에 물이 꼭 필요한 요소가 된다. 지역에 따라 체격이 나 털 색깔에 차이가 있고 약20여종이 있다. 다른원숭이 와 달리 엉덩이 가 파랗다.
천적은 표범, 아프리카비단뱀이다. 같은원숭이종류지만 개코원숭이도 매우 사납고 힘이세서 사바나원숭이 의 천적이다.

각주

  1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 158-159쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  2. “Chlorocebus sabaeus”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 4일에 확인함.
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