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Charcos, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
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Orion, Queensland, Australia
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Orinda, California, United States
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Orinda, California, United States
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Oahu chewstickRhamnaceae (Buckthorn family)Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, West Maui, Hawaii Island)IUCN: Critically EndangeredOahu (Cultivated)Though no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.EtymologyThe genus Gouania is named for Antoine Gouan (1733-1821), a professor and naturalist at Mountpellier, France.The specific epithet vitifolia means "grape-like foliage," named for its grape-like foliage and spiraled "watch spring" tendrils.
nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Gouania_vitifolia
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Paliurus spina-christi Mill., syn.: Paliurus trinervatus Moench, Rhamnus paliurus L., Paliurus microcarpus Wilmott, Paliurus australis Gaertn.Family: Rhamnaceae Juss.EN: Christ's Thorn, Jerusalem Thorn, DE: Echter Christusdorn, Gemeiner StechdornSlo.: navadni derak, Kristusov trnDat.: Aug. 10. 2008Lat.: 45.32789 Long.: 13.54918 (WGS84)Code: Bot_0288/2007_DSC2481Habitat: dirt road side; bushes, flat terrain; calcareous ground; sunny, warm, dry place; elevation 10 m (30 feet); average precipitations 800-900 mm/year, average temperature 12-13 deg C, Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil.Place: Pineta settlement west of town Novi grad, Istria, Croatia EC.Comment: (relates to the album Paliurus spina-christi):Paliurus spina-christi is a perennial thorny shrub up to 3 m tall of widespread distribution in dry and stony places all around the Mediterranean region. It is also known in Asia. Its strangely formed fruits make it unmistakable to identify. Along the Adriatic Sea shore, it is a quite common bush. It has generally an open habit growing often in garrigue, but sometimes it is forming much denser and, because of nastily sharp, long and hard thorns, almost impenetrable stands. Many times it is associated with Pistacia terebinthus and Punica granatum bushes. The flowers are tiny but many and important for honey production. The fruits are used for different medical purposes.Ref.(1) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 357. (2) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora fr sterreich, Liechtenstein und Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 547.(3) I. Schnfelder, P. Schnfelder, Kosmos Atlas Mittelmeer- und Kanarenflora, Kosmos, (2002), p 116.
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Seed sample of Pomaderris racemosa (Slender Dogwood). Mature seeds are typically dark brown. Immature or infested seeds are typically tan brown. White appendage is an elaiosome. This collection shows a syndrome more commonly observed in Pomaderrris apetala where the membraneous operculum fails or only partly develops in the coccarium segments and so fails to release the seed.
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Epping Forest, Tasmania, Australia
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Charcos, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
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Orinda, California, United States
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Alor Merah, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia.Ziziphus zizyphus (L.) H.Karst. Rhamnaceae. CN: [Malay - Bidara], Jujube, Jujuba, Red date, Chinese date, Indian date. Its precise natural distribution is uncertain due to extensive cultivation, but is thought to be in southern Asia, between Lebanon, Iran, Pakistan, northern India, Bangladesh, the Korean peninsula, and southern and central China, and also southeastern Europe though more likely introduced there. Planted as fruiting shade tree and for medicinal purposes.Synonyms:Rhamnus zizyphusZiziphus jujuba Mill.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujube
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Orinda, California, United States
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Orinda, California, United States
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Victoria, Australia
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Seed sample of Pomaderris phylicifolia (Narrow-leaved Dogwood). Mature seeds are typically very dark brown. Immature or infested seeds are typically paler brown. White appendage is an elaiosome.
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Young plants of Pomaderris elliptica var. diemenica (Tasmanian yellow dogwood) just starting to flower on Hardwickes Hill in the Waterhouse Conservation Area, Tasmania.
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Tanga, Tanzania
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Stellate hairs on underside of leaf of Pomaderris apetala collected from the Sisters Beach, Rocky Cape National Park, Tasmania.Plants at this site resemble descriptions for Pomaderris apetala ssp maritima but have not been confirmed as such.
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Stellate hairs on underside of leaf of Pomaderris apetala (rusty form) collected from Mt Dromedary, Tasmania.
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Orinda, California, United States