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Ingliston, Victoria, Australia
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Charcos, Puntarenas, Costa Rica
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Orinda, California, United States
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Orinda, California, United States
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Oahu chewstickRhamnaceae (Buckthorn family)Endemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, West Maui, Hawaii Island)IUCN: Critically EndangeredOahu (Cultivated)Though no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.EtymologyThe genus Gouania is named for Antoine Gouan (1733-1821), a professor and naturalist at Mountpellier, France.The specific epithet vitifolia means "grape-like foliage," named for its grape-like foliage and spiraled "watch spring" tendrils.
nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Gouania_vitifolia
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Paliurus spina-christi Mill., syn.: Paliurus trinervatus Moench, Rhamnus paliurus L., Paliurus microcarpus Wilmott, Paliurus australis Gaertn.Family: Rhamnaceae Juss.EN: Christ's Thorn, Jerusalem Thorn, DE: Echter Christusdorn, Gemeiner StechdornSlo.: navadni derak, Kristusov trnDate: June 08. 2006Lat.: 45.3604 Long.: 13.5736Code: Bot_0129/2006_DSC0795Habitat: Open woodland, flat terrain, calcareous ground, full sun, dry place; elevation 30 m (100 feet), average precipitations 800-900 mm/year, average temperature 12-13 deg C, Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil.Place: Between villages Karigador and Fiorini, north of town Novigrad, Istria, Croatia EC.Comment: (relates to the album Paliurus spina-christi):Paliurus spina-christi is a perennial thorny shrub up to 3 m tall of widespread distribution in dry and stony places all around the Mediterranean region. It is also known in Asia. Its strangely formed fruits make it unmistakable to identify. Along the Adriatic Sea shore, it is a quite common bush. It has generally an open habit growing often in garrigue, but sometimes it is forming much denser and, because of nastily sharp, long and hard thorns, almost impenetrable stands. Many times it is associated with Pistacia terebinthus and Punica granatum bushes. The flowers are tiny but many and important for honey production. The fruits are used for different medical purposes.Ref.(1) A. Martini et all., Mala Flora Slovenije (Flora of Slovenia - Key) (in Slovenian), Tehnina Zaloba Slovenije (2007), p 357. (2) M.A. Fischer, W. Adler, K. Oswald, Exkursionsflora fr sterreich, Liechtenstein und Sdtirol, LO Landesmuseen, Linz, Austria (2005), p 547.(3) I. Schnfelder, P. Schnfelder, Kosmos Atlas Mittelmeer- und Kanarenflora, Kosmos, (2002), p 116.
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Pomaderris racemosa (slender dogwood) in bud in Levendale State Forest, Tasmania.
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Sungai Pau, Sik, Kedah, Malaysia.Ziziphus zizyphus (L.) H.Karst. Rhamnaceae. CN: [Malay - Bidara], Jujube, Jujuba, Red date, Chinese date, Indian date. Its precise natural distribution is uncertain due to extensive cultivation, but is thought to be in southern Asia, between Lebanon, Iran, Pakistan, northern India, Bangladesh, the Korean peninsula, and southern and central China, and also southeastern Europe though more likely introduced there. Planted as fruiting shade tree and for medicinal purposes.Synonyms:Rhamnus zizyphusZiziphus jujuba Mill.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jujube
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Orinda, California, United States
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Victoria, Australia
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Seed sample of Pomaderris elliptica (Yellow Dogwood). Mature seeds are typically very dark brown to black. Immature or infested seeds are typically pale brown. White appendage is an elaiosome. This collection shows a syndrome commonly observed in Pomaderrris apetala where the membraneous operculum fails or only partly develops in the coccarium segments and so fails to release the seed.
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Stellate hairs on underside of leaf of Pomaderris aspera (rusty form) collected from Mt Ponsonby, Tasmania.
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Bahia, Brazil
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The Pinnacles, New South Wales, Australia
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Florida, United States
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Kauila, KauwilaRhamaceaeEndemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Maui, Hawaii Island)IUCN: Critically EndangeredOahu (Cultivated; Hawaii Island form)Another victim of the destructive non-native black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus).Early Hawaiians used the heavy, durable wood of kauila to make farming tools, handles for stone chisels, pegs for repairing bowls, digging sticks (), carrying poles, tall poles for banners, khili poles (royal feather stands, netting needles or shuttles, kapa beaters and grooving tools, prepping boards for kapa (lau kahi wauke), war clubs, spears (polol) and daggers, and bait sticks for fishing.The wood was also crafted into musical instruments, such as hula sticks (ka lau), and was the preferred wood for muscial bows called kk.Kauila wood was also fashioned into spears for the games of spear throwing ( ihe) and spear fencing (kaka lau). The only use of the bow and arrows was for a sport called pana iole (rat shoot). Thought the bow was made from an unidentified wood, the arrows were made of k (sugarcane) and tipped with bone or kauila wood. The sport of sledding or hlua was reserved for young men and women alii. The sled runners were made from kauila.Kauila leaves and bark produce a bluish dye for kapa.Medicinally, kauila were used for khewa (stroke, as of heart failure, apoplexy).
nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Colubrina_oppositifolia
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Hairy-fruit chewstickRhamnaceaeEndemic to the Hawaiian Islands (Molokai, Lnai (extinct), West Maui, Kahoolawe (extinct), Hawaii Island)NatureServe: Critically ImperiledOahu (Cultivated)Though no known use by the early Hawaiians or in modern times, other species outside of the Hawaiian Islands have the fitting name "chew-stick" (chewstick). The Urban chewstick, or white root (Gouania lupuloides), is used widely by local people from Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico, and into Central and South America as a tooth cleaner. A stick about the thickness of the small finger, with bark removed, is chewed thus strengthening the gums. The stick produces a slightly bitter, yet aromatic, soap-like froth (saponins) when chewed. The softened stick is then used by rubbing the teeth much like a toothbrush.In times past, dried and powdered forms were exported to Europe and the United States. Jamaicans still use chewstick for medicine and in a mouthwash called "Chew-Dent." They also use it in making ginger beer, a stronger tasting ginger ale. Chewstick is also used in brewing beer as a hops substitute and is perhaps why some Jamaican beers have a distinctive taste.Note that many of the lower leaves are afflicted with spider mites causing a spotty look to them.
nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Gouania_hillebrandii
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Moncayo: Sistema ibrico. Aragn.EspaaFam. RHAMNACEAEDistribucin: Se distribuye por cas toda Europa, aunque es rara o falta en la regin mediterrnea y extremo N del territorio. En la Pennsula Ibrica resulta ms abundante en su mitad occidental, con puntos dispersos por la mitad E. En Aragn se distribuye por el Prepirineo, principalmente por las cuencas medias del Cinca, Guarga, Aragn, etc., y en los principales sistemas montaosos del Sistema Ibrico (Moncayo y sierras de Albarracn y Gdar-Maestrazgo).Biologa y fenologa Hbitat: Forma parte de bosques de ribera en manatiales, orillas de ros, barrancos, etc., setos u orlas de bosques hmedos caducifolios o mixtos (hayedos, quejigales, rebollares, pinares o avellanares), tremedales, pie de roquedos umbrosos, graveras y cascajos.Preferencia edfica: Indiferente Rango altitudinal:( 275 ) 550- 1700 mFenologa:Floracin Abril - JulioForma Biolgica: FanerfitoExtractado del Atlas de la Flora de Aragn (Herbario de Jaca)
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Orinda, California, United States