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Diadectidae

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Diadectidae is an extinct family of early tetrapods that lived in what is now North America and Europe during the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian in Asia during the Late Permian. They were the first herbivorous tetrapods, and also the first fully terrestrial animals to attain large sizes. Footprints indicate that diadectids walked with an erect posture. They were the first to exploit plant material in terrestrial food chains, making their appearance an important stage in both vertebrate evolution and the development of terrestrial ecosystems.

The best known and largest representative of the family is Diadectes, a heavily built animal that attained a maximum length of several metres. Several other genera and various fragmentary fossil remains are also known. Although well known genera like Diadectes first appear in the Late Pennsylvanian, fragmentary remains of possible diadectids are known from much earlier deposits, including a piece of lower jaw found in Mississippian strata from Tennessee.

Description

Life restoration of Diadectes, a well-known Early Permian diadectid

Diadectids have large bodies with relatively short limbs. The rib cage is barrel-shaped to accommodate a large digestive tract necessary for the digestion of cellulose in plants. The skulls of diadectids are wide and deep with blunt snouts. The internal nares (holes for the nostrils) are also short.[1] Paleontologist E.C. Case compared diadectids to turtles in 1907, noting their large pectoral girdles, short, strong limbs, and robust skulls. Case described them as "lowly, sluggish, inoffensive herbivorous reptiles, clad in an armor of plate to protect them from the fiercely carnivorous pelycosaurs."[2]

Diadectids have a heterodont dentition, meaning that their teeth vary in shape along the length of the jaws. The teeth are wide and bear many cusps or projections, an indication that diadectids ate tough plants. Some teeth are leaf-shaped and laterally compressed, another indication that diadectids were able to shred plant material. The procumbent front teeth of the lower jaw project forward. Diadectids likely had strong jaw muscles for processing plant material; the placement of the jaw joints above or below the level of the occlusal plane (the plane at which the teeth come together) would have given diadectid jaws mechanical advantage. The joints themselves give the jaws a complex range of movement suitable for consuming plants. Large holes and cavities in the skull called adductor chambers and temporal openings would have provided room for large jaw-closing muscles.[1] A ridge on the dentary bone of the lower jaw may have provided a surface for chewing or even supported a beak.[3]

History of study

The first diadectid to be described was Diadectes. American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope named the genus in 1878 on the basis of several vertebrae and teeth from the Early Permian of Texas.[4] Cope erected the family Diadectidae in 1880 to include Diadectes and Empedocles, a genus he named two years earlier.[5] Nothodon, named by Cope's rival Othniel Charles Marsh in 1878, was soon placed in the family.[6]

Cope named several other diadectids, including Helodectes in 1880,[7] Chilonyx and Empedias in 1883,[8] and Bolbodon in 1896.[9] Paleontologist E.C. Case named four other diadectids: Desmatodon in 1908,[10] Diasparactus in 1910,[11] Diadectoides in 1911,[12] and Animasaurus along with paleontologist Samuel Wendell Williston in 1912.[13] Case and Williston considered Marsh's Nothodon and Cope's Bolbodon to be synonymous with Diadectes. Marsh named Nothodon in the American Journal of Science only five days before Cope described Diadectes in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Under rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the name Nothodon would have priority over Diadectes, but because the name Diadectes has been in use since Case and Williston first synonymized the genera, Diadectes remains the accepted name.[1]

In North America, diadectids are known from Texas, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Prince Edward Island. A possible diadectid has also been found from Tennessee. It is known from a broken lower jaw and several teeth found in Mississippian-age (Chesterian) strata that are likely part of the Bangor Formation.[14] In a detailed review of Diadectidae, paleontologist E.C. Olson placed three North American genera within the family: Diadectes, Diasparactus, and Desmatodon. Chilonyx, Empedias, Diadectoides, and Animasaurus were synonymized with Diadectes, and four species of Diadectes (D. sideropelicus, D. tenuitectes, D. lentus, and D. carinatus) were recognized.[15] A fourth genus, Ambedus, was named in 2004 from the Early Permian of Ohio.

Orobates, a diadectid from Germany

Diadectids are also known from Germany. Phanerosaurus was described from several vertebrae near Zwickau by German paleontologist Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer in 1860, but was not recognized as a diadectid until 1925.[16] A second species of Phanerosaurus was identified from some vertebrae and a fragmentary skull in 1882, and was given its own genus, Stephanospondylus, in 1905.[17] In 1998, a new species of Diadectes, D. absitus, was described from the Bromacker sandstone quarry of the Tambach Formation in the Thuringian Forest of central Germany.[18] A new genus of diadectid called Orobates was also named from the Bromacker Quarry in 2004.[19]

In 2015, the known geographic range of diadectids was expanded with the description of a new genus and species of diadectid from China, Alveusdectes fenestralis. Alveusdectes is also the youngest known diadectid by 16 million years, coming from a unit of the Late Permian Shangshihezi Formation that dates to about 256 million years.[20]

Classification

Diadectids have long been considered close relatives of the amniotes, tetrapods that lay eggs on land or retain the fertilized egg within the mother. In 1987, the paleontologist D.M.S. Watson placed the family in the larger group Diadectomorpha, which includes another family of large-bodied diadectomorphs, the Limnoscelidae, as well as the monotypic diadectomorph family Tseajaiidae, represented by the genus Tseajaia. Throughout the twentieth century, amniotes and diadectomorphs were often grouped together using the old name Cotylosauria, a name originally used for the most basal grade of what was then thought to be reptiles. In the early part of the century, many paleontologists regarded diadectids, along with other cotylosaurs (such as placodonts), to be close relatives of turtles.[21] In most recent studies of early tetrapod phylogeny, Cotylosauria is no longer recognized and Diadectomorpha is placed as the sister taxon of Amniota. However, while the majority of analyses now place diadectids outside Amniota, some have found them to be true amniotes.[22][23]

Most phylogenetic studies of the three diadectomorph families – Diadectidae, Limnoscelidae, and Tseajaiidae – have found diadectids and limnoscelids to be more closely related to each other than either is to Tseajaia. In other words, Diadectidae and Limnoscelidae form a clade within Diadectomorpha and Tseajaia is excluded from the clade. In a 2010 phylogenetic analysis, Diadectidae formed a clade that was characterized by wide cheek teeth with cusps on either side. Unlike previous studies, it was found to be more closely related to Tseajaiidae than Limnoscelidae. The family was defined as Diadectes and all taxa sharing a more recent common ancestor with Diadectes than with Tseajaia. Below is a cladogram modified from the 2010 analysis:[1]

Diadectomorpha

Limnoscelidae

Tseajaiidae

Diadectidae

Ambedus pusillus?

Oradectes sanmiguelensis

Orobates pabsti

Desmatodon hesperis

Silvadectes absitus

Diadectes tenuitectes

Diadectes sideropelicus

Diasparactus zenos

Diadectes is the best known diadectid, with six species named since its initial description. In a 2005 phylogenetic analysis, most species of Diadectes formed a clade with Diasparactus zenos. Two species, Diadectes absitus and Diadectes sanmiguelensis, were placed in more basal positions. These species possess primitive characteristics found in non-diadectid forms, such as Limnoscelis and Tseajaia. Because D. absitus and D. sanmiguelensis were placed far from other species of Diadectes in the analysis, their assignment to the genus was questioned.[24] The same results were found in the 2010 analysis. Two new genera were erected in the study to include D. abstus and D. sanmiguelensis. D. sanmiguelensis, the more basal of the two forms, was placed in the new genus Oradectes. D. abstus was renamed Silvadectes.[1]

In a 2013 study, David Berman argued that there wasn't enough evidence to justify Ambedus being in Diadectidae. He stated in his paper that it's assignment to Diadectidae is based only on several isolated maxillae and dentaries that had cheek teeth that only exhibited a resemblance in their molar-like morphology to those in Diadectids. There are also a number of other characteristics that distuinguish Ambedus from all other Diadectids, such as a shallow rather than deep deep dentary, and relatively high maxillary and dentary tooth counts, among other characteristics that distuinguish them from Diadectids. Furthermore, the appearance of Ambedus pusillus so late in the fossil record also casts a doubt on the fact that it is supposed to represent the basalmost member of the Diadectid lineage. In contrast, the first Diadectids from the Upper Pennsylvanian were way more developed and had the characteristic dentary and maxillary features of the Diadectid lineage. This implicates that there should be a ghost lineage that goes back all the way back to the Middle Pennsylvanian, which is highly unlikely. [25]

Evolutionary history

Diadectids were some of the first tetrapods, or four-legged vertebrates, to attain large sizes. Diadectids first appear in the Late Carboniferous with the genus Desmatodon, although recently described bones from Tennessee suggest that they may have appeared even earlier in the Early Carboniferous.[14] They underwent a small evolutionary radiation in the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian, diversifying into thirteen species and outnumbering other diadectomorphs, such as the limnoscelids. This radiation was likely the result of diadectids' expansion into a new herbivorous ecological niche that was previously unfilled.

Diadectids had a much wider geographic distribution than their relatives; while the distribution of limnoscelids is limited to parts of North America and Tseajaia is restricted to just the southwestern United States, diadectids are present in North America, Europe, and Asia.[1] During the late Carboniferous and Permian these regions formed a single landmass called Laurasia, which comprised the northern portion of the supercontinent Pangea. For most of their evolutionary history, diadectids were likely limited to the western half of Laurasia, which is now North America and Europe. The presence of the late-surviving Alveusdectes in China suggests that diadectids radiated eastward across Laurasia. They could not have reached what is now China until the Middle Permian because, prior to that time, the Tethys Sea separated it from the rest of Laurasia. The group does not seem to have diversified to the same extent in the east as they did in the west given that no diadectids are known from Russia, which has an extensive fossil record of Early and Middle Permian tetrapod assemblages.[20]

Paleobiology

Diet

Life restoration of Diasparactus

Diadectids were the first fully herbivorous tetrapods. Although several other groups of early tetrapods independently acquired herbivory, diadectids were the only Carboniferous tetrapods that were able to process high-fiber terrestrial plants. Diadectids were also the most diverse group of herbivores, representing the first radiation of plant-eating tetrapods.[1] Both Cope and Marsh recognized that diadectids were herbivores in 1878 when they studied their distinctively broad, cusped teeth (in his description of Diadectes, Cope mentioned, "animals belonging to this genus were, in all probability, herbivorous"[4]).

Locomotion

Diadectids were once thought to be sprawling animals with their short, robust legs positioned to the sides of their large bodies. Despite this, several lines of evidence, including trackways and limb morphology, suggest that diadectids moved in a more erect posture. While earlier tetrapods possess several simple tarsal bones in their ankles, diadectids have a more complex astragalus formed from the fusion of these bones. Astragali are present in terrestrial amniotes and are identical in structure to those of diadectids. Therefore, the ankle structure of diadectids bears a closer resemblance to those of advanced terrestrial vertebrates like mammals and reptiles than those of earlier tetrapods. Since diadectids are the only diadectomorphs with astragali, they likely developed the structure independent of amniotes.[26]

Although they bear similarities to those of amniotes, the tarsal bones of diadectids are poorly ossified and loosely connected. The digits of the foot connect only to the fourth distal tarsal, providing a wide range of movement in the foot. This flexibility enabled diadectids to rotate their feet in a forward position while walking, providing greater force when pushing off. The feet could also be placed closer to the midline of the body to give diadectids an erect stance.[26]

Evidence for an erect stance can be found in trackways attributed to diadectids. The most well-preserved of these trackways are present in the Tambach Formation in central Germany. A 2007 study identified two different ichnospecies, Ichniotherium cottae and I. sphaerodactylum, as footprints of the diadectids Silvadectes absitus and Orobates pabsti, respectively. This was the first species-level identification of trackmakers of Paleozoic-era trackways, making the footprints the oldest yet associated with specific animal species.[27] The close positioning of the footprints attributed to the more advanced diadectides suggests that the animals held their feet almost underneath their bodies, giving them a more efficient gait and to some degree paralleling the stance of mammals more than that of the sprawling amphibians and most reptiles.[27][28]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Kissel, R. (2010). Morphology, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha) (Thesis). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 185. hdl:1807/24357.
  2. ^ Case, E.C. (1907). "Restoration of Diadectes". The Journal of Geology. 15 (6): 556–559. Bibcode:1907JG.....15..556C. doi:10.1086/621427. JSTOR 30061495.
  3. ^ Welles, S.P. (1941). "The mandible of a diadectid cotylosaur". University of California Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences. 25: 423–432.
  4. ^ a b Cope, E.D. (1878). "Descriptions of extinct Batrachia and Reptilia from the Permian formation of Texas". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 17: 182–193.
  5. ^ Cope, E.D. (1880). "The skull of Empedocles". The American Naturalist. 14: 304. doi:10.1086/272549.
  6. ^ Marsh, O.C. (1878). "Notice of new fossil reptiles". American Journal of Science. 15 (89): 409–411. Bibcode:1878AmJS...15..409M. doi:10.2475/ajs.s3-15.89.409.
  7. ^ Cope, E.D. (1880). "Second contribution to the history of the Vertebrata of the Permian formation of Texas". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 19: 38–58.
  8. ^ Cope, E.D. (1883). "Fourth contribution to the history of the Permian formation of Texas". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 20: 634.
  9. ^ Cope, E.D. (1896). "Second contribution to the history of the Cotylosauria". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 35: 122–139.
  10. ^ Case, E.C. (1908). "Description of vertebrate fossils from the vicinity of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania". Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 4: 234–241.
  11. ^ Case, E.C. (1910). "New or little known reptiles and amphibians from the Permian (?) of Texas". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 28: 136–181.
  12. ^ Case, E.C. (1911). "A revision of the Cotylosauria of North America". Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. 145: 1–121. hdl:2027/mdp.39015023570826.
  13. ^ Case, E.C.; Williston, S.W. (1912). "A description of the skulls of Diadectes lentus and Animasaurus carinatus". American Journal of Science. 33 (196): 339–348. Bibcode:1912AmJS...33..339C. doi:10.2475/ajs.s4-33.196.339.
  14. ^ a b Corgan, J.X.; Priestley, M.P. (2005). "A high-fiber tetrapod, Diadectes (?) sp., from the Mississippian (Chesterian) of south central Tennessee". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. 37 (2): 39.
  15. ^ Olson, E.C. (1947). "The family Diadectidae and its bearing on the classification of reptiles". Fieldiana Geology. 11: 1–53.
  16. ^ Romer, A.S. (1925). "Permian amphibian and reptilian remains described as Stephanospondylus". Journal of Geology. 33 (4): 447–463. Bibcode:1925JG.....33..447R. doi:10.1086/623210. JSTOR 30060376.
  17. ^ Stappenbeck, R. (1905). "Uber Stephanospondylus n. g. und Phanerosaurus H. v. Meyer". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft. 57: 380–437.
  18. ^ Berman, D.S.; Sumida, S.S.; Martens, T. (1998). "Diadectes (Diadectomorpha: Diadectidae) from the Early Permian of central Germany, with description of a new species". Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 67: 53–93.
  19. ^ Berman, D.S.; Henrici, A.C.; Kissel, R.A.; Sumida, S.S.; Martens, T. (2004). "A new diadectid (Diadectomorpha), Orobates pabsti, from the Early Permian of Central Germany". Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History. 35: 1–36. doi:10.2992/0145-9058(2004)35[1:ANDDOP]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0145-9058.
  20. ^ a b Jun Liu and Gabe S. Bever (2015). "The last diadectomorph sheds light on Late Palaeozoic tetrapod biogeography". Biology Letters. 11 (5): 20150100. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0100. PMC 4455737. PMID 25948572.
  21. ^ Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 113 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x.
  22. ^ Berman, D.S.; Sumida, S.S.; Lombard, R.E. (1992). "Reinterpretation of the temporal and occipital regions in Diadectes and the relationships of diadectomorphs". Journal of Paleontology. 66 (3): 481–499. doi:10.1017/S0022336000034028. JSTOR 1305873. S2CID 73547163.
  23. ^ Modesto, S.P. (1992). "Did herbivory foster early amniote diversification?". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 12 (Supplement 3): 44A. doi:10.1080/02724634.1992.10011483.
  24. ^ Kissel, R.; Reisz, R.; Berman, D. (2005). "Revisiting the taxonomy of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha): a phylogenetic approach". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (Supplement 3): 78A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2005.10009942.
  25. ^ Berman, David S (2013). "DIADECTOMORPHS,AMNIOTES OR NOT?". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science (60): 22.
  26. ^ a b Berman, D.S.; Henrici, A.C. (2003). "Homology of the astragalus and structure and function of the tarsus of Diadectidae". Journal of Paleontology. 77 (1): 172–188. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0172:HOTAAS>2.0.CO;2.
  27. ^ a b Voigt, S.; Berman, D.S.; Henrici, A.C. (2007). "First well-established track-trackmaker association of Paleozoic tetrapods based on Ichniotherium trackways and diadectid skeletons from the Lower Permian of Germany". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (3): 553–570. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[553:FWTAOP]2.0.CO;2.
  28. ^ Ker Than (12 September 2007). "Oldest Identifiable Footprints Found". LiveScience. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
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Diadectidae: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Diadectidae is an extinct family of early tetrapods that lived in what is now North America and Europe during the Late Carboniferous and Early Permian in Asia during the Late Permian. They were the first herbivorous tetrapods, and also the first fully terrestrial animals to attain large sizes. Footprints indicate that diadectids walked with an erect posture. They were the first to exploit plant material in terrestrial food chains, making their appearance an important stage in both vertebrate evolution and the development of terrestrial ecosystems.

The best known and largest representative of the family is Diadectes, a heavily built animal that attained a maximum length of several metres. Several other genera and various fragmentary fossil remains are also known. Although well known genera like Diadectes first appear in the Late Pennsylvanian, fragmentary remains of possible diadectids are known from much earlier deposits, including a piece of lower jaw found in Mississippian strata from Tennessee.

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Diadectidae ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los diadéctidos (Diadectidae) son una familia de grandes reptiles similares a anfibios que vivieron en Euramérica durante el Carbonífero y Pérmico Inferior. Fueron los primeros tetrápodoa herbívoros en aparecer y también los primeros animales exclusivamente terrestres en alcanzan gran tamaño. Representan una etapa importante tanto en la evolución de los vertebrados como en el desarrollo de los ecosistemas terrestres, la incorporación de las plantas en la cadena alimenticia.

El integrante mejor conocido de esta familia es también el más grande, Diadectes, un animal de complexión pesada que alcanzaba una longitud máxima de 3 metros. Sin embargo, se conocen otros géneros y algunos restos fósiles fragmentarios.

 src=
Small diadectid Orobates.

A pesar de que el mejor conocido Diadectes apareció hasta finales del Pensilvánico, restos fragmentarios más antiguos de lo que pudo ser o no animales similares, representados por una porción de mandíbula inferior de un posible tetrápodo herbívoro hallado en estratos provenientes del Misisípico en Tennessee (Estados Unidos).

Referencias

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Diadectidae: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Los diadéctidos (Diadectidae) son una familia de grandes reptiles similares a anfibios que vivieron en Euramérica durante el Carbonífero y Pérmico Inferior. Fueron los primeros tetrápodoa herbívoros en aparecer y también los primeros animales exclusivamente terrestres en alcanzan gran tamaño. Representan una etapa importante tanto en la evolución de los vertebrados como en el desarrollo de los ecosistemas terrestres, la incorporación de las plantas en la cadena alimenticia.

El integrante mejor conocido de esta familia es también el más grande, Diadectes, un animal de complexión pesada que alcanzaba una longitud máxima de 3 metros. Sin embargo, se conocen otros géneros y algunos restos fósiles fragmentarios.

 src= Small diadectid Orobates.

A pesar de que el mejor conocido Diadectes apareció hasta finales del Pensilvánico, restos fragmentarios más antiguos de lo que pudo ser o no animales similares, representados por una porción de mandíbula inferior de un posible tetrápodo herbívoro hallado en estratos provenientes del Misisípico en Tennessee (Estados Unidos).

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Diadectidae ( Basque )

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Diadectidae Tetrapodoen iraungitako familia bat da. Karboniferoaren amaieran eta Permiarraren hasieran Ipar Amerika eta Europan, eta Permiarraren amaieran Asian bizi izan ziren. Lehen tetrapodo belarjaleak ziren, baita lehen animalia lurtarrak tamaina benetan handia eskuratzen. Utzitako oin-markekerakusten dute zutik ibiltzeko gai zirela. Lehenengo animaliak izan ziren lurreko elikadura katean landareak erabiltzen, eta garrantzia handia izan zuten lur lehorreko ekosistemak ezartzerakoan.

Familiako generorik ezagunena Diadectes zen, hainbat metro zituen animalia pisutsua. Beste genero batzuk ezagutzen dira, baina euren fosilak ez dira hain kalitate handikoak. Baliteke Tennesseeko Karbonifero goiztiarrean aurkitutako fosil bat ere Diadectes generokoa izatea, euren agerpena askoz lehenago ezarriz.

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Diadectidae: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Diadectidae Tetrapodoen iraungitako familia bat da. Karboniferoaren amaieran eta Permiarraren hasieran Ipar Amerika eta Europan, eta Permiarraren amaieran Asian bizi izan ziren. Lehen tetrapodo belarjaleak ziren, baita lehen animalia lurtarrak tamaina benetan handia eskuratzen. Utzitako oin-markekerakusten dute zutik ibiltzeko gai zirela. Lehenengo animaliak izan ziren lurreko elikadura katean landareak erabiltzen, eta garrantzia handia izan zuten lur lehorreko ekosistemak ezartzerakoan.

Familiako generorik ezagunena Diadectes zen, hainbat metro zituen animalia pisutsua. Beste genero batzuk ezagutzen dira, baina euren fosilak ez dira hain kalitate handikoak. Baliteke Tennesseeko Karbonifero goiztiarrean aurkitutako fosil bat ere Diadectes generokoa izatea, euren agerpena askoz lehenago ezarriz.

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Diadectidae ( French )

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Les Diadectidae (ou diadectidés en français) forment une famille éteinte de grands reptiliomorphes diadectomorphes qui ont vécu en Amérique du Nord et en Europe (Laurussia) au Carbonifère supérieur et au Permien inférieur. Ils ont été les premiers tétrapodes herbivores, et aussi les premiers animaux uniquement terrestres à atteindre de grandes tailles. Leurs empreintes de pas indiquent que diadectidés marchaient avec une position érigée. Ils ont été les premiers animaux à exploiter le matériel végétal dans la chaîne alimentaire terrestre, faisant ainsi de leur apparition une étape importante tant dans l'évolution des vertébrés que dans les écosystèmes terrestres.

Le représentant le plus connu et le plus grand de la famille est Diadectes, un animal fortement construit qui atteignait une longueur maximale de plusieurs mètres. On connait plusieurs autres genres et différents restes fragmentaires de fossiles. Bien que les genres bien connus comme Diadectes aient fait leur première apparition à la fin du Pennsylvanien, de possibles restes fragmentaires de diadectidés ont été retrouvés dans de nombreux dépôts antérieurs, y compris un morceau de mâchoire inférieure trouvé dans les strates du Mississippien au Tennessee.

Description

Les diadectidés ont été parmi les premiers tétrapodes -vertébrés à quatre pattes- à atteindre de grandes tailles. On pense qu'ils ont fait leur première apparition à la fin du Carbonifère avec le genre Desmatodon, bien que des os récemment décrits dans des gisements du Tennessee suggèrent qu'ils aient pu apparaître plus tôt encore, au début du Carbonifère[1]. Ils avaient un corps fortement charpenté, avec des membres relativement courts. Leur corps en forme de tonneau pouvait accueillir un important système digestif nécessaire à la digestion de la cellulose dans les plantes. La tête des diadectidés était trapue, large et épaisse, avec un museau émoussé. Les choanes étaient également petits[2]. Le paléontologue E.C. Case les a comparés à des tortues en 1907, mettant en avant leur grande ceinture pectorale, leurs membres courts et forts et leurs crânes robustes. Case les décrit comme de modestes reptiles lents, d'inoffensifs herbivores, recouverts de plaques pour les protéger des pélycosaures, de farouches carnivores[3].

Les diadectidés avaient une dentition hétérodonte, ce qui signifie que leurs dents variaient de forme suivant la position dans leur gueule. Les dents étaient larges et portaient un grand nombre de cuspides ou de pointes, ce qui montre que les diadectidés mangeaient des plantes difficiles à broyer. Certaines dents étaient aplaties transversalement, une autre indication qu'ils étaient en mesure de déchiqueter les végétaux. Les dents de devant de la mâchoire inférieure pointaient en avant. Ils avaient probablement de forts muscles masticateurs pour pouvoir broyer les végétaux; le placement des articulations de la mâchoire au-dessus ou en dessous du niveau de la ligne d'occlusion dentaire aurait été un avantage mécanique. Ces articulations permettaient à leur gueule un ensemble complexe de mouvements appropriés pour consommer des plantes. De grands trous et orifices de leur crâne, devaient permettre d'accueillir de puissants muscles occlusifs[2]. Une crête de l'os dentaire de la mâchoire inférieure pourrait avoir fourni une surface de mastication ou même servi de base à un bec[4].

Histoire

Le premier genre de diadectidé à être décrit a été Diadectes. Le paléontologue américain Edward Drinker Cope a donné ce nom de genre en 1878 en se fondant sur plusieurs vertèbres et dents datant du Permien inférieur découvertes au Texas[5]. Cope a créé la famille des Diadectidae en 1880 pour regrouper Diadectes et Empedocles, un genre qu'il avait nommé deux ans plus tôt[6]. Le genre Nothodon, nommé par le rival de Cope, Othniel Charles Marsh en 1878, a été rapidement placé dans la famille[7].

Cope a nommé plusieurs autres diadectidés, comme Helodectes en 1880[8], Chilonyx et Empedias en 1883[9], et Bolbodon en 1896[10]. Le paléontologue CE Case avait nommé quatre autres diadectidés : Desmatodon en 1908[11], Diasparactus en 1910[12], Diadectoides en 1911[13] et Animasaurus avec le paléontologue Samuel Williston Wendell en 1912[14]. Case et Williston considéraient le Nothodon de Marsh et le Bolbodon de Cope comme des synonymes de Diadectes. Marsh avait nommé Nothodon dans l’American Journal of Science cinq jours seulement avant que Cope ne décrive Diadectes dans le Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. En vertu des règles du Code international de nomenclature zoologique, le nom de Nothodon aurait dû avoir la priorité sur Diadectes, mais comme le nom de Diadectes était en usage depuis que Case et Williston en avaient fait le premier synonyme des genres, Diadectes est resté le nom accepté[2].

En Amérique du Nord, des diadectidés ont été trouvés au Texas, Colorado, Utah, Nouveau-Mexique, Oklahoma, Ohio, Virginie-Occidentale, Pennsylvanie et île-du-Prince-Édouard. Un possible diadectidé a également été trouvé dans le Tennessee. Il est connu à partir d'une fragment de mâchoire inférieure et de plusieurs dents datant du Mississippien trouvés dans des strates qui font probablement partie de la formation de Bangor[1]. Dans une étude détaillée sur les Diadectidae, le paléontologue CE Olson a considéré qu'il y avait trois genres au sein de la famille : Diadectes, Diasparactus et Desmatodon. Chilonyx, Empedias, Diadectoides et Animasaurus ont été classés comme des synonymes de Diadectes et quatre espèces de Diadectes (D. sideropelicus, D. tenuitectes, D. lentus et D. carinatus) ont été reconnues[15]. Un quatrième genre, Ambedus, a été nommé en 2004 datant du Permien inférieur dans l'Ohio.

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Orobates, un diadectidé allemand.

On a aussi trouvé des diadectidés en Allemagne. Le genre Phanerosaurus a été décrit à partir de plusieurs vertèbres découvertes près de Zwickau en Allemagne par le paléontologue Hermann von Meyer en 1860, mais il n'a été reconnu comme un diadectidé qu'en 1925[16]. Une seconde espèce de Phanerosaurus a été identifié à partir de quelques vertèbres et d'un fragment de crâne en 1882, mais a été classé dans son propre genre, Stephanospondylus, en 1905[17]. En 1998, une nouvelle espèce de Diadectes, D. absitus, a été décrite à partir de la carrière Bromacker de la Formation Tambach dans la forêt de Thuringe du centre de l'Allemagne[18]. Un nouveau genre de diadectidé, appelé Orobatesa également été trouvé dans la même carrière en 2004[19].

Classification

Les diadectidés sont généralement considérés comme de proches parents des amniotes, les tétrapodes qui pondent leurs œufs sur terre. La famille a été placée dans le vaste groupe des Diadectomorpha par le paléontologue David Meredith Seares Watson en 1917. Les diadectidés sont étroitement liés à une autre famille de grands diadectomorphes, les Limnoscelidae, ainsi qu'au monotypique diadectomorphe de la famille des Tseajaiidae,le genre Tseajaia. Dans certaines études phylogénétiques, les Diadectomorpha sont considérés comme le taxon frère des amniotes et, ensemble, les deux groupes forment le clade des Cotylosauria. Bien que la plupart des études placent les diadectidés en dehors des amniotes, certains les considèrent comme de vrais amniotes[20],[21].

La plupart des études phylogénétiques des trois familles de diadectomorphes : Diadectidae, Limnoscelidae et Tseajaiidae, ont trouvé que diadectidés et limnoscelidés sont plus étroitement liés entre eux qu'avec le genre Tseajaia. En d'autres termes, Diadectidae et Limnoscelidae forment un clade dans les Diadectomorpha dont Tseajaia ne fait pas partie. Dans une étude de 2010, les Diadectidae forment un clade caractérisé par de larges molaires avec des cuspides bilatérales mais, contrairement aux études antérieures, ils paraissent plus étroitement apparentés aux Tseajaiidae qu'aux Limnoscelidae. La famille des Diadectidae a été définie comme Diadectes et tous les taxons partageant un dernier ancêtre commun plus proche de Diadectes que de Tseajaia. On trouvera ci-dessous un cladogramme modifié de l'étude de 2010[2] :

Diadectomorpha

Limnoscelidae




Tseajaiidae


Diadectidae

Ambedus pusillus




Oradectes sanmiguelensis




Orobates pabsti




Desmatodon hesperis




Silvadectes absitus




Diadectes tenuitectes



Diadectes sideropelicus



Diasparactus zenos










Le genre Diadectes est le mieux connu des diadectidés avec six espèces identifiées depuis sa description initiale. Dans une étude phylogénétique de 2005, la plupart des espèces de Diadectes avaient formé un clade avec Diasparactus zénos. Deux espèces, Diadectes absitus et Diadectes sanmiguelensis, sont classées comme les plus primitives. Elles possèdent des caractères primitifs retrouvés chez d'autres genres comme Limnoscelis et Tseajaia. Comme D. absitus et D. sanmiguelensis ont été placés loin d'autres espèces de Diadectes dans cette étude et cette situation a posé problème[22]. Comme les mêmes résultats ont été trouvés dans l'étude de 2010, deux nouveaux genres ont été créés pour y recevoir D. abstus et D. sanmiguelensis. Le second, le plus primitif des deux espèces, a été placée dans le nouveau genre Oradectes. D. abstus D. a été reclassé dans le genre Silvadectes[2].

Paléobiologie

Locomotion

On pensait que les diadectidés avaient leurs courtes pattes robustes placées sur le côté de leurs grands corps et étaient donc des animaux qui rampaient. Mais plusieurs éléments de preuve, comme leurs traces de passage et la morphologie de leurs membres suggèrent que les diadectidés se déplaçaient avec une position plus érigée. Alors que les premiers tétrapodes avaient plusieurs os primitifs dans leurs chevilles pour former leur tarse, les diadectidés avaient un seul os plus complexe formé de la fusion des os primitifs : l'astragale. On retrouve cet os chez les amniotes terrestres avec une structure identique à celles de diadectidés. Par conséquent, la structure de la cheville des diadectidés est plus proche de celle de vertébrés terrestres plus évolués comme les mammifères et les reptiles que celle des tétrapodes primitifs. Puisque les diadectidés sont les seuls diadectomorphes à posséder un astragale, ils ont probablement mis au point cette structure indépendamment des amniotes[23].

Bien qu'ils présentent des similitudes avec ceux des amniotes, les os du tarse des diadectidés sont peu ossifiés et lâchement reliés. Leurs phalanges s'articulent uniquement à l’extrémité distale du quatrième os du tarse, offrant un large éventail de circulation dans le pied. Cette flexibilité ce qui leur permettait de tourner leurs pieds dans toutes les positions tout en marchant ou d'avoir plus de force au moment de déguerpir. Les pieds pouvaient également être rapprochés de la ligne médiane du corps pour leur permettre une position debout[23].

Le témoignage de cette position érigée peut être trouvée dans les traces de passage attribuées à des diadectidés. La mieux conservée de ces traces est située dans la Formation Tambach en Allemagne centrale. Une étude de 2007 y a identifié deux ichnotaxons différents, Ichniotherium cottae et I. sphaerodactylum, comme les empreintes de deux diadectidés : Silvadectes absitus et Orobates pabsti, respectivement. Ces empreintes sont la première identification d'espèce par les traces de leurs pas datant de l'ère paléozoïque, ce qui fait de ces traces les plus anciennes associées à une espèce animale bien précise[24]. Le positionnement rapproché de l'axe de déplacement des empreintes suggère que les animaux avaient leurs pieds presque en dessous du corps, leur donnant eux une attitude plus proche de celle des mammifères que des amphibiens et des reptiles[25].

Alimentation

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Vue d'artiste d'un diadectidé du genre Diasparactus.

Les diadectidés ont été les premiers tétrapodes uniquement herbivores. Bien que plusieurs autres groupes de tétrapodes primitifs soient devenus herbivores de leur côté, les diadectidés étaient les seuls tétrapodes du Carbonifère qui ont été en mesure de digérer les plantes terrestres riches en fibres. Les diadectidés ont également été le groupe le plus diversifié d'herbivores, ce qui représente la première diversification de tétrapodes herbivores[2]. Cope et Marsh ont reconnu tous les deux que les diadectidés étaient herbivores en 1878 quand ils ont étudié leur larges dents portant des cuspides. Dans sa description de Diadectes, Cope écrit : « les animaux appartenant à ce genre étaient, selon toute vraisemblance, herbivores »[5].

Les diadectidés ont su évoluer, se diversifiant en treize espèces à la fin du Carbonifère et au Permien inférieur, le genre le plus nombreux de tous les diadectomorphes. Cette diversification est probablement le résultat de l'expansion des diadectidés dans une niche écologique inexploitée jusque-là. Alors que la répartition de limnoscelidés est restée limitée à certaines régions de l'Amérique du Nord et celle du genre Tseajaia est limitée au seul sud-ouest des États-Unis, les diadectidés ont été présents en Europe et dans une grande partie de l'Amérique du Nord, occupant une zone géographique beaucoup plus vaste que les autres diadectidés[2].

Notes et références

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
  1. a et b (en) J.X. Corgan, « A high-fiber tetrapod, Diadectes (?) sp., from the Mississippian (Chesterian) of south central Tennessee », Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, vol. 37, no 2,‎ 2005, p. 39
  2. a b c d e f et g (en) R. Kissel, Morphology, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria : Diadectomorpha), Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 2010 (lire en ligne), p. 185
  3. (en) E.C. Case, « Restoration of Diadectes », The Journal of Geology, vol. 15, no 6,‎ 1907, p. 556–559 (DOI , lire en ligne)
  4. (en) S.P. Welles, « The mandible of a diadectid cotylosaur », University of California Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences, vol. 25,‎ 1941, p. 423–432
  5. a et b (en) E.D. Cope, « Descriptions of extinct Batrachia and Reptilia from the Permian formation of Texas », Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 17,‎ 1878, p. 182–193
  6. (en) E.D. Cope, « The skull of Empedocles », The American Naturalist, vol. 14,‎ 1880, p. 304 (DOI )
  7. (en) O.C. Marsh, « Notice of new fossil reptiles », American Journal of Science, vol. 15,‎ 1878, p. 409–411
  8. (en) E.D. Cope, « Second contribution to the history of the Vertebrata of the Permian formation of Texas », Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 19,‎ 1880, p. 38–58
  9. (en) E.D. Cope, « Fourth contribution to the history of the Permian formation of Texas », Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 20,‎ 1883, p. 634
  10. (en) E.D. Cope, « Second contribution to the history of the Cotylosauria », Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 35,‎ 1896, p. 122–139
  11. (en) E.C. Case, « Description of vertebrate fossils from the vicinity of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania », Annals of the Carnegie Museum, vol. 4,‎ 1908, p. 234–241
  12. (en) E.C. Case, « New or little known reptiles and amphibians from the Permian (?) of Texas », Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 28,‎ 1910, p. 136–181 (lire en ligne)
  13. (en) E.C. Case, « A revision of the Cotylosauria of North America », Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, vol. 145,‎ 1911, p. 1–121 (lire en ligne)
  14. (en) E.C. Case, « A description of the skulls of Diadectes lentus and Animasaurus carinatus », American Journal of Science, vol. 33,‎ 1912, p. 339–348 (DOI )
  15. (en) E.C. Olson, « The family Diadectidae and its bearing on the classification of reptiles », Fieldiana: Geology, vol. 11,‎ 1947, p. 1–53 (lire en ligne)
  16. (en) A.S. Romer, « Permian amphibian and reptilian remains described as Stephanospondylus », Journal of Geology, vol. 33,‎ 1925, p. 447–463 (DOI , lire en ligne)
  17. (en) R. Stappenbeck, « Uber Stephanospondylus n. g. und Phanerosaurus H. v. Meyer », Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, vol. 57,‎ 1905, p. 380–437
  18. (en) D.S. Berman, « Diadectes (Diadectomorpha: Diadectidae) from the Early Permian of central Germany, with description of a new species », Annals of the Carnegie Museum, vol. 67,‎ 1998, p. 53–93
  19. (en) D.S. Berman, « A new diadectid (Diadectomorpha), Orobates pabsti, from the Early Permian of Central Germany », Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, vol. 35,‎ 2004, p. 1–36 (DOI )
  20. (en) D.S. Berman, « Reinterpretation of the temporal and occipital regions in Diadectes and the relationships of diadectomorphs », Journal of Paleontology, vol. 66, no 3,‎ 1992, p. 481–499 (lire en ligne)
  21. (en) S.P. Modesto, « Did herbivory foster early amniote diversification? », Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 12, no Supplement 3,‎ 1992, p. 44A
  22. (en) R. Kissel, « Revisiting the taxonomy of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha): a phylogenetic approach », Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 25, no Supplement 3,‎ 2005, p. 78A
  23. a et b (en) D.S. Berman, « Homology of the astragalus and structure and function of the tarsus of Diadectidae », Journal of Paleontology, vol. 77, no 1,‎ 2003, p. 172–188 (DOI )
  24. (en) S. Voigt, « First well-established track-trackmaker association of Paleozoic tetrapods based on Ichniotherium trackways and diadectid skeletons from the Lower Permian of Germany », Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 27, no 3,‎ 2007, p. 553–570 (DOI )
  25. (en) Ker Than, « Oldest Identifiable Footprints Found », LiveScience,‎ 12 septembre 2007 (lire en ligne, consulté le 6 février 2011)

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Diadectidae: Brief Summary ( French )

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Les Diadectidae (ou diadectidés en français) forment une famille éteinte de grands reptiliomorphes diadectomorphes qui ont vécu en Amérique du Nord et en Europe (Laurussia) au Carbonifère supérieur et au Permien inférieur. Ils ont été les premiers tétrapodes herbivores, et aussi les premiers animaux uniquement terrestres à atteindre de grandes tailles. Leurs empreintes de pas indiquent que diadectidés marchaient avec une position érigée. Ils ont été les premiers animaux à exploiter le matériel végétal dans la chaîne alimentaire terrestre, faisant ainsi de leur apparition une étape importante tant dans l'évolution des vertébrés que dans les écosystèmes terrestres.

Le représentant le plus connu et le plus grand de la famille est Diadectes, un animal fortement construit qui atteignait une longueur maximale de plusieurs mètres. On connait plusieurs autres genres et différents restes fragmentaires de fossiles. Bien que les genres bien connus comme Diadectes aient fait leur première apparition à la fin du Pennsylvanien, de possibles restes fragmentaires de diadectidés ont été retrouvés dans de nombreux dépôts antérieurs, y compris un morceau de mâchoire inférieure trouvé dans les strates du Mississippien au Tennessee.

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Diadectidae ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

I diadectidi (Diadectidae) sono un gruppo di tetrapodi estinti, appartenenti ai rettiliomorfi. Vissero in Nordamerica, in Europa e in Asia tra il Carbonifero superiore e il Permiano superiore (circa 315 – 256 milioni di anni fa). Furono tra i primi vertebrati terrestri a sfruttare la vegetazione come risorsa di cibo abituale, e quindi la loro apparizione fu un importante passo sia nell'evoluzione dei vertebrati che in quella degli ecosistemi terrestri. Il diadectide meglio conosciuto (e più grande) fu Diadectes, un animale dalla struttura robusta lungo fino a tre metri, vissuto nel Permiano inferiore. Altri generi sono noti fin dal Carbonifero superiore (Pennsylvaniano), ma resti frammentari forse appartenenti ai diadectidi sono stati ritrovati in depositi ancora più antichi, risalenti al Mississippiano (Carbonifero inferiore).

Descrizione

I diadectidi furono fra i primi vertebrati terrestri a raggiungere taglie notevoli. Apparvero nel Carbonifero superiore con il genere Desmatodon, ma fossili frammentari rinvenuti in Tennessee (una parte di mandibola) che potrebbero rappresentare diadectidi provengono da terreni risalenti addirittura al Carbonifero inferiore (Mississippiano). Il corpo di questi animali era grande, ed era sostenuto da quattro zampe massicce e corte. La gabbia toracica era a forma di botte, e conteneva un lungo sistema digestivo in grado di assimilare la cellulosa delle piante. I crani dei diadectidi erano ampi e profondi, con musi smussati, e le narici interne erano corte.

E. C. Case, nel 1907, comparò i diadectidi alle tartarughe, notando i loro grandi cinti pettorali, le zampe forti e corte e i crani robusti. Case descrisse i diadectidi come “lenti e inoffensivi rettili erbivori, chiusi in un'armatura di piastre per essere protetti dai feroci pelicosauri carnivori”.

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Ricostruzione di Diadectes

I diadectidi possedevano una dentatura "eterodonte", ovvero i loro denti variavano in forma lungo le fauci. I denti erano ampi e possedevano numerose cuspidi o proiezioni, che indicano una dieta a base di piante dure. Alcuni denti erano a forma di foglia e compressi lateralmente, altro indizio secondo cui i diadectidi erano in grado di mangiare piante. I denti anteriori della mandibola erano sporgenti in avanti. È probabile che i diadectidi possedessero forti muscoli delle mascelle per triturare il cibo; la disposizione dell'articolazione mandibolare sopra o sotto il livello dei piani di occlusione (i piani dove i denti si incontrano) avrebbe conferito alle fauci dei diadectidi un vantaggio meccanico rispetto agli altri vertebrati terrestri. Le articolazioni stesse fornivano alle fauci una vasta gamma di movimenti utili per consumare piante. Grandi aperture e cavità nel cranio, note come camere dell'adduttore, fornivano spazio per grandi muscoli che chiudevano le mascelle. Una cresta sull'osso dentale nella mandibola forniva una superficie per la masticazione o, forse, reggeva un becco corneo.

Storia delle scoperte

Il primo diadectide ad essere descritto fu Diadectes, che venne studiato dal paleontologo americano Edward Drinker Cope nel 1878 sulla base di alcune vertebre e denti provenienti da strati del Permiano inferiore del Texas. Cope istituì la famiglia Diadectidae nel 1880 per includere Diadectes ed Empedocles, un altro animale che aveva descritto due anni prima. Nella famiglia venne anche incluso Nothodon, descritto nel 1878 dal rivale di Cope, Othniel Charles Marsh.

Cope descrisse numerosi altri diadectidi, tra cui Helodectes, Chilonyx, Empedias e Bolbodon. Altri ancora vennero descritti da E. C. Case nei primi del ‘900: Desmatodon, Diasparactus, Diadectoides e Animasaurus. Questa moltitudine di generi venne ampiamente ridotta in seguito: successivi studi (tra cui quelli dello stesso Case) indicarono che Bolbodon e Nothodon erano in realtà semplici sinonimi di Diadectes; allo stesso genere vennero poi attribuiti anche Empedias, Chilonyx e Diadectoides grazie a uno studio di E. C. Olson.

Nel 2004 venne descritto un piccolo diadectide primitivo, Ambedus, sempre dal Permiano del Nordamerica; nel 2010 una ridescrizione dei diadectidi portò all'istituzione di un altro genere, Oradectes. La già citata mandibola del Tennessee potrebbe rappresentare un altro genere, eccezionalmente antico e basale (Corgan e Priestley, 2005).

I diadectidi sono conosciuti anche in Europa: già nel 1860 Hermann von Meyer descrisse Phanerosaurus sulla base di alcune vertebre ritrovate nella zona di Zwickau, ma questo animale non venne riconosciuto come diadectide fino al 1925. Un'altra specie attribuita originariamente a Phanerosaurus fu poi attribuita al nuovo genere Stephanospondylus. Infine, nel 1998 e nel 2004, sono stati descritti due nuovi diadectidi provenienti dal giacimento di Tambach: Orobates e una nuova specie di Diadectes (poi attribuita a un nuovo genere, Silvadectes).

Nel 2015 è stato descritto il primo diadectide proveniente dall'Asia, Alveusdectes. Questo animale è anche l'ultimo diadectide (e diadectomorfo) noto, e suggerisce la presenza di una ghost lineage di circa 46 milioni di anni.

Classificazione

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Fossile di Diasparactus

I diadectidi sono stati tradizionalmente considerati stretti parenti degli amnioti (ovvero i tetrapodi che depositano le uova sulla terra). La famiglia fu inclusa nel gruppo più vasto dei Diadectomorpha dal paleontologo D.M.S. Watson nel 1917. I diadectidi sono strettamente imparentati con un'altra famiglia vertebrati terrestri, i limnoscelidi (Limnoscelidae), così come con il genere Tseajaia. Gran parte degli studiosi considerano i diadectomorfi come il sister taxon degli amnioti, e insieme questi due gruppi sono a volte uniti nel clade Cotylosauria, un nome già usato in passato per considerare i rettili più primitivi. Alcuni studi, tuttavia, ritengono che i diadectidi siano veri e propri amnioti (Berman et al, 1992; Modesto, 1992).

Un'analisi cladistica del 2010 considera i diadectidi più strettamente imparentati con Tseajaia che con i limnoscelidi, un risultato che contraddice precedenti classificazioni secondo le quali Tseajaia era il diadectomorfo più basale. Qui sotto è illustrato il cladogramma dell'analisi (Kissel, 2010):

Diadectomorpha

Limnoscelidae

     

Tseajaiidae

Diadectidae

Ambedus pusillus

     

Oradectes sanmiguelensis

     

Orobates pabsti

     

Desmatodon hesperis

     

Silvadectes absitus

     

Diadectes tenuitectus

   

Diadectes sideropelicus

   

Diasparactus zenos

                 

Di seguito è riportato un altro cladogramma, tratto da uno studio di Liu e Bever (2015):

Diadectomorpha

Limnoscelis

     

Tseajaia

  Diadectidae  

Ambedus

     

Orobates

     

Alveusdectes

   

Desmatodon

     

Diadectes

   

Diasparactus

             

Paleobiologia

Locomozione

I diadectidi erano un tempo ritenuti animali che procedevano con un'andatura strisciante, simile a quella dei varani, con le zampe tenute ben ai lati del corpo. Nonostante ciò, alcune prove (tra le quali tracce fossili e la morfologia delle zampe) suggeriscono che i diadectidi si muovessero con una postura più eretta. I tetrapodi precedenti possedevano alcune ossa tarsali semplici nelle loro caviglie, mentre i diadectidi avevano un astragalo più complesso formato dalla fusione di queste ossa. Gli astragali sono presenti negli amnioti terrestri e sono identici per struttura a quelli dei diadectidi. Inoltre, la struttura della caviglia dei diadectidi mostra una maggiore somiglianza con quella dei vertebrati terrestri evoluti, come i mammiferi e i rettili, rispetto a quella dei tetrapodi primitivi. Dal momento che i diadectidi sono i soli diadectomorfi ad aver sviluppato gli astragali, si suppone che questi animali avessero acquisito questa struttura in modo indipendente dagli amnioti (Berman e Henrici, 2003).

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Ricostruzione di Orobates

Anche se simili a quelle degli amnioti, le ossa tarsali dei diadectidi erano poco ossificate e poco connesse fra loro. Le dita del piede si connettevano solo con il quarto tarsale distale, e ciò permetteva un ampio raggio di movimenti del piede. Questa flessibilità garantiva ai diadectidi di ruotare i loro piedi in avanti mentre camminavano, e ciò garantiva maggiore forza di spinta. I piedi potevano essere anche posti più vicini alla linea mediana del corpo per consentire ai diadectidi una posizione più eretta (Berman e Henrici, 2003).

Prove a favore di una postura eretta dei diadectidi sono venute alla luce con la scoperta di orme fossili attribuite a questi animali. Le impronte meglio conosciute sono quelle ritrovate nella formazione Tambach della Germania centrale. Uno studio del 2007 ha identificato due differenti icnospecie (Ichniotherium cottae e I. sphaerodactylum) come le impronte dei diadectidi Silvadectes absitus e Orobates pabsti. Questa fu la prima identificazione a livello di specie per quanto riguarda animali dell'Era Paleozoica; le impronte sono le più antiche associate ai resti fossili di una specie animale. Le impronte mostrano come questi animali potessero camminare con le zampe poste al di sotto del loro corpo, aumentando l'efficienza del passo rispetto ai rettili e agli anfibi che, invece, possedevano un'andatura più strisciante (Voigt et al, 2007).

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Vertebra di Diadectes sideropelicus

Dieta

I diadectidi furono i primi tetrapodi completamente erbivori. Già nel 1878, sia Cope che Marsh riconobbero i diadectidi come animali erbivori, grazie ai loro studi sulle dentature di questi animali.

Anche se alcuni altri gruppi di detrapodi primitive acquisirono indipendentemente la dieta erbivora, i diadectidi furono i soli tetrapodi del Carbonifero ad essere in grado di sminuzzare e digerire piante terrestri altamente fibrose. Questi animali furono anche il gruppo di erbivori più diversificato del loro tempo, e rappresentarono la prima radiazione evolutiva di tetrapodi vegetariani: si contano almeno 13 specie di diadectidi tra il Carbonifero superiore e il Permiano inferiore. I diadectidi furono il gruppo più numeroso dei diadectomorfi, e si diffusero anche in Europa al contrario dei limnoscelidi e di Tseajaia, confinati al Nordamerica. Questa radiazione fu probabilmente il risultato dell'espansione verso una nicchia ecologica che fino a quel momento non era stata occupata da alcun animale (Kissel, 2010).

Bibliografia

  • Cope, E.D. (1878). "Descriptions of extinct Batrachia and Reptilia from the Permian formation of Texas". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 17: 182–193.
  • Marsh, O.C. (1878). "Notice of new fossil reptiles". American Journal of Science 15: 409–411.
  • Cope, E.D. (1880). "The skull of Empedocles". The American Naturalist 14: 304. doi:10.1086/272549.
  • Cope, E.D. (1880). "Second contribution to the history of the Vertebrata of the Permian formation of Texas". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 19: 38–58.
  • Cope, E.D. (1883). "Fourth contribution to the history of the Permian formation of Texas". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 20: 634.
  • Cope, E.D. (1896). "Second contribution to the history of the Cotylosauria". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 35: 122–139.
  • Stappenbeck, R. (1905). "Uber Stephanospondylus n. g. und Phanerosaurus H. v. Meyer". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft 57: 380–437.
  • Case, E.C. (1907). "Restoration of Diadectes". The Journal of Geology 15 (6): 556–559. Bibcode 1907JG.15..556C. doi:10.1086/621427. JSTOR 30061495.
  • Case, E.C. (1908). "Description of vertebrate fossils from the vicinity of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania". Annals of the Carnegie Museum 4: 234–241.
  • Case, E.C. (1910). "New or little known reptiles and amphibians from the Permian (?) of Texas". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 28: 136–181. http://www.scribd.com/doc/14088447/new-or-little-known-reptiles-and-amphibians-from-the-permian-of-texas.
  • Case, E.C. (1911). "A revision of the Cotylosauria of North America". Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 145: 1–121. https://www.archive.org/details/revisionofcotylo00caseuoft.
  • Case, E.C.; and Williston, S.W. (1912). "A description of the skulls of Diadectes lentus and Animasaurus carinatus". American Journal of Science 33: 339–348. doi:10.2475/ajs.s4-33.196.339.
  • Romer, A.S. (1925). "Permian amphibian and reptilian remains described as Stephanospondylus". Journal of Geology 33: 447–463. Bibcode 1925JG.33..447R. doi:10.1086/623210. JSTOR 30060376.
  • Welles, S.P. (1941). "The mandible of a diadectid cotylosaur". University of California Bulletin of the Department of Geological Sciences 25: 423–432.
  • Olson, E.C. (1947). "The family Diadectidae and its bearing on the classification of reptiles". Fieldiana: Geology 11: 1–53. https://www.archive.org/details/familydiadectida111olso.
  • Berman, D.S.; Sumida, S.S.; and Lombard, R.E. (1992). "Reinterpretation of the temporal and occipital regions in Diadectes and the relationships of diadectomorphs". Journal of Paleontology 66 (3): 481–499. JSTOR 1305873.
  • Modesto, S.P. (1992). "Did herbivory foster early amniote diversification?". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 12 (Supplement 3): 44A.
  • Berman, D.S.; Sumida, S.S.; and Martens, T. (1998). "Diadectes (Diadectomorpha: Diadectidae) from the Early Permian of central Germany, with description of a new species". Annals of the Carnegie Museum 67: 53–93.
  • Berman, D.S.; and Henrici, A.C. (2003). "Homology of the astragalus and structure and function of the tarsus of Diadectidae". Journal of Paleontology 77 (1): 172–188. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2003) 0772.0.CO;2.
  • Berman, D.S.; Henrici, A.C.; Kissel, R.A.; Sumida, S.S.; and Martens, T. (2004). "A new diadectid (Diadectomorpha), Orobates pabsti, from the Early Permian of Central Germany". Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 35: 1–36. doi:10.2992/0145-9058(2004) 35[1:ANDDOP]2.0.CO;2.
  • Corgan, J.X.; and Priestley, M.P. (2005). "A high-fiber tetrapod, Diadectes (?) sp., from the Mississippian (Chesterian) of south central Tennessee". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 37 (2): 39. https://web.archive.org/web/20110514135640/http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2005SE/finalprogram/abstract_83445.htm.
  • Kissel, R.; Reisz, R.; and Berman, D. (2005). "Revisiting the taxonomy of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha): a phylogenetic approach". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (Supplement 3): 78A.
  • Voigt, S.; Berman, D.S.; and Henrici, A.C. (2007). "First well-established track-trackmaker association of Paleozoic tetrapods based on Ichniotherium trackways and diadectid skeletons from the Lower Permian of Germany". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (3): 553–570. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007) 27[553:FWTAOP]2.0.CO.
  • Kissel, R. (2010). Morphology, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 185. hdl:1807/24357.
  • Liu, J.; Bever, G. S. (2015). "The last diadectomorph sheds light on Late Palaeozoic tetrapod biogeography". Biology Letters 11 (5): 20150100. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0100.

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Diadectidae: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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I diadectidi (Diadectidae) sono un gruppo di tetrapodi estinti, appartenenti ai rettiliomorfi. Vissero in Nordamerica, in Europa e in Asia tra il Carbonifero superiore e il Permiano superiore (circa 315 – 256 milioni di anni fa). Furono tra i primi vertebrati terrestri a sfruttare la vegetazione come risorsa di cibo abituale, e quindi la loro apparizione fu un importante passo sia nell'evoluzione dei vertebrati che in quella degli ecosistemi terrestri. Il diadectide meglio conosciuto (e più grande) fu Diadectes, un animale dalla struttura robusta lungo fino a tre metri, vissuto nel Permiano inferiore. Altri generi sono noti fin dal Carbonifero superiore (Pennsylvaniano), ma resti frammentari forse appartenenti ai diadectidi sono stati ritrovati in depositi ancora più antichi, risalenti al Mississippiano (Carbonifero inferiore).

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Diadectidae ( Polish )

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Diadectidaerodzina dużych, przypominających gady czworonogów zamieszkujących Euroamerykę w karbonie i wczesnym permie oraz obszar dzisiejszych Chin w późnym permie[1]. Były to pierwsze roślinożerne czworonogi, jak również pierwsze w pełni lądowe zwierzęta zdolne osiągać znaczne rozmiary. Reprezentują one ważne stadium w ewolucji kręgowców, a także ekosystemów lądowych.

Najbardziej znany przedstawiciel grupy, Diadectes, był silnie zbudowanym zwierzęciem dorastającym do 3 m długości. Oprócz niego wyróżnia się jeszcze kilka rodzajów opisanych na podstawie fragmentarycznych szczątków.

Rodzaje

Przypisy

  1. a b Jun Liu i Gabe S. Bever. The last diadectomorph sheds light on Late Palaeozoic tetrapod biogeography. „Biology Letters”. 11 (5), s. Artykuł nr 20150100, 2015. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0100 (ang.).
  2. Richard A. Kissel i Robert R. Reisz. Ambedus pusillus, new genus, new species, a small diadectid (Tetrapoda: Diadectomorpha) from the Lower Permian of Ohio, with a consideration of diadectomorph phylogeny. „Annals of Carnegie Museum”. 73 (4), s. 197–212, 2004 (ang.).

Bibliografia

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Diadectidae: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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 src= Orobates

Diadectidae – rodzina dużych, przypominających gady czworonogów zamieszkujących Euroamerykę w karbonie i wczesnym permie oraz obszar dzisiejszych Chin w późnym permie. Były to pierwsze roślinożerne czworonogi, jak również pierwsze w pełni lądowe zwierzęta zdolne osiągać znaczne rozmiary. Reprezentują one ważne stadium w ewolucji kręgowców, a także ekosystemów lądowych.

Najbardziej znany przedstawiciel grupy, Diadectes, był silnie zbudowanym zwierzęciem dorastającym do 3 m długości. Oprócz niego wyróżnia się jeszcze kilka rodzajów opisanych na podstawie fragmentarycznych szczątków.

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Diadectidae ( Ukrainian )

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Diadectidae — родина пермських амфібій ряду Diadectomorpha. Це були порівняно великі тварини, наприклад, діадект сягав до 3 м завдовжки. Це найдавніші наземні рослиноїдні хребетні тварини. Ця родина, як і представники усього ряду, суміщала ознаки земноводних та плазунів. Великі види вели напівводний спосіб життя, менші, мабуть, жили у посушливих районах Євроамерики. Численні скам'янілі рештки представників родини (здебільшого фрагментарні деталі черепів) знайдені у США, Німеччині та Росії.

Класифікація

Diadectomorpha

Limnoscelidae




Tseajaiidae


Diadectidae

Ambedus pusillus




Oradectes sanmiguelensis




Orobates pabsti




Desmatodon hesperis




Silvadectes absitus




Diadectes tenuitectes



Diadectes sideropelicus



Diasparactus zenos











Посилання


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Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
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Diadectidae: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

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Diadectidae — родина пермських амфібій ряду Diadectomorpha. Це були порівняно великі тварини, наприклад, діадект сягав до 3 м завдовжки. Це найдавніші наземні рослиноїдні хребетні тварини. Ця родина, як і представники усього ряду, суміщала ознаки земноводних та плазунів. Великі види вели напівводний спосіб життя, менші, мабуть, жили у посушливих районах Євроамерики. Численні скам'янілі рештки представників родини (здебільшого фрагментарні деталі черепів) знайдені у США, Німеччині та Росії.

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