Thoropa is a genus of frogs in the family Cycloramphidae.[1][2] They are endemic to eastern and southeastern Brazil. They are sometimes known as river frogs.[1]
Description, ecology, and behavior
Thoropa are associated with rocks and have cryptic coloration. Their size ranges from small to medium, 28–102 mm (1.1–4.0 in) in snout–vent length.[3] They occur at elevations up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level;[3] Thoropa miliaris and Thoropa taophora can even live on rocky marine shores, foraging in the intertidal zone.[4][5] Male Thoropa are associated with wet rock faces, whereas the females seem to range more widely.[6]
In species where reproduction is known, males are territorial—suitable wet rock faces are a scarce resource. Furthermore, mature male Thoropa feature characteristic clusters of dark spines on the inner portions of the hand. It appears that these are associated with male-male combat, probably in conjunction with territorial disputes. Scratch marks in males, but not in females, support this interpretation.[6]
The eggs are laid on rocks with a thin layer of water. Tadpoles are semiterrestrial and have a depressed shape, long tail, and bulging eyes.[3]
Male T. taophora frogs mate exclusively and repeatedly with two females per season in a polygynous system in which the semiterrestrial tadpoles from both females share the same freshwater seep.[7] The females have a dominance hierarchy, and the males mate more with the dominant female.[7]
Species
The genus contains the following species:[1][2]
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Thoropa bryomantis Assis, Lacerda, Guimarães, Peixoto, Luna, and Feio, 2021
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Thoropa lutzi Cochran, 1938
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Thoropa megatympanum Caramaschi and Sazima, 1984
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Thoropa miliaris (Spix, 1824)
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Thoropa petropolitana (Wandolleck, 1907)
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Thoropa saxatilis Cocroft and Heyer, 1988
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Thoropa taophora (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1923)
References
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^ a b c d Frost, Darrel R. (2018). "Thoropa Cope, 1865". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
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^ a b "Cycloramphidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
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^ a b c Nunes-de-Almeida, Carlos Henrique Luz (2015). Phylogenetic reconstruction based on internal and external morphology of the genus Thoropa Cope, 1865 (Anura, Cycloramphidae) (Master thesis). Universidade Estadual de Campinas.
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^ Abe, A. S. & Bicudo, J. E. P. W. (1991). "Adaptations to salinity and osmoregulation in the frog Thoropa miliaris (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae)". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 227: 313–318. hdl:11449/117830.
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^ Brasileiro, Cinthia A.; Martins, Marcio & Sazima, Ivan (2010). "Feeding ecology of Thoropa taophora (Anura: Cycloramphidae) on a rocky seashore in southeastern Brazil" (PDF). South American Journal of Herpetology. 5 (3): 181–188. doi:10.2994/057.005.0303. S2CID 55176548.
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^ a b Cocroft, R. B. & Heyer, W. R. (1988). "Notes on the frog genus Thoropa (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) with a description of a new species (Thoropa saxatilis)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 101: 209–220.
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^ a b de Sá, F.P.; Consolmagno, R.C.; Muralidhar, P.; Brasileiro, C.A.; Zamudio, K.R.; Haddad, C.F.B. (2020). "Unexpected reproductive fidelity in a polygynous frog". Science Advances. 6 (33): eaay1539. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.1539D. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay1539. PMC 7423391. PMID 32851153.
